world-postgres: enforce per-(run, correlation) uniqueness for entity-creating events - #1878

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TooTallNate merged 5 commits into
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world-postgres-event-uniqueness
May 4, 2026
Merged

world-postgres: enforce per-(run, correlation) uniqueness for entity-creating events#1878
TooTallNate merged 5 commits into
mainfrom
world-postgres-event-uniqueness

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Summary

Adds a unique partial index on workflow_events(run_id, correlation_id, type) filtered to step_created / hook_created / wait_created, and translates the resulting unique-violation (pg code 23505, surfaced via DrizzleQueryError.cause) into EntityConflictError.

Background

Concurrent invocations producing identical correlationIds previously both succeeded at the events-table level, leaving duplicate rows in the log. The steps table already deduped via onConflictDoNothing, but the corresponding event row still inserted, so the storage was internally inconsistent (one step, two step_created events). The runtime's existing dedup catch path (if (EntityConflictError.is(err)) continue in runtime/snapshot-entrypoint.ts) was the intended consumer of this signal but never received it from world-postgres.

This is the postgres counterpart of PR #1877 (world-local).

Fix

  • New unique partial index workflow_events_entity_creation_unique on (run_id, correlation_id, type) filtered to entity-creating events (migration 0010_add_events_entity_creation_unique_index.sql).
  • events.create() wraps the INSERT in try/catch, detects pg 23505 (read off DrizzleQueryError.cause.code), and re-throws as EntityConflictError for the relevant event types.
  • 3 regression tests covering concurrent + sequential step_created and wait_created duplicate scenarios.

Verification

pnpm -F @workflow/world-postgres typecheck # clean
pnpm -F @workflow/world-postgres build # clean
pnpm -F @workflow/world-postgres test # 106 passed (was 103 before the 3 regression tests)

Extracted from PR #1300 (snapshot-runtime). The snapshot runtime produces deterministic correlationIds across concurrent VM invocations of the same resumption by design — that path made the dedup gap reliably reproducible — but the fix is also valuable on its own for replay-runtime concurrent scenarios.

CopilotAI review requested due to automatic review settings April 30, 2026 08:24
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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 774f4fe

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro0.030s (-29.7% 🟢)1.005s (~)0.975s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress0.032s (-27.8% 🟢)1.005s (~)0.973s101.06x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.040s1.005s0.965s101.32x
🐘 PostgresNitro0.045s (-52.6% 🟢)1.011s (-3.0%)0.966s101.49x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.048s (-17.6% 🟢)1.011s (~)0.963s101.58x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.052s1.005s0.953s101.73x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.091s1.006s0.916s103.00x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express0.284s (+20.9% 🔺)2.483s (+16.3% 🔺)2.199s101.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)0.652s (+159.4% 🔺)2.942s (+26.1% 🔺)2.290s102.29x
▲ VercelNitro0.806s (+96.8% 🔺)2.934s (+16.9% 🔺)2.128s102.83x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Express1.069s (-5.0% 🟢)2.006s (~)0.938s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro1.069s (-5.5% 🟢)2.006s (~)0.937s101.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.085s (-4.8%)2.010s (~)0.924s101.02x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.086s (-5.3% 🟢)2.011s (~)0.925s101.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.091s2.005s0.915s101.02x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.110s2.007s0.897s101.04x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.149s2.007s0.859s101.07x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro1.710s (-56.1% 🟢)3.269s (-44.7% 🟢)1.559s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress1.804s (-3.8%)3.852s (+1.2%)2.047s101.06x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.650s (+30.2% 🔺)4.575s (+19.4% 🔺)1.925s101.55x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro10.392s (-5.1% 🟢)11.021s (~)0.630s31.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro10.407s (-4.3%)11.021s (~)0.614s31.00x
💻 LocalExpress10.407s (-4.7%)11.021s (~)0.614s31.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress10.421s (-4.9%)11.017s (~)0.596s31.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.525s11.021s0.496s31.01x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)10.626s11.019s0.393s31.02x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)10.725s11.023s0.299s31.03x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)13.979s (-19.3% 🟢)15.374s (-20.7% 🟢)1.395s21.00x
▲ VercelNitro14.040s (-40.8% 🟢)15.736s (-37.3% 🟢)1.696s21.00x
▲ VercelExpress16.525s (-2.7%)18.170s (-9.2% 🟢)1.645s21.18x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro13.434s (-10.8% 🟢)14.027s (-12.5% 🟢)0.592s51.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress13.445s (-7.8% 🟢)14.017s (-6.7% 🟢)0.572s51.00x
💻 LocalExpress13.459s (-10.1% 🟢)14.025s (-6.7% 🟢)0.566s51.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro13.488s (-7.6% 🟢)14.018s (-6.7% 🟢)0.529s51.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)13.684s14.024s0.341s51.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)13.978s14.217s0.239s51.04x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)14.040s14.428s0.387s51.05x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express22.836s (-54.6% 🟢)24.756s (-52.9% 🟢)1.920s31.00x
▲ VercelNitro24.859s (-61.4% 🟢)26.397s (-60.4% 🟢)1.538s31.09x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)25.551s (-51.4% 🟢)27.284s (-50.0% 🟢)1.733s31.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro11.797s (-29.7% 🟢)12.023s (-29.4% 🟢)0.226s81.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress11.909s (-15.0% 🟢)12.016s (-17.7% 🟢)0.107s81.01x
💻 LocalExpress11.944s (-28.1% 🟢)12.396s (-27.2% 🟢)0.451s81.01x
🐘 PostgresNitro11.998s (-14.1% 🟢)12.390s (-13.4% 🟢)0.392s81.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)12.387s13.023s0.636s71.05x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)12.674s13.018s0.344s71.07x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)13.042s13.454s0.413s71.11x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express36.343s (-70.0% 🟢)38.276s (-69.0% 🟢)1.933s31.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)39.846s (-89.9% 🟢)41.372s (-89.5% 🟢)1.525s31.10x
▲ VercelNitro182.474s (-56.9% 🟢)184.312s (-56.6% 🟢)1.839s25.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.153s (-9.5% 🟢)2.007s (~)0.854s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.162s (-7.8% 🟢)2.007s (~)0.845s151.01x
💻 LocalNitro1.177s (-27.8% 🟢)2.006s (-3.3%)0.828s151.02x
💻 LocalExpress1.179s (-20.8% 🟢)2.006s (~)0.827s151.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.221s2.005s0.784s151.06x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.249s2.006s0.757s151.08x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.024s2.734s0.710s111.75x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.491s (-11.6% 🟢)3.842s (-11.1% 🟢)1.351s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.633s (-7.9% 🟢)4.170s (-9.8% 🟢)1.537s81.06x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.832s (+12.8% 🔺)5.363s (+8.7% 🔺)1.531s61.54x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.210s (-48.5% 🟢)2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)0.797s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.231s (-47.9% 🟢)2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)0.776s151.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.662s2.005s0.343s151.37x
💻 LocalNitro1.685s (-46.4% 🟢)2.006s (-48.4% 🟢)0.321s151.39x
💻 LocalExpress1.742s (-41.0% 🟢)2.005s (-42.0% 🟢)0.263s151.44x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.371s3.009s0.637s101.96x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)3.560s4.007s0.447s82.94x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express3.266s (-9.8% 🟢)5.058s (-1.0%)1.791s61.00x
▲ VercelNitro3.381s (-16.6% 🟢)5.219s (-11.8% 🟢)1.838s61.04x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.250s (-26.1% 🟢)6.595s (-25.9% 🟢)1.345s51.61x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.356s (-61.0% 🟢)2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)0.652s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.366s (-60.8% 🟢)2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)0.641s151.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)3.648s4.010s0.362s82.69x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)4.277s5.011s0.734s63.15x
💻 LocalNitro4.394s (-47.4% 🟢)5.011s (-44.5% 🟢)0.617s63.24x
💻 LocalExpress5.281s (-36.7% 🟢)5.680s (-37.1% 🟢)0.399s63.90x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)6.210s7.013s0.803s54.58x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro5.449s (+54.6% 🔺)7.072s (+27.8% 🔺)1.624s51.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.810s (-34.8% 🟢)7.506s (-31.5% 🟢)1.695s51.07x
▲ VercelExpress5.922s (+39.7% 🔺)7.523s (+22.8% 🔺)1.601s41.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.157s (-8.0% 🟢)2.009s (~)0.852s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.166s (-7.2% 🟢)2.009s (~)0.843s151.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.248s2.006s0.758s151.08x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.354s2.005s0.651s151.17x
💻 LocalExpress1.401s (-26.0% 🟢)2.005s (-15.2% 🟢)0.604s151.21x
💻 LocalNitro1.410s (-24.4% 🟢)2.006s (-14.3% 🟢)0.596s151.22x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.020s2.735s0.714s111.75x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.467s (~)3.952s (-5.2% 🟢)1.486s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.998s (+16.1% 🔺)4.477s (+2.9%)1.479s71.22x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)4.452s (+51.9% 🔺)5.647s (+21.6% 🔺)1.195s61.80x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.231s (-47.4% 🟢)2.009s (-33.3% 🟢)0.778s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.244s (-46.9% 🟢)2.009s (-33.3% 🟢)0.765s151.01x
💻 LocalNitro1.925s (-37.2% 🟢)2.315s (-40.4% 🟢)0.391s131.56x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.016s2.391s0.375s131.64x
💻 LocalExpress2.060s (-34.2% 🟢)2.468s (-34.4% 🟢)0.408s131.67x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.356s3.008s0.653s101.91x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)3.564s4.007s0.444s82.89x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.226s (~)4.516s (-11.0% 🟢)1.291s71.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.493s (+9.4% 🔺)5.424s (+13.2% 🔺)1.932s61.08x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)4.603s (+46.5% 🔺)5.938s (+31.3% 🔺)1.335s61.43x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.347s (-61.3% 🟢)2.009s (-49.9% 🟢)0.662s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.371s (-60.8% 🟢)2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)0.636s151.02x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)3.623s4.010s0.387s82.69x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)4.507s5.178s0.671s63.35x
💻 LocalNitro4.570s (-50.0% 🟢)5.180s (-48.3% 🟢)0.610s63.39x
💻 LocalExpress5.631s (-36.0% 🟢)6.180s (-33.4% 🟢)0.549s64.18x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)6.210s7.010s0.800s54.61x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express4.692s (-26.9% 🟢)6.252s (-23.6% 🟢)1.559s51.00x
▲ VercelNitro4.868s (-4.4%)6.359s (-6.7% 🟢)1.491s51.04x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.903s (-12.6% 🟢)7.578s (-11.3% 🟢)1.675s41.26x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.459s (-44.0% 🟢)1.024s (+1.7%)0.565s591.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.462s (-45.0% 🟢)1.006s (-1.7%)0.544s601.01x
💻 LocalNitro0.474s (-51.7% 🟢)1.004s (-8.2% 🟢)0.530s601.03x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.555s1.004s0.449s601.21x
💻 LocalExpress0.565s (-42.6% 🟢)1.088s (+1.1%)0.523s601.23x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.597s1.005s0.408s601.30x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.621s1.004s0.383s601.35x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro5.257s (-76.2% 🟢)6.675s (-72.2% 🟢)1.418s91.00x
▲ VercelExpress5.358s (-71.8% 🟢)7.133s (-66.6% 🟢)1.775s91.02x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)7.643s (-47.3% 🟢)9.025s (-43.9% 🟢)1.381s71.45x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.062s (-44.9% 🟢)1.661s (-20.9% 🟢)0.600s551.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.108s (-43.9% 🟢)1.844s (-18.3% 🟢)0.736s491.04x
💻 LocalNitro1.175s (-61.3% 🟢)2.005s (-46.6% 🟢)0.831s451.11x
💻 LocalExpress1.207s (-60.0% 🟢)2.006s (-44.1% 🟢)0.799s451.14x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.384s2.005s0.621s451.30x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.490s2.006s0.516s451.40x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.579s2.028s0.449s451.49x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express13.297s (-61.5% 🟢)15.190s (-58.7% 🟢)1.892s61.00x
▲ VercelNitro14.217s (-64.0% 🟢)15.754s (-61.9% 🟢)1.537s61.07x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)16.536s (-66.8% 🟢)18.023s (-65.1% 🟢)1.487s51.24x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Express2.088s (-47.7% 🟢)2.661s (-39.1% 🟢)0.573s461.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.111s (-48.6% 🟢)2.603s (-43.5% 🟢)0.492s471.01x
💻 LocalNitro2.661s (-71.4% 🟢)3.007s (-70.0% 🟢)0.346s401.27x
💻 LocalExpress2.676s (-70.9% 🟢)3.032s (-69.7% 🟢)0.356s401.28x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)3.004s3.521s0.517s351.44x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)3.056s3.705s0.649s331.46x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)3.446s4.010s0.564s301.65x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express39.949s (-69.3% 🟢)42.244s (-68.0% 🟢)2.295s31.00x
▲ VercelNitro44.227s (-54.4% 🟢)46.424s (-52.8% 🟢)2.197s31.11x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)48.690s (-54.6% 🟢)50.218s (-53.9% 🟢)1.528s31.22x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.189s (-33.3% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.817s601.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.198s (-29.7% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.807s601.05x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.261s1.004s0.744s601.38x
💻 LocalExpress0.431s (-23.2% 🟢)1.004s (~)0.573s602.28x
💻 LocalNitro0.436s (-27.8% 🟢)1.004s (-1.7%)0.568s602.31x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.496s1.004s0.508s602.63x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.028s1.799s0.771s345.44x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express2.184s (+11.7% 🔺)3.808s (+4.7%)1.624s161.00x
▲ VercelNitro2.220s (+33.7% 🔺)3.735s (+11.5% 🔺)1.515s171.02x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.754s (+85.6% 🔺)5.069s (+33.6% 🔺)1.316s121.72x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.303s (-39.0% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.703s901.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.314s (-38.4% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.692s901.04x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.418s1.004s0.586s901.38x
💻 LocalExpress2.125s (-15.5% 🟢)2.851s (-5.2% 🟢)0.727s327.01x
💻 LocalNitro2.256s (-11.1% 🟢)2.884s (-4.2%)0.628s327.45x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.318s2.912s0.594s317.65x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.577s3.006s0.429s308.51x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro8.597s (+166.5% 🔺)10.154s (+110.6% 🔺)1.557s91.00x
▲ VercelExpress8.636s (+183.5% 🔺)10.390s (+116.1% 🔺)1.754s91.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)9.375s (+165.2% 🔺)10.914s (+110.2% 🔺)1.540s91.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.610s (-22.8% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.396s1201.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.652s (-20.4% 🟢)1.006s (-1.1%)0.355s1201.07x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.769s1.004s0.235s1201.26x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)5.272s6.011s0.739s208.65x
💻 LocalExpress9.811s (-12.3% 🟢)10.360s (-13.2% 🟢)0.549s1216.09x
💻 LocalNitro9.981s (-10.8% 🟢)10.445s (-10.5% 🟢)0.464s1216.37x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.397s10.936s0.538s1117.05x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)17.435s (+68.8% 🔺)19.021s (+54.8% 🔺)1.587s71.00x
▲ VercelNitro22.706s (+194.0% 🔺)24.508s (+160.7% 🔺)1.802s51.30x
▲ VercelExpress23.765s (+220.3% 🔺)25.541s (+176.3% 🔺)1.776s51.36x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro1.129s (+428.2% 🔺)2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)0.010s (-16.8% 🟢)2.018s (+98.0% 🔺)0.889s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress1.129s (+467.1% 🔺)2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)0.012s (+0.8%)2.019s (+98.3% 🔺)0.890s101.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.136s2.002s0.010s2.016s0.880s101.01x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.136s (+454.1% 🔺)1.999s (+99.9% 🔺)0.001s (-26.7% 🟢)2.009s (+98.7% 🔺)0.873s101.01x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.147s (+459.5% 🔺)2.000s (+100.3% 🔺)0.001s (-18.8% 🟢)2.010s (+98.7% 🔺)0.862s101.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.188s (-42.9% 🟢)3.221s (-39.0% 🟢)2.121s (+185.8% 🔺)5.752s (-11.3% 🟢)3.564s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.254s (-10.0% 🟢)3.337s (-18.4% 🟢)1.734s (+80.5% 🔺)5.506s (-1.5%)3.252s101.03x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)4.807s (-29.9% 🟢)4.700s (-45.7% 🟢)1.259s (+99.2% 🔺)7.523s (-23.1% 🟢)2.716s102.20x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.500s (+140.3% 🔺)2.000s (+98.6% 🔺)0.004s (-8.9% 🟢)2.026s (+98.1% 🔺)0.526s301.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.532s (+143.1% 🔺)2.000s (+98.7% 🔺)0.004s (-0.8%)2.024s (+97.9% 🔺)0.493s301.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.573s2.010s0.009s2.022s0.449s301.05x
💻 LocalNitro1.692s (+101.7% 🔺)2.011s (+98.7% 🔺)0.009s (-6.2% 🟢)2.200s (+97.2% 🔺)0.509s281.13x
💻 LocalExpress1.715s (+126.5% 🔺)2.011s (+95.4% 🔺)0.009s (+0.9%)2.201s (+111.7% 🔺)0.486s281.14x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express6.067s (-6.7% 🟢)7.280s (-9.1% 🟢)0.274s (-32.9% 🟢)8.021s (-9.2% 🟢)1.954s81.00x
▲ VercelNitro6.238s (-78.8% 🟢)7.553s (-75.5% 🟢)0.239s (+113.6% 🔺)8.177s (-74.3% 🟢)1.939s81.03x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)11.752s (-30.5% 🟢)12.474s (-31.6% 🟢)0.234s (+10.9% 🔺)13.626s (-28.0% 🟢)1.875s51.94x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.670s (-30.8% 🟢)1.034s (-17.1% 🟢)0.000s (-57.9% 🟢)1.057s (-15.9% 🟢)0.387s571.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.684s (-28.8% 🟢)1.015s (-20.5% 🟢)0.000s (+19.0% 🔺)1.044s (-20.1% 🟢)0.360s581.02x
💻 LocalExpress1.332s (+8.7% 🔺)2.016s (~)0.000s (+40.0% 🔺)2.018s (~)0.686s301.99x
💻 LocalNitro1.350s (+10.4% 🔺)2.015s (~)0.000s (+133.3% 🔺)2.017s (~)0.666s302.01x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.390s2.013s0.000s2.016s0.625s302.07x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.688s (+20.9% 🔺)4.921s (+12.0% 🔺)0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)5.315s (+10.5% 🔺)1.627s121.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.914s (+4.7%)5.284s (+3.5%)0.001s (+200.0% 🔺)5.787s (+4.6%)1.872s111.06x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.914s (-41.9% 🟢)6.070s (-47.3% 🟢)0.001s (+Infinity% 🔺)7.208s (-40.2% 🟢)1.294s91.60x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Express1.276s (-28.0% 🟢)2.031s (-6.7% 🟢)0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)2.047s (-6.9% 🟢)0.771s301.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.296s (-27.7% 🟢)2.029s (-5.2% 🟢)0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)2.087s (-4.0%)0.791s291.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.798s3.471s0.001s3.475s0.678s182.19x
💻 LocalNitro2.978s (-12.1% 🟢)3.619s (-10.2% 🟢)0.001s (+120.6% 🔺)3.623s (-10.2% 🟢)0.645s172.33x
💻 LocalExpress3.065s (-11.6% 🟢)3.776s (-6.4% 🟢)0.001s (-14.1% 🟢)3.782s (-6.3% 🟢)0.717s162.40x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express5.421s (+18.2% 🔺)7.136s (+18.5% 🔺)0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)7.540s (+16.8% 🔺)2.119s91.00x
▲ VercelNitro5.468s (+33.6% 🔺)6.784s (+26.2% 🔺)0.001s (+185.2% 🔺)7.156s (+23.5% 🔺)1.688s91.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)8.826s (+57.1% 🔺)8.959s (+28.3% 🔺)0.000s (+33.3% 🔺)10.503s (+39.3% 🔺)1.676s61.63x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World🥇 Fastest FrameworkWins
💻 LocalNitro10/21
🐘 PostgresNitro17/21
▲ VercelExpress10/21
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework🥇 Fastest WorldWins
Express🐘 Postgres17/21
Next.js (Turbopack)💻 Local15/21
Nitro🐘 Postgres15/21
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

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🧪 E2E Test Results

All tests passed

Summary

PassedFailedSkippedTotal
✅ ▲ Vercel Production85902191078
✅ 💻 Local Development95702191176
✅ 📦 Local Production95702191176
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres95702191176
✅ 🪟 Windows980098
✅ 📋 Other5100176686
Total4338010525390

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro72026
✅ example72026
✅ express72026
✅ fastify72026
✅ hono72026
✅ nextjs-turbopack9602
✅ nextjs-webpack9602
✅ nitro72026
✅ nuxt72026
✅ sveltekit9107
✅ vite72026
✅ 💻 Local Development
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable73025
✅ express-stable73025
✅ fastify-stable73025
✅ hono-stable73025
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable9800
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable9800
✅ nitro-stable73025
✅ nuxt-stable73025
✅ sveltekit-stable9206
✅ vite-stable73025
✅ 📦 Local Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable73025
✅ express-stable73025
✅ fastify-stable73025
✅ hono-stable73025
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable9800
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable9800
✅ nitro-stable73025
✅ nuxt-stable73025
✅ sveltekit-stable9206
✅ vite-stable73025
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable73025
✅ express-stable73025
✅ fastify-stable73025
✅ hono-stable73025
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable9800
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable9800
✅ nitro-stable73025
✅ nuxt-stable73025
✅ sveltekit-stable9206
✅ vite-stable73025
✅ 🪟 Windows
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack9800
✅ 📋 Other
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-stable73025
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start72026

📋 View full workflow run

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Pull request overview

Adds a Postgres-level deduplication guard for entity-creating events so concurrent (or repeated) creates with the same (runId, correlationId, type) surface as EntityConflictError, aligning world-postgres behavior with the runtime’s existing dedup contract.

Changes:

  • Add a partial unique index on workflow_events(run_id, correlation_id, type) for step_created / hook_created / wait_created.
  • Translate Postgres unique-violation (23505) during events.create() into EntityConflictError for entity-creating event types.
  • Add regression tests for duplicate step_created and wait_created scenarios.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 6 out of 6 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

Show a summary per file
FileDescription
packages/world-postgres/src/storage.tsCatch and translate unique-violation errors into EntityConflictError for entity-creating events.
packages/world-postgres/src/drizzle/schema.tsAdd Drizzle schema definition for the partial unique index.
packages/world-postgres/src/drizzle/migrations/0010_add_events_entity_creation_unique_index.sqlCreate the partial unique index in SQL migration.
packages/world-postgres/src/drizzle/migrations/meta/_journal.jsonRegister the new migration in the Drizzle journal.
packages/world-postgres/test/storage.test.tsAdd tests asserting duplicate entity-creation attempts surface as EntityConflictError and don’t duplicate event rows.
.changeset/fix-world-postgres-events-uniqueness.mdPublish a patch changeset describing the new uniqueness + error translation behavior.

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world-postgres: enforce per-(run, correlation) uniqueness for entity-creating events - #1878

Merged
TooTallNate merged 5 commits into
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world-postgres-event-uniqueness
May 4, 2026
Merged

world-postgres: enforce per-(run, correlation) uniqueness for entity-creating events#1878
TooTallNate merged 5 commits into
mainfrom
world-postgres-event-uniqueness

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Summary

Adds a unique partial index on workflow_events(run_id, correlation_id, type) filtered to step_created / hook_created / wait_created, and translates the resulting unique-violation (pg code 23505, surfaced via DrizzleQueryError.cause) into EntityConflictError.

Background

Concurrent invocations producing identical correlationIds previously both succeeded at the events-table level, leaving duplicate rows in the log. The steps table already deduped via onConflictDoNothing, but the corresponding event row still inserted, so the storage was internally inconsistent (one step, two step_created events). The runtime's existing dedup catch path (if (EntityConflictError.is(err)) continue in runtime/snapshot-entrypoint.ts) was the intended consumer of this signal but never received it from world-postgres.

This is the postgres counterpart of PR #1877 (world-local).

Fix

  • New unique partial index workflow_events_entity_creation_unique on (run_id, correlation_id, type) filtered to entity-creating events (migration 0010_add_events_entity_creation_unique_index.sql).
  • events.create() wraps the INSERT in try/catch, detects pg 23505 (read off DrizzleQueryError.cause.code), and re-throws as EntityConflictError for the relevant event types.
  • 3 regression tests covering concurrent + sequential step_created and wait_created duplicate scenarios.

Verification

pnpm -F @workflow/world-postgres typecheck # clean
pnpm -F @workflow/world-postgres build # clean
pnpm -F @workflow/world-postgres test # 106 passed (was 103 before the 3 regression tests)

Extracted from PR #1300 (snapshot-runtime). The snapshot runtime produces deterministic correlationIds across concurrent VM invocations of the same resumption by design — that path made the dedup gap reliably reproducible — but the fix is also valuable on its own for replay-runtime concurrent scenarios.

CopilotAI review requested due to automatic review settings April 30, 2026 08:24
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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 774f4fe

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 2 packages
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Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro0.030s (-29.7% 🟢)1.005s (~)0.975s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress0.032s (-27.8% 🟢)1.005s (~)0.973s101.06x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.040s1.005s0.965s101.32x
🐘 PostgresNitro0.045s (-52.6% 🟢)1.011s (-3.0%)0.966s101.49x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.048s (-17.6% 🟢)1.011s (~)0.963s101.58x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.052s1.005s0.953s101.73x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.091s1.006s0.916s103.00x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express0.284s (+20.9% 🔺)2.483s (+16.3% 🔺)2.199s101.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)0.652s (+159.4% 🔺)2.942s (+26.1% 🔺)2.290s102.29x
▲ VercelNitro0.806s (+96.8% 🔺)2.934s (+16.9% 🔺)2.128s102.83x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Express1.069s (-5.0% 🟢)2.006s (~)0.938s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro1.069s (-5.5% 🟢)2.006s (~)0.937s101.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.085s (-4.8%)2.010s (~)0.924s101.02x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.086s (-5.3% 🟢)2.011s (~)0.925s101.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.091s2.005s0.915s101.02x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.110s2.007s0.897s101.04x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.149s2.007s0.859s101.07x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro1.710s (-56.1% 🟢)3.269s (-44.7% 🟢)1.559s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress1.804s (-3.8%)3.852s (+1.2%)2.047s101.06x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.650s (+30.2% 🔺)4.575s (+19.4% 🔺)1.925s101.55x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro10.392s (-5.1% 🟢)11.021s (~)0.630s31.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro10.407s (-4.3%)11.021s (~)0.614s31.00x
💻 LocalExpress10.407s (-4.7%)11.021s (~)0.614s31.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress10.421s (-4.9%)11.017s (~)0.596s31.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.525s11.021s0.496s31.01x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)10.626s11.019s0.393s31.02x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)10.725s11.023s0.299s31.03x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)13.979s (-19.3% 🟢)15.374s (-20.7% 🟢)1.395s21.00x
▲ VercelNitro14.040s (-40.8% 🟢)15.736s (-37.3% 🟢)1.696s21.00x
▲ VercelExpress16.525s (-2.7%)18.170s (-9.2% 🟢)1.645s21.18x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro13.434s (-10.8% 🟢)14.027s (-12.5% 🟢)0.592s51.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress13.445s (-7.8% 🟢)14.017s (-6.7% 🟢)0.572s51.00x
💻 LocalExpress13.459s (-10.1% 🟢)14.025s (-6.7% 🟢)0.566s51.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro13.488s (-7.6% 🟢)14.018s (-6.7% 🟢)0.529s51.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)13.684s14.024s0.341s51.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)13.978s14.217s0.239s51.04x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)14.040s14.428s0.387s51.05x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express22.836s (-54.6% 🟢)24.756s (-52.9% 🟢)1.920s31.00x
▲ VercelNitro24.859s (-61.4% 🟢)26.397s (-60.4% 🟢)1.538s31.09x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)25.551s (-51.4% 🟢)27.284s (-50.0% 🟢)1.733s31.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro11.797s (-29.7% 🟢)12.023s (-29.4% 🟢)0.226s81.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress11.909s (-15.0% 🟢)12.016s (-17.7% 🟢)0.107s81.01x
💻 LocalExpress11.944s (-28.1% 🟢)12.396s (-27.2% 🟢)0.451s81.01x
🐘 PostgresNitro11.998s (-14.1% 🟢)12.390s (-13.4% 🟢)0.392s81.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)12.387s13.023s0.636s71.05x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)12.674s13.018s0.344s71.07x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)13.042s13.454s0.413s71.11x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express36.343s (-70.0% 🟢)38.276s (-69.0% 🟢)1.933s31.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)39.846s (-89.9% 🟢)41.372s (-89.5% 🟢)1.525s31.10x
▲ VercelNitro182.474s (-56.9% 🟢)184.312s (-56.6% 🟢)1.839s25.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.153s (-9.5% 🟢)2.007s (~)0.854s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.162s (-7.8% 🟢)2.007s (~)0.845s151.01x
💻 LocalNitro1.177s (-27.8% 🟢)2.006s (-3.3%)0.828s151.02x
💻 LocalExpress1.179s (-20.8% 🟢)2.006s (~)0.827s151.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.221s2.005s0.784s151.06x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.249s2.006s0.757s151.08x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.024s2.734s0.710s111.75x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.491s (-11.6% 🟢)3.842s (-11.1% 🟢)1.351s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.633s (-7.9% 🟢)4.170s (-9.8% 🟢)1.537s81.06x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.832s (+12.8% 🔺)5.363s (+8.7% 🔺)1.531s61.54x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.210s (-48.5% 🟢)2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)0.797s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.231s (-47.9% 🟢)2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)0.776s151.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.662s2.005s0.343s151.37x
💻 LocalNitro1.685s (-46.4% 🟢)2.006s (-48.4% 🟢)0.321s151.39x
💻 LocalExpress1.742s (-41.0% 🟢)2.005s (-42.0% 🟢)0.263s151.44x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.371s3.009s0.637s101.96x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)3.560s4.007s0.447s82.94x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express3.266s (-9.8% 🟢)5.058s (-1.0%)1.791s61.00x
▲ VercelNitro3.381s (-16.6% 🟢)5.219s (-11.8% 🟢)1.838s61.04x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.250s (-26.1% 🟢)6.595s (-25.9% 🟢)1.345s51.61x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.356s (-61.0% 🟢)2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)0.652s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.366s (-60.8% 🟢)2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)0.641s151.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)3.648s4.010s0.362s82.69x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)4.277s5.011s0.734s63.15x
💻 LocalNitro4.394s (-47.4% 🟢)5.011s (-44.5% 🟢)0.617s63.24x
💻 LocalExpress5.281s (-36.7% 🟢)5.680s (-37.1% 🟢)0.399s63.90x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)6.210s7.013s0.803s54.58x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro5.449s (+54.6% 🔺)7.072s (+27.8% 🔺)1.624s51.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.810s (-34.8% 🟢)7.506s (-31.5% 🟢)1.695s51.07x
▲ VercelExpress5.922s (+39.7% 🔺)7.523s (+22.8% 🔺)1.601s41.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.157s (-8.0% 🟢)2.009s (~)0.852s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.166s (-7.2% 🟢)2.009s (~)0.843s151.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.248s2.006s0.758s151.08x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.354s2.005s0.651s151.17x
💻 LocalExpress1.401s (-26.0% 🟢)2.005s (-15.2% 🟢)0.604s151.21x
💻 LocalNitro1.410s (-24.4% 🟢)2.006s (-14.3% 🟢)0.596s151.22x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.020s2.735s0.714s111.75x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.467s (~)3.952s (-5.2% 🟢)1.486s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.998s (+16.1% 🔺)4.477s (+2.9%)1.479s71.22x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)4.452s (+51.9% 🔺)5.647s (+21.6% 🔺)1.195s61.80x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.231s (-47.4% 🟢)2.009s (-33.3% 🟢)0.778s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.244s (-46.9% 🟢)2.009s (-33.3% 🟢)0.765s151.01x
💻 LocalNitro1.925s (-37.2% 🟢)2.315s (-40.4% 🟢)0.391s131.56x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.016s2.391s0.375s131.64x
💻 LocalExpress2.060s (-34.2% 🟢)2.468s (-34.4% 🟢)0.408s131.67x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.356s3.008s0.653s101.91x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)3.564s4.007s0.444s82.89x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.226s (~)4.516s (-11.0% 🟢)1.291s71.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.493s (+9.4% 🔺)5.424s (+13.2% 🔺)1.932s61.08x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)4.603s (+46.5% 🔺)5.938s (+31.3% 🔺)1.335s61.43x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.347s (-61.3% 🟢)2.009s (-49.9% 🟢)0.662s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.371s (-60.8% 🟢)2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)0.636s151.02x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)3.623s4.010s0.387s82.69x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)4.507s5.178s0.671s63.35x
💻 LocalNitro4.570s (-50.0% 🟢)5.180s (-48.3% 🟢)0.610s63.39x
💻 LocalExpress5.631s (-36.0% 🟢)6.180s (-33.4% 🟢)0.549s64.18x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)6.210s7.010s0.800s54.61x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express4.692s (-26.9% 🟢)6.252s (-23.6% 🟢)1.559s51.00x
▲ VercelNitro4.868s (-4.4%)6.359s (-6.7% 🟢)1.491s51.04x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.903s (-12.6% 🟢)7.578s (-11.3% 🟢)1.675s41.26x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.459s (-44.0% 🟢)1.024s (+1.7%)0.565s591.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.462s (-45.0% 🟢)1.006s (-1.7%)0.544s601.01x
💻 LocalNitro0.474s (-51.7% 🟢)1.004s (-8.2% 🟢)0.530s601.03x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.555s1.004s0.449s601.21x
💻 LocalExpress0.565s (-42.6% 🟢)1.088s (+1.1%)0.523s601.23x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.597s1.005s0.408s601.30x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.621s1.004s0.383s601.35x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro5.257s (-76.2% 🟢)6.675s (-72.2% 🟢)1.418s91.00x
▲ VercelExpress5.358s (-71.8% 🟢)7.133s (-66.6% 🟢)1.775s91.02x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)7.643s (-47.3% 🟢)9.025s (-43.9% 🟢)1.381s71.45x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.062s (-44.9% 🟢)1.661s (-20.9% 🟢)0.600s551.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.108s (-43.9% 🟢)1.844s (-18.3% 🟢)0.736s491.04x
💻 LocalNitro1.175s (-61.3% 🟢)2.005s (-46.6% 🟢)0.831s451.11x
💻 LocalExpress1.207s (-60.0% 🟢)2.006s (-44.1% 🟢)0.799s451.14x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.384s2.005s0.621s451.30x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.490s2.006s0.516s451.40x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.579s2.028s0.449s451.49x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express13.297s (-61.5% 🟢)15.190s (-58.7% 🟢)1.892s61.00x
▲ VercelNitro14.217s (-64.0% 🟢)15.754s (-61.9% 🟢)1.537s61.07x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)16.536s (-66.8% 🟢)18.023s (-65.1% 🟢)1.487s51.24x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Express2.088s (-47.7% 🟢)2.661s (-39.1% 🟢)0.573s461.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.111s (-48.6% 🟢)2.603s (-43.5% 🟢)0.492s471.01x
💻 LocalNitro2.661s (-71.4% 🟢)3.007s (-70.0% 🟢)0.346s401.27x
💻 LocalExpress2.676s (-70.9% 🟢)3.032s (-69.7% 🟢)0.356s401.28x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)3.004s3.521s0.517s351.44x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)3.056s3.705s0.649s331.46x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)3.446s4.010s0.564s301.65x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express39.949s (-69.3% 🟢)42.244s (-68.0% 🟢)2.295s31.00x
▲ VercelNitro44.227s (-54.4% 🟢)46.424s (-52.8% 🟢)2.197s31.11x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)48.690s (-54.6% 🟢)50.218s (-53.9% 🟢)1.528s31.22x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.189s (-33.3% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.817s601.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.198s (-29.7% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.807s601.05x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.261s1.004s0.744s601.38x
💻 LocalExpress0.431s (-23.2% 🟢)1.004s (~)0.573s602.28x
💻 LocalNitro0.436s (-27.8% 🟢)1.004s (-1.7%)0.568s602.31x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.496s1.004s0.508s602.63x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.028s1.799s0.771s345.44x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express2.184s (+11.7% 🔺)3.808s (+4.7%)1.624s161.00x
▲ VercelNitro2.220s (+33.7% 🔺)3.735s (+11.5% 🔺)1.515s171.02x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.754s (+85.6% 🔺)5.069s (+33.6% 🔺)1.316s121.72x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.303s (-39.0% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.703s901.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.314s (-38.4% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.692s901.04x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.418s1.004s0.586s901.38x
💻 LocalExpress2.125s (-15.5% 🟢)2.851s (-5.2% 🟢)0.727s327.01x
💻 LocalNitro2.256s (-11.1% 🟢)2.884s (-4.2%)0.628s327.45x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.318s2.912s0.594s317.65x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.577s3.006s0.429s308.51x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro8.597s (+166.5% 🔺)10.154s (+110.6% 🔺)1.557s91.00x
▲ VercelExpress8.636s (+183.5% 🔺)10.390s (+116.1% 🔺)1.754s91.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)9.375s (+165.2% 🔺)10.914s (+110.2% 🔺)1.540s91.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.610s (-22.8% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.396s1201.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.652s (-20.4% 🟢)1.006s (-1.1%)0.355s1201.07x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.769s1.004s0.235s1201.26x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)5.272s6.011s0.739s208.65x
💻 LocalExpress9.811s (-12.3% 🟢)10.360s (-13.2% 🟢)0.549s1216.09x
💻 LocalNitro9.981s (-10.8% 🟢)10.445s (-10.5% 🟢)0.464s1216.37x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.397s10.936s0.538s1117.05x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)17.435s (+68.8% 🔺)19.021s (+54.8% 🔺)1.587s71.00x
▲ VercelNitro22.706s (+194.0% 🔺)24.508s (+160.7% 🔺)1.802s51.30x
▲ VercelExpress23.765s (+220.3% 🔺)25.541s (+176.3% 🔺)1.776s51.36x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro1.129s (+428.2% 🔺)2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)0.010s (-16.8% 🟢)2.018s (+98.0% 🔺)0.889s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress1.129s (+467.1% 🔺)2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)0.012s (+0.8%)2.019s (+98.3% 🔺)0.890s101.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.136s2.002s0.010s2.016s0.880s101.01x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.136s (+454.1% 🔺)1.999s (+99.9% 🔺)0.001s (-26.7% 🟢)2.009s (+98.7% 🔺)0.873s101.01x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.147s (+459.5% 🔺)2.000s (+100.3% 🔺)0.001s (-18.8% 🟢)2.010s (+98.7% 🔺)0.862s101.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.188s (-42.9% 🟢)3.221s (-39.0% 🟢)2.121s (+185.8% 🔺)5.752s (-11.3% 🟢)3.564s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.254s (-10.0% 🟢)3.337s (-18.4% 🟢)1.734s (+80.5% 🔺)5.506s (-1.5%)3.252s101.03x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)4.807s (-29.9% 🟢)4.700s (-45.7% 🟢)1.259s (+99.2% 🔺)7.523s (-23.1% 🟢)2.716s102.20x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.500s (+140.3% 🔺)2.000s (+98.6% 🔺)0.004s (-8.9% 🟢)2.026s (+98.1% 🔺)0.526s301.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.532s (+143.1% 🔺)2.000s (+98.7% 🔺)0.004s (-0.8%)2.024s (+97.9% 🔺)0.493s301.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.573s2.010s0.009s2.022s0.449s301.05x
💻 LocalNitro1.692s (+101.7% 🔺)2.011s (+98.7% 🔺)0.009s (-6.2% 🟢)2.200s (+97.2% 🔺)0.509s281.13x
💻 LocalExpress1.715s (+126.5% 🔺)2.011s (+95.4% 🔺)0.009s (+0.9%)2.201s (+111.7% 🔺)0.486s281.14x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express6.067s (-6.7% 🟢)7.280s (-9.1% 🟢)0.274s (-32.9% 🟢)8.021s (-9.2% 🟢)1.954s81.00x
▲ VercelNitro6.238s (-78.8% 🟢)7.553s (-75.5% 🟢)0.239s (+113.6% 🔺)8.177s (-74.3% 🟢)1.939s81.03x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)11.752s (-30.5% 🟢)12.474s (-31.6% 🟢)0.234s (+10.9% 🔺)13.626s (-28.0% 🟢)1.875s51.94x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.670s (-30.8% 🟢)1.034s (-17.1% 🟢)0.000s (-57.9% 🟢)1.057s (-15.9% 🟢)0.387s571.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.684s (-28.8% 🟢)1.015s (-20.5% 🟢)0.000s (+19.0% 🔺)1.044s (-20.1% 🟢)0.360s581.02x
💻 LocalExpress1.332s (+8.7% 🔺)2.016s (~)0.000s (+40.0% 🔺)2.018s (~)0.686s301.99x
💻 LocalNitro1.350s (+10.4% 🔺)2.015s (~)0.000s (+133.3% 🔺)2.017s (~)0.666s302.01x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.390s2.013s0.000s2.016s0.625s302.07x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.688s (+20.9% 🔺)4.921s (+12.0% 🔺)0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)5.315s (+10.5% 🔺)1.627s121.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.914s (+4.7%)5.284s (+3.5%)0.001s (+200.0% 🔺)5.787s (+4.6%)1.872s111.06x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.914s (-41.9% 🟢)6.070s (-47.3% 🟢)0.001s (+Infinity% 🔺)7.208s (-40.2% 🟢)1.294s91.60x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Express1.276s (-28.0% 🟢)2.031s (-6.7% 🟢)0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)2.047s (-6.9% 🟢)0.771s301.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.296s (-27.7% 🟢)2.029s (-5.2% 🟢)0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)2.087s (-4.0%)0.791s291.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.798s3.471s0.001s3.475s0.678s182.19x
💻 LocalNitro2.978s (-12.1% 🟢)3.619s (-10.2% 🟢)0.001s (+120.6% 🔺)3.623s (-10.2% 🟢)0.645s172.33x
💻 LocalExpress3.065s (-11.6% 🟢)3.776s (-6.4% 🟢)0.001s (-14.1% 🟢)3.782s (-6.3% 🟢)0.717s162.40x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express5.421s (+18.2% 🔺)7.136s (+18.5% 🔺)0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)7.540s (+16.8% 🔺)2.119s91.00x
▲ VercelNitro5.468s (+33.6% 🔺)6.784s (+26.2% 🔺)0.001s (+185.2% 🔺)7.156s (+23.5% 🔺)1.688s91.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)8.826s (+57.1% 🔺)8.959s (+28.3% 🔺)0.000s (+33.3% 🔺)10.503s (+39.3% 🔺)1.676s61.63x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World🥇 Fastest FrameworkWins
💻 LocalNitro10/21
🐘 PostgresNitro17/21
▲ VercelExpress10/21
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework🥇 Fastest WorldWins
Express🐘 Postgres17/21
Next.js (Turbopack)💻 Local15/21
Nitro🐘 Postgres15/21
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

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🧪 E2E Test Results

All tests passed

Summary

PassedFailedSkippedTotal
✅ ▲ Vercel Production85902191078
✅ 💻 Local Development95702191176
✅ 📦 Local Production95702191176
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres95702191176
✅ 🪟 Windows980098
✅ 📋 Other5100176686
Total4338010525390

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro72026
✅ example72026
✅ express72026
✅ fastify72026
✅ hono72026
✅ nextjs-turbopack9602
✅ nextjs-webpack9602
✅ nitro72026
✅ nuxt72026
✅ sveltekit9107
✅ vite72026
✅ 💻 Local Development
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable73025
✅ express-stable73025
✅ fastify-stable73025
✅ hono-stable73025
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable9800
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable9800
✅ nitro-stable73025
✅ nuxt-stable73025
✅ sveltekit-stable9206
✅ vite-stable73025
✅ 📦 Local Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable73025
✅ express-stable73025
✅ fastify-stable73025
✅ hono-stable73025
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable9800
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable9800
✅ nitro-stable73025
✅ nuxt-stable73025
✅ sveltekit-stable9206
✅ vite-stable73025
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable73025
✅ express-stable73025
✅ fastify-stable73025
✅ hono-stable73025
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable9800
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable9800
✅ nitro-stable73025
✅ nuxt-stable73025
✅ sveltekit-stable9206
✅ vite-stable73025
✅ 🪟 Windows
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack9800
✅ 📋 Other
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-stable73025
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start72026

📋 View full workflow run

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Pull request overview

Adds a Postgres-level deduplication guard for entity-creating events so concurrent (or repeated) creates with the same (runId, correlationId, type) surface as EntityConflictError, aligning world-postgres behavior with the runtime’s existing dedup contract.

Changes:

  • Add a partial unique index on workflow_events(run_id, correlation_id, type) for step_created / hook_created / wait_created.
  • Translate Postgres unique-violation (23505) during events.create() into EntityConflictError for entity-creating event types.
  • Add regression tests for duplicate step_created and wait_created scenarios.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 6 out of 6 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

Show a summary per file
FileDescription
packages/world-postgres/src/storage.tsCatch and translate unique-violation errors into EntityConflictError for entity-creating events.
packages/world-postgres/src/drizzle/schema.tsAdd Drizzle schema definition for the partial unique index.
packages/world-postgres/src/drizzle/migrations/0010_add_events_entity_creation_unique_index.sqlCreate the partial unique index in SQL migration.
packages/world-postgres/src/drizzle/migrations/meta/_journal.jsonRegister the new migration in the Drizzle journal.
packages/world-postgres/test/storage.test.tsAdd tests asserting duplicate entity-creation attempts surface as EntityConflictError and don’t duplicate event rows.
.changeset/fix-world-postgres-events-uniqueness.mdPublish a patch changeset describing the new uniqueness + error translation behavior.

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@TooTallNate@VaguelySerious
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world-postgres: enforce per-(run, correlation) uniqueness for entity-creating events - #1878

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TooTallNate merged 5 commits into
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world-postgres-event-uniqueness
May 4, 2026
Merged

world-postgres: enforce per-(run, correlation) uniqueness for entity-creating events#1878
TooTallNate merged 5 commits into
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world-postgres-event-uniqueness

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Summary

Adds a unique partial index on workflow_events(run_id, correlation_id, type) filtered to step_created / hook_created / wait_created, and translates the resulting unique-violation (pg code 23505, surfaced via DrizzleQueryError.cause) into EntityConflictError.

Background

Concurrent invocations producing identical correlationIds previously both succeeded at the events-table level, leaving duplicate rows in the log. The steps table already deduped via onConflictDoNothing, but the corresponding event row still inserted, so the storage was internally inconsistent (one step, two step_created events). The runtime's existing dedup catch path (if (EntityConflictError.is(err)) continue in runtime/snapshot-entrypoint.ts) was the intended consumer of this signal but never received it from world-postgres.

This is the postgres counterpart of PR #1877 (world-local).

Fix

  • New unique partial index workflow_events_entity_creation_unique on (run_id, correlation_id, type) filtered to entity-creating events (migration 0010_add_events_entity_creation_unique_index.sql).
  • events.create() wraps the INSERT in try/catch, detects pg 23505 (read off DrizzleQueryError.cause.code), and re-throws as EntityConflictError for the relevant event types.
  • 3 regression tests covering concurrent + sequential step_created and wait_created duplicate scenarios.

Verification

pnpm -F @workflow/world-postgres typecheck # clean
pnpm -F @workflow/world-postgres build # clean
pnpm -F @workflow/world-postgres test # 106 passed (was 103 before the 3 regression tests)

Extracted from PR #1300 (snapshot-runtime). The snapshot runtime produces deterministic correlationIds across concurrent VM invocations of the same resumption by design — that path made the dedup gap reliably reproducible — but the fix is also valuable on its own for replay-runtime concurrent scenarios.

CopilotAI review requested due to automatic review settings April 30, 2026 08:24
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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 774f4fe

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 2 packages
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Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro0.030s (-29.7% 🟢)1.005s (~)0.975s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress0.032s (-27.8% 🟢)1.005s (~)0.973s101.06x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.040s1.005s0.965s101.32x
🐘 PostgresNitro0.045s (-52.6% 🟢)1.011s (-3.0%)0.966s101.49x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.048s (-17.6% 🟢)1.011s (~)0.963s101.58x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.052s1.005s0.953s101.73x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.091s1.006s0.916s103.00x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express0.284s (+20.9% 🔺)2.483s (+16.3% 🔺)2.199s101.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)0.652s (+159.4% 🔺)2.942s (+26.1% 🔺)2.290s102.29x
▲ VercelNitro0.806s (+96.8% 🔺)2.934s (+16.9% 🔺)2.128s102.83x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Express1.069s (-5.0% 🟢)2.006s (~)0.938s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro1.069s (-5.5% 🟢)2.006s (~)0.937s101.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.085s (-4.8%)2.010s (~)0.924s101.02x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.086s (-5.3% 🟢)2.011s (~)0.925s101.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.091s2.005s0.915s101.02x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.110s2.007s0.897s101.04x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.149s2.007s0.859s101.07x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro1.710s (-56.1% 🟢)3.269s (-44.7% 🟢)1.559s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress1.804s (-3.8%)3.852s (+1.2%)2.047s101.06x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.650s (+30.2% 🔺)4.575s (+19.4% 🔺)1.925s101.55x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro10.392s (-5.1% 🟢)11.021s (~)0.630s31.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro10.407s (-4.3%)11.021s (~)0.614s31.00x
💻 LocalExpress10.407s (-4.7%)11.021s (~)0.614s31.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress10.421s (-4.9%)11.017s (~)0.596s31.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.525s11.021s0.496s31.01x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)10.626s11.019s0.393s31.02x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)10.725s11.023s0.299s31.03x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)13.979s (-19.3% 🟢)15.374s (-20.7% 🟢)1.395s21.00x
▲ VercelNitro14.040s (-40.8% 🟢)15.736s (-37.3% 🟢)1.696s21.00x
▲ VercelExpress16.525s (-2.7%)18.170s (-9.2% 🟢)1.645s21.18x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro13.434s (-10.8% 🟢)14.027s (-12.5% 🟢)0.592s51.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress13.445s (-7.8% 🟢)14.017s (-6.7% 🟢)0.572s51.00x
💻 LocalExpress13.459s (-10.1% 🟢)14.025s (-6.7% 🟢)0.566s51.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro13.488s (-7.6% 🟢)14.018s (-6.7% 🟢)0.529s51.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)13.684s14.024s0.341s51.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)13.978s14.217s0.239s51.04x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)14.040s14.428s0.387s51.05x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express22.836s (-54.6% 🟢)24.756s (-52.9% 🟢)1.920s31.00x
▲ VercelNitro24.859s (-61.4% 🟢)26.397s (-60.4% 🟢)1.538s31.09x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)25.551s (-51.4% 🟢)27.284s (-50.0% 🟢)1.733s31.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro11.797s (-29.7% 🟢)12.023s (-29.4% 🟢)0.226s81.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress11.909s (-15.0% 🟢)12.016s (-17.7% 🟢)0.107s81.01x
💻 LocalExpress11.944s (-28.1% 🟢)12.396s (-27.2% 🟢)0.451s81.01x
🐘 PostgresNitro11.998s (-14.1% 🟢)12.390s (-13.4% 🟢)0.392s81.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)12.387s13.023s0.636s71.05x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)12.674s13.018s0.344s71.07x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)13.042s13.454s0.413s71.11x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express36.343s (-70.0% 🟢)38.276s (-69.0% 🟢)1.933s31.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)39.846s (-89.9% 🟢)41.372s (-89.5% 🟢)1.525s31.10x
▲ VercelNitro182.474s (-56.9% 🟢)184.312s (-56.6% 🟢)1.839s25.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.153s (-9.5% 🟢)2.007s (~)0.854s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.162s (-7.8% 🟢)2.007s (~)0.845s151.01x
💻 LocalNitro1.177s (-27.8% 🟢)2.006s (-3.3%)0.828s151.02x
💻 LocalExpress1.179s (-20.8% 🟢)2.006s (~)0.827s151.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.221s2.005s0.784s151.06x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.249s2.006s0.757s151.08x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.024s2.734s0.710s111.75x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.491s (-11.6% 🟢)3.842s (-11.1% 🟢)1.351s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.633s (-7.9% 🟢)4.170s (-9.8% 🟢)1.537s81.06x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.832s (+12.8% 🔺)5.363s (+8.7% 🔺)1.531s61.54x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.210s (-48.5% 🟢)2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)0.797s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.231s (-47.9% 🟢)2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)0.776s151.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.662s2.005s0.343s151.37x
💻 LocalNitro1.685s (-46.4% 🟢)2.006s (-48.4% 🟢)0.321s151.39x
💻 LocalExpress1.742s (-41.0% 🟢)2.005s (-42.0% 🟢)0.263s151.44x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.371s3.009s0.637s101.96x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)3.560s4.007s0.447s82.94x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express3.266s (-9.8% 🟢)5.058s (-1.0%)1.791s61.00x
▲ VercelNitro3.381s (-16.6% 🟢)5.219s (-11.8% 🟢)1.838s61.04x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.250s (-26.1% 🟢)6.595s (-25.9% 🟢)1.345s51.61x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.356s (-61.0% 🟢)2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)0.652s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.366s (-60.8% 🟢)2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)0.641s151.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)3.648s4.010s0.362s82.69x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)4.277s5.011s0.734s63.15x
💻 LocalNitro4.394s (-47.4% 🟢)5.011s (-44.5% 🟢)0.617s63.24x
💻 LocalExpress5.281s (-36.7% 🟢)5.680s (-37.1% 🟢)0.399s63.90x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)6.210s7.013s0.803s54.58x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro5.449s (+54.6% 🔺)7.072s (+27.8% 🔺)1.624s51.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.810s (-34.8% 🟢)7.506s (-31.5% 🟢)1.695s51.07x
▲ VercelExpress5.922s (+39.7% 🔺)7.523s (+22.8% 🔺)1.601s41.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.157s (-8.0% 🟢)2.009s (~)0.852s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.166s (-7.2% 🟢)2.009s (~)0.843s151.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.248s2.006s0.758s151.08x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.354s2.005s0.651s151.17x
💻 LocalExpress1.401s (-26.0% 🟢)2.005s (-15.2% 🟢)0.604s151.21x
💻 LocalNitro1.410s (-24.4% 🟢)2.006s (-14.3% 🟢)0.596s151.22x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.020s2.735s0.714s111.75x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.467s (~)3.952s (-5.2% 🟢)1.486s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.998s (+16.1% 🔺)4.477s (+2.9%)1.479s71.22x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)4.452s (+51.9% 🔺)5.647s (+21.6% 🔺)1.195s61.80x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.231s (-47.4% 🟢)2.009s (-33.3% 🟢)0.778s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.244s (-46.9% 🟢)2.009s (-33.3% 🟢)0.765s151.01x
💻 LocalNitro1.925s (-37.2% 🟢)2.315s (-40.4% 🟢)0.391s131.56x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.016s2.391s0.375s131.64x
💻 LocalExpress2.060s (-34.2% 🟢)2.468s (-34.4% 🟢)0.408s131.67x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.356s3.008s0.653s101.91x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)3.564s4.007s0.444s82.89x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.226s (~)4.516s (-11.0% 🟢)1.291s71.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.493s (+9.4% 🔺)5.424s (+13.2% 🔺)1.932s61.08x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)4.603s (+46.5% 🔺)5.938s (+31.3% 🔺)1.335s61.43x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.347s (-61.3% 🟢)2.009s (-49.9% 🟢)0.662s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.371s (-60.8% 🟢)2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)0.636s151.02x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)3.623s4.010s0.387s82.69x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)4.507s5.178s0.671s63.35x
💻 LocalNitro4.570s (-50.0% 🟢)5.180s (-48.3% 🟢)0.610s63.39x
💻 LocalExpress5.631s (-36.0% 🟢)6.180s (-33.4% 🟢)0.549s64.18x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)6.210s7.010s0.800s54.61x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express4.692s (-26.9% 🟢)6.252s (-23.6% 🟢)1.559s51.00x
▲ VercelNitro4.868s (-4.4%)6.359s (-6.7% 🟢)1.491s51.04x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.903s (-12.6% 🟢)7.578s (-11.3% 🟢)1.675s41.26x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.459s (-44.0% 🟢)1.024s (+1.7%)0.565s591.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.462s (-45.0% 🟢)1.006s (-1.7%)0.544s601.01x
💻 LocalNitro0.474s (-51.7% 🟢)1.004s (-8.2% 🟢)0.530s601.03x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.555s1.004s0.449s601.21x
💻 LocalExpress0.565s (-42.6% 🟢)1.088s (+1.1%)0.523s601.23x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.597s1.005s0.408s601.30x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.621s1.004s0.383s601.35x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro5.257s (-76.2% 🟢)6.675s (-72.2% 🟢)1.418s91.00x
▲ VercelExpress5.358s (-71.8% 🟢)7.133s (-66.6% 🟢)1.775s91.02x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)7.643s (-47.3% 🟢)9.025s (-43.9% 🟢)1.381s71.45x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.062s (-44.9% 🟢)1.661s (-20.9% 🟢)0.600s551.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.108s (-43.9% 🟢)1.844s (-18.3% 🟢)0.736s491.04x
💻 LocalNitro1.175s (-61.3% 🟢)2.005s (-46.6% 🟢)0.831s451.11x
💻 LocalExpress1.207s (-60.0% 🟢)2.006s (-44.1% 🟢)0.799s451.14x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.384s2.005s0.621s451.30x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.490s2.006s0.516s451.40x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.579s2.028s0.449s451.49x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express13.297s (-61.5% 🟢)15.190s (-58.7% 🟢)1.892s61.00x
▲ VercelNitro14.217s (-64.0% 🟢)15.754s (-61.9% 🟢)1.537s61.07x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)16.536s (-66.8% 🟢)18.023s (-65.1% 🟢)1.487s51.24x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Express2.088s (-47.7% 🟢)2.661s (-39.1% 🟢)0.573s461.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.111s (-48.6% 🟢)2.603s (-43.5% 🟢)0.492s471.01x
💻 LocalNitro2.661s (-71.4% 🟢)3.007s (-70.0% 🟢)0.346s401.27x
💻 LocalExpress2.676s (-70.9% 🟢)3.032s (-69.7% 🟢)0.356s401.28x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)3.004s3.521s0.517s351.44x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)3.056s3.705s0.649s331.46x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)3.446s4.010s0.564s301.65x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express39.949s (-69.3% 🟢)42.244s (-68.0% 🟢)2.295s31.00x
▲ VercelNitro44.227s (-54.4% 🟢)46.424s (-52.8% 🟢)2.197s31.11x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)48.690s (-54.6% 🟢)50.218s (-53.9% 🟢)1.528s31.22x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.189s (-33.3% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.817s601.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.198s (-29.7% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.807s601.05x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.261s1.004s0.744s601.38x
💻 LocalExpress0.431s (-23.2% 🟢)1.004s (~)0.573s602.28x
💻 LocalNitro0.436s (-27.8% 🟢)1.004s (-1.7%)0.568s602.31x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.496s1.004s0.508s602.63x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.028s1.799s0.771s345.44x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express2.184s (+11.7% 🔺)3.808s (+4.7%)1.624s161.00x
▲ VercelNitro2.220s (+33.7% 🔺)3.735s (+11.5% 🔺)1.515s171.02x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.754s (+85.6% 🔺)5.069s (+33.6% 🔺)1.316s121.72x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.303s (-39.0% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.703s901.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.314s (-38.4% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.692s901.04x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.418s1.004s0.586s901.38x
💻 LocalExpress2.125s (-15.5% 🟢)2.851s (-5.2% 🟢)0.727s327.01x
💻 LocalNitro2.256s (-11.1% 🟢)2.884s (-4.2%)0.628s327.45x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.318s2.912s0.594s317.65x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.577s3.006s0.429s308.51x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro8.597s (+166.5% 🔺)10.154s (+110.6% 🔺)1.557s91.00x
▲ VercelExpress8.636s (+183.5% 🔺)10.390s (+116.1% 🔺)1.754s91.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)9.375s (+165.2% 🔺)10.914s (+110.2% 🔺)1.540s91.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.610s (-22.8% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.396s1201.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.652s (-20.4% 🟢)1.006s (-1.1%)0.355s1201.07x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.769s1.004s0.235s1201.26x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)5.272s6.011s0.739s208.65x
💻 LocalExpress9.811s (-12.3% 🟢)10.360s (-13.2% 🟢)0.549s1216.09x
💻 LocalNitro9.981s (-10.8% 🟢)10.445s (-10.5% 🟢)0.464s1216.37x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.397s10.936s0.538s1117.05x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)17.435s (+68.8% 🔺)19.021s (+54.8% 🔺)1.587s71.00x
▲ VercelNitro22.706s (+194.0% 🔺)24.508s (+160.7% 🔺)1.802s51.30x
▲ VercelExpress23.765s (+220.3% 🔺)25.541s (+176.3% 🔺)1.776s51.36x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro1.129s (+428.2% 🔺)2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)0.010s (-16.8% 🟢)2.018s (+98.0% 🔺)0.889s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress1.129s (+467.1% 🔺)2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)0.012s (+0.8%)2.019s (+98.3% 🔺)0.890s101.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.136s2.002s0.010s2.016s0.880s101.01x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.136s (+454.1% 🔺)1.999s (+99.9% 🔺)0.001s (-26.7% 🟢)2.009s (+98.7% 🔺)0.873s101.01x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.147s (+459.5% 🔺)2.000s (+100.3% 🔺)0.001s (-18.8% 🟢)2.010s (+98.7% 🔺)0.862s101.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.188s (-42.9% 🟢)3.221s (-39.0% 🟢)2.121s (+185.8% 🔺)5.752s (-11.3% 🟢)3.564s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.254s (-10.0% 🟢)3.337s (-18.4% 🟢)1.734s (+80.5% 🔺)5.506s (-1.5%)3.252s101.03x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)4.807s (-29.9% 🟢)4.700s (-45.7% 🟢)1.259s (+99.2% 🔺)7.523s (-23.1% 🟢)2.716s102.20x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.500s (+140.3% 🔺)2.000s (+98.6% 🔺)0.004s (-8.9% 🟢)2.026s (+98.1% 🔺)0.526s301.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.532s (+143.1% 🔺)2.000s (+98.7% 🔺)0.004s (-0.8%)2.024s (+97.9% 🔺)0.493s301.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.573s2.010s0.009s2.022s0.449s301.05x
💻 LocalNitro1.692s (+101.7% 🔺)2.011s (+98.7% 🔺)0.009s (-6.2% 🟢)2.200s (+97.2% 🔺)0.509s281.13x
💻 LocalExpress1.715s (+126.5% 🔺)2.011s (+95.4% 🔺)0.009s (+0.9%)2.201s (+111.7% 🔺)0.486s281.14x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express6.067s (-6.7% 🟢)7.280s (-9.1% 🟢)0.274s (-32.9% 🟢)8.021s (-9.2% 🟢)1.954s81.00x
▲ VercelNitro6.238s (-78.8% 🟢)7.553s (-75.5% 🟢)0.239s (+113.6% 🔺)8.177s (-74.3% 🟢)1.939s81.03x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)11.752s (-30.5% 🟢)12.474s (-31.6% 🟢)0.234s (+10.9% 🔺)13.626s (-28.0% 🟢)1.875s51.94x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.670s (-30.8% 🟢)1.034s (-17.1% 🟢)0.000s (-57.9% 🟢)1.057s (-15.9% 🟢)0.387s571.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.684s (-28.8% 🟢)1.015s (-20.5% 🟢)0.000s (+19.0% 🔺)1.044s (-20.1% 🟢)0.360s581.02x
💻 LocalExpress1.332s (+8.7% 🔺)2.016s (~)0.000s (+40.0% 🔺)2.018s (~)0.686s301.99x
💻 LocalNitro1.350s (+10.4% 🔺)2.015s (~)0.000s (+133.3% 🔺)2.017s (~)0.666s302.01x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.390s2.013s0.000s2.016s0.625s302.07x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.688s (+20.9% 🔺)4.921s (+12.0% 🔺)0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)5.315s (+10.5% 🔺)1.627s121.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.914s (+4.7%)5.284s (+3.5%)0.001s (+200.0% 🔺)5.787s (+4.6%)1.872s111.06x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.914s (-41.9% 🟢)6.070s (-47.3% 🟢)0.001s (+Infinity% 🔺)7.208s (-40.2% 🟢)1.294s91.60x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Express1.276s (-28.0% 🟢)2.031s (-6.7% 🟢)0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)2.047s (-6.9% 🟢)0.771s301.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.296s (-27.7% 🟢)2.029s (-5.2% 🟢)0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)2.087s (-4.0%)0.791s291.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.798s3.471s0.001s3.475s0.678s182.19x
💻 LocalNitro2.978s (-12.1% 🟢)3.619s (-10.2% 🟢)0.001s (+120.6% 🔺)3.623s (-10.2% 🟢)0.645s172.33x
💻 LocalExpress3.065s (-11.6% 🟢)3.776s (-6.4% 🟢)0.001s (-14.1% 🟢)3.782s (-6.3% 🟢)0.717s162.40x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express5.421s (+18.2% 🔺)7.136s (+18.5% 🔺)0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)7.540s (+16.8% 🔺)2.119s91.00x
▲ VercelNitro5.468s (+33.6% 🔺)6.784s (+26.2% 🔺)0.001s (+185.2% 🔺)7.156s (+23.5% 🔺)1.688s91.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)8.826s (+57.1% 🔺)8.959s (+28.3% 🔺)0.000s (+33.3% 🔺)10.503s (+39.3% 🔺)1.676s61.63x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World🥇 Fastest FrameworkWins
💻 LocalNitro10/21
🐘 PostgresNitro17/21
▲ VercelExpress10/21
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework🥇 Fastest WorldWins
Express🐘 Postgres17/21
Next.js (Turbopack)💻 Local15/21
Nitro🐘 Postgres15/21
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

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🧪 E2E Test Results

All tests passed

Summary

PassedFailedSkippedTotal
✅ ▲ Vercel Production85902191078
✅ 💻 Local Development95702191176
✅ 📦 Local Production95702191176
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres95702191176
✅ 🪟 Windows980098
✅ 📋 Other5100176686
Total4338010525390

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro72026
✅ example72026
✅ express72026
✅ fastify72026
✅ hono72026
✅ nextjs-turbopack9602
✅ nextjs-webpack9602
✅ nitro72026
✅ nuxt72026
✅ sveltekit9107
✅ vite72026
✅ 💻 Local Development
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable73025
✅ express-stable73025
✅ fastify-stable73025
✅ hono-stable73025
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable9800
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable9800
✅ nitro-stable73025
✅ nuxt-stable73025
✅ sveltekit-stable9206
✅ vite-stable73025
✅ 📦 Local Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable73025
✅ express-stable73025
✅ fastify-stable73025
✅ hono-stable73025
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable9800
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable9800
✅ nitro-stable73025
✅ nuxt-stable73025
✅ sveltekit-stable9206
✅ vite-stable73025
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable73025
✅ express-stable73025
✅ fastify-stable73025
✅ hono-stable73025
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable9800
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable9800
✅ nitro-stable73025
✅ nuxt-stable73025
✅ sveltekit-stable9206
✅ vite-stable73025
✅ 🪟 Windows
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack9800
✅ 📋 Other
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-stable73025
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start72026

📋 View full workflow run

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Pull request overview

Adds a Postgres-level deduplication guard for entity-creating events so concurrent (or repeated) creates with the same (runId, correlationId, type) surface as EntityConflictError, aligning world-postgres behavior with the runtime’s existing dedup contract.

Changes:

  • Add a partial unique index on workflow_events(run_id, correlation_id, type) for step_created / hook_created / wait_created.
  • Translate Postgres unique-violation (23505) during events.create() into EntityConflictError for entity-creating event types.
  • Add regression tests for duplicate step_created and wait_created scenarios.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 6 out of 6 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

Show a summary per file
FileDescription
packages/world-postgres/src/storage.tsCatch and translate unique-violation errors into EntityConflictError for entity-creating events.
packages/world-postgres/src/drizzle/schema.tsAdd Drizzle schema definition for the partial unique index.
packages/world-postgres/src/drizzle/migrations/0010_add_events_entity_creation_unique_index.sqlCreate the partial unique index in SQL migration.
packages/world-postgres/src/drizzle/migrations/meta/_journal.jsonRegister the new migration in the Drizzle journal.
packages/world-postgres/test/storage.test.tsAdd tests asserting duplicate entity-creation attempts surface as EntityConflictError and don’t duplicate event rows.
.changeset/fix-world-postgres-events-uniqueness.mdPublish a patch changeset describing the new uniqueness + error translation behavior.

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@TooTallNate@VaguelySerious
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world-postgres: enforce per-(run, correlation) uniqueness for entity-creating events - #1878

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TooTallNate merged 5 commits into
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world-postgres-event-uniqueness
May 4, 2026
Merged

world-postgres: enforce per-(run, correlation) uniqueness for entity-creating events#1878
TooTallNate merged 5 commits into
mainfrom
world-postgres-event-uniqueness

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Summary

Adds a unique partial index on workflow_events(run_id, correlation_id, type) filtered to step_created / hook_created / wait_created, and translates the resulting unique-violation (pg code 23505, surfaced via DrizzleQueryError.cause) into EntityConflictError.

Background

Concurrent invocations producing identical correlationIds previously both succeeded at the events-table level, leaving duplicate rows in the log. The steps table already deduped via onConflictDoNothing, but the corresponding event row still inserted, so the storage was internally inconsistent (one step, two step_created events). The runtime's existing dedup catch path (if (EntityConflictError.is(err)) continue in runtime/snapshot-entrypoint.ts) was the intended consumer of this signal but never received it from world-postgres.

This is the postgres counterpart of PR #1877 (world-local).

Fix

  • New unique partial index workflow_events_entity_creation_unique on (run_id, correlation_id, type) filtered to entity-creating events (migration 0010_add_events_entity_creation_unique_index.sql).
  • events.create() wraps the INSERT in try/catch, detects pg 23505 (read off DrizzleQueryError.cause.code), and re-throws as EntityConflictError for the relevant event types.
  • 3 regression tests covering concurrent + sequential step_created and wait_created duplicate scenarios.

Verification

pnpm -F @workflow/world-postgres typecheck # clean
pnpm -F @workflow/world-postgres build # clean
pnpm -F @workflow/world-postgres test # 106 passed (was 103 before the 3 regression tests)

Extracted from PR #1300 (snapshot-runtime). The snapshot runtime produces deterministic correlationIds across concurrent VM invocations of the same resumption by design — that path made the dedup gap reliably reproducible — but the fix is also valuable on its own for replay-runtime concurrent scenarios.

CopilotAI review requested due to automatic review settings April 30, 2026 08:24
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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 774f4fe

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 2 packages
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Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro0.030s (-29.7% 🟢)1.005s (~)0.975s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress0.032s (-27.8% 🟢)1.005s (~)0.973s101.06x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.040s1.005s0.965s101.32x
🐘 PostgresNitro0.045s (-52.6% 🟢)1.011s (-3.0%)0.966s101.49x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.048s (-17.6% 🟢)1.011s (~)0.963s101.58x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.052s1.005s0.953s101.73x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.091s1.006s0.916s103.00x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express0.284s (+20.9% 🔺)2.483s (+16.3% 🔺)2.199s101.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)0.652s (+159.4% 🔺)2.942s (+26.1% 🔺)2.290s102.29x
▲ VercelNitro0.806s (+96.8% 🔺)2.934s (+16.9% 🔺)2.128s102.83x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Express1.069s (-5.0% 🟢)2.006s (~)0.938s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro1.069s (-5.5% 🟢)2.006s (~)0.937s101.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.085s (-4.8%)2.010s (~)0.924s101.02x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.086s (-5.3% 🟢)2.011s (~)0.925s101.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.091s2.005s0.915s101.02x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.110s2.007s0.897s101.04x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.149s2.007s0.859s101.07x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro1.710s (-56.1% 🟢)3.269s (-44.7% 🟢)1.559s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress1.804s (-3.8%)3.852s (+1.2%)2.047s101.06x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.650s (+30.2% 🔺)4.575s (+19.4% 🔺)1.925s101.55x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro10.392s (-5.1% 🟢)11.021s (~)0.630s31.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro10.407s (-4.3%)11.021s (~)0.614s31.00x
💻 LocalExpress10.407s (-4.7%)11.021s (~)0.614s31.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress10.421s (-4.9%)11.017s (~)0.596s31.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.525s11.021s0.496s31.01x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)10.626s11.019s0.393s31.02x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)10.725s11.023s0.299s31.03x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)13.979s (-19.3% 🟢)15.374s (-20.7% 🟢)1.395s21.00x
▲ VercelNitro14.040s (-40.8% 🟢)15.736s (-37.3% 🟢)1.696s21.00x
▲ VercelExpress16.525s (-2.7%)18.170s (-9.2% 🟢)1.645s21.18x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro13.434s (-10.8% 🟢)14.027s (-12.5% 🟢)0.592s51.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress13.445s (-7.8% 🟢)14.017s (-6.7% 🟢)0.572s51.00x
💻 LocalExpress13.459s (-10.1% 🟢)14.025s (-6.7% 🟢)0.566s51.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro13.488s (-7.6% 🟢)14.018s (-6.7% 🟢)0.529s51.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)13.684s14.024s0.341s51.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)13.978s14.217s0.239s51.04x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)14.040s14.428s0.387s51.05x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express22.836s (-54.6% 🟢)24.756s (-52.9% 🟢)1.920s31.00x
▲ VercelNitro24.859s (-61.4% 🟢)26.397s (-60.4% 🟢)1.538s31.09x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)25.551s (-51.4% 🟢)27.284s (-50.0% 🟢)1.733s31.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro11.797s (-29.7% 🟢)12.023s (-29.4% 🟢)0.226s81.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress11.909s (-15.0% 🟢)12.016s (-17.7% 🟢)0.107s81.01x
💻 LocalExpress11.944s (-28.1% 🟢)12.396s (-27.2% 🟢)0.451s81.01x
🐘 PostgresNitro11.998s (-14.1% 🟢)12.390s (-13.4% 🟢)0.392s81.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)12.387s13.023s0.636s71.05x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)12.674s13.018s0.344s71.07x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)13.042s13.454s0.413s71.11x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express36.343s (-70.0% 🟢)38.276s (-69.0% 🟢)1.933s31.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)39.846s (-89.9% 🟢)41.372s (-89.5% 🟢)1.525s31.10x
▲ VercelNitro182.474s (-56.9% 🟢)184.312s (-56.6% 🟢)1.839s25.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.153s (-9.5% 🟢)2.007s (~)0.854s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.162s (-7.8% 🟢)2.007s (~)0.845s151.01x
💻 LocalNitro1.177s (-27.8% 🟢)2.006s (-3.3%)0.828s151.02x
💻 LocalExpress1.179s (-20.8% 🟢)2.006s (~)0.827s151.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.221s2.005s0.784s151.06x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.249s2.006s0.757s151.08x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.024s2.734s0.710s111.75x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.491s (-11.6% 🟢)3.842s (-11.1% 🟢)1.351s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.633s (-7.9% 🟢)4.170s (-9.8% 🟢)1.537s81.06x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.832s (+12.8% 🔺)5.363s (+8.7% 🔺)1.531s61.54x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.210s (-48.5% 🟢)2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)0.797s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.231s (-47.9% 🟢)2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)0.776s151.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.662s2.005s0.343s151.37x
💻 LocalNitro1.685s (-46.4% 🟢)2.006s (-48.4% 🟢)0.321s151.39x
💻 LocalExpress1.742s (-41.0% 🟢)2.005s (-42.0% 🟢)0.263s151.44x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.371s3.009s0.637s101.96x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)3.560s4.007s0.447s82.94x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express3.266s (-9.8% 🟢)5.058s (-1.0%)1.791s61.00x
▲ VercelNitro3.381s (-16.6% 🟢)5.219s (-11.8% 🟢)1.838s61.04x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.250s (-26.1% 🟢)6.595s (-25.9% 🟢)1.345s51.61x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.356s (-61.0% 🟢)2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)0.652s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.366s (-60.8% 🟢)2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)0.641s151.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)3.648s4.010s0.362s82.69x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)4.277s5.011s0.734s63.15x
💻 LocalNitro4.394s (-47.4% 🟢)5.011s (-44.5% 🟢)0.617s63.24x
💻 LocalExpress5.281s (-36.7% 🟢)5.680s (-37.1% 🟢)0.399s63.90x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)6.210s7.013s0.803s54.58x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro5.449s (+54.6% 🔺)7.072s (+27.8% 🔺)1.624s51.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.810s (-34.8% 🟢)7.506s (-31.5% 🟢)1.695s51.07x
▲ VercelExpress5.922s (+39.7% 🔺)7.523s (+22.8% 🔺)1.601s41.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.157s (-8.0% 🟢)2.009s (~)0.852s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.166s (-7.2% 🟢)2.009s (~)0.843s151.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.248s2.006s0.758s151.08x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.354s2.005s0.651s151.17x
💻 LocalExpress1.401s (-26.0% 🟢)2.005s (-15.2% 🟢)0.604s151.21x
💻 LocalNitro1.410s (-24.4% 🟢)2.006s (-14.3% 🟢)0.596s151.22x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.020s2.735s0.714s111.75x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.467s (~)3.952s (-5.2% 🟢)1.486s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.998s (+16.1% 🔺)4.477s (+2.9%)1.479s71.22x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)4.452s (+51.9% 🔺)5.647s (+21.6% 🔺)1.195s61.80x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.231s (-47.4% 🟢)2.009s (-33.3% 🟢)0.778s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.244s (-46.9% 🟢)2.009s (-33.3% 🟢)0.765s151.01x
💻 LocalNitro1.925s (-37.2% 🟢)2.315s (-40.4% 🟢)0.391s131.56x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.016s2.391s0.375s131.64x
💻 LocalExpress2.060s (-34.2% 🟢)2.468s (-34.4% 🟢)0.408s131.67x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.356s3.008s0.653s101.91x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)3.564s4.007s0.444s82.89x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.226s (~)4.516s (-11.0% 🟢)1.291s71.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.493s (+9.4% 🔺)5.424s (+13.2% 🔺)1.932s61.08x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)4.603s (+46.5% 🔺)5.938s (+31.3% 🔺)1.335s61.43x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.347s (-61.3% 🟢)2.009s (-49.9% 🟢)0.662s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.371s (-60.8% 🟢)2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)0.636s151.02x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)3.623s4.010s0.387s82.69x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)4.507s5.178s0.671s63.35x
💻 LocalNitro4.570s (-50.0% 🟢)5.180s (-48.3% 🟢)0.610s63.39x
💻 LocalExpress5.631s (-36.0% 🟢)6.180s (-33.4% 🟢)0.549s64.18x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)6.210s7.010s0.800s54.61x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express4.692s (-26.9% 🟢)6.252s (-23.6% 🟢)1.559s51.00x
▲ VercelNitro4.868s (-4.4%)6.359s (-6.7% 🟢)1.491s51.04x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.903s (-12.6% 🟢)7.578s (-11.3% 🟢)1.675s41.26x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.459s (-44.0% 🟢)1.024s (+1.7%)0.565s591.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.462s (-45.0% 🟢)1.006s (-1.7%)0.544s601.01x
💻 LocalNitro0.474s (-51.7% 🟢)1.004s (-8.2% 🟢)0.530s601.03x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.555s1.004s0.449s601.21x
💻 LocalExpress0.565s (-42.6% 🟢)1.088s (+1.1%)0.523s601.23x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.597s1.005s0.408s601.30x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.621s1.004s0.383s601.35x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro5.257s (-76.2% 🟢)6.675s (-72.2% 🟢)1.418s91.00x
▲ VercelExpress5.358s (-71.8% 🟢)7.133s (-66.6% 🟢)1.775s91.02x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)7.643s (-47.3% 🟢)9.025s (-43.9% 🟢)1.381s71.45x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.062s (-44.9% 🟢)1.661s (-20.9% 🟢)0.600s551.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.108s (-43.9% 🟢)1.844s (-18.3% 🟢)0.736s491.04x
💻 LocalNitro1.175s (-61.3% 🟢)2.005s (-46.6% 🟢)0.831s451.11x
💻 LocalExpress1.207s (-60.0% 🟢)2.006s (-44.1% 🟢)0.799s451.14x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.384s2.005s0.621s451.30x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.490s2.006s0.516s451.40x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.579s2.028s0.449s451.49x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express13.297s (-61.5% 🟢)15.190s (-58.7% 🟢)1.892s61.00x
▲ VercelNitro14.217s (-64.0% 🟢)15.754s (-61.9% 🟢)1.537s61.07x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)16.536s (-66.8% 🟢)18.023s (-65.1% 🟢)1.487s51.24x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Express2.088s (-47.7% 🟢)2.661s (-39.1% 🟢)0.573s461.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.111s (-48.6% 🟢)2.603s (-43.5% 🟢)0.492s471.01x
💻 LocalNitro2.661s (-71.4% 🟢)3.007s (-70.0% 🟢)0.346s401.27x
💻 LocalExpress2.676s (-70.9% 🟢)3.032s (-69.7% 🟢)0.356s401.28x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)3.004s3.521s0.517s351.44x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)3.056s3.705s0.649s331.46x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)3.446s4.010s0.564s301.65x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express39.949s (-69.3% 🟢)42.244s (-68.0% 🟢)2.295s31.00x
▲ VercelNitro44.227s (-54.4% 🟢)46.424s (-52.8% 🟢)2.197s31.11x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)48.690s (-54.6% 🟢)50.218s (-53.9% 🟢)1.528s31.22x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.189s (-33.3% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.817s601.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.198s (-29.7% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.807s601.05x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.261s1.004s0.744s601.38x
💻 LocalExpress0.431s (-23.2% 🟢)1.004s (~)0.573s602.28x
💻 LocalNitro0.436s (-27.8% 🟢)1.004s (-1.7%)0.568s602.31x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.496s1.004s0.508s602.63x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.028s1.799s0.771s345.44x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express2.184s (+11.7% 🔺)3.808s (+4.7%)1.624s161.00x
▲ VercelNitro2.220s (+33.7% 🔺)3.735s (+11.5% 🔺)1.515s171.02x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.754s (+85.6% 🔺)5.069s (+33.6% 🔺)1.316s121.72x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.303s (-39.0% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.703s901.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.314s (-38.4% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.692s901.04x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.418s1.004s0.586s901.38x
💻 LocalExpress2.125s (-15.5% 🟢)2.851s (-5.2% 🟢)0.727s327.01x
💻 LocalNitro2.256s (-11.1% 🟢)2.884s (-4.2%)0.628s327.45x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.318s2.912s0.594s317.65x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.577s3.006s0.429s308.51x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro8.597s (+166.5% 🔺)10.154s (+110.6% 🔺)1.557s91.00x
▲ VercelExpress8.636s (+183.5% 🔺)10.390s (+116.1% 🔺)1.754s91.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)9.375s (+165.2% 🔺)10.914s (+110.2% 🔺)1.540s91.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.610s (-22.8% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.396s1201.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.652s (-20.4% 🟢)1.006s (-1.1%)0.355s1201.07x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.769s1.004s0.235s1201.26x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)5.272s6.011s0.739s208.65x
💻 LocalExpress9.811s (-12.3% 🟢)10.360s (-13.2% 🟢)0.549s1216.09x
💻 LocalNitro9.981s (-10.8% 🟢)10.445s (-10.5% 🟢)0.464s1216.37x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.397s10.936s0.538s1117.05x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)17.435s (+68.8% 🔺)19.021s (+54.8% 🔺)1.587s71.00x
▲ VercelNitro22.706s (+194.0% 🔺)24.508s (+160.7% 🔺)1.802s51.30x
▲ VercelExpress23.765s (+220.3% 🔺)25.541s (+176.3% 🔺)1.776s51.36x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro1.129s (+428.2% 🔺)2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)0.010s (-16.8% 🟢)2.018s (+98.0% 🔺)0.889s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress1.129s (+467.1% 🔺)2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)0.012s (+0.8%)2.019s (+98.3% 🔺)0.890s101.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.136s2.002s0.010s2.016s0.880s101.01x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.136s (+454.1% 🔺)1.999s (+99.9% 🔺)0.001s (-26.7% 🟢)2.009s (+98.7% 🔺)0.873s101.01x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.147s (+459.5% 🔺)2.000s (+100.3% 🔺)0.001s (-18.8% 🟢)2.010s (+98.7% 🔺)0.862s101.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.188s (-42.9% 🟢)3.221s (-39.0% 🟢)2.121s (+185.8% 🔺)5.752s (-11.3% 🟢)3.564s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.254s (-10.0% 🟢)3.337s (-18.4% 🟢)1.734s (+80.5% 🔺)5.506s (-1.5%)3.252s101.03x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)4.807s (-29.9% 🟢)4.700s (-45.7% 🟢)1.259s (+99.2% 🔺)7.523s (-23.1% 🟢)2.716s102.20x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.500s (+140.3% 🔺)2.000s (+98.6% 🔺)0.004s (-8.9% 🟢)2.026s (+98.1% 🔺)0.526s301.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.532s (+143.1% 🔺)2.000s (+98.7% 🔺)0.004s (-0.8%)2.024s (+97.9% 🔺)0.493s301.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.573s2.010s0.009s2.022s0.449s301.05x
💻 LocalNitro1.692s (+101.7% 🔺)2.011s (+98.7% 🔺)0.009s (-6.2% 🟢)2.200s (+97.2% 🔺)0.509s281.13x
💻 LocalExpress1.715s (+126.5% 🔺)2.011s (+95.4% 🔺)0.009s (+0.9%)2.201s (+111.7% 🔺)0.486s281.14x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express6.067s (-6.7% 🟢)7.280s (-9.1% 🟢)0.274s (-32.9% 🟢)8.021s (-9.2% 🟢)1.954s81.00x
▲ VercelNitro6.238s (-78.8% 🟢)7.553s (-75.5% 🟢)0.239s (+113.6% 🔺)8.177s (-74.3% 🟢)1.939s81.03x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)11.752s (-30.5% 🟢)12.474s (-31.6% 🟢)0.234s (+10.9% 🔺)13.626s (-28.0% 🟢)1.875s51.94x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.670s (-30.8% 🟢)1.034s (-17.1% 🟢)0.000s (-57.9% 🟢)1.057s (-15.9% 🟢)0.387s571.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.684s (-28.8% 🟢)1.015s (-20.5% 🟢)0.000s (+19.0% 🔺)1.044s (-20.1% 🟢)0.360s581.02x
💻 LocalExpress1.332s (+8.7% 🔺)2.016s (~)0.000s (+40.0% 🔺)2.018s (~)0.686s301.99x
💻 LocalNitro1.350s (+10.4% 🔺)2.015s (~)0.000s (+133.3% 🔺)2.017s (~)0.666s302.01x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.390s2.013s0.000s2.016s0.625s302.07x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.688s (+20.9% 🔺)4.921s (+12.0% 🔺)0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)5.315s (+10.5% 🔺)1.627s121.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.914s (+4.7%)5.284s (+3.5%)0.001s (+200.0% 🔺)5.787s (+4.6%)1.872s111.06x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.914s (-41.9% 🟢)6.070s (-47.3% 🟢)0.001s (+Infinity% 🔺)7.208s (-40.2% 🟢)1.294s91.60x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Express1.276s (-28.0% 🟢)2.031s (-6.7% 🟢)0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)2.047s (-6.9% 🟢)0.771s301.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.296s (-27.7% 🟢)2.029s (-5.2% 🟢)0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)2.087s (-4.0%)0.791s291.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.798s3.471s0.001s3.475s0.678s182.19x
💻 LocalNitro2.978s (-12.1% 🟢)3.619s (-10.2% 🟢)0.001s (+120.6% 🔺)3.623s (-10.2% 🟢)0.645s172.33x
💻 LocalExpress3.065s (-11.6% 🟢)3.776s (-6.4% 🟢)0.001s (-14.1% 🟢)3.782s (-6.3% 🟢)0.717s162.40x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express5.421s (+18.2% 🔺)7.136s (+18.5% 🔺)0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)7.540s (+16.8% 🔺)2.119s91.00x
▲ VercelNitro5.468s (+33.6% 🔺)6.784s (+26.2% 🔺)0.001s (+185.2% 🔺)7.156s (+23.5% 🔺)1.688s91.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)8.826s (+57.1% 🔺)8.959s (+28.3% 🔺)0.000s (+33.3% 🔺)10.503s (+39.3% 🔺)1.676s61.63x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World🥇 Fastest FrameworkWins
💻 LocalNitro10/21
🐘 PostgresNitro17/21
▲ VercelExpress10/21
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework🥇 Fastest WorldWins
Express🐘 Postgres17/21
Next.js (Turbopack)💻 Local15/21
Nitro🐘 Postgres15/21
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

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github-actionsBot commented Apr 30, 2026

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🧪 E2E Test Results

All tests passed

Summary

PassedFailedSkippedTotal
✅ ▲ Vercel Production85902191078
✅ 💻 Local Development95702191176
✅ 📦 Local Production95702191176
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres95702191176
✅ 🪟 Windows980098
✅ 📋 Other5100176686
Total4338010525390

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro72026
✅ example72026
✅ express72026
✅ fastify72026
✅ hono72026
✅ nextjs-turbopack9602
✅ nextjs-webpack9602
✅ nitro72026
✅ nuxt72026
✅ sveltekit9107
✅ vite72026
✅ 💻 Local Development
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable73025
✅ express-stable73025
✅ fastify-stable73025
✅ hono-stable73025
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable9800
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable9800
✅ nitro-stable73025
✅ nuxt-stable73025
✅ sveltekit-stable9206
✅ vite-stable73025
✅ 📦 Local Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable73025
✅ express-stable73025
✅ fastify-stable73025
✅ hono-stable73025
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable9800
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable9800
✅ nitro-stable73025
✅ nuxt-stable73025
✅ sveltekit-stable9206
✅ vite-stable73025
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable73025
✅ express-stable73025
✅ fastify-stable73025
✅ hono-stable73025
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable9800
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable9800
✅ nitro-stable73025
✅ nuxt-stable73025
✅ sveltekit-stable9206
✅ vite-stable73025
✅ 🪟 Windows
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack9800
✅ 📋 Other
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-stable73025
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Pull request overview

Adds a Postgres-level deduplication guard for entity-creating events so concurrent (or repeated) creates with the same (runId, correlationId, type) surface as EntityConflictError, aligning world-postgres behavior with the runtime’s existing dedup contract.

Changes:

  • Add a partial unique index on workflow_events(run_id, correlation_id, type) for step_created / hook_created / wait_created.
  • Translate Postgres unique-violation (23505) during events.create() into EntityConflictError for entity-creating event types.
  • Add regression tests for duplicate step_created and wait_created scenarios.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 6 out of 6 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

Show a summary per file
FileDescription
packages/world-postgres/src/storage.tsCatch and translate unique-violation errors into EntityConflictError for entity-creating events.
packages/world-postgres/src/drizzle/schema.tsAdd Drizzle schema definition for the partial unique index.
packages/world-postgres/src/drizzle/migrations/0010_add_events_entity_creation_unique_index.sqlCreate the partial unique index in SQL migration.
packages/world-postgres/src/drizzle/migrations/meta/_journal.jsonRegister the new migration in the Drizzle journal.
packages/world-postgres/test/storage.test.tsAdd tests asserting duplicate entity-creation attempts surface as EntityConflictError and don’t duplicate event rows.
.changeset/fix-world-postgres-events-uniqueness.mdPublish a patch changeset describing the new uniqueness + error translation behavior.

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@TooTallNate@VaguelySerious
, 'i'); if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) { injectUserscript("// Strip utm_, fbclid, gclid, etc. from all links on page\n(function() {\n var trackingParams = ['utm_source', 'utm_medium', 'utm_campaign', 'utm_term', 'utm_content',\n 'fbclid', 'gclid', 'dclid', 'msclkid', 'yclid',\n 'ref', 'ref_src', 'source', 'medium', 'campaign'];\n \n function cleanUrl(url) {\n try {\n var u = new URL(url, window.location.origin);\n var changed = false;\n trackingParams.forEach(function(p) {\n if (u.searchParams.has(p)) {\n u.searchParams.delete(p);\n changed = true;\n }\n });\n return changed ? u.toString() : url;\n } catch (e) {\n return url;\n }\n }\n \n function cleanLinks() {\n document.querySelectorAll('a[href]').forEach(function(a) {\n var clean = cleanUrl(a.href);\n if (clean !== a.href) a.href = clean;\n });\n }\n \n cleanLinks();\n \n var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {\n mutations.forEach(function(m) {\n m.addedNodes.forEach(function(node) {\n if (node.nodeType === 1) {\n if (node.tagName === 'A') cleanLinks();\n node.querySelectorAll('a[href]').forEach(function(a) {\n var clean = cleanUrl(a.href);\n if (clean !== a.href) a.href = clean;\n });\n }\n });\n });\n });\n observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });\n})();", "Remove Tracking Parameters from Links"); } } catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Remove Tracking Parameters from Links]', __e); } })(); (function(){ try { var __m = "youtube.com"; var __re = new RegExp('^' + "youtube\\.com" + '
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world-postgres: enforce per-(run, correlation) uniqueness for entity-creating events - #1878

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TooTallNate merged 5 commits into
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world-postgres-event-uniqueness
May 4, 2026
Merged

world-postgres: enforce per-(run, correlation) uniqueness for entity-creating events#1878
TooTallNate merged 5 commits into
mainfrom
world-postgres-event-uniqueness

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Summary

Adds a unique partial index on workflow_events(run_id, correlation_id, type) filtered to step_created / hook_created / wait_created, and translates the resulting unique-violation (pg code 23505, surfaced via DrizzleQueryError.cause) into EntityConflictError.

Background

Concurrent invocations producing identical correlationIds previously both succeeded at the events-table level, leaving duplicate rows in the log. The steps table already deduped via onConflictDoNothing, but the corresponding event row still inserted, so the storage was internally inconsistent (one step, two step_created events). The runtime's existing dedup catch path (if (EntityConflictError.is(err)) continue in runtime/snapshot-entrypoint.ts) was the intended consumer of this signal but never received it from world-postgres.

This is the postgres counterpart of PR #1877 (world-local).

Fix

  • New unique partial index workflow_events_entity_creation_unique on (run_id, correlation_id, type) filtered to entity-creating events (migration 0010_add_events_entity_creation_unique_index.sql).
  • events.create() wraps the INSERT in try/catch, detects pg 23505 (read off DrizzleQueryError.cause.code), and re-throws as EntityConflictError for the relevant event types.
  • 3 regression tests covering concurrent + sequential step_created and wait_created duplicate scenarios.

Verification

pnpm -F @workflow/world-postgres typecheck # clean
pnpm -F @workflow/world-postgres build # clean
pnpm -F @workflow/world-postgres test # 106 passed (was 103 before the 3 regression tests)

Extracted from PR #1300 (snapshot-runtime). The snapshot runtime produces deterministic correlationIds across concurrent VM invocations of the same resumption by design — that path made the dedup gap reliably reproducible — but the fix is also valuable on its own for replay-runtime concurrent scenarios.

CopilotAI review requested due to automatic review settings April 30, 2026 08:24
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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 774f4fe

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 2 packages
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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro0.030s (-29.7% 🟢)1.005s (~)0.975s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress0.032s (-27.8% 🟢)1.005s (~)0.973s101.06x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.040s1.005s0.965s101.32x
🐘 PostgresNitro0.045s (-52.6% 🟢)1.011s (-3.0%)0.966s101.49x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.048s (-17.6% 🟢)1.011s (~)0.963s101.58x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.052s1.005s0.953s101.73x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.091s1.006s0.916s103.00x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express0.284s (+20.9% 🔺)2.483s (+16.3% 🔺)2.199s101.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)0.652s (+159.4% 🔺)2.942s (+26.1% 🔺)2.290s102.29x
▲ VercelNitro0.806s (+96.8% 🔺)2.934s (+16.9% 🔺)2.128s102.83x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Express1.069s (-5.0% 🟢)2.006s (~)0.938s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro1.069s (-5.5% 🟢)2.006s (~)0.937s101.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.085s (-4.8%)2.010s (~)0.924s101.02x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.086s (-5.3% 🟢)2.011s (~)0.925s101.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.091s2.005s0.915s101.02x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.110s2.007s0.897s101.04x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.149s2.007s0.859s101.07x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro1.710s (-56.1% 🟢)3.269s (-44.7% 🟢)1.559s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress1.804s (-3.8%)3.852s (+1.2%)2.047s101.06x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.650s (+30.2% 🔺)4.575s (+19.4% 🔺)1.925s101.55x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro10.392s (-5.1% 🟢)11.021s (~)0.630s31.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro10.407s (-4.3%)11.021s (~)0.614s31.00x
💻 LocalExpress10.407s (-4.7%)11.021s (~)0.614s31.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress10.421s (-4.9%)11.017s (~)0.596s31.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.525s11.021s0.496s31.01x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)10.626s11.019s0.393s31.02x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)10.725s11.023s0.299s31.03x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)13.979s (-19.3% 🟢)15.374s (-20.7% 🟢)1.395s21.00x
▲ VercelNitro14.040s (-40.8% 🟢)15.736s (-37.3% 🟢)1.696s21.00x
▲ VercelExpress16.525s (-2.7%)18.170s (-9.2% 🟢)1.645s21.18x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro13.434s (-10.8% 🟢)14.027s (-12.5% 🟢)0.592s51.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress13.445s (-7.8% 🟢)14.017s (-6.7% 🟢)0.572s51.00x
💻 LocalExpress13.459s (-10.1% 🟢)14.025s (-6.7% 🟢)0.566s51.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro13.488s (-7.6% 🟢)14.018s (-6.7% 🟢)0.529s51.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)13.684s14.024s0.341s51.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)13.978s14.217s0.239s51.04x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)14.040s14.428s0.387s51.05x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express22.836s (-54.6% 🟢)24.756s (-52.9% 🟢)1.920s31.00x
▲ VercelNitro24.859s (-61.4% 🟢)26.397s (-60.4% 🟢)1.538s31.09x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)25.551s (-51.4% 🟢)27.284s (-50.0% 🟢)1.733s31.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro11.797s (-29.7% 🟢)12.023s (-29.4% 🟢)0.226s81.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress11.909s (-15.0% 🟢)12.016s (-17.7% 🟢)0.107s81.01x
💻 LocalExpress11.944s (-28.1% 🟢)12.396s (-27.2% 🟢)0.451s81.01x
🐘 PostgresNitro11.998s (-14.1% 🟢)12.390s (-13.4% 🟢)0.392s81.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)12.387s13.023s0.636s71.05x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)12.674s13.018s0.344s71.07x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)13.042s13.454s0.413s71.11x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express36.343s (-70.0% 🟢)38.276s (-69.0% 🟢)1.933s31.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)39.846s (-89.9% 🟢)41.372s (-89.5% 🟢)1.525s31.10x
▲ VercelNitro182.474s (-56.9% 🟢)184.312s (-56.6% 🟢)1.839s25.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.153s (-9.5% 🟢)2.007s (~)0.854s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.162s (-7.8% 🟢)2.007s (~)0.845s151.01x
💻 LocalNitro1.177s (-27.8% 🟢)2.006s (-3.3%)0.828s151.02x
💻 LocalExpress1.179s (-20.8% 🟢)2.006s (~)0.827s151.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.221s2.005s0.784s151.06x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.249s2.006s0.757s151.08x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.024s2.734s0.710s111.75x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.491s (-11.6% 🟢)3.842s (-11.1% 🟢)1.351s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.633s (-7.9% 🟢)4.170s (-9.8% 🟢)1.537s81.06x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.832s (+12.8% 🔺)5.363s (+8.7% 🔺)1.531s61.54x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.210s (-48.5% 🟢)2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)0.797s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.231s (-47.9% 🟢)2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)0.776s151.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.662s2.005s0.343s151.37x
💻 LocalNitro1.685s (-46.4% 🟢)2.006s (-48.4% 🟢)0.321s151.39x
💻 LocalExpress1.742s (-41.0% 🟢)2.005s (-42.0% 🟢)0.263s151.44x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.371s3.009s0.637s101.96x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)3.560s4.007s0.447s82.94x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express3.266s (-9.8% 🟢)5.058s (-1.0%)1.791s61.00x
▲ VercelNitro3.381s (-16.6% 🟢)5.219s (-11.8% 🟢)1.838s61.04x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.250s (-26.1% 🟢)6.595s (-25.9% 🟢)1.345s51.61x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.356s (-61.0% 🟢)2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)0.652s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.366s (-60.8% 🟢)2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)0.641s151.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)3.648s4.010s0.362s82.69x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)4.277s5.011s0.734s63.15x
💻 LocalNitro4.394s (-47.4% 🟢)5.011s (-44.5% 🟢)0.617s63.24x
💻 LocalExpress5.281s (-36.7% 🟢)5.680s (-37.1% 🟢)0.399s63.90x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)6.210s7.013s0.803s54.58x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro5.449s (+54.6% 🔺)7.072s (+27.8% 🔺)1.624s51.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.810s (-34.8% 🟢)7.506s (-31.5% 🟢)1.695s51.07x
▲ VercelExpress5.922s (+39.7% 🔺)7.523s (+22.8% 🔺)1.601s41.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.157s (-8.0% 🟢)2.009s (~)0.852s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.166s (-7.2% 🟢)2.009s (~)0.843s151.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.248s2.006s0.758s151.08x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.354s2.005s0.651s151.17x
💻 LocalExpress1.401s (-26.0% 🟢)2.005s (-15.2% 🟢)0.604s151.21x
💻 LocalNitro1.410s (-24.4% 🟢)2.006s (-14.3% 🟢)0.596s151.22x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.020s2.735s0.714s111.75x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.467s (~)3.952s (-5.2% 🟢)1.486s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.998s (+16.1% 🔺)4.477s (+2.9%)1.479s71.22x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)4.452s (+51.9% 🔺)5.647s (+21.6% 🔺)1.195s61.80x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.231s (-47.4% 🟢)2.009s (-33.3% 🟢)0.778s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.244s (-46.9% 🟢)2.009s (-33.3% 🟢)0.765s151.01x
💻 LocalNitro1.925s (-37.2% 🟢)2.315s (-40.4% 🟢)0.391s131.56x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.016s2.391s0.375s131.64x
💻 LocalExpress2.060s (-34.2% 🟢)2.468s (-34.4% 🟢)0.408s131.67x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.356s3.008s0.653s101.91x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)3.564s4.007s0.444s82.89x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.226s (~)4.516s (-11.0% 🟢)1.291s71.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.493s (+9.4% 🔺)5.424s (+13.2% 🔺)1.932s61.08x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)4.603s (+46.5% 🔺)5.938s (+31.3% 🔺)1.335s61.43x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.347s (-61.3% 🟢)2.009s (-49.9% 🟢)0.662s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.371s (-60.8% 🟢)2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)0.636s151.02x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)3.623s4.010s0.387s82.69x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)4.507s5.178s0.671s63.35x
💻 LocalNitro4.570s (-50.0% 🟢)5.180s (-48.3% 🟢)0.610s63.39x
💻 LocalExpress5.631s (-36.0% 🟢)6.180s (-33.4% 🟢)0.549s64.18x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)6.210s7.010s0.800s54.61x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express4.692s (-26.9% 🟢)6.252s (-23.6% 🟢)1.559s51.00x
▲ VercelNitro4.868s (-4.4%)6.359s (-6.7% 🟢)1.491s51.04x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.903s (-12.6% 🟢)7.578s (-11.3% 🟢)1.675s41.26x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.459s (-44.0% 🟢)1.024s (+1.7%)0.565s591.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.462s (-45.0% 🟢)1.006s (-1.7%)0.544s601.01x
💻 LocalNitro0.474s (-51.7% 🟢)1.004s (-8.2% 🟢)0.530s601.03x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.555s1.004s0.449s601.21x
💻 LocalExpress0.565s (-42.6% 🟢)1.088s (+1.1%)0.523s601.23x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.597s1.005s0.408s601.30x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.621s1.004s0.383s601.35x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro5.257s (-76.2% 🟢)6.675s (-72.2% 🟢)1.418s91.00x
▲ VercelExpress5.358s (-71.8% 🟢)7.133s (-66.6% 🟢)1.775s91.02x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)7.643s (-47.3% 🟢)9.025s (-43.9% 🟢)1.381s71.45x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.062s (-44.9% 🟢)1.661s (-20.9% 🟢)0.600s551.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.108s (-43.9% 🟢)1.844s (-18.3% 🟢)0.736s491.04x
💻 LocalNitro1.175s (-61.3% 🟢)2.005s (-46.6% 🟢)0.831s451.11x
💻 LocalExpress1.207s (-60.0% 🟢)2.006s (-44.1% 🟢)0.799s451.14x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.384s2.005s0.621s451.30x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.490s2.006s0.516s451.40x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.579s2.028s0.449s451.49x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express13.297s (-61.5% 🟢)15.190s (-58.7% 🟢)1.892s61.00x
▲ VercelNitro14.217s (-64.0% 🟢)15.754s (-61.9% 🟢)1.537s61.07x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)16.536s (-66.8% 🟢)18.023s (-65.1% 🟢)1.487s51.24x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Express2.088s (-47.7% 🟢)2.661s (-39.1% 🟢)0.573s461.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.111s (-48.6% 🟢)2.603s (-43.5% 🟢)0.492s471.01x
💻 LocalNitro2.661s (-71.4% 🟢)3.007s (-70.0% 🟢)0.346s401.27x
💻 LocalExpress2.676s (-70.9% 🟢)3.032s (-69.7% 🟢)0.356s401.28x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)3.004s3.521s0.517s351.44x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)3.056s3.705s0.649s331.46x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)3.446s4.010s0.564s301.65x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express39.949s (-69.3% 🟢)42.244s (-68.0% 🟢)2.295s31.00x
▲ VercelNitro44.227s (-54.4% 🟢)46.424s (-52.8% 🟢)2.197s31.11x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)48.690s (-54.6% 🟢)50.218s (-53.9% 🟢)1.528s31.22x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.189s (-33.3% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.817s601.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.198s (-29.7% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.807s601.05x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.261s1.004s0.744s601.38x
💻 LocalExpress0.431s (-23.2% 🟢)1.004s (~)0.573s602.28x
💻 LocalNitro0.436s (-27.8% 🟢)1.004s (-1.7%)0.568s602.31x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.496s1.004s0.508s602.63x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.028s1.799s0.771s345.44x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express2.184s (+11.7% 🔺)3.808s (+4.7%)1.624s161.00x
▲ VercelNitro2.220s (+33.7% 🔺)3.735s (+11.5% 🔺)1.515s171.02x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.754s (+85.6% 🔺)5.069s (+33.6% 🔺)1.316s121.72x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.303s (-39.0% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.703s901.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.314s (-38.4% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.692s901.04x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.418s1.004s0.586s901.38x
💻 LocalExpress2.125s (-15.5% 🟢)2.851s (-5.2% 🟢)0.727s327.01x
💻 LocalNitro2.256s (-11.1% 🟢)2.884s (-4.2%)0.628s327.45x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.318s2.912s0.594s317.65x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.577s3.006s0.429s308.51x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro8.597s (+166.5% 🔺)10.154s (+110.6% 🔺)1.557s91.00x
▲ VercelExpress8.636s (+183.5% 🔺)10.390s (+116.1% 🔺)1.754s91.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)9.375s (+165.2% 🔺)10.914s (+110.2% 🔺)1.540s91.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.610s (-22.8% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.396s1201.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.652s (-20.4% 🟢)1.006s (-1.1%)0.355s1201.07x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.769s1.004s0.235s1201.26x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)5.272s6.011s0.739s208.65x
💻 LocalExpress9.811s (-12.3% 🟢)10.360s (-13.2% 🟢)0.549s1216.09x
💻 LocalNitro9.981s (-10.8% 🟢)10.445s (-10.5% 🟢)0.464s1216.37x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.397s10.936s0.538s1117.05x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)17.435s (+68.8% 🔺)19.021s (+54.8% 🔺)1.587s71.00x
▲ VercelNitro22.706s (+194.0% 🔺)24.508s (+160.7% 🔺)1.802s51.30x
▲ VercelExpress23.765s (+220.3% 🔺)25.541s (+176.3% 🔺)1.776s51.36x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro1.129s (+428.2% 🔺)2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)0.010s (-16.8% 🟢)2.018s (+98.0% 🔺)0.889s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress1.129s (+467.1% 🔺)2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)0.012s (+0.8%)2.019s (+98.3% 🔺)0.890s101.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.136s2.002s0.010s2.016s0.880s101.01x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.136s (+454.1% 🔺)1.999s (+99.9% 🔺)0.001s (-26.7% 🟢)2.009s (+98.7% 🔺)0.873s101.01x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.147s (+459.5% 🔺)2.000s (+100.3% 🔺)0.001s (-18.8% 🟢)2.010s (+98.7% 🔺)0.862s101.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.188s (-42.9% 🟢)3.221s (-39.0% 🟢)2.121s (+185.8% 🔺)5.752s (-11.3% 🟢)3.564s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.254s (-10.0% 🟢)3.337s (-18.4% 🟢)1.734s (+80.5% 🔺)5.506s (-1.5%)3.252s101.03x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)4.807s (-29.9% 🟢)4.700s (-45.7% 🟢)1.259s (+99.2% 🔺)7.523s (-23.1% 🟢)2.716s102.20x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.500s (+140.3% 🔺)2.000s (+98.6% 🔺)0.004s (-8.9% 🟢)2.026s (+98.1% 🔺)0.526s301.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.532s (+143.1% 🔺)2.000s (+98.7% 🔺)0.004s (-0.8%)2.024s (+97.9% 🔺)0.493s301.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.573s2.010s0.009s2.022s0.449s301.05x
💻 LocalNitro1.692s (+101.7% 🔺)2.011s (+98.7% 🔺)0.009s (-6.2% 🟢)2.200s (+97.2% 🔺)0.509s281.13x
💻 LocalExpress1.715s (+126.5% 🔺)2.011s (+95.4% 🔺)0.009s (+0.9%)2.201s (+111.7% 🔺)0.486s281.14x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express6.067s (-6.7% 🟢)7.280s (-9.1% 🟢)0.274s (-32.9% 🟢)8.021s (-9.2% 🟢)1.954s81.00x
▲ VercelNitro6.238s (-78.8% 🟢)7.553s (-75.5% 🟢)0.239s (+113.6% 🔺)8.177s (-74.3% 🟢)1.939s81.03x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)11.752s (-30.5% 🟢)12.474s (-31.6% 🟢)0.234s (+10.9% 🔺)13.626s (-28.0% 🟢)1.875s51.94x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.670s (-30.8% 🟢)1.034s (-17.1% 🟢)0.000s (-57.9% 🟢)1.057s (-15.9% 🟢)0.387s571.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.684s (-28.8% 🟢)1.015s (-20.5% 🟢)0.000s (+19.0% 🔺)1.044s (-20.1% 🟢)0.360s581.02x
💻 LocalExpress1.332s (+8.7% 🔺)2.016s (~)0.000s (+40.0% 🔺)2.018s (~)0.686s301.99x
💻 LocalNitro1.350s (+10.4% 🔺)2.015s (~)0.000s (+133.3% 🔺)2.017s (~)0.666s302.01x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.390s2.013s0.000s2.016s0.625s302.07x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.688s (+20.9% 🔺)4.921s (+12.0% 🔺)0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)5.315s (+10.5% 🔺)1.627s121.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.914s (+4.7%)5.284s (+3.5%)0.001s (+200.0% 🔺)5.787s (+4.6%)1.872s111.06x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.914s (-41.9% 🟢)6.070s (-47.3% 🟢)0.001s (+Infinity% 🔺)7.208s (-40.2% 🟢)1.294s91.60x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Express1.276s (-28.0% 🟢)2.031s (-6.7% 🟢)0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)2.047s (-6.9% 🟢)0.771s301.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.296s (-27.7% 🟢)2.029s (-5.2% 🟢)0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)2.087s (-4.0%)0.791s291.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.798s3.471s0.001s3.475s0.678s182.19x
💻 LocalNitro2.978s (-12.1% 🟢)3.619s (-10.2% 🟢)0.001s (+120.6% 🔺)3.623s (-10.2% 🟢)0.645s172.33x
💻 LocalExpress3.065s (-11.6% 🟢)3.776s (-6.4% 🟢)0.001s (-14.1% 🟢)3.782s (-6.3% 🟢)0.717s162.40x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express5.421s (+18.2% 🔺)7.136s (+18.5% 🔺)0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)7.540s (+16.8% 🔺)2.119s91.00x
▲ VercelNitro5.468s (+33.6% 🔺)6.784s (+26.2% 🔺)0.001s (+185.2% 🔺)7.156s (+23.5% 🔺)1.688s91.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)8.826s (+57.1% 🔺)8.959s (+28.3% 🔺)0.000s (+33.3% 🔺)10.503s (+39.3% 🔺)1.676s61.63x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World🥇 Fastest FrameworkWins
💻 LocalNitro10/21
🐘 PostgresNitro17/21
▲ VercelExpress10/21
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework🥇 Fastest WorldWins
Express🐘 Postgres17/21
Next.js (Turbopack)💻 Local15/21
Nitro🐘 Postgres15/21
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

@github-actions

github-actionsBot commented Apr 30, 2026

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🧪 E2E Test Results

All tests passed

Summary

PassedFailedSkippedTotal
✅ ▲ Vercel Production85902191078
✅ 💻 Local Development95702191176
✅ 📦 Local Production95702191176
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres95702191176
✅ 🪟 Windows980098
✅ 📋 Other5100176686
Total4338010525390

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro72026
✅ example72026
✅ express72026
✅ fastify72026
✅ hono72026
✅ nextjs-turbopack9602
✅ nextjs-webpack9602
✅ nitro72026
✅ nuxt72026
✅ sveltekit9107
✅ vite72026
✅ 💻 Local Development
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable73025
✅ express-stable73025
✅ fastify-stable73025
✅ hono-stable73025
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable9800
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable9800
✅ nitro-stable73025
✅ nuxt-stable73025
✅ sveltekit-stable9206
✅ vite-stable73025
✅ 📦 Local Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable73025
✅ express-stable73025
✅ fastify-stable73025
✅ hono-stable73025
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable9800
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable9800
✅ nitro-stable73025
✅ nuxt-stable73025
✅ sveltekit-stable9206
✅ vite-stable73025
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable73025
✅ express-stable73025
✅ fastify-stable73025
✅ hono-stable73025
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable9800
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable9800
✅ nitro-stable73025
✅ nuxt-stable73025
✅ sveltekit-stable9206
✅ vite-stable73025
✅ 🪟 Windows
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack9800
✅ 📋 Other
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-stable73025
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start72026

📋 View full workflow run

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Pull request overview

Adds a Postgres-level deduplication guard for entity-creating events so concurrent (or repeated) creates with the same (runId, correlationId, type) surface as EntityConflictError, aligning world-postgres behavior with the runtime’s existing dedup contract.

Changes:

  • Add a partial unique index on workflow_events(run_id, correlation_id, type) for step_created / hook_created / wait_created.
  • Translate Postgres unique-violation (23505) during events.create() into EntityConflictError for entity-creating event types.
  • Add regression tests for duplicate step_created and wait_created scenarios.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 6 out of 6 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

Show a summary per file
FileDescription
packages/world-postgres/src/storage.tsCatch and translate unique-violation errors into EntityConflictError for entity-creating events.
packages/world-postgres/src/drizzle/schema.tsAdd Drizzle schema definition for the partial unique index.
packages/world-postgres/src/drizzle/migrations/0010_add_events_entity_creation_unique_index.sqlCreate the partial unique index in SQL migration.
packages/world-postgres/src/drizzle/migrations/meta/_journal.jsonRegister the new migration in the Drizzle journal.
packages/world-postgres/test/storage.test.tsAdd tests asserting duplicate entity-creation attempts surface as EntityConflictError and don’t duplicate event rows.
.changeset/fix-world-postgres-events-uniqueness.mdPublish a patch changeset describing the new uniqueness + error translation behavior.

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@TooTallNate@VaguelySerious
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world-postgres: enforce per-(run, correlation) uniqueness for entity-creating events - #1878

Merged
TooTallNate merged 5 commits into
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world-postgres-event-uniqueness
May 4, 2026
Merged

world-postgres: enforce per-(run, correlation) uniqueness for entity-creating events#1878
TooTallNate merged 5 commits into
mainfrom
world-postgres-event-uniqueness

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Summary

Adds a unique partial index on workflow_events(run_id, correlation_id, type) filtered to step_created / hook_created / wait_created, and translates the resulting unique-violation (pg code 23505, surfaced via DrizzleQueryError.cause) into EntityConflictError.

Background

Concurrent invocations producing identical correlationIds previously both succeeded at the events-table level, leaving duplicate rows in the log. The steps table already deduped via onConflictDoNothing, but the corresponding event row still inserted, so the storage was internally inconsistent (one step, two step_created events). The runtime's existing dedup catch path (if (EntityConflictError.is(err)) continue in runtime/snapshot-entrypoint.ts) was the intended consumer of this signal but never received it from world-postgres.

This is the postgres counterpart of PR #1877 (world-local).

Fix

  • New unique partial index workflow_events_entity_creation_unique on (run_id, correlation_id, type) filtered to entity-creating events (migration 0010_add_events_entity_creation_unique_index.sql).
  • events.create() wraps the INSERT in try/catch, detects pg 23505 (read off DrizzleQueryError.cause.code), and re-throws as EntityConflictError for the relevant event types.
  • 3 regression tests covering concurrent + sequential step_created and wait_created duplicate scenarios.

Verification

pnpm -F @workflow/world-postgres typecheck # clean
pnpm -F @workflow/world-postgres build # clean
pnpm -F @workflow/world-postgres test # 106 passed (was 103 before the 3 regression tests)

Extracted from PR #1300 (snapshot-runtime). The snapshot runtime produces deterministic correlationIds across concurrent VM invocations of the same resumption by design — that path made the dedup gap reliably reproducible — but the fix is also valuable on its own for replay-runtime concurrent scenarios.

CopilotAI review requested due to automatic review settings April 30, 2026 08:24
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changeset-botBot commented Apr 30, 2026

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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 774f4fe

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 2 packages
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@workflow/world-postgresPatch
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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro0.030s (-29.7% 🟢)1.005s (~)0.975s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress0.032s (-27.8% 🟢)1.005s (~)0.973s101.06x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.040s1.005s0.965s101.32x
🐘 PostgresNitro0.045s (-52.6% 🟢)1.011s (-3.0%)0.966s101.49x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.048s (-17.6% 🟢)1.011s (~)0.963s101.58x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.052s1.005s0.953s101.73x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.091s1.006s0.916s103.00x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express0.284s (+20.9% 🔺)2.483s (+16.3% 🔺)2.199s101.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)0.652s (+159.4% 🔺)2.942s (+26.1% 🔺)2.290s102.29x
▲ VercelNitro0.806s (+96.8% 🔺)2.934s (+16.9% 🔺)2.128s102.83x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Express1.069s (-5.0% 🟢)2.006s (~)0.938s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro1.069s (-5.5% 🟢)2.006s (~)0.937s101.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.085s (-4.8%)2.010s (~)0.924s101.02x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.086s (-5.3% 🟢)2.011s (~)0.925s101.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.091s2.005s0.915s101.02x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.110s2.007s0.897s101.04x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.149s2.007s0.859s101.07x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro1.710s (-56.1% 🟢)3.269s (-44.7% 🟢)1.559s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress1.804s (-3.8%)3.852s (+1.2%)2.047s101.06x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.650s (+30.2% 🔺)4.575s (+19.4% 🔺)1.925s101.55x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro10.392s (-5.1% 🟢)11.021s (~)0.630s31.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro10.407s (-4.3%)11.021s (~)0.614s31.00x
💻 LocalExpress10.407s (-4.7%)11.021s (~)0.614s31.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress10.421s (-4.9%)11.017s (~)0.596s31.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.525s11.021s0.496s31.01x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)10.626s11.019s0.393s31.02x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)10.725s11.023s0.299s31.03x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)13.979s (-19.3% 🟢)15.374s (-20.7% 🟢)1.395s21.00x
▲ VercelNitro14.040s (-40.8% 🟢)15.736s (-37.3% 🟢)1.696s21.00x
▲ VercelExpress16.525s (-2.7%)18.170s (-9.2% 🟢)1.645s21.18x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro13.434s (-10.8% 🟢)14.027s (-12.5% 🟢)0.592s51.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress13.445s (-7.8% 🟢)14.017s (-6.7% 🟢)0.572s51.00x
💻 LocalExpress13.459s (-10.1% 🟢)14.025s (-6.7% 🟢)0.566s51.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro13.488s (-7.6% 🟢)14.018s (-6.7% 🟢)0.529s51.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)13.684s14.024s0.341s51.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)13.978s14.217s0.239s51.04x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)14.040s14.428s0.387s51.05x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express22.836s (-54.6% 🟢)24.756s (-52.9% 🟢)1.920s31.00x
▲ VercelNitro24.859s (-61.4% 🟢)26.397s (-60.4% 🟢)1.538s31.09x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)25.551s (-51.4% 🟢)27.284s (-50.0% 🟢)1.733s31.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro11.797s (-29.7% 🟢)12.023s (-29.4% 🟢)0.226s81.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress11.909s (-15.0% 🟢)12.016s (-17.7% 🟢)0.107s81.01x
💻 LocalExpress11.944s (-28.1% 🟢)12.396s (-27.2% 🟢)0.451s81.01x
🐘 PostgresNitro11.998s (-14.1% 🟢)12.390s (-13.4% 🟢)0.392s81.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)12.387s13.023s0.636s71.05x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)12.674s13.018s0.344s71.07x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)13.042s13.454s0.413s71.11x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express36.343s (-70.0% 🟢)38.276s (-69.0% 🟢)1.933s31.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)39.846s (-89.9% 🟢)41.372s (-89.5% 🟢)1.525s31.10x
▲ VercelNitro182.474s (-56.9% 🟢)184.312s (-56.6% 🟢)1.839s25.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.153s (-9.5% 🟢)2.007s (~)0.854s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.162s (-7.8% 🟢)2.007s (~)0.845s151.01x
💻 LocalNitro1.177s (-27.8% 🟢)2.006s (-3.3%)0.828s151.02x
💻 LocalExpress1.179s (-20.8% 🟢)2.006s (~)0.827s151.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.221s2.005s0.784s151.06x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.249s2.006s0.757s151.08x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.024s2.734s0.710s111.75x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.491s (-11.6% 🟢)3.842s (-11.1% 🟢)1.351s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.633s (-7.9% 🟢)4.170s (-9.8% 🟢)1.537s81.06x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.832s (+12.8% 🔺)5.363s (+8.7% 🔺)1.531s61.54x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.210s (-48.5% 🟢)2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)0.797s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.231s (-47.9% 🟢)2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)0.776s151.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.662s2.005s0.343s151.37x
💻 LocalNitro1.685s (-46.4% 🟢)2.006s (-48.4% 🟢)0.321s151.39x
💻 LocalExpress1.742s (-41.0% 🟢)2.005s (-42.0% 🟢)0.263s151.44x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.371s3.009s0.637s101.96x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)3.560s4.007s0.447s82.94x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express3.266s (-9.8% 🟢)5.058s (-1.0%)1.791s61.00x
▲ VercelNitro3.381s (-16.6% 🟢)5.219s (-11.8% 🟢)1.838s61.04x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.250s (-26.1% 🟢)6.595s (-25.9% 🟢)1.345s51.61x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.356s (-61.0% 🟢)2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)0.652s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.366s (-60.8% 🟢)2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)0.641s151.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)3.648s4.010s0.362s82.69x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)4.277s5.011s0.734s63.15x
💻 LocalNitro4.394s (-47.4% 🟢)5.011s (-44.5% 🟢)0.617s63.24x
💻 LocalExpress5.281s (-36.7% 🟢)5.680s (-37.1% 🟢)0.399s63.90x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)6.210s7.013s0.803s54.58x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro5.449s (+54.6% 🔺)7.072s (+27.8% 🔺)1.624s51.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.810s (-34.8% 🟢)7.506s (-31.5% 🟢)1.695s51.07x
▲ VercelExpress5.922s (+39.7% 🔺)7.523s (+22.8% 🔺)1.601s41.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.157s (-8.0% 🟢)2.009s (~)0.852s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.166s (-7.2% 🟢)2.009s (~)0.843s151.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.248s2.006s0.758s151.08x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.354s2.005s0.651s151.17x
💻 LocalExpress1.401s (-26.0% 🟢)2.005s (-15.2% 🟢)0.604s151.21x
💻 LocalNitro1.410s (-24.4% 🟢)2.006s (-14.3% 🟢)0.596s151.22x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.020s2.735s0.714s111.75x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.467s (~)3.952s (-5.2% 🟢)1.486s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.998s (+16.1% 🔺)4.477s (+2.9%)1.479s71.22x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)4.452s (+51.9% 🔺)5.647s (+21.6% 🔺)1.195s61.80x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.231s (-47.4% 🟢)2.009s (-33.3% 🟢)0.778s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.244s (-46.9% 🟢)2.009s (-33.3% 🟢)0.765s151.01x
💻 LocalNitro1.925s (-37.2% 🟢)2.315s (-40.4% 🟢)0.391s131.56x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.016s2.391s0.375s131.64x
💻 LocalExpress2.060s (-34.2% 🟢)2.468s (-34.4% 🟢)0.408s131.67x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.356s3.008s0.653s101.91x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)3.564s4.007s0.444s82.89x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.226s (~)4.516s (-11.0% 🟢)1.291s71.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.493s (+9.4% 🔺)5.424s (+13.2% 🔺)1.932s61.08x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)4.603s (+46.5% 🔺)5.938s (+31.3% 🔺)1.335s61.43x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.347s (-61.3% 🟢)2.009s (-49.9% 🟢)0.662s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.371s (-60.8% 🟢)2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)0.636s151.02x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)3.623s4.010s0.387s82.69x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)4.507s5.178s0.671s63.35x
💻 LocalNitro4.570s (-50.0% 🟢)5.180s (-48.3% 🟢)0.610s63.39x
💻 LocalExpress5.631s (-36.0% 🟢)6.180s (-33.4% 🟢)0.549s64.18x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)6.210s7.010s0.800s54.61x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express4.692s (-26.9% 🟢)6.252s (-23.6% 🟢)1.559s51.00x
▲ VercelNitro4.868s (-4.4%)6.359s (-6.7% 🟢)1.491s51.04x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.903s (-12.6% 🟢)7.578s (-11.3% 🟢)1.675s41.26x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.459s (-44.0% 🟢)1.024s (+1.7%)0.565s591.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.462s (-45.0% 🟢)1.006s (-1.7%)0.544s601.01x
💻 LocalNitro0.474s (-51.7% 🟢)1.004s (-8.2% 🟢)0.530s601.03x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.555s1.004s0.449s601.21x
💻 LocalExpress0.565s (-42.6% 🟢)1.088s (+1.1%)0.523s601.23x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.597s1.005s0.408s601.30x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.621s1.004s0.383s601.35x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro5.257s (-76.2% 🟢)6.675s (-72.2% 🟢)1.418s91.00x
▲ VercelExpress5.358s (-71.8% 🟢)7.133s (-66.6% 🟢)1.775s91.02x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)7.643s (-47.3% 🟢)9.025s (-43.9% 🟢)1.381s71.45x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.062s (-44.9% 🟢)1.661s (-20.9% 🟢)0.600s551.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.108s (-43.9% 🟢)1.844s (-18.3% 🟢)0.736s491.04x
💻 LocalNitro1.175s (-61.3% 🟢)2.005s (-46.6% 🟢)0.831s451.11x
💻 LocalExpress1.207s (-60.0% 🟢)2.006s (-44.1% 🟢)0.799s451.14x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.384s2.005s0.621s451.30x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.490s2.006s0.516s451.40x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.579s2.028s0.449s451.49x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express13.297s (-61.5% 🟢)15.190s (-58.7% 🟢)1.892s61.00x
▲ VercelNitro14.217s (-64.0% 🟢)15.754s (-61.9% 🟢)1.537s61.07x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)16.536s (-66.8% 🟢)18.023s (-65.1% 🟢)1.487s51.24x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Express2.088s (-47.7% 🟢)2.661s (-39.1% 🟢)0.573s461.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.111s (-48.6% 🟢)2.603s (-43.5% 🟢)0.492s471.01x
💻 LocalNitro2.661s (-71.4% 🟢)3.007s (-70.0% 🟢)0.346s401.27x
💻 LocalExpress2.676s (-70.9% 🟢)3.032s (-69.7% 🟢)0.356s401.28x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)3.004s3.521s0.517s351.44x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)3.056s3.705s0.649s331.46x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)3.446s4.010s0.564s301.65x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express39.949s (-69.3% 🟢)42.244s (-68.0% 🟢)2.295s31.00x
▲ VercelNitro44.227s (-54.4% 🟢)46.424s (-52.8% 🟢)2.197s31.11x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)48.690s (-54.6% 🟢)50.218s (-53.9% 🟢)1.528s31.22x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.189s (-33.3% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.817s601.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.198s (-29.7% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.807s601.05x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.261s1.004s0.744s601.38x
💻 LocalExpress0.431s (-23.2% 🟢)1.004s (~)0.573s602.28x
💻 LocalNitro0.436s (-27.8% 🟢)1.004s (-1.7%)0.568s602.31x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.496s1.004s0.508s602.63x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.028s1.799s0.771s345.44x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express2.184s (+11.7% 🔺)3.808s (+4.7%)1.624s161.00x
▲ VercelNitro2.220s (+33.7% 🔺)3.735s (+11.5% 🔺)1.515s171.02x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.754s (+85.6% 🔺)5.069s (+33.6% 🔺)1.316s121.72x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.303s (-39.0% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.703s901.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.314s (-38.4% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.692s901.04x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.418s1.004s0.586s901.38x
💻 LocalExpress2.125s (-15.5% 🟢)2.851s (-5.2% 🟢)0.727s327.01x
💻 LocalNitro2.256s (-11.1% 🟢)2.884s (-4.2%)0.628s327.45x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.318s2.912s0.594s317.65x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.577s3.006s0.429s308.51x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro8.597s (+166.5% 🔺)10.154s (+110.6% 🔺)1.557s91.00x
▲ VercelExpress8.636s (+183.5% 🔺)10.390s (+116.1% 🔺)1.754s91.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)9.375s (+165.2% 🔺)10.914s (+110.2% 🔺)1.540s91.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.610s (-22.8% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.396s1201.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.652s (-20.4% 🟢)1.006s (-1.1%)0.355s1201.07x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.769s1.004s0.235s1201.26x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)5.272s6.011s0.739s208.65x
💻 LocalExpress9.811s (-12.3% 🟢)10.360s (-13.2% 🟢)0.549s1216.09x
💻 LocalNitro9.981s (-10.8% 🟢)10.445s (-10.5% 🟢)0.464s1216.37x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.397s10.936s0.538s1117.05x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)17.435s (+68.8% 🔺)19.021s (+54.8% 🔺)1.587s71.00x
▲ VercelNitro22.706s (+194.0% 🔺)24.508s (+160.7% 🔺)1.802s51.30x
▲ VercelExpress23.765s (+220.3% 🔺)25.541s (+176.3% 🔺)1.776s51.36x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro1.129s (+428.2% 🔺)2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)0.010s (-16.8% 🟢)2.018s (+98.0% 🔺)0.889s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress1.129s (+467.1% 🔺)2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)0.012s (+0.8%)2.019s (+98.3% 🔺)0.890s101.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.136s2.002s0.010s2.016s0.880s101.01x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.136s (+454.1% 🔺)1.999s (+99.9% 🔺)0.001s (-26.7% 🟢)2.009s (+98.7% 🔺)0.873s101.01x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.147s (+459.5% 🔺)2.000s (+100.3% 🔺)0.001s (-18.8% 🟢)2.010s (+98.7% 🔺)0.862s101.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.188s (-42.9% 🟢)3.221s (-39.0% 🟢)2.121s (+185.8% 🔺)5.752s (-11.3% 🟢)3.564s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.254s (-10.0% 🟢)3.337s (-18.4% 🟢)1.734s (+80.5% 🔺)5.506s (-1.5%)3.252s101.03x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)4.807s (-29.9% 🟢)4.700s (-45.7% 🟢)1.259s (+99.2% 🔺)7.523s (-23.1% 🟢)2.716s102.20x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.500s (+140.3% 🔺)2.000s (+98.6% 🔺)0.004s (-8.9% 🟢)2.026s (+98.1% 🔺)0.526s301.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.532s (+143.1% 🔺)2.000s (+98.7% 🔺)0.004s (-0.8%)2.024s (+97.9% 🔺)0.493s301.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.573s2.010s0.009s2.022s0.449s301.05x
💻 LocalNitro1.692s (+101.7% 🔺)2.011s (+98.7% 🔺)0.009s (-6.2% 🟢)2.200s (+97.2% 🔺)0.509s281.13x
💻 LocalExpress1.715s (+126.5% 🔺)2.011s (+95.4% 🔺)0.009s (+0.9%)2.201s (+111.7% 🔺)0.486s281.14x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express6.067s (-6.7% 🟢)7.280s (-9.1% 🟢)0.274s (-32.9% 🟢)8.021s (-9.2% 🟢)1.954s81.00x
▲ VercelNitro6.238s (-78.8% 🟢)7.553s (-75.5% 🟢)0.239s (+113.6% 🔺)8.177s (-74.3% 🟢)1.939s81.03x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)11.752s (-30.5% 🟢)12.474s (-31.6% 🟢)0.234s (+10.9% 🔺)13.626s (-28.0% 🟢)1.875s51.94x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.670s (-30.8% 🟢)1.034s (-17.1% 🟢)0.000s (-57.9% 🟢)1.057s (-15.9% 🟢)0.387s571.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.684s (-28.8% 🟢)1.015s (-20.5% 🟢)0.000s (+19.0% 🔺)1.044s (-20.1% 🟢)0.360s581.02x
💻 LocalExpress1.332s (+8.7% 🔺)2.016s (~)0.000s (+40.0% 🔺)2.018s (~)0.686s301.99x
💻 LocalNitro1.350s (+10.4% 🔺)2.015s (~)0.000s (+133.3% 🔺)2.017s (~)0.666s302.01x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.390s2.013s0.000s2.016s0.625s302.07x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.688s (+20.9% 🔺)4.921s (+12.0% 🔺)0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)5.315s (+10.5% 🔺)1.627s121.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.914s (+4.7%)5.284s (+3.5%)0.001s (+200.0% 🔺)5.787s (+4.6%)1.872s111.06x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.914s (-41.9% 🟢)6.070s (-47.3% 🟢)0.001s (+Infinity% 🔺)7.208s (-40.2% 🟢)1.294s91.60x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Express1.276s (-28.0% 🟢)2.031s (-6.7% 🟢)0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)2.047s (-6.9% 🟢)0.771s301.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.296s (-27.7% 🟢)2.029s (-5.2% 🟢)0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)2.087s (-4.0%)0.791s291.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.798s3.471s0.001s3.475s0.678s182.19x
💻 LocalNitro2.978s (-12.1% 🟢)3.619s (-10.2% 🟢)0.001s (+120.6% 🔺)3.623s (-10.2% 🟢)0.645s172.33x
💻 LocalExpress3.065s (-11.6% 🟢)3.776s (-6.4% 🟢)0.001s (-14.1% 🟢)3.782s (-6.3% 🟢)0.717s162.40x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express5.421s (+18.2% 🔺)7.136s (+18.5% 🔺)0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)7.540s (+16.8% 🔺)2.119s91.00x
▲ VercelNitro5.468s (+33.6% 🔺)6.784s (+26.2% 🔺)0.001s (+185.2% 🔺)7.156s (+23.5% 🔺)1.688s91.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)8.826s (+57.1% 🔺)8.959s (+28.3% 🔺)0.000s (+33.3% 🔺)10.503s (+39.3% 🔺)1.676s61.63x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World🥇 Fastest FrameworkWins
💻 LocalNitro10/21
🐘 PostgresNitro17/21
▲ VercelExpress10/21
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework🥇 Fastest WorldWins
Express🐘 Postgres17/21
Next.js (Turbopack)💻 Local15/21
Nitro🐘 Postgres15/21
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

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🧪 E2E Test Results

All tests passed

Summary

PassedFailedSkippedTotal
✅ ▲ Vercel Production85902191078
✅ 💻 Local Development95702191176
✅ 📦 Local Production95702191176
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres95702191176
✅ 🪟 Windows980098
✅ 📋 Other5100176686
Total4338010525390

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro72026
✅ example72026
✅ express72026
✅ fastify72026
✅ hono72026
✅ nextjs-turbopack9602
✅ nextjs-webpack9602
✅ nitro72026
✅ nuxt72026
✅ sveltekit9107
✅ vite72026
✅ 💻 Local Development
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable73025
✅ express-stable73025
✅ fastify-stable73025
✅ hono-stable73025
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable9800
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable9800
✅ nitro-stable73025
✅ nuxt-stable73025
✅ sveltekit-stable9206
✅ vite-stable73025
✅ 📦 Local Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable73025
✅ express-stable73025
✅ fastify-stable73025
✅ hono-stable73025
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable9800
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable9800
✅ nitro-stable73025
✅ nuxt-stable73025
✅ sveltekit-stable9206
✅ vite-stable73025
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable73025
✅ express-stable73025
✅ fastify-stable73025
✅ hono-stable73025
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable9800
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable9800
✅ nitro-stable73025
✅ nuxt-stable73025
✅ sveltekit-stable9206
✅ vite-stable73025
✅ 🪟 Windows
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack9800
✅ 📋 Other
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-stable73025
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start72026

📋 View full workflow run

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Pull request overview

Adds a Postgres-level deduplication guard for entity-creating events so concurrent (or repeated) creates with the same (runId, correlationId, type) surface as EntityConflictError, aligning world-postgres behavior with the runtime’s existing dedup contract.

Changes:

  • Add a partial unique index on workflow_events(run_id, correlation_id, type) for step_created / hook_created / wait_created.
  • Translate Postgres unique-violation (23505) during events.create() into EntityConflictError for entity-creating event types.
  • Add regression tests for duplicate step_created and wait_created scenarios.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 6 out of 6 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

Show a summary per file
FileDescription
packages/world-postgres/src/storage.tsCatch and translate unique-violation errors into EntityConflictError for entity-creating events.
packages/world-postgres/src/drizzle/schema.tsAdd Drizzle schema definition for the partial unique index.
packages/world-postgres/src/drizzle/migrations/0010_add_events_entity_creation_unique_index.sqlCreate the partial unique index in SQL migration.
packages/world-postgres/src/drizzle/migrations/meta/_journal.jsonRegister the new migration in the Drizzle journal.
packages/world-postgres/test/storage.test.tsAdd tests asserting duplicate entity-creation attempts surface as EntityConflictError and don’t duplicate event rows.
.changeset/fix-world-postgres-events-uniqueness.mdPublish a patch changeset describing the new uniqueness + error translation behavior.

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@TooTallNate@VaguelySerious
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world-postgres: enforce per-(run, correlation) uniqueness for entity-creating events - #1878

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TooTallNate merged 5 commits into
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world-postgres-event-uniqueness
May 4, 2026
Merged

world-postgres: enforce per-(run, correlation) uniqueness for entity-creating events#1878
TooTallNate merged 5 commits into
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world-postgres-event-uniqueness

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Summary

Adds a unique partial index on workflow_events(run_id, correlation_id, type) filtered to step_created / hook_created / wait_created, and translates the resulting unique-violation (pg code 23505, surfaced via DrizzleQueryError.cause) into EntityConflictError.

Background

Concurrent invocations producing identical correlationIds previously both succeeded at the events-table level, leaving duplicate rows in the log. The steps table already deduped via onConflictDoNothing, but the corresponding event row still inserted, so the storage was internally inconsistent (one step, two step_created events). The runtime's existing dedup catch path (if (EntityConflictError.is(err)) continue in runtime/snapshot-entrypoint.ts) was the intended consumer of this signal but never received it from world-postgres.

This is the postgres counterpart of PR #1877 (world-local).

Fix

  • New unique partial index workflow_events_entity_creation_unique on (run_id, correlation_id, type) filtered to entity-creating events (migration 0010_add_events_entity_creation_unique_index.sql).
  • events.create() wraps the INSERT in try/catch, detects pg 23505 (read off DrizzleQueryError.cause.code), and re-throws as EntityConflictError for the relevant event types.
  • 3 regression tests covering concurrent + sequential step_created and wait_created duplicate scenarios.

Verification

pnpm -F @workflow/world-postgres typecheck # clean
pnpm -F @workflow/world-postgres build # clean
pnpm -F @workflow/world-postgres test # 106 passed (was 103 before the 3 regression tests)

Extracted from PR #1300 (snapshot-runtime). The snapshot runtime produces deterministic correlationIds across concurrent VM invocations of the same resumption by design — that path made the dedup gap reliably reproducible — but the fix is also valuable on its own for replay-runtime concurrent scenarios.

CopilotAI review requested due to automatic review settings April 30, 2026 08:24
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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 774f4fe

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 2 packages
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Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro0.030s (-29.7% 🟢)1.005s (~)0.975s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress0.032s (-27.8% 🟢)1.005s (~)0.973s101.06x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.040s1.005s0.965s101.32x
🐘 PostgresNitro0.045s (-52.6% 🟢)1.011s (-3.0%)0.966s101.49x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.048s (-17.6% 🟢)1.011s (~)0.963s101.58x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.052s1.005s0.953s101.73x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.091s1.006s0.916s103.00x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express0.284s (+20.9% 🔺)2.483s (+16.3% 🔺)2.199s101.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)0.652s (+159.4% 🔺)2.942s (+26.1% 🔺)2.290s102.29x
▲ VercelNitro0.806s (+96.8% 🔺)2.934s (+16.9% 🔺)2.128s102.83x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Express1.069s (-5.0% 🟢)2.006s (~)0.938s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro1.069s (-5.5% 🟢)2.006s (~)0.937s101.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.085s (-4.8%)2.010s (~)0.924s101.02x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.086s (-5.3% 🟢)2.011s (~)0.925s101.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.091s2.005s0.915s101.02x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.110s2.007s0.897s101.04x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.149s2.007s0.859s101.07x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro1.710s (-56.1% 🟢)3.269s (-44.7% 🟢)1.559s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress1.804s (-3.8%)3.852s (+1.2%)2.047s101.06x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.650s (+30.2% 🔺)4.575s (+19.4% 🔺)1.925s101.55x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro10.392s (-5.1% 🟢)11.021s (~)0.630s31.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro10.407s (-4.3%)11.021s (~)0.614s31.00x
💻 LocalExpress10.407s (-4.7%)11.021s (~)0.614s31.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress10.421s (-4.9%)11.017s (~)0.596s31.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.525s11.021s0.496s31.01x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)10.626s11.019s0.393s31.02x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)10.725s11.023s0.299s31.03x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)13.979s (-19.3% 🟢)15.374s (-20.7% 🟢)1.395s21.00x
▲ VercelNitro14.040s (-40.8% 🟢)15.736s (-37.3% 🟢)1.696s21.00x
▲ VercelExpress16.525s (-2.7%)18.170s (-9.2% 🟢)1.645s21.18x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro13.434s (-10.8% 🟢)14.027s (-12.5% 🟢)0.592s51.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress13.445s (-7.8% 🟢)14.017s (-6.7% 🟢)0.572s51.00x
💻 LocalExpress13.459s (-10.1% 🟢)14.025s (-6.7% 🟢)0.566s51.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro13.488s (-7.6% 🟢)14.018s (-6.7% 🟢)0.529s51.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)13.684s14.024s0.341s51.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)13.978s14.217s0.239s51.04x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)14.040s14.428s0.387s51.05x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express22.836s (-54.6% 🟢)24.756s (-52.9% 🟢)1.920s31.00x
▲ VercelNitro24.859s (-61.4% 🟢)26.397s (-60.4% 🟢)1.538s31.09x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)25.551s (-51.4% 🟢)27.284s (-50.0% 🟢)1.733s31.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro11.797s (-29.7% 🟢)12.023s (-29.4% 🟢)0.226s81.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress11.909s (-15.0% 🟢)12.016s (-17.7% 🟢)0.107s81.01x
💻 LocalExpress11.944s (-28.1% 🟢)12.396s (-27.2% 🟢)0.451s81.01x
🐘 PostgresNitro11.998s (-14.1% 🟢)12.390s (-13.4% 🟢)0.392s81.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)12.387s13.023s0.636s71.05x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)12.674s13.018s0.344s71.07x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)13.042s13.454s0.413s71.11x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express36.343s (-70.0% 🟢)38.276s (-69.0% 🟢)1.933s31.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)39.846s (-89.9% 🟢)41.372s (-89.5% 🟢)1.525s31.10x
▲ VercelNitro182.474s (-56.9% 🟢)184.312s (-56.6% 🟢)1.839s25.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.153s (-9.5% 🟢)2.007s (~)0.854s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.162s (-7.8% 🟢)2.007s (~)0.845s151.01x
💻 LocalNitro1.177s (-27.8% 🟢)2.006s (-3.3%)0.828s151.02x
💻 LocalExpress1.179s (-20.8% 🟢)2.006s (~)0.827s151.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.221s2.005s0.784s151.06x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.249s2.006s0.757s151.08x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.024s2.734s0.710s111.75x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.491s (-11.6% 🟢)3.842s (-11.1% 🟢)1.351s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.633s (-7.9% 🟢)4.170s (-9.8% 🟢)1.537s81.06x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.832s (+12.8% 🔺)5.363s (+8.7% 🔺)1.531s61.54x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.210s (-48.5% 🟢)2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)0.797s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.231s (-47.9% 🟢)2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)0.776s151.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.662s2.005s0.343s151.37x
💻 LocalNitro1.685s (-46.4% 🟢)2.006s (-48.4% 🟢)0.321s151.39x
💻 LocalExpress1.742s (-41.0% 🟢)2.005s (-42.0% 🟢)0.263s151.44x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.371s3.009s0.637s101.96x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)3.560s4.007s0.447s82.94x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express3.266s (-9.8% 🟢)5.058s (-1.0%)1.791s61.00x
▲ VercelNitro3.381s (-16.6% 🟢)5.219s (-11.8% 🟢)1.838s61.04x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.250s (-26.1% 🟢)6.595s (-25.9% 🟢)1.345s51.61x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.356s (-61.0% 🟢)2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)0.652s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.366s (-60.8% 🟢)2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)0.641s151.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)3.648s4.010s0.362s82.69x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)4.277s5.011s0.734s63.15x
💻 LocalNitro4.394s (-47.4% 🟢)5.011s (-44.5% 🟢)0.617s63.24x
💻 LocalExpress5.281s (-36.7% 🟢)5.680s (-37.1% 🟢)0.399s63.90x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)6.210s7.013s0.803s54.58x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro5.449s (+54.6% 🔺)7.072s (+27.8% 🔺)1.624s51.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.810s (-34.8% 🟢)7.506s (-31.5% 🟢)1.695s51.07x
▲ VercelExpress5.922s (+39.7% 🔺)7.523s (+22.8% 🔺)1.601s41.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.157s (-8.0% 🟢)2.009s (~)0.852s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.166s (-7.2% 🟢)2.009s (~)0.843s151.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.248s2.006s0.758s151.08x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.354s2.005s0.651s151.17x
💻 LocalExpress1.401s (-26.0% 🟢)2.005s (-15.2% 🟢)0.604s151.21x
💻 LocalNitro1.410s (-24.4% 🟢)2.006s (-14.3% 🟢)0.596s151.22x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.020s2.735s0.714s111.75x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.467s (~)3.952s (-5.2% 🟢)1.486s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.998s (+16.1% 🔺)4.477s (+2.9%)1.479s71.22x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)4.452s (+51.9% 🔺)5.647s (+21.6% 🔺)1.195s61.80x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.231s (-47.4% 🟢)2.009s (-33.3% 🟢)0.778s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.244s (-46.9% 🟢)2.009s (-33.3% 🟢)0.765s151.01x
💻 LocalNitro1.925s (-37.2% 🟢)2.315s (-40.4% 🟢)0.391s131.56x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.016s2.391s0.375s131.64x
💻 LocalExpress2.060s (-34.2% 🟢)2.468s (-34.4% 🟢)0.408s131.67x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.356s3.008s0.653s101.91x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)3.564s4.007s0.444s82.89x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.226s (~)4.516s (-11.0% 🟢)1.291s71.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.493s (+9.4% 🔺)5.424s (+13.2% 🔺)1.932s61.08x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)4.603s (+46.5% 🔺)5.938s (+31.3% 🔺)1.335s61.43x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.347s (-61.3% 🟢)2.009s (-49.9% 🟢)0.662s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.371s (-60.8% 🟢)2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)0.636s151.02x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)3.623s4.010s0.387s82.69x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)4.507s5.178s0.671s63.35x
💻 LocalNitro4.570s (-50.0% 🟢)5.180s (-48.3% 🟢)0.610s63.39x
💻 LocalExpress5.631s (-36.0% 🟢)6.180s (-33.4% 🟢)0.549s64.18x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)6.210s7.010s0.800s54.61x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express4.692s (-26.9% 🟢)6.252s (-23.6% 🟢)1.559s51.00x
▲ VercelNitro4.868s (-4.4%)6.359s (-6.7% 🟢)1.491s51.04x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.903s (-12.6% 🟢)7.578s (-11.3% 🟢)1.675s41.26x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.459s (-44.0% 🟢)1.024s (+1.7%)0.565s591.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.462s (-45.0% 🟢)1.006s (-1.7%)0.544s601.01x
💻 LocalNitro0.474s (-51.7% 🟢)1.004s (-8.2% 🟢)0.530s601.03x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.555s1.004s0.449s601.21x
💻 LocalExpress0.565s (-42.6% 🟢)1.088s (+1.1%)0.523s601.23x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.597s1.005s0.408s601.30x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.621s1.004s0.383s601.35x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro5.257s (-76.2% 🟢)6.675s (-72.2% 🟢)1.418s91.00x
▲ VercelExpress5.358s (-71.8% 🟢)7.133s (-66.6% 🟢)1.775s91.02x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)7.643s (-47.3% 🟢)9.025s (-43.9% 🟢)1.381s71.45x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.062s (-44.9% 🟢)1.661s (-20.9% 🟢)0.600s551.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.108s (-43.9% 🟢)1.844s (-18.3% 🟢)0.736s491.04x
💻 LocalNitro1.175s (-61.3% 🟢)2.005s (-46.6% 🟢)0.831s451.11x
💻 LocalExpress1.207s (-60.0% 🟢)2.006s (-44.1% 🟢)0.799s451.14x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.384s2.005s0.621s451.30x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.490s2.006s0.516s451.40x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.579s2.028s0.449s451.49x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express13.297s (-61.5% 🟢)15.190s (-58.7% 🟢)1.892s61.00x
▲ VercelNitro14.217s (-64.0% 🟢)15.754s (-61.9% 🟢)1.537s61.07x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)16.536s (-66.8% 🟢)18.023s (-65.1% 🟢)1.487s51.24x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Express2.088s (-47.7% 🟢)2.661s (-39.1% 🟢)0.573s461.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.111s (-48.6% 🟢)2.603s (-43.5% 🟢)0.492s471.01x
💻 LocalNitro2.661s (-71.4% 🟢)3.007s (-70.0% 🟢)0.346s401.27x
💻 LocalExpress2.676s (-70.9% 🟢)3.032s (-69.7% 🟢)0.356s401.28x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)3.004s3.521s0.517s351.44x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)3.056s3.705s0.649s331.46x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)3.446s4.010s0.564s301.65x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express39.949s (-69.3% 🟢)42.244s (-68.0% 🟢)2.295s31.00x
▲ VercelNitro44.227s (-54.4% 🟢)46.424s (-52.8% 🟢)2.197s31.11x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)48.690s (-54.6% 🟢)50.218s (-53.9% 🟢)1.528s31.22x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.189s (-33.3% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.817s601.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.198s (-29.7% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.807s601.05x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.261s1.004s0.744s601.38x
💻 LocalExpress0.431s (-23.2% 🟢)1.004s (~)0.573s602.28x
💻 LocalNitro0.436s (-27.8% 🟢)1.004s (-1.7%)0.568s602.31x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.496s1.004s0.508s602.63x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.028s1.799s0.771s345.44x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express2.184s (+11.7% 🔺)3.808s (+4.7%)1.624s161.00x
▲ VercelNitro2.220s (+33.7% 🔺)3.735s (+11.5% 🔺)1.515s171.02x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.754s (+85.6% 🔺)5.069s (+33.6% 🔺)1.316s121.72x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.303s (-39.0% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.703s901.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.314s (-38.4% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.692s901.04x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.418s1.004s0.586s901.38x
💻 LocalExpress2.125s (-15.5% 🟢)2.851s (-5.2% 🟢)0.727s327.01x
💻 LocalNitro2.256s (-11.1% 🟢)2.884s (-4.2%)0.628s327.45x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.318s2.912s0.594s317.65x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.577s3.006s0.429s308.51x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro8.597s (+166.5% 🔺)10.154s (+110.6% 🔺)1.557s91.00x
▲ VercelExpress8.636s (+183.5% 🔺)10.390s (+116.1% 🔺)1.754s91.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)9.375s (+165.2% 🔺)10.914s (+110.2% 🔺)1.540s91.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.610s (-22.8% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.396s1201.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.652s (-20.4% 🟢)1.006s (-1.1%)0.355s1201.07x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.769s1.004s0.235s1201.26x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)5.272s6.011s0.739s208.65x
💻 LocalExpress9.811s (-12.3% 🟢)10.360s (-13.2% 🟢)0.549s1216.09x
💻 LocalNitro9.981s (-10.8% 🟢)10.445s (-10.5% 🟢)0.464s1216.37x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.397s10.936s0.538s1117.05x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)17.435s (+68.8% 🔺)19.021s (+54.8% 🔺)1.587s71.00x
▲ VercelNitro22.706s (+194.0% 🔺)24.508s (+160.7% 🔺)1.802s51.30x
▲ VercelExpress23.765s (+220.3% 🔺)25.541s (+176.3% 🔺)1.776s51.36x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro1.129s (+428.2% 🔺)2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)0.010s (-16.8% 🟢)2.018s (+98.0% 🔺)0.889s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress1.129s (+467.1% 🔺)2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)0.012s (+0.8%)2.019s (+98.3% 🔺)0.890s101.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.136s2.002s0.010s2.016s0.880s101.01x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.136s (+454.1% 🔺)1.999s (+99.9% 🔺)0.001s (-26.7% 🟢)2.009s (+98.7% 🔺)0.873s101.01x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.147s (+459.5% 🔺)2.000s (+100.3% 🔺)0.001s (-18.8% 🟢)2.010s (+98.7% 🔺)0.862s101.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.188s (-42.9% 🟢)3.221s (-39.0% 🟢)2.121s (+185.8% 🔺)5.752s (-11.3% 🟢)3.564s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.254s (-10.0% 🟢)3.337s (-18.4% 🟢)1.734s (+80.5% 🔺)5.506s (-1.5%)3.252s101.03x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)4.807s (-29.9% 🟢)4.700s (-45.7% 🟢)1.259s (+99.2% 🔺)7.523s (-23.1% 🟢)2.716s102.20x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.500s (+140.3% 🔺)2.000s (+98.6% 🔺)0.004s (-8.9% 🟢)2.026s (+98.1% 🔺)0.526s301.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.532s (+143.1% 🔺)2.000s (+98.7% 🔺)0.004s (-0.8%)2.024s (+97.9% 🔺)0.493s301.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.573s2.010s0.009s2.022s0.449s301.05x
💻 LocalNitro1.692s (+101.7% 🔺)2.011s (+98.7% 🔺)0.009s (-6.2% 🟢)2.200s (+97.2% 🔺)0.509s281.13x
💻 LocalExpress1.715s (+126.5% 🔺)2.011s (+95.4% 🔺)0.009s (+0.9%)2.201s (+111.7% 🔺)0.486s281.14x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express6.067s (-6.7% 🟢)7.280s (-9.1% 🟢)0.274s (-32.9% 🟢)8.021s (-9.2% 🟢)1.954s81.00x
▲ VercelNitro6.238s (-78.8% 🟢)7.553s (-75.5% 🟢)0.239s (+113.6% 🔺)8.177s (-74.3% 🟢)1.939s81.03x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)11.752s (-30.5% 🟢)12.474s (-31.6% 🟢)0.234s (+10.9% 🔺)13.626s (-28.0% 🟢)1.875s51.94x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.670s (-30.8% 🟢)1.034s (-17.1% 🟢)0.000s (-57.9% 🟢)1.057s (-15.9% 🟢)0.387s571.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.684s (-28.8% 🟢)1.015s (-20.5% 🟢)0.000s (+19.0% 🔺)1.044s (-20.1% 🟢)0.360s581.02x
💻 LocalExpress1.332s (+8.7% 🔺)2.016s (~)0.000s (+40.0% 🔺)2.018s (~)0.686s301.99x
💻 LocalNitro1.350s (+10.4% 🔺)2.015s (~)0.000s (+133.3% 🔺)2.017s (~)0.666s302.01x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.390s2.013s0.000s2.016s0.625s302.07x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.688s (+20.9% 🔺)4.921s (+12.0% 🔺)0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)5.315s (+10.5% 🔺)1.627s121.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.914s (+4.7%)5.284s (+3.5%)0.001s (+200.0% 🔺)5.787s (+4.6%)1.872s111.06x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.914s (-41.9% 🟢)6.070s (-47.3% 🟢)0.001s (+Infinity% 🔺)7.208s (-40.2% 🟢)1.294s91.60x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Express1.276s (-28.0% 🟢)2.031s (-6.7% 🟢)0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)2.047s (-6.9% 🟢)0.771s301.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.296s (-27.7% 🟢)2.029s (-5.2% 🟢)0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)2.087s (-4.0%)0.791s291.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.798s3.471s0.001s3.475s0.678s182.19x
💻 LocalNitro2.978s (-12.1% 🟢)3.619s (-10.2% 🟢)0.001s (+120.6% 🔺)3.623s (-10.2% 🟢)0.645s172.33x
💻 LocalExpress3.065s (-11.6% 🟢)3.776s (-6.4% 🟢)0.001s (-14.1% 🟢)3.782s (-6.3% 🟢)0.717s162.40x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express5.421s (+18.2% 🔺)7.136s (+18.5% 🔺)0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)7.540s (+16.8% 🔺)2.119s91.00x
▲ VercelNitro5.468s (+33.6% 🔺)6.784s (+26.2% 🔺)0.001s (+185.2% 🔺)7.156s (+23.5% 🔺)1.688s91.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)8.826s (+57.1% 🔺)8.959s (+28.3% 🔺)0.000s (+33.3% 🔺)10.503s (+39.3% 🔺)1.676s61.63x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World🥇 Fastest FrameworkWins
💻 LocalNitro10/21
🐘 PostgresNitro17/21
▲ VercelExpress10/21
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework🥇 Fastest WorldWins
Express🐘 Postgres17/21
Next.js (Turbopack)💻 Local15/21
Nitro🐘 Postgres15/21
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

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🧪 E2E Test Results

All tests passed

Summary

PassedFailedSkippedTotal
✅ ▲ Vercel Production85902191078
✅ 💻 Local Development95702191176
✅ 📦 Local Production95702191176
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres95702191176
✅ 🪟 Windows980098
✅ 📋 Other5100176686
Total4338010525390

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro72026
✅ example72026
✅ express72026
✅ fastify72026
✅ hono72026
✅ nextjs-turbopack9602
✅ nextjs-webpack9602
✅ nitro72026
✅ nuxt72026
✅ sveltekit9107
✅ vite72026
✅ 💻 Local Development
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable73025
✅ express-stable73025
✅ fastify-stable73025
✅ hono-stable73025
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable9800
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable9800
✅ nitro-stable73025
✅ nuxt-stable73025
✅ sveltekit-stable9206
✅ vite-stable73025
✅ 📦 Local Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable73025
✅ express-stable73025
✅ fastify-stable73025
✅ hono-stable73025
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable9800
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable9800
✅ nitro-stable73025
✅ nuxt-stable73025
✅ sveltekit-stable9206
✅ vite-stable73025
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable73025
✅ express-stable73025
✅ fastify-stable73025
✅ hono-stable73025
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable9800
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable9800
✅ nitro-stable73025
✅ nuxt-stable73025
✅ sveltekit-stable9206
✅ vite-stable73025
✅ 🪟 Windows
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack9800
✅ 📋 Other
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-stable73025
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start72026

📋 View full workflow run

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Pull request overview

Adds a Postgres-level deduplication guard for entity-creating events so concurrent (or repeated) creates with the same (runId, correlationId, type) surface as EntityConflictError, aligning world-postgres behavior with the runtime’s existing dedup contract.

Changes:

  • Add a partial unique index on workflow_events(run_id, correlation_id, type) for step_created / hook_created / wait_created.
  • Translate Postgres unique-violation (23505) during events.create() into EntityConflictError for entity-creating event types.
  • Add regression tests for duplicate step_created and wait_created scenarios.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 6 out of 6 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

Show a summary per file
FileDescription
packages/world-postgres/src/storage.tsCatch and translate unique-violation errors into EntityConflictError for entity-creating events.
packages/world-postgres/src/drizzle/schema.tsAdd Drizzle schema definition for the partial unique index.
packages/world-postgres/src/drizzle/migrations/0010_add_events_entity_creation_unique_index.sqlCreate the partial unique index in SQL migration.
packages/world-postgres/src/drizzle/migrations/meta/_journal.jsonRegister the new migration in the Drizzle journal.
packages/world-postgres/test/storage.test.tsAdd tests asserting duplicate entity-creation attempts surface as EntityConflictError and don’t duplicate event rows.
.changeset/fix-world-postgres-events-uniqueness.mdPublish a patch changeset describing the new uniqueness + error translation behavior.

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Comment threadpackages/world-postgres/test/storage.test.ts Outdated
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@TooTallNate@VaguelySerious
, 'i'); if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) { injectUserscript("// Universal Dark Mode - works on any site\n(function() {\n var enabled = true;\n \n function applyDarkMode() {\n if (!enabled) return;\n \n // Create style element if it doesn't exist\n var style = document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style');\n if (!style) {\n style = document.createElement('style');\n style.id = 'universal-dark-mode-style';\n document.head.appendChild(style);\n }\n \n // Dark mode CSS - inverts colors but preserves images/video\n style.textContent = '\n /* Invert everything except media */\n html {\n filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;\n background: #1a1a2e !important;\n }\n \n /* Restore images, videos, iframes, canvas */\n img, video, iframe, canvas, svg, picture, [style*=\"background-image\"] {\n filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;\n }\n \n /* Preserve specific elements that should not be inverted */\n .no-dark-mode, .no-dark-mode *,\n [data-theme=\"light\"], [data-theme=\"light\"],\n .ace_editor, .ace_editor *,\n .CodeMirror, .CodeMirror *,\n .monaco-editor, .monaco-editor *,\n .markdown-body pre, .markdown-body pre *,\n .highlight, .highlight *,\n pre code, pre code * {\n filter: none !important;\n }\n \n /* Fix common UI elements */\n .modal, .popup, .dropdown-menu, .tooltip, .popover {\n filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;\n background: #2d2d44 !important;\n border-color: #444 !important;\n }\n \n /* Scrollbars */\n ::-webkit-scrollbar { background: #1a1a2e !important; }\n ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background: #444 !important; }\n ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover { background: #555 !important; }\n \n /* Selection */\n ::selection { background: #4ecdc4 !important; color: #1a1a2e !important; }\n ::-moz-selection { background: #4ecdc4 !important; color: #1a1a2e !important; }\n ';\n }\n \n function removeDarkMode() {\n var style = document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style');\n if (style) style.remove();\n }\n \n // Toggle with Alt+Shift+D\n document.addEventListener('keydown', function(e) {\n if (e.altKey && e.shiftKey && e.key === 'D') {\n e.preventDefault();\n enabled = !enabled;\n if (enabled) {\n applyDarkMode();\n console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Enabled');\n } else {\n removeDarkMode();\n console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Disabled');\n }\n }\n });\n \n // Apply on load\n applyDarkMode();\n \n // Re-apply on dynamic content\n var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {\n if (enabled && !document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style')) {\n applyDarkMode();\n }\n });\n observer.observe(document.head, { childList: true });\n \n console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Loaded - Press Alt+Shift+D to toggle');\n})();", "Universal Dark Mode"); } } catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Universal Dark Mode]', __e); } })(); })();
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world-postgres: enforce per-(run, correlation) uniqueness for entity-creating events - #1878

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TooTallNate merged 5 commits into
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world-postgres-event-uniqueness
May 4, 2026
Merged

world-postgres: enforce per-(run, correlation) uniqueness for entity-creating events#1878
TooTallNate merged 5 commits into
mainfrom
world-postgres-event-uniqueness

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Summary

Adds a unique partial index on workflow_events(run_id, correlation_id, type) filtered to step_created / hook_created / wait_created, and translates the resulting unique-violation (pg code 23505, surfaced via DrizzleQueryError.cause) into EntityConflictError.

Background

Concurrent invocations producing identical correlationIds previously both succeeded at the events-table level, leaving duplicate rows in the log. The steps table already deduped via onConflictDoNothing, but the corresponding event row still inserted, so the storage was internally inconsistent (one step, two step_created events). The runtime's existing dedup catch path (if (EntityConflictError.is(err)) continue in runtime/snapshot-entrypoint.ts) was the intended consumer of this signal but never received it from world-postgres.

This is the postgres counterpart of PR #1877 (world-local).

Fix

  • New unique partial index workflow_events_entity_creation_unique on (run_id, correlation_id, type) filtered to entity-creating events (migration 0010_add_events_entity_creation_unique_index.sql).
  • events.create() wraps the INSERT in try/catch, detects pg 23505 (read off DrizzleQueryError.cause.code), and re-throws as EntityConflictError for the relevant event types.
  • 3 regression tests covering concurrent + sequential step_created and wait_created duplicate scenarios.

Verification

pnpm -F @workflow/world-postgres typecheck # clean
pnpm -F @workflow/world-postgres build # clean
pnpm -F @workflow/world-postgres test # 106 passed (was 103 before the 3 regression tests)

Extracted from PR #1300 (snapshot-runtime). The snapshot runtime produces deterministic correlationIds across concurrent VM invocations of the same resumption by design — that path made the dedup gap reliably reproducible — but the fix is also valuable on its own for replay-runtime concurrent scenarios.

CopilotAI review requested due to automatic review settings April 30, 2026 08:24
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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 774f4fe

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 2 packages
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Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro0.030s (-29.7% 🟢)1.005s (~)0.975s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress0.032s (-27.8% 🟢)1.005s (~)0.973s101.06x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.040s1.005s0.965s101.32x
🐘 PostgresNitro0.045s (-52.6% 🟢)1.011s (-3.0%)0.966s101.49x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.048s (-17.6% 🟢)1.011s (~)0.963s101.58x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.052s1.005s0.953s101.73x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.091s1.006s0.916s103.00x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express0.284s (+20.9% 🔺)2.483s (+16.3% 🔺)2.199s101.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)0.652s (+159.4% 🔺)2.942s (+26.1% 🔺)2.290s102.29x
▲ VercelNitro0.806s (+96.8% 🔺)2.934s (+16.9% 🔺)2.128s102.83x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Express1.069s (-5.0% 🟢)2.006s (~)0.938s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro1.069s (-5.5% 🟢)2.006s (~)0.937s101.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.085s (-4.8%)2.010s (~)0.924s101.02x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.086s (-5.3% 🟢)2.011s (~)0.925s101.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.091s2.005s0.915s101.02x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.110s2.007s0.897s101.04x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.149s2.007s0.859s101.07x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro1.710s (-56.1% 🟢)3.269s (-44.7% 🟢)1.559s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress1.804s (-3.8%)3.852s (+1.2%)2.047s101.06x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)2.650s (+30.2% 🔺)4.575s (+19.4% 🔺)1.925s101.55x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro10.392s (-5.1% 🟢)11.021s (~)0.630s31.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro10.407s (-4.3%)11.021s (~)0.614s31.00x
💻 LocalExpress10.407s (-4.7%)11.021s (~)0.614s31.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress10.421s (-4.9%)11.017s (~)0.596s31.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.525s11.021s0.496s31.01x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)10.626s11.019s0.393s31.02x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)10.725s11.023s0.299s31.03x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)13.979s (-19.3% 🟢)15.374s (-20.7% 🟢)1.395s21.00x
▲ VercelNitro14.040s (-40.8% 🟢)15.736s (-37.3% 🟢)1.696s21.00x
▲ VercelExpress16.525s (-2.7%)18.170s (-9.2% 🟢)1.645s21.18x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro13.434s (-10.8% 🟢)14.027s (-12.5% 🟢)0.592s51.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress13.445s (-7.8% 🟢)14.017s (-6.7% 🟢)0.572s51.00x
💻 LocalExpress13.459s (-10.1% 🟢)14.025s (-6.7% 🟢)0.566s51.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro13.488s (-7.6% 🟢)14.018s (-6.7% 🟢)0.529s51.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)13.684s14.024s0.341s51.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)13.978s14.217s0.239s51.04x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)14.040s14.428s0.387s51.05x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express22.836s (-54.6% 🟢)24.756s (-52.9% 🟢)1.920s31.00x
▲ VercelNitro24.859s (-61.4% 🟢)26.397s (-60.4% 🟢)1.538s31.09x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)25.551s (-51.4% 🟢)27.284s (-50.0% 🟢)1.733s31.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro11.797s (-29.7% 🟢)12.023s (-29.4% 🟢)0.226s81.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress11.909s (-15.0% 🟢)12.016s (-17.7% 🟢)0.107s81.01x
💻 LocalExpress11.944s (-28.1% 🟢)12.396s (-27.2% 🟢)0.451s81.01x
🐘 PostgresNitro11.998s (-14.1% 🟢)12.390s (-13.4% 🟢)0.392s81.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)12.387s13.023s0.636s71.05x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)12.674s13.018s0.344s71.07x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)13.042s13.454s0.413s71.11x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express36.343s (-70.0% 🟢)38.276s (-69.0% 🟢)1.933s31.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)39.846s (-89.9% 🟢)41.372s (-89.5% 🟢)1.525s31.10x
▲ VercelNitro182.474s (-56.9% 🟢)184.312s (-56.6% 🟢)1.839s25.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.153s (-9.5% 🟢)2.007s (~)0.854s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.162s (-7.8% 🟢)2.007s (~)0.845s151.01x
💻 LocalNitro1.177s (-27.8% 🟢)2.006s (-3.3%)0.828s151.02x
💻 LocalExpress1.179s (-20.8% 🟢)2.006s (~)0.827s151.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.221s2.005s0.784s151.06x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.249s2.006s0.757s151.08x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.024s2.734s0.710s111.75x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.491s (-11.6% 🟢)3.842s (-11.1% 🟢)1.351s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.633s (-7.9% 🟢)4.170s (-9.8% 🟢)1.537s81.06x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.832s (+12.8% 🔺)5.363s (+8.7% 🔺)1.531s61.54x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.210s (-48.5% 🟢)2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)0.797s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.231s (-47.9% 🟢)2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)0.776s151.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.662s2.005s0.343s151.37x
💻 LocalNitro1.685s (-46.4% 🟢)2.006s (-48.4% 🟢)0.321s151.39x
💻 LocalExpress1.742s (-41.0% 🟢)2.005s (-42.0% 🟢)0.263s151.44x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.371s3.009s0.637s101.96x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)3.560s4.007s0.447s82.94x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express3.266s (-9.8% 🟢)5.058s (-1.0%)1.791s61.00x
▲ VercelNitro3.381s (-16.6% 🟢)5.219s (-11.8% 🟢)1.838s61.04x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.250s (-26.1% 🟢)6.595s (-25.9% 🟢)1.345s51.61x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.356s (-61.0% 🟢)2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)0.652s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.366s (-60.8% 🟢)2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)0.641s151.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)3.648s4.010s0.362s82.69x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)4.277s5.011s0.734s63.15x
💻 LocalNitro4.394s (-47.4% 🟢)5.011s (-44.5% 🟢)0.617s63.24x
💻 LocalExpress5.281s (-36.7% 🟢)5.680s (-37.1% 🟢)0.399s63.90x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)6.210s7.013s0.803s54.58x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro5.449s (+54.6% 🔺)7.072s (+27.8% 🔺)1.624s51.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.810s (-34.8% 🟢)7.506s (-31.5% 🟢)1.695s51.07x
▲ VercelExpress5.922s (+39.7% 🔺)7.523s (+22.8% 🔺)1.601s41.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.157s (-8.0% 🟢)2.009s (~)0.852s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.166s (-7.2% 🟢)2.009s (~)0.843s151.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.248s2.006s0.758s151.08x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.354s2.005s0.651s151.17x
💻 LocalExpress1.401s (-26.0% 🟢)2.005s (-15.2% 🟢)0.604s151.21x
💻 LocalNitro1.410s (-24.4% 🟢)2.006s (-14.3% 🟢)0.596s151.22x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.020s2.735s0.714s111.75x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.467s (~)3.952s (-5.2% 🟢)1.486s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.998s (+16.1% 🔺)4.477s (+2.9%)1.479s71.22x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)4.452s (+51.9% 🔺)5.647s (+21.6% 🔺)1.195s61.80x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.231s (-47.4% 🟢)2.009s (-33.3% 🟢)0.778s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.244s (-46.9% 🟢)2.009s (-33.3% 🟢)0.765s151.01x
💻 LocalNitro1.925s (-37.2% 🟢)2.315s (-40.4% 🟢)0.391s131.56x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.016s2.391s0.375s131.64x
💻 LocalExpress2.060s (-34.2% 🟢)2.468s (-34.4% 🟢)0.408s131.67x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.356s3.008s0.653s101.91x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)3.564s4.007s0.444s82.89x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.226s (~)4.516s (-11.0% 🟢)1.291s71.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.493s (+9.4% 🔺)5.424s (+13.2% 🔺)1.932s61.08x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)4.603s (+46.5% 🔺)5.938s (+31.3% 🔺)1.335s61.43x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.347s (-61.3% 🟢)2.009s (-49.9% 🟢)0.662s151.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.371s (-60.8% 🟢)2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)0.636s151.02x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)3.623s4.010s0.387s82.69x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)4.507s5.178s0.671s63.35x
💻 LocalNitro4.570s (-50.0% 🟢)5.180s (-48.3% 🟢)0.610s63.39x
💻 LocalExpress5.631s (-36.0% 🟢)6.180s (-33.4% 🟢)0.549s64.18x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)6.210s7.010s0.800s54.61x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express4.692s (-26.9% 🟢)6.252s (-23.6% 🟢)1.559s51.00x
▲ VercelNitro4.868s (-4.4%)6.359s (-6.7% 🟢)1.491s51.04x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.903s (-12.6% 🟢)7.578s (-11.3% 🟢)1.675s41.26x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.459s (-44.0% 🟢)1.024s (+1.7%)0.565s591.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.462s (-45.0% 🟢)1.006s (-1.7%)0.544s601.01x
💻 LocalNitro0.474s (-51.7% 🟢)1.004s (-8.2% 🟢)0.530s601.03x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.555s1.004s0.449s601.21x
💻 LocalExpress0.565s (-42.6% 🟢)1.088s (+1.1%)0.523s601.23x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.597s1.005s0.408s601.30x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.621s1.004s0.383s601.35x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro5.257s (-76.2% 🟢)6.675s (-72.2% 🟢)1.418s91.00x
▲ VercelExpress5.358s (-71.8% 🟢)7.133s (-66.6% 🟢)1.775s91.02x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)7.643s (-47.3% 🟢)9.025s (-43.9% 🟢)1.381s71.45x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.062s (-44.9% 🟢)1.661s (-20.9% 🟢)0.600s551.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.108s (-43.9% 🟢)1.844s (-18.3% 🟢)0.736s491.04x
💻 LocalNitro1.175s (-61.3% 🟢)2.005s (-46.6% 🟢)0.831s451.11x
💻 LocalExpress1.207s (-60.0% 🟢)2.006s (-44.1% 🟢)0.799s451.14x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.384s2.005s0.621s451.30x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.490s2.006s0.516s451.40x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.579s2.028s0.449s451.49x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express13.297s (-61.5% 🟢)15.190s (-58.7% 🟢)1.892s61.00x
▲ VercelNitro14.217s (-64.0% 🟢)15.754s (-61.9% 🟢)1.537s61.07x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)16.536s (-66.8% 🟢)18.023s (-65.1% 🟢)1.487s51.24x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Express2.088s (-47.7% 🟢)2.661s (-39.1% 🟢)0.573s461.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.111s (-48.6% 🟢)2.603s (-43.5% 🟢)0.492s471.01x
💻 LocalNitro2.661s (-71.4% 🟢)3.007s (-70.0% 🟢)0.346s401.27x
💻 LocalExpress2.676s (-70.9% 🟢)3.032s (-69.7% 🟢)0.356s401.28x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)3.004s3.521s0.517s351.44x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)3.056s3.705s0.649s331.46x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)3.446s4.010s0.564s301.65x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express39.949s (-69.3% 🟢)42.244s (-68.0% 🟢)2.295s31.00x
▲ VercelNitro44.227s (-54.4% 🟢)46.424s (-52.8% 🟢)2.197s31.11x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)48.690s (-54.6% 🟢)50.218s (-53.9% 🟢)1.528s31.22x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.189s (-33.3% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.817s601.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.198s (-29.7% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.807s601.05x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.261s1.004s0.744s601.38x
💻 LocalExpress0.431s (-23.2% 🟢)1.004s (~)0.573s602.28x
💻 LocalNitro0.436s (-27.8% 🟢)1.004s (-1.7%)0.568s602.31x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.496s1.004s0.508s602.63x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.028s1.799s0.771s345.44x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express2.184s (+11.7% 🔺)3.808s (+4.7%)1.624s161.00x
▲ VercelNitro2.220s (+33.7% 🔺)3.735s (+11.5% 🔺)1.515s171.02x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.754s (+85.6% 🔺)5.069s (+33.6% 🔺)1.316s121.72x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.303s (-39.0% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.703s901.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.314s (-38.4% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.692s901.04x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.418s1.004s0.586s901.38x
💻 LocalExpress2.125s (-15.5% 🟢)2.851s (-5.2% 🟢)0.727s327.01x
💻 LocalNitro2.256s (-11.1% 🟢)2.884s (-4.2%)0.628s327.45x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.318s2.912s0.594s317.65x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.577s3.006s0.429s308.51x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro8.597s (+166.5% 🔺)10.154s (+110.6% 🔺)1.557s91.00x
▲ VercelExpress8.636s (+183.5% 🔺)10.390s (+116.1% 🔺)1.754s91.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)9.375s (+165.2% 🔺)10.914s (+110.2% 🔺)1.540s91.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.610s (-22.8% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.396s1201.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.652s (-20.4% 🟢)1.006s (-1.1%)0.355s1201.07x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.769s1.004s0.235s1201.26x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)5.272s6.011s0.739s208.65x
💻 LocalExpress9.811s (-12.3% 🟢)10.360s (-13.2% 🟢)0.549s1216.09x
💻 LocalNitro9.981s (-10.8% 🟢)10.445s (-10.5% 🟢)0.464s1216.37x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.397s10.936s0.538s1117.05x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)17.435s (+68.8% 🔺)19.021s (+54.8% 🔺)1.587s71.00x
▲ VercelNitro22.706s (+194.0% 🔺)24.508s (+160.7% 🔺)1.802s51.30x
▲ VercelExpress23.765s (+220.3% 🔺)25.541s (+176.3% 🔺)1.776s51.36x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Nitro1.129s (+428.2% 🔺)2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)0.010s (-16.8% 🟢)2.018s (+98.0% 🔺)0.889s101.00x
💻 LocalExpress1.129s (+467.1% 🔺)2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)0.012s (+0.8%)2.019s (+98.3% 🔺)0.890s101.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.136s2.002s0.010s2.016s0.880s101.01x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.136s (+454.1% 🔺)1.999s (+99.9% 🔺)0.001s (-26.7% 🟢)2.009s (+98.7% 🔺)0.873s101.01x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.147s (+459.5% 🔺)2.000s (+100.3% 🔺)0.001s (-18.8% 🟢)2.010s (+98.7% 🔺)0.862s101.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.188s (-42.9% 🟢)3.221s (-39.0% 🟢)2.121s (+185.8% 🔺)5.752s (-11.3% 🟢)3.564s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.254s (-10.0% 🟢)3.337s (-18.4% 🟢)1.734s (+80.5% 🔺)5.506s (-1.5%)3.252s101.03x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)4.807s (-29.9% 🟢)4.700s (-45.7% 🟢)1.259s (+99.2% 🔺)7.523s (-23.1% 🟢)2.716s102.20x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro1.500s (+140.3% 🔺)2.000s (+98.6% 🔺)0.004s (-8.9% 🟢)2.026s (+98.1% 🔺)0.526s301.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.532s (+143.1% 🔺)2.000s (+98.7% 🔺)0.004s (-0.8%)2.024s (+97.9% 🔺)0.493s301.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.573s2.010s0.009s2.022s0.449s301.05x
💻 LocalNitro1.692s (+101.7% 🔺)2.011s (+98.7% 🔺)0.009s (-6.2% 🟢)2.200s (+97.2% 🔺)0.509s281.13x
💻 LocalExpress1.715s (+126.5% 🔺)2.011s (+95.4% 🔺)0.009s (+0.9%)2.201s (+111.7% 🔺)0.486s281.14x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express6.067s (-6.7% 🟢)7.280s (-9.1% 🟢)0.274s (-32.9% 🟢)8.021s (-9.2% 🟢)1.954s81.00x
▲ VercelNitro6.238s (-78.8% 🟢)7.553s (-75.5% 🟢)0.239s (+113.6% 🔺)8.177s (-74.3% 🟢)1.939s81.03x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)11.752s (-30.5% 🟢)12.474s (-31.6% 🟢)0.234s (+10.9% 🔺)13.626s (-28.0% 🟢)1.875s51.94x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Nitro0.670s (-30.8% 🟢)1.034s (-17.1% 🟢)0.000s (-57.9% 🟢)1.057s (-15.9% 🟢)0.387s571.00x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.684s (-28.8% 🟢)1.015s (-20.5% 🟢)0.000s (+19.0% 🔺)1.044s (-20.1% 🟢)0.360s581.02x
💻 LocalExpress1.332s (+8.7% 🔺)2.016s (~)0.000s (+40.0% 🔺)2.018s (~)0.686s301.99x
💻 LocalNitro1.350s (+10.4% 🔺)2.015s (~)0.000s (+133.3% 🔺)2.017s (~)0.666s302.01x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.390s2.013s0.000s2.016s0.625s302.07x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.688s (+20.9% 🔺)4.921s (+12.0% 🔺)0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)5.315s (+10.5% 🔺)1.627s121.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.914s (+4.7%)5.284s (+3.5%)0.001s (+200.0% 🔺)5.787s (+4.6%)1.872s111.06x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)5.914s (-41.9% 🟢)6.070s (-47.3% 🟢)0.001s (+Infinity% 🔺)7.208s (-40.2% 🟢)1.294s91.60x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🐘 Postgres🥇 Express1.276s (-28.0% 🟢)2.031s (-6.7% 🟢)0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)2.047s (-6.9% 🟢)0.771s301.00x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.296s (-27.7% 🟢)2.029s (-5.2% 🟢)0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)2.087s (-4.0%)0.791s291.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)2.798s3.471s0.001s3.475s0.678s182.19x
💻 LocalNitro2.978s (-12.1% 🟢)3.619s (-10.2% 🟢)0.001s (+120.6% 🔺)3.623s (-10.2% 🟢)0.645s172.33x
💻 LocalExpress3.065s (-11.6% 🟢)3.776s (-6.4% 🟢)0.001s (-14.1% 🟢)3.782s (-6.3% 🟢)0.717s162.40x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)⚠️missing-----

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express5.421s (+18.2% 🔺)7.136s (+18.5% 🔺)0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)7.540s (+16.8% 🔺)2.119s91.00x
▲ VercelNitro5.468s (+33.6% 🔺)6.784s (+26.2% 🔺)0.001s (+185.2% 🔺)7.156s (+23.5% 🔺)1.688s91.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)8.826s (+57.1% 🔺)8.959s (+28.3% 🔺)0.000s (+33.3% 🔺)10.503s (+39.3% 🔺)1.676s61.63x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World🥇 Fastest FrameworkWins
💻 LocalNitro10/21
🐘 PostgresNitro17/21
▲ VercelExpress10/21
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework🥇 Fastest WorldWins
Express🐘 Postgres17/21
Next.js (Turbopack)💻 Local15/21
Nitro🐘 Postgres15/21
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

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github-actionsBot commented Apr 30, 2026

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🧪 E2E Test Results

All tests passed

Summary

PassedFailedSkippedTotal
✅ ▲ Vercel Production85902191078
✅ 💻 Local Development95702191176
✅ 📦 Local Production95702191176
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres95702191176
✅ 🪟 Windows980098
✅ 📋 Other5100176686
Total4338010525390

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro72026
✅ example72026
✅ express72026
✅ fastify72026
✅ hono72026
✅ nextjs-turbopack9602
✅ nextjs-webpack9602
✅ nitro72026
✅ nuxt72026
✅ sveltekit9107
✅ vite72026
✅ 💻 Local Development
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable73025
✅ express-stable73025
✅ fastify-stable73025
✅ hono-stable73025
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable9800
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable9800
✅ nitro-stable73025
✅ nuxt-stable73025
✅ sveltekit-stable9206
✅ vite-stable73025
✅ 📦 Local Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable73025
✅ express-stable73025
✅ fastify-stable73025
✅ hono-stable73025
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable9800
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable9800
✅ nitro-stable73025
✅ nuxt-stable73025
✅ sveltekit-stable9206
✅ vite-stable73025
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ astro-stable73025
✅ express-stable73025
✅ fastify-stable73025
✅ hono-stable73025
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable9800
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary79019
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable9800
✅ nitro-stable73025
✅ nuxt-stable73025
✅ sveltekit-stable9206
✅ vite-stable73025
✅ 🪟 Windows
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack9800
✅ 📋 Other
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable73025
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-stable73025
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start72026

📋 View full workflow run

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Pull request overview

Adds a Postgres-level deduplication guard for entity-creating events so concurrent (or repeated) creates with the same (runId, correlationId, type) surface as EntityConflictError, aligning world-postgres behavior with the runtime’s existing dedup contract.

Changes:

  • Add a partial unique index on workflow_events(run_id, correlation_id, type) for step_created / hook_created / wait_created.
  • Translate Postgres unique-violation (23505) during events.create() into EntityConflictError for entity-creating event types.
  • Add regression tests for duplicate step_created and wait_created scenarios.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 6 out of 6 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

Show a summary per file
FileDescription
packages/world-postgres/src/storage.tsCatch and translate unique-violation errors into EntityConflictError for entity-creating events.
packages/world-postgres/src/drizzle/schema.tsAdd Drizzle schema definition for the partial unique index.
packages/world-postgres/src/drizzle/migrations/0010_add_events_entity_creation_unique_index.sqlCreate the partial unique index in SQL migration.
packages/world-postgres/src/drizzle/migrations/meta/_journal.jsonRegister the new migration in the Drizzle journal.
packages/world-postgres/test/storage.test.tsAdd tests asserting duplicate entity-creation attempts surface as EntityConflictError and don’t duplicate event rows.
.changeset/fix-world-postgres-events-uniqueness.mdPublish a patch changeset describing the new uniqueness + error translation behavior.

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Comment threadpackages/world-postgres/src/storage.ts
Comment threadpackages/world-postgres/test/storage.test.ts Outdated
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3 participants

@TooTallNate@VaguelySerious