[core] Fix spurious "Event cursor missing after initial load" warning

[VaguelySerious]

Summary

The V2 runtime's loadWorkflowRunEvents helper paginates through world.events.list and overwrites its cursor variable on every page. When the final page is empty (data: [], cursor: null, hasMore: false), the helper returns cursor: null despite having loaded events — which trips the cachedEvents ≠ null + eventsCursor = null branch in runtime.ts, logs Event cursor missing after initial load — falling back to full reload. This indicates a bug in the World implementation., and forces a full event reload on every subsequent replay iteration.

The trailing empty page is a normal, contract-compliant response, not a World bug. workflow-server can produce it whenever an underlying DynamoDB Query hits its Limit exactly — DynamoDB returns LastEvaluatedKey "just in case", the server passes that through as hasMore: true, and the next call returns an empty page. This is observable in production (38 distinct runs in 24h on agents-vade-review alone, each logging the warning multiple times per invocation).

Fix is one line: preserve the last non-null cursor across pages.

cursor=response.cursor??cursor;

This mirrors how runtime.ts:665 and runtime.ts:811 already treat incremental loads.

Test plan

• packages/core/src/runtime/helpers.test.ts — added regression tests covering the trailing-empty-page case, multi-page traversal, and incremental loads that return zero new events. Verified the new tests fail against main (cursor is null instead of the expected last cursor) and pass with the one-line fix.
• CI green

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Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
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workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
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workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
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workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.030s (-30.6% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.976s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.030s (-31.2% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.975s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.047s (-18.3% 🟢)	1.013s (~)	0.965s	10	1.59x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.052s (-45.2% 🟢)	1.013s (-2.9%)	0.961s	10	1.75x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.303s (-26.0% 🟢)	2.103s (-16.2% 🟢)	1.800s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.321s (+36.2% 🔺)	2.500s (+17.0% 🔺)	2.179s	10	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.069s (-5.0%)	2.006s (~)	0.936s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.069s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.937s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.080s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.928s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.087s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.924s	10	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.632s (-58.1% 🟢)	3.589s (-39.3% 🟢)	1.956s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.699s (-9.4% 🟢)	3.829s (+0.6%)	2.130s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	10.408s (-5.1% 🟢)	11.015s (~)	0.607s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.414s (-4.2%)	11.018s (~)	0.604s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	10.415s (-4.6%)	11.022s (~)	0.607s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.439s (-4.6%)	11.021s (~)	0.582s	3	1.00x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	13.421s (-21.0% 🟢)	15.491s (-22.6% 🟢)	2.070s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	13.639s (-42.5% 🟢)	15.456s (-38.5% 🟢)	1.817s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	13.429s (-10.3% 🟢)	14.027s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.598s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.433s (-10.8% 🟢)	14.026s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.593s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.471s (-7.6% 🟢)	14.016s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.546s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.504s (-7.5% 🟢)	14.018s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.515s	5	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	23.011s (-54.3% 🟢)	25.176s (-52.1% 🟢)	2.165s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	25.134s (-61.0% 🟢)	27.141s (-59.3% 🟢)	2.007s	3	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	11.872s (-15.2% 🟢)	12.016s (-17.7% 🟢)	0.144s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.873s (-29.3% 🟢)	12.021s (-29.4% 🟢)	0.147s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	11.886s (-28.4% 🟢)	12.147s (-28.7% 🟢)	0.261s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.077s (-13.5% 🟢)	12.644s (-11.6% 🟢)	0.566s	8	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	28.335s (-93.3% 🟢)	30.639s (-92.8% 🟢)	2.304s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	32.259s (-73.4% 🟢)	35.048s (-71.7% 🟢)	2.789s	3	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.146s (-9.1% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.862s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.148s (-10.0% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.860s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.169s (-21.5% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.837s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.170s (-28.3% 🟢)	2.006s (-3.3%)	0.836s	15	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.895s (+2.7%)	4.451s (+3.0%)	1.555s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.961s (+38.5% 🔺)	5.418s (+17.2% 🔺)	1.457s	8	1.37x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.202s (-48.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.805s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.206s (-48.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.801s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.718s (-41.8% 🟢)	2.005s (-41.9% 🟢)	0.287s	15	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.745s (-44.5% 🟢)	2.005s (-48.4% 🟢)	0.260s	15	1.45x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.983s (-1.7%)	5.466s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.483s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.901s (+35.4% 🔺)	7.138s (+39.7% 🔺)	2.237s	5	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.327s (-61.9% 🟢)	2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.682s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.328s (-61.8% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.678s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	4.788s (-42.7% 🟢)	5.347s (-40.7% 🟢)	0.560s	6	3.61x
💻 Local	Express	4.833s (-42.0% 🟢)	5.344s (-40.8% 🟢)	0.511s	6	3.64x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.721s (+34.9% 🔺)	8.050s (+31.4% 🔺)	2.329s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	7.040s (+99.7% 🔺)	9.183s (+65.9% 🔺)	2.143s	4	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.148s (-8.7% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.859s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.149s (-8.6% 🟢)	2.009s (~)	0.859s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.405s (-25.8% 🟢)	2.006s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.601s	15	1.22x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.438s (-22.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.568s	15	1.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.441s (-0.7%)	3.745s (-10.2% 🟢)	1.304s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.873s (+11.3% 🔺)	4.586s (+5.4% 🔺)	1.713s	7	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.211s (-48.3% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.797s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.217s (-48.0% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.791s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.961s (-37.4% 🟢)	2.392s (-36.4% 🟢)	0.431s	13	1.62x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.975s (-35.6% 🟢)	2.507s (-35.5% 🟢)	0.532s	12	1.63x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.485s (+7.8% 🔺)	5.149s (+1.4%)	1.664s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.487s (+9.2% 🔺)	5.457s (+13.9% 🔺)	1.970s	6	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.299s (-62.9% 🟢)	2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.709s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.373s (-60.5% 🟢)	2.009s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.636s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	4.832s (-45.1% 🟢)	5.512s (-40.6% 🟢)	0.679s	6	3.72x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.673s (-38.0% 🟢)	6.017s (-40.0% 🟢)	0.344s	5	4.37x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.430s (+6.6% 🔺)	7.082s (+3.9%)	1.652s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.328s (-1.4%)	8.217s (~)	1.889s	4	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.431s (-48.6% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.6%)	0.575s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.450s (-45.1% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.556s	60	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	0.464s (-52.8% 🟢)	1.004s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.540s	60	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.496s (-49.4% 🟢)	1.004s (-8.2% 🟢)	0.508s	60	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.792s (-74.8% 🟢)	6.495s (-69.6% 🟢)	1.703s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.893s (-77.8% 🟢)	6.665s (-72.3% 🟢)	1.772s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.021s (-48.3% 🟢)	1.507s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.486s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.087s (-43.6% 🟢)	1.807s (-14.0% 🟢)	0.720s	50	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	1.174s (-61.1% 🟢)	2.006s (-44.1% 🟢)	0.832s	45	1.15x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.200s (-60.5% 🟢)	2.006s (-46.6% 🟢)	0.806s	45	1.18x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	12.397s (-64.1% 🟢)	14.627s (-60.3% 🟢)	2.230s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	13.354s (-66.2% 🟢)	15.339s (-62.9% 🟢)	1.985s	6	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.172s (-45.6% 🟢)	2.660s (-39.1% 🟢)	0.488s	46	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.185s (-46.8% 🟢)	2.984s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.799s	41	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	2.691s (-70.8% 🟢)	3.058s (-69.5% 🟢)	0.366s	40	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.751s (-70.4% 🟢)	3.082s (-69.2% 🟢)	0.331s	40	1.27x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	25.727s (-73.5% 🟢)	27.813s (-71.7% 🟢)	2.087s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	25.761s (-80.2% 🟢)	28.379s (-78.5% 🟢)	2.618s	5	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.174s (-38.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.832s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.187s (-34.0% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.819s	60	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	0.394s (-29.7% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.610s	60	2.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.409s (-32.4% 🟢)	1.004s (-1.7%)	0.595s	60	2.35x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.841s (+45.4% 🔺)	4.564s (+25.5% 🔺)	1.723s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.843s (+71.2% 🔺)	4.428s (+32.1% 🔺)	1.585s	14	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.304s (-40.3% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.702s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.308s (-37.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.698s	90	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.130s (-16.1% 🟢)	2.852s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.722s	32	7.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.148s (-14.6% 🟢)	2.686s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.538s	34	7.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.408s (+67.7% 🔺)	6.773s (+40.5% 🔺)	1.365s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.688s (+86.7% 🔺)	7.502s (+56.1% 🔺)	1.814s	13	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.598s (-27.0% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.1%)	0.408s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.636s (-19.6% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.370s	120	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	9.968s (-10.9% 🟢)	10.612s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.644s	12	16.67x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.253s (-8.4% 🟢)	10.864s (-6.9% 🟢)	0.611s	12	17.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.353s (+72.9% 🔺)	15.039s (+60.0% 🔺)	1.685s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	15.057s (+102.9% 🔺)	17.293s (+87.1% 🔺)	2.235s	7	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.130s (+450.9% 🔺)	2.001s (+100.4% 🔺)	0.001s (-31.3% 🟢)	2.010s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.880s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.131s (+429.1% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.012s (-2.4%)	2.019s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.889s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.139s (+455.4% 🔺)	2.002s (+100.3% 🔺)	0.001s (-13.3% 🟢)	2.011s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.873s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.142s (+473.7% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.011s (-10.7% 🟢)	2.018s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.876s	10	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.187s (-12.7% 🟢)	3.585s (-12.3% 🟢)	1.442s (+50.1% 🔺)	5.537s (-1.0%)	3.351s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.195s (-42.7% 🟢)	3.298s (-37.5% 🟢)	2.196s (+195.9% 🔺)	5.945s (-8.3% 🟢)	3.751s	10	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.498s (+137.8% 🔺)	2.004s (+99.1% 🔺)	0.004s (+2.7%)	2.027s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.529s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.516s (+100.2% 🔺)	2.010s (+95.4% 🔺)	0.010s (+8.7% 🔺)	2.023s (+94.5% 🔺)	0.507s	30	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.533s (+145.7% 🔺)	2.003s (+99.0% 🔺)	0.004s (-1.7%)	2.025s (+98.0% 🔺)	0.491s	30	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.717s (+104.7% 🔺)	2.011s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.010s (+2.5%)	2.201s (+97.3% 🔺)	0.485s	28	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.929s (-79.9% 🟢)	7.076s (-77.0% 🟢)	0.213s (+90.6% 🔺)	7.799s (-75.5% 🟢)	1.870s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.020s (-7.4% 🟢)	7.497s (-6.4% 🟢)	0.260s (-36.4% 🟢)	8.290s (-6.2% 🟢)	2.269s	8	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.645s (-32.9% 🟢)	1.051s (-17.8% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.060s (-18.9% 🟢)	0.415s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.724s (-25.3% 🟢)	1.048s (-16.0% 🟢)	0.000s (+110.5% 🔺)	1.060s (-15.7% 🟢)	0.336s	57	1.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.343s (+9.9% 🔺)	2.014s (~)	0.000s (+133.3% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.673s	30	2.08x
💻 Local	Express	1.377s (+12.4% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.000s (-30.0% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.640s	30	2.14x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.529s (-5.7% 🟢)	4.866s (-4.6%)	0.002s (+816.7% 🔺)	5.349s (-3.3%)	1.821s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.797s (+24.5% 🔺)	4.891s (+11.3% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.324s (+10.7% 🔺)	1.527s	12	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.317s (-25.7% 🟢)	1.964s (-9.8% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.992s (-9.4% 🟢)	0.675s	31	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.380s (-23.0% 🟢)	2.066s (-3.5%)	0.000s (+93.1% 🔺)	2.102s (-3.3%)	0.722s	29	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.123s (-7.8% 🟢)	3.843s (-4.7%)	0.001s (+28.9% 🔺)	3.846s (-4.7%)	0.724s	16	2.37x
💻 Local	Express	3.356s (-3.2%)	3.906s (-3.2%)	0.001s (-21.9% 🟢)	3.911s (-3.1%)	0.556s	16	2.55x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.493s (+19.7% 🔺)	6.851s (+13.8% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	7.366s (+14.1% 🔺)	1.873s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.682s (+38.8% 🔺)	6.969s (+29.7% 🔺)	0.001s (+144.4% 🔺)	7.414s (+28.0% 🔺)	1.732s	9	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	14/21
🐘 Postgres	Express	19/21
▲ Vercel	Nitro	12/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	18/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	16/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

---

❌ Some benchmark jobs failed:

• Local: success
• Postgres: success
• Vercel: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1200	0	219	1419
✅ 💻 Local Development	1587	0	219	1806
✅ 📦 Local Production	1587	0	219	1806
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1587	0	219	1806
✅ 🪟 Windows	129	0	0	129
✅ 📋 Other	727	0	176	903
Total	6817	0	1052	7869

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	103	0	26
✅ example	103	0	26
✅ express	103	0	26
✅ fastify	103	0	26
✅ hono	103	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	127	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	127	0	2
✅ nitro	103	0	26
✅ nuxt	103	0	26
✅ sveltekit	122	0	7
✅ vite	103	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	104	0	25
✅ express-stable	104	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	104	0	25
✅ hono-stable	104	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	104	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	104	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	123	0	6
✅ vite-stable	104	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	104	0	25
✅ express-stable	104	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	104	0	25
✅ hono-stable	104	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	104	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	104	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	123	0	6
✅ vite-stable	104	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	104	0	25
✅ express-stable	104	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	104	0	25
✅ hono-stable	104	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	104	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	104	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	123	0	6
✅ vite-stable	104	0	25

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	129	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	104	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	103	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 96a9fc8

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

Backport PR opened against stable: #2076. Merge conflicts were resolved by AI — please review carefully. (backport job run)

[VaguelySerious]

Summary

The V2 runtime's loadWorkflowRunEvents helper paginates through world.events.list and overwrites its cursor variable on every page. When the final page is empty (data: [], cursor: null, hasMore: false), the helper returns cursor: null despite having loaded events — which trips the cachedEvents ≠ null + eventsCursor = null branch in runtime.ts, logs Event cursor missing after initial load — falling back to full reload. This indicates a bug in the World implementation., and forces a full event reload on every subsequent replay iteration.

The trailing empty page is a normal, contract-compliant response, not a World bug. workflow-server can produce it whenever an underlying DynamoDB Query hits its Limit exactly — DynamoDB returns LastEvaluatedKey "just in case", the server passes that through as hasMore: true, and the next call returns an empty page. This is observable in production (38 distinct runs in 24h on agents-vade-review alone, each logging the warning multiple times per invocation).

Fix is one line: preserve the last non-null cursor across pages.

cursor=response.cursor??cursor;

This mirrors how runtime.ts:665 and runtime.ts:811 already treat incremental loads.

Test plan

• packages/core/src/runtime/helpers.test.ts — added regression tests covering the trailing-empty-page case, multi-page traversal, and incremental loads that return zero new events. Verified the new tests fail against main (cursor is null instead of the expected last cursor) and pass with the one-line fix.
• CI green

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.030s (-30.6% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.976s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.030s (-31.2% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.975s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.047s (-18.3% 🟢)	1.013s (~)	0.965s	10	1.59x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.052s (-45.2% 🟢)	1.013s (-2.9%)	0.961s	10	1.75x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.303s (-26.0% 🟢)	2.103s (-16.2% 🟢)	1.800s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.321s (+36.2% 🔺)	2.500s (+17.0% 🔺)	2.179s	10	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.069s (-5.0%)	2.006s (~)	0.936s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.069s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.937s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.080s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.928s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.087s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.924s	10	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.632s (-58.1% 🟢)	3.589s (-39.3% 🟢)	1.956s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.699s (-9.4% 🟢)	3.829s (+0.6%)	2.130s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	10.408s (-5.1% 🟢)	11.015s (~)	0.607s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.414s (-4.2%)	11.018s (~)	0.604s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	10.415s (-4.6%)	11.022s (~)	0.607s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.439s (-4.6%)	11.021s (~)	0.582s	3	1.00x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	13.421s (-21.0% 🟢)	15.491s (-22.6% 🟢)	2.070s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	13.639s (-42.5% 🟢)	15.456s (-38.5% 🟢)	1.817s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	13.429s (-10.3% 🟢)	14.027s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.598s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.433s (-10.8% 🟢)	14.026s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.593s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.471s (-7.6% 🟢)	14.016s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.546s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.504s (-7.5% 🟢)	14.018s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.515s	5	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	23.011s (-54.3% 🟢)	25.176s (-52.1% 🟢)	2.165s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	25.134s (-61.0% 🟢)	27.141s (-59.3% 🟢)	2.007s	3	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	11.872s (-15.2% 🟢)	12.016s (-17.7% 🟢)	0.144s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.873s (-29.3% 🟢)	12.021s (-29.4% 🟢)	0.147s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	11.886s (-28.4% 🟢)	12.147s (-28.7% 🟢)	0.261s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.077s (-13.5% 🟢)	12.644s (-11.6% 🟢)	0.566s	8	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	28.335s (-93.3% 🟢)	30.639s (-92.8% 🟢)	2.304s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	32.259s (-73.4% 🟢)	35.048s (-71.7% 🟢)	2.789s	3	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.146s (-9.1% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.862s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.148s (-10.0% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.860s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.169s (-21.5% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.837s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.170s (-28.3% 🟢)	2.006s (-3.3%)	0.836s	15	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.895s (+2.7%)	4.451s (+3.0%)	1.555s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.961s (+38.5% 🔺)	5.418s (+17.2% 🔺)	1.457s	8	1.37x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.202s (-48.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.805s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.206s (-48.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.801s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.718s (-41.8% 🟢)	2.005s (-41.9% 🟢)	0.287s	15	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.745s (-44.5% 🟢)	2.005s (-48.4% 🟢)	0.260s	15	1.45x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.983s (-1.7%)	5.466s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.483s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.901s (+35.4% 🔺)	7.138s (+39.7% 🔺)	2.237s	5	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.327s (-61.9% 🟢)	2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.682s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.328s (-61.8% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.678s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	4.788s (-42.7% 🟢)	5.347s (-40.7% 🟢)	0.560s	6	3.61x
💻 Local	Express	4.833s (-42.0% 🟢)	5.344s (-40.8% 🟢)	0.511s	6	3.64x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.721s (+34.9% 🔺)	8.050s (+31.4% 🔺)	2.329s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	7.040s (+99.7% 🔺)	9.183s (+65.9% 🔺)	2.143s	4	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.148s (-8.7% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.859s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.149s (-8.6% 🟢)	2.009s (~)	0.859s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.405s (-25.8% 🟢)	2.006s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.601s	15	1.22x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.438s (-22.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.568s	15	1.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.441s (-0.7%)	3.745s (-10.2% 🟢)	1.304s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.873s (+11.3% 🔺)	4.586s (+5.4% 🔺)	1.713s	7	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.211s (-48.3% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.797s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.217s (-48.0% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.791s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.961s (-37.4% 🟢)	2.392s (-36.4% 🟢)	0.431s	13	1.62x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.975s (-35.6% 🟢)	2.507s (-35.5% 🟢)	0.532s	12	1.63x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.485s (+7.8% 🔺)	5.149s (+1.4%)	1.664s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.487s (+9.2% 🔺)	5.457s (+13.9% 🔺)	1.970s	6	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.299s (-62.9% 🟢)	2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.709s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.373s (-60.5% 🟢)	2.009s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.636s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	4.832s (-45.1% 🟢)	5.512s (-40.6% 🟢)	0.679s	6	3.72x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.673s (-38.0% 🟢)	6.017s (-40.0% 🟢)	0.344s	5	4.37x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.430s (+6.6% 🔺)	7.082s (+3.9%)	1.652s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.328s (-1.4%)	8.217s (~)	1.889s	4	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.431s (-48.6% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.6%)	0.575s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.450s (-45.1% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.556s	60	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	0.464s (-52.8% 🟢)	1.004s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.540s	60	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.496s (-49.4% 🟢)	1.004s (-8.2% 🟢)	0.508s	60	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.792s (-74.8% 🟢)	6.495s (-69.6% 🟢)	1.703s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.893s (-77.8% 🟢)	6.665s (-72.3% 🟢)	1.772s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.021s (-48.3% 🟢)	1.507s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.486s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.087s (-43.6% 🟢)	1.807s (-14.0% 🟢)	0.720s	50	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	1.174s (-61.1% 🟢)	2.006s (-44.1% 🟢)	0.832s	45	1.15x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.200s (-60.5% 🟢)	2.006s (-46.6% 🟢)	0.806s	45	1.18x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	12.397s (-64.1% 🟢)	14.627s (-60.3% 🟢)	2.230s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	13.354s (-66.2% 🟢)	15.339s (-62.9% 🟢)	1.985s	6	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.172s (-45.6% 🟢)	2.660s (-39.1% 🟢)	0.488s	46	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.185s (-46.8% 🟢)	2.984s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.799s	41	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	2.691s (-70.8% 🟢)	3.058s (-69.5% 🟢)	0.366s	40	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.751s (-70.4% 🟢)	3.082s (-69.2% 🟢)	0.331s	40	1.27x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	25.727s (-73.5% 🟢)	27.813s (-71.7% 🟢)	2.087s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	25.761s (-80.2% 🟢)	28.379s (-78.5% 🟢)	2.618s	5	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.174s (-38.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.832s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.187s (-34.0% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.819s	60	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	0.394s (-29.7% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.610s	60	2.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.409s (-32.4% 🟢)	1.004s (-1.7%)	0.595s	60	2.35x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.841s (+45.4% 🔺)	4.564s (+25.5% 🔺)	1.723s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.843s (+71.2% 🔺)	4.428s (+32.1% 🔺)	1.585s	14	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.304s (-40.3% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.702s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.308s (-37.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.698s	90	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.130s (-16.1% 🟢)	2.852s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.722s	32	7.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.148s (-14.6% 🟢)	2.686s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.538s	34	7.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.408s (+67.7% 🔺)	6.773s (+40.5% 🔺)	1.365s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.688s (+86.7% 🔺)	7.502s (+56.1% 🔺)	1.814s	13	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.598s (-27.0% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.1%)	0.408s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.636s (-19.6% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.370s	120	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	9.968s (-10.9% 🟢)	10.612s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.644s	12	16.67x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.253s (-8.4% 🟢)	10.864s (-6.9% 🟢)	0.611s	12	17.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.353s (+72.9% 🔺)	15.039s (+60.0% 🔺)	1.685s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	15.057s (+102.9% 🔺)	17.293s (+87.1% 🔺)	2.235s	7	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.130s (+450.9% 🔺)	2.001s (+100.4% 🔺)	0.001s (-31.3% 🟢)	2.010s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.880s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.131s (+429.1% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.012s (-2.4%)	2.019s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.889s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.139s (+455.4% 🔺)	2.002s (+100.3% 🔺)	0.001s (-13.3% 🟢)	2.011s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.873s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.142s (+473.7% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.011s (-10.7% 🟢)	2.018s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.876s	10	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.187s (-12.7% 🟢)	3.585s (-12.3% 🟢)	1.442s (+50.1% 🔺)	5.537s (-1.0%)	3.351s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.195s (-42.7% 🟢)	3.298s (-37.5% 🟢)	2.196s (+195.9% 🔺)	5.945s (-8.3% 🟢)	3.751s	10	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.498s (+137.8% 🔺)	2.004s (+99.1% 🔺)	0.004s (+2.7%)	2.027s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.529s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.516s (+100.2% 🔺)	2.010s (+95.4% 🔺)	0.010s (+8.7% 🔺)	2.023s (+94.5% 🔺)	0.507s	30	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.533s (+145.7% 🔺)	2.003s (+99.0% 🔺)	0.004s (-1.7%)	2.025s (+98.0% 🔺)	0.491s	30	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.717s (+104.7% 🔺)	2.011s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.010s (+2.5%)	2.201s (+97.3% 🔺)	0.485s	28	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.929s (-79.9% 🟢)	7.076s (-77.0% 🟢)	0.213s (+90.6% 🔺)	7.799s (-75.5% 🟢)	1.870s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.020s (-7.4% 🟢)	7.497s (-6.4% 🟢)	0.260s (-36.4% 🟢)	8.290s (-6.2% 🟢)	2.269s	8	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.645s (-32.9% 🟢)	1.051s (-17.8% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.060s (-18.9% 🟢)	0.415s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.724s (-25.3% 🟢)	1.048s (-16.0% 🟢)	0.000s (+110.5% 🔺)	1.060s (-15.7% 🟢)	0.336s	57	1.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.343s (+9.9% 🔺)	2.014s (~)	0.000s (+133.3% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.673s	30	2.08x
💻 Local	Express	1.377s (+12.4% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.000s (-30.0% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.640s	30	2.14x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.529s (-5.7% 🟢)	4.866s (-4.6%)	0.002s (+816.7% 🔺)	5.349s (-3.3%)	1.821s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.797s (+24.5% 🔺)	4.891s (+11.3% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.324s (+10.7% 🔺)	1.527s	12	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.317s (-25.7% 🟢)	1.964s (-9.8% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.992s (-9.4% 🟢)	0.675s	31	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.380s (-23.0% 🟢)	2.066s (-3.5%)	0.000s (+93.1% 🔺)	2.102s (-3.3%)	0.722s	29	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.123s (-7.8% 🟢)	3.843s (-4.7%)	0.001s (+28.9% 🔺)	3.846s (-4.7%)	0.724s	16	2.37x
💻 Local	Express	3.356s (-3.2%)	3.906s (-3.2%)	0.001s (-21.9% 🟢)	3.911s (-3.1%)	0.556s	16	2.55x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.493s (+19.7% 🔺)	6.851s (+13.8% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	7.366s (+14.1% 🔺)	1.873s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.682s (+38.8% 🔺)	6.969s (+29.7% 🔺)	0.001s (+144.4% 🔺)	7.414s (+28.0% 🔺)	1.732s	9	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	14/21
🐘 Postgres	Express	19/21
▲ Vercel	Nitro	12/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	18/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	16/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

---

❌ Some benchmark jobs failed:

• Local: success
• Postgres: success
• Vercel: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1200	0	219	1419
✅ 💻 Local Development	1587	0	219	1806
✅ 📦 Local Production	1587	0	219	1806
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1587	0	219	1806
✅ 🪟 Windows	129	0	0	129
✅ 📋 Other	727	0	176	903
Total	6817	0	1052	7869

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	103	0	26
✅ example	103	0	26
✅ express	103	0	26
✅ fastify	103	0	26
✅ hono	103	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	127	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	127	0	2
✅ nitro	103	0	26
✅ nuxt	103	0	26
✅ sveltekit	122	0	7
✅ vite	103	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	104	0	25
✅ express-stable	104	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	104	0	25
✅ hono-stable	104	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	104	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	104	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	123	0	6
✅ vite-stable	104	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	104	0	25
✅ express-stable	104	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	104	0	25
✅ hono-stable	104	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	104	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	104	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	123	0	6
✅ vite-stable	104	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	104	0	25
✅ express-stable	104	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	104	0	25
✅ hono-stable	104	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	104	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	104	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	123	0	6
✅ vite-stable	104	0	25

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	129	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	104	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	103	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 96a9fc8

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

Backport PR opened against stable: #2076. Merge conflicts were resolved by AI — please review carefully. (backport job run)

[VaguelySerious]

Summary

The V2 runtime's loadWorkflowRunEvents helper paginates through world.events.list and overwrites its cursor variable on every page. When the final page is empty (data: [], cursor: null, hasMore: false), the helper returns cursor: null despite having loaded events — which trips the cachedEvents ≠ null + eventsCursor = null branch in runtime.ts, logs Event cursor missing after initial load — falling back to full reload. This indicates a bug in the World implementation., and forces a full event reload on every subsequent replay iteration.

The trailing empty page is a normal, contract-compliant response, not a World bug. workflow-server can produce it whenever an underlying DynamoDB Query hits its Limit exactly — DynamoDB returns LastEvaluatedKey "just in case", the server passes that through as hasMore: true, and the next call returns an empty page. This is observable in production (38 distinct runs in 24h on agents-vade-review alone, each logging the warning multiple times per invocation).

Fix is one line: preserve the last non-null cursor across pages.

cursor=response.cursor??cursor;

This mirrors how runtime.ts:665 and runtime.ts:811 already treat incremental loads.

Test plan

• packages/core/src/runtime/helpers.test.ts — added regression tests covering the trailing-empty-page case, multi-page traversal, and incremental loads that return zero new events. Verified the new tests fail against main (cursor is null instead of the expected last cursor) and pass with the one-line fix.
• CI green

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.030s (-30.6% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.976s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.030s (-31.2% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.975s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.047s (-18.3% 🟢)	1.013s (~)	0.965s	10	1.59x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.052s (-45.2% 🟢)	1.013s (-2.9%)	0.961s	10	1.75x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.303s (-26.0% 🟢)	2.103s (-16.2% 🟢)	1.800s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.321s (+36.2% 🔺)	2.500s (+17.0% 🔺)	2.179s	10	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.069s (-5.0%)	2.006s (~)	0.936s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.069s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.937s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.080s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.928s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.087s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.924s	10	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.632s (-58.1% 🟢)	3.589s (-39.3% 🟢)	1.956s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.699s (-9.4% 🟢)	3.829s (+0.6%)	2.130s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	10.408s (-5.1% 🟢)	11.015s (~)	0.607s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.414s (-4.2%)	11.018s (~)	0.604s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	10.415s (-4.6%)	11.022s (~)	0.607s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.439s (-4.6%)	11.021s (~)	0.582s	3	1.00x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	13.421s (-21.0% 🟢)	15.491s (-22.6% 🟢)	2.070s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	13.639s (-42.5% 🟢)	15.456s (-38.5% 🟢)	1.817s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	13.429s (-10.3% 🟢)	14.027s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.598s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.433s (-10.8% 🟢)	14.026s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.593s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.471s (-7.6% 🟢)	14.016s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.546s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.504s (-7.5% 🟢)	14.018s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.515s	5	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	23.011s (-54.3% 🟢)	25.176s (-52.1% 🟢)	2.165s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	25.134s (-61.0% 🟢)	27.141s (-59.3% 🟢)	2.007s	3	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	11.872s (-15.2% 🟢)	12.016s (-17.7% 🟢)	0.144s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.873s (-29.3% 🟢)	12.021s (-29.4% 🟢)	0.147s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	11.886s (-28.4% 🟢)	12.147s (-28.7% 🟢)	0.261s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.077s (-13.5% 🟢)	12.644s (-11.6% 🟢)	0.566s	8	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	28.335s (-93.3% 🟢)	30.639s (-92.8% 🟢)	2.304s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	32.259s (-73.4% 🟢)	35.048s (-71.7% 🟢)	2.789s	3	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.146s (-9.1% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.862s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.148s (-10.0% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.860s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.169s (-21.5% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.837s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.170s (-28.3% 🟢)	2.006s (-3.3%)	0.836s	15	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.895s (+2.7%)	4.451s (+3.0%)	1.555s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.961s (+38.5% 🔺)	5.418s (+17.2% 🔺)	1.457s	8	1.37x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.202s (-48.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.805s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.206s (-48.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.801s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.718s (-41.8% 🟢)	2.005s (-41.9% 🟢)	0.287s	15	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.745s (-44.5% 🟢)	2.005s (-48.4% 🟢)	0.260s	15	1.45x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.983s (-1.7%)	5.466s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.483s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.901s (+35.4% 🔺)	7.138s (+39.7% 🔺)	2.237s	5	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.327s (-61.9% 🟢)	2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.682s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.328s (-61.8% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.678s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	4.788s (-42.7% 🟢)	5.347s (-40.7% 🟢)	0.560s	6	3.61x
💻 Local	Express	4.833s (-42.0% 🟢)	5.344s (-40.8% 🟢)	0.511s	6	3.64x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.721s (+34.9% 🔺)	8.050s (+31.4% 🔺)	2.329s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	7.040s (+99.7% 🔺)	9.183s (+65.9% 🔺)	2.143s	4	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.148s (-8.7% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.859s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.149s (-8.6% 🟢)	2.009s (~)	0.859s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.405s (-25.8% 🟢)	2.006s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.601s	15	1.22x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.438s (-22.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.568s	15	1.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.441s (-0.7%)	3.745s (-10.2% 🟢)	1.304s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.873s (+11.3% 🔺)	4.586s (+5.4% 🔺)	1.713s	7	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.211s (-48.3% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.797s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.217s (-48.0% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.791s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.961s (-37.4% 🟢)	2.392s (-36.4% 🟢)	0.431s	13	1.62x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.975s (-35.6% 🟢)	2.507s (-35.5% 🟢)	0.532s	12	1.63x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.485s (+7.8% 🔺)	5.149s (+1.4%)	1.664s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.487s (+9.2% 🔺)	5.457s (+13.9% 🔺)	1.970s	6	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.299s (-62.9% 🟢)	2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.709s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.373s (-60.5% 🟢)	2.009s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.636s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	4.832s (-45.1% 🟢)	5.512s (-40.6% 🟢)	0.679s	6	3.72x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.673s (-38.0% 🟢)	6.017s (-40.0% 🟢)	0.344s	5	4.37x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.430s (+6.6% 🔺)	7.082s (+3.9%)	1.652s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.328s (-1.4%)	8.217s (~)	1.889s	4	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.431s (-48.6% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.6%)	0.575s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.450s (-45.1% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.556s	60	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	0.464s (-52.8% 🟢)	1.004s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.540s	60	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.496s (-49.4% 🟢)	1.004s (-8.2% 🟢)	0.508s	60	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.792s (-74.8% 🟢)	6.495s (-69.6% 🟢)	1.703s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.893s (-77.8% 🟢)	6.665s (-72.3% 🟢)	1.772s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.021s (-48.3% 🟢)	1.507s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.486s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.087s (-43.6% 🟢)	1.807s (-14.0% 🟢)	0.720s	50	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	1.174s (-61.1% 🟢)	2.006s (-44.1% 🟢)	0.832s	45	1.15x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.200s (-60.5% 🟢)	2.006s (-46.6% 🟢)	0.806s	45	1.18x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	12.397s (-64.1% 🟢)	14.627s (-60.3% 🟢)	2.230s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	13.354s (-66.2% 🟢)	15.339s (-62.9% 🟢)	1.985s	6	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.172s (-45.6% 🟢)	2.660s (-39.1% 🟢)	0.488s	46	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.185s (-46.8% 🟢)	2.984s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.799s	41	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	2.691s (-70.8% 🟢)	3.058s (-69.5% 🟢)	0.366s	40	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.751s (-70.4% 🟢)	3.082s (-69.2% 🟢)	0.331s	40	1.27x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	25.727s (-73.5% 🟢)	27.813s (-71.7% 🟢)	2.087s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	25.761s (-80.2% 🟢)	28.379s (-78.5% 🟢)	2.618s	5	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.174s (-38.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.832s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.187s (-34.0% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.819s	60	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	0.394s (-29.7% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.610s	60	2.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.409s (-32.4% 🟢)	1.004s (-1.7%)	0.595s	60	2.35x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.841s (+45.4% 🔺)	4.564s (+25.5% 🔺)	1.723s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.843s (+71.2% 🔺)	4.428s (+32.1% 🔺)	1.585s	14	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.304s (-40.3% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.702s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.308s (-37.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.698s	90	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.130s (-16.1% 🟢)	2.852s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.722s	32	7.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.148s (-14.6% 🟢)	2.686s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.538s	34	7.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.408s (+67.7% 🔺)	6.773s (+40.5% 🔺)	1.365s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.688s (+86.7% 🔺)	7.502s (+56.1% 🔺)	1.814s	13	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.598s (-27.0% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.1%)	0.408s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.636s (-19.6% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.370s	120	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	9.968s (-10.9% 🟢)	10.612s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.644s	12	16.67x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.253s (-8.4% 🟢)	10.864s (-6.9% 🟢)	0.611s	12	17.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.353s (+72.9% 🔺)	15.039s (+60.0% 🔺)	1.685s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	15.057s (+102.9% 🔺)	17.293s (+87.1% 🔺)	2.235s	7	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.130s (+450.9% 🔺)	2.001s (+100.4% 🔺)	0.001s (-31.3% 🟢)	2.010s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.880s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.131s (+429.1% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.012s (-2.4%)	2.019s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.889s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.139s (+455.4% 🔺)	2.002s (+100.3% 🔺)	0.001s (-13.3% 🟢)	2.011s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.873s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.142s (+473.7% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.011s (-10.7% 🟢)	2.018s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.876s	10	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.187s (-12.7% 🟢)	3.585s (-12.3% 🟢)	1.442s (+50.1% 🔺)	5.537s (-1.0%)	3.351s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.195s (-42.7% 🟢)	3.298s (-37.5% 🟢)	2.196s (+195.9% 🔺)	5.945s (-8.3% 🟢)	3.751s	10	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.498s (+137.8% 🔺)	2.004s (+99.1% 🔺)	0.004s (+2.7%)	2.027s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.529s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.516s (+100.2% 🔺)	2.010s (+95.4% 🔺)	0.010s (+8.7% 🔺)	2.023s (+94.5% 🔺)	0.507s	30	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.533s (+145.7% 🔺)	2.003s (+99.0% 🔺)	0.004s (-1.7%)	2.025s (+98.0% 🔺)	0.491s	30	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.717s (+104.7% 🔺)	2.011s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.010s (+2.5%)	2.201s (+97.3% 🔺)	0.485s	28	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.929s (-79.9% 🟢)	7.076s (-77.0% 🟢)	0.213s (+90.6% 🔺)	7.799s (-75.5% 🟢)	1.870s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.020s (-7.4% 🟢)	7.497s (-6.4% 🟢)	0.260s (-36.4% 🟢)	8.290s (-6.2% 🟢)	2.269s	8	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.645s (-32.9% 🟢)	1.051s (-17.8% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.060s (-18.9% 🟢)	0.415s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.724s (-25.3% 🟢)	1.048s (-16.0% 🟢)	0.000s (+110.5% 🔺)	1.060s (-15.7% 🟢)	0.336s	57	1.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.343s (+9.9% 🔺)	2.014s (~)	0.000s (+133.3% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.673s	30	2.08x
💻 Local	Express	1.377s (+12.4% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.000s (-30.0% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.640s	30	2.14x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.529s (-5.7% 🟢)	4.866s (-4.6%)	0.002s (+816.7% 🔺)	5.349s (-3.3%)	1.821s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.797s (+24.5% 🔺)	4.891s (+11.3% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.324s (+10.7% 🔺)	1.527s	12	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.317s (-25.7% 🟢)	1.964s (-9.8% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.992s (-9.4% 🟢)	0.675s	31	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.380s (-23.0% 🟢)	2.066s (-3.5%)	0.000s (+93.1% 🔺)	2.102s (-3.3%)	0.722s	29	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.123s (-7.8% 🟢)	3.843s (-4.7%)	0.001s (+28.9% 🔺)	3.846s (-4.7%)	0.724s	16	2.37x
💻 Local	Express	3.356s (-3.2%)	3.906s (-3.2%)	0.001s (-21.9% 🟢)	3.911s (-3.1%)	0.556s	16	2.55x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.493s (+19.7% 🔺)	6.851s (+13.8% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	7.366s (+14.1% 🔺)	1.873s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.682s (+38.8% 🔺)	6.969s (+29.7% 🔺)	0.001s (+144.4% 🔺)	7.414s (+28.0% 🔺)	1.732s	9	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	14/21
🐘 Postgres	Express	19/21
▲ Vercel	Nitro	12/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	18/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	16/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

---

❌ Some benchmark jobs failed:

• Local: success
• Postgres: success
• Vercel: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1200	0	219	1419
✅ 💻 Local Development	1587	0	219	1806
✅ 📦 Local Production	1587	0	219	1806
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1587	0	219	1806
✅ 🪟 Windows	129	0	0	129
✅ 📋 Other	727	0	176	903
Total	6817	0	1052	7869

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	103	0	26
✅ example	103	0	26
✅ express	103	0	26
✅ fastify	103	0	26
✅ hono	103	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	127	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	127	0	2
✅ nitro	103	0	26
✅ nuxt	103	0	26
✅ sveltekit	122	0	7
✅ vite	103	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	104	0	25
✅ express-stable	104	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	104	0	25
✅ hono-stable	104	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	104	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	104	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	123	0	6
✅ vite-stable	104	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	104	0	25
✅ express-stable	104	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	104	0	25
✅ hono-stable	104	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	104	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	104	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	123	0	6
✅ vite-stable	104	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	104	0	25
✅ express-stable	104	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	104	0	25
✅ hono-stable	104	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	104	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	104	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	123	0	6
✅ vite-stable	104	0	25

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	129	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	104	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	103	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 96a9fc8

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

Backport PR opened against stable: #2076. Merge conflicts were resolved by AI — please review carefully. (backport job run)

[VaguelySerious]

Summary

The V2 runtime's loadWorkflowRunEvents helper paginates through world.events.list and overwrites its cursor variable on every page. When the final page is empty (data: [], cursor: null, hasMore: false), the helper returns cursor: null despite having loaded events — which trips the cachedEvents ≠ null + eventsCursor = null branch in runtime.ts, logs Event cursor missing after initial load — falling back to full reload. This indicates a bug in the World implementation., and forces a full event reload on every subsequent replay iteration.

The trailing empty page is a normal, contract-compliant response, not a World bug. workflow-server can produce it whenever an underlying DynamoDB Query hits its Limit exactly — DynamoDB returns LastEvaluatedKey "just in case", the server passes that through as hasMore: true, and the next call returns an empty page. This is observable in production (38 distinct runs in 24h on agents-vade-review alone, each logging the warning multiple times per invocation).

Fix is one line: preserve the last non-null cursor across pages.

cursor=response.cursor??cursor;

This mirrors how runtime.ts:665 and runtime.ts:811 already treat incremental loads.

Test plan

• packages/core/src/runtime/helpers.test.ts — added regression tests covering the trailing-empty-page case, multi-page traversal, and incremental loads that return zero new events. Verified the new tests fail against main (cursor is null instead of the expected last cursor) and pass with the one-line fix.
• CI green

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.030s (-30.6% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.976s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.030s (-31.2% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.975s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.047s (-18.3% 🟢)	1.013s (~)	0.965s	10	1.59x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.052s (-45.2% 🟢)	1.013s (-2.9%)	0.961s	10	1.75x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.303s (-26.0% 🟢)	2.103s (-16.2% 🟢)	1.800s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.321s (+36.2% 🔺)	2.500s (+17.0% 🔺)	2.179s	10	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.069s (-5.0%)	2.006s (~)	0.936s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.069s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.937s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.080s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.928s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.087s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.924s	10	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.632s (-58.1% 🟢)	3.589s (-39.3% 🟢)	1.956s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.699s (-9.4% 🟢)	3.829s (+0.6%)	2.130s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	10.408s (-5.1% 🟢)	11.015s (~)	0.607s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.414s (-4.2%)	11.018s (~)	0.604s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	10.415s (-4.6%)	11.022s (~)	0.607s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.439s (-4.6%)	11.021s (~)	0.582s	3	1.00x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	13.421s (-21.0% 🟢)	15.491s (-22.6% 🟢)	2.070s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	13.639s (-42.5% 🟢)	15.456s (-38.5% 🟢)	1.817s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	13.429s (-10.3% 🟢)	14.027s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.598s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.433s (-10.8% 🟢)	14.026s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.593s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.471s (-7.6% 🟢)	14.016s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.546s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.504s (-7.5% 🟢)	14.018s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.515s	5	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	23.011s (-54.3% 🟢)	25.176s (-52.1% 🟢)	2.165s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	25.134s (-61.0% 🟢)	27.141s (-59.3% 🟢)	2.007s	3	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	11.872s (-15.2% 🟢)	12.016s (-17.7% 🟢)	0.144s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.873s (-29.3% 🟢)	12.021s (-29.4% 🟢)	0.147s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	11.886s (-28.4% 🟢)	12.147s (-28.7% 🟢)	0.261s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.077s (-13.5% 🟢)	12.644s (-11.6% 🟢)	0.566s	8	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	28.335s (-93.3% 🟢)	30.639s (-92.8% 🟢)	2.304s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	32.259s (-73.4% 🟢)	35.048s (-71.7% 🟢)	2.789s	3	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.146s (-9.1% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.862s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.148s (-10.0% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.860s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.169s (-21.5% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.837s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.170s (-28.3% 🟢)	2.006s (-3.3%)	0.836s	15	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.895s (+2.7%)	4.451s (+3.0%)	1.555s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.961s (+38.5% 🔺)	5.418s (+17.2% 🔺)	1.457s	8	1.37x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.202s (-48.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.805s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.206s (-48.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.801s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.718s (-41.8% 🟢)	2.005s (-41.9% 🟢)	0.287s	15	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.745s (-44.5% 🟢)	2.005s (-48.4% 🟢)	0.260s	15	1.45x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.983s (-1.7%)	5.466s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.483s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.901s (+35.4% 🔺)	7.138s (+39.7% 🔺)	2.237s	5	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.327s (-61.9% 🟢)	2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.682s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.328s (-61.8% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.678s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	4.788s (-42.7% 🟢)	5.347s (-40.7% 🟢)	0.560s	6	3.61x
💻 Local	Express	4.833s (-42.0% 🟢)	5.344s (-40.8% 🟢)	0.511s	6	3.64x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.721s (+34.9% 🔺)	8.050s (+31.4% 🔺)	2.329s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	7.040s (+99.7% 🔺)	9.183s (+65.9% 🔺)	2.143s	4	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.148s (-8.7% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.859s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.149s (-8.6% 🟢)	2.009s (~)	0.859s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.405s (-25.8% 🟢)	2.006s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.601s	15	1.22x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.438s (-22.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.568s	15	1.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.441s (-0.7%)	3.745s (-10.2% 🟢)	1.304s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.873s (+11.3% 🔺)	4.586s (+5.4% 🔺)	1.713s	7	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.211s (-48.3% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.797s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.217s (-48.0% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.791s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.961s (-37.4% 🟢)	2.392s (-36.4% 🟢)	0.431s	13	1.62x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.975s (-35.6% 🟢)	2.507s (-35.5% 🟢)	0.532s	12	1.63x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.485s (+7.8% 🔺)	5.149s (+1.4%)	1.664s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.487s (+9.2% 🔺)	5.457s (+13.9% 🔺)	1.970s	6	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.299s (-62.9% 🟢)	2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.709s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.373s (-60.5% 🟢)	2.009s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.636s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	4.832s (-45.1% 🟢)	5.512s (-40.6% 🟢)	0.679s	6	3.72x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.673s (-38.0% 🟢)	6.017s (-40.0% 🟢)	0.344s	5	4.37x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.430s (+6.6% 🔺)	7.082s (+3.9%)	1.652s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.328s (-1.4%)	8.217s (~)	1.889s	4	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.431s (-48.6% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.6%)	0.575s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.450s (-45.1% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.556s	60	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	0.464s (-52.8% 🟢)	1.004s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.540s	60	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.496s (-49.4% 🟢)	1.004s (-8.2% 🟢)	0.508s	60	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.792s (-74.8% 🟢)	6.495s (-69.6% 🟢)	1.703s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.893s (-77.8% 🟢)	6.665s (-72.3% 🟢)	1.772s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.021s (-48.3% 🟢)	1.507s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.486s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.087s (-43.6% 🟢)	1.807s (-14.0% 🟢)	0.720s	50	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	1.174s (-61.1% 🟢)	2.006s (-44.1% 🟢)	0.832s	45	1.15x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.200s (-60.5% 🟢)	2.006s (-46.6% 🟢)	0.806s	45	1.18x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	12.397s (-64.1% 🟢)	14.627s (-60.3% 🟢)	2.230s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	13.354s (-66.2% 🟢)	15.339s (-62.9% 🟢)	1.985s	6	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.172s (-45.6% 🟢)	2.660s (-39.1% 🟢)	0.488s	46	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.185s (-46.8% 🟢)	2.984s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.799s	41	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	2.691s (-70.8% 🟢)	3.058s (-69.5% 🟢)	0.366s	40	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.751s (-70.4% 🟢)	3.082s (-69.2% 🟢)	0.331s	40	1.27x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	25.727s (-73.5% 🟢)	27.813s (-71.7% 🟢)	2.087s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	25.761s (-80.2% 🟢)	28.379s (-78.5% 🟢)	2.618s	5	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.174s (-38.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.832s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.187s (-34.0% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.819s	60	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	0.394s (-29.7% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.610s	60	2.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.409s (-32.4% 🟢)	1.004s (-1.7%)	0.595s	60	2.35x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.841s (+45.4% 🔺)	4.564s (+25.5% 🔺)	1.723s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.843s (+71.2% 🔺)	4.428s (+32.1% 🔺)	1.585s	14	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.304s (-40.3% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.702s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.308s (-37.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.698s	90	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.130s (-16.1% 🟢)	2.852s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.722s	32	7.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.148s (-14.6% 🟢)	2.686s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.538s	34	7.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.408s (+67.7% 🔺)	6.773s (+40.5% 🔺)	1.365s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.688s (+86.7% 🔺)	7.502s (+56.1% 🔺)	1.814s	13	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.598s (-27.0% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.1%)	0.408s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.636s (-19.6% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.370s	120	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	9.968s (-10.9% 🟢)	10.612s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.644s	12	16.67x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.253s (-8.4% 🟢)	10.864s (-6.9% 🟢)	0.611s	12	17.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.353s (+72.9% 🔺)	15.039s (+60.0% 🔺)	1.685s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	15.057s (+102.9% 🔺)	17.293s (+87.1% 🔺)	2.235s	7	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.130s (+450.9% 🔺)	2.001s (+100.4% 🔺)	0.001s (-31.3% 🟢)	2.010s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.880s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.131s (+429.1% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.012s (-2.4%)	2.019s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.889s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.139s (+455.4% 🔺)	2.002s (+100.3% 🔺)	0.001s (-13.3% 🟢)	2.011s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.873s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.142s (+473.7% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.011s (-10.7% 🟢)	2.018s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.876s	10	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.187s (-12.7% 🟢)	3.585s (-12.3% 🟢)	1.442s (+50.1% 🔺)	5.537s (-1.0%)	3.351s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.195s (-42.7% 🟢)	3.298s (-37.5% 🟢)	2.196s (+195.9% 🔺)	5.945s (-8.3% 🟢)	3.751s	10	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.498s (+137.8% 🔺)	2.004s (+99.1% 🔺)	0.004s (+2.7%)	2.027s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.529s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.516s (+100.2% 🔺)	2.010s (+95.4% 🔺)	0.010s (+8.7% 🔺)	2.023s (+94.5% 🔺)	0.507s	30	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.533s (+145.7% 🔺)	2.003s (+99.0% 🔺)	0.004s (-1.7%)	2.025s (+98.0% 🔺)	0.491s	30	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.717s (+104.7% 🔺)	2.011s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.010s (+2.5%)	2.201s (+97.3% 🔺)	0.485s	28	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.929s (-79.9% 🟢)	7.076s (-77.0% 🟢)	0.213s (+90.6% 🔺)	7.799s (-75.5% 🟢)	1.870s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.020s (-7.4% 🟢)	7.497s (-6.4% 🟢)	0.260s (-36.4% 🟢)	8.290s (-6.2% 🟢)	2.269s	8	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.645s (-32.9% 🟢)	1.051s (-17.8% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.060s (-18.9% 🟢)	0.415s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.724s (-25.3% 🟢)	1.048s (-16.0% 🟢)	0.000s (+110.5% 🔺)	1.060s (-15.7% 🟢)	0.336s	57	1.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.343s (+9.9% 🔺)	2.014s (~)	0.000s (+133.3% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.673s	30	2.08x
💻 Local	Express	1.377s (+12.4% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.000s (-30.0% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.640s	30	2.14x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.529s (-5.7% 🟢)	4.866s (-4.6%)	0.002s (+816.7% 🔺)	5.349s (-3.3%)	1.821s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.797s (+24.5% 🔺)	4.891s (+11.3% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.324s (+10.7% 🔺)	1.527s	12	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.317s (-25.7% 🟢)	1.964s (-9.8% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.992s (-9.4% 🟢)	0.675s	31	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.380s (-23.0% 🟢)	2.066s (-3.5%)	0.000s (+93.1% 🔺)	2.102s (-3.3%)	0.722s	29	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.123s (-7.8% 🟢)	3.843s (-4.7%)	0.001s (+28.9% 🔺)	3.846s (-4.7%)	0.724s	16	2.37x
💻 Local	Express	3.356s (-3.2%)	3.906s (-3.2%)	0.001s (-21.9% 🟢)	3.911s (-3.1%)	0.556s	16	2.55x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.493s (+19.7% 🔺)	6.851s (+13.8% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	7.366s (+14.1% 🔺)	1.873s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.682s (+38.8% 🔺)	6.969s (+29.7% 🔺)	0.001s (+144.4% 🔺)	7.414s (+28.0% 🔺)	1.732s	9	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	14/21
🐘 Postgres	Express	19/21
▲ Vercel	Nitro	12/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	18/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	16/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

---

❌ Some benchmark jobs failed:

• Local: success
• Postgres: success
• Vercel: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1200	0	219	1419
✅ 💻 Local Development	1587	0	219	1806
✅ 📦 Local Production	1587	0	219	1806
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1587	0	219	1806
✅ 🪟 Windows	129	0	0	129
✅ 📋 Other	727	0	176	903
Total	6817	0	1052	7869

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	103	0	26
✅ example	103	0	26
✅ express	103	0	26
✅ fastify	103	0	26
✅ hono	103	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	127	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	127	0	2
✅ nitro	103	0	26
✅ nuxt	103	0	26
✅ sveltekit	122	0	7
✅ vite	103	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	104	0	25
✅ express-stable	104	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	104	0	25
✅ hono-stable	104	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	104	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	104	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	123	0	6
✅ vite-stable	104	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	104	0	25
✅ express-stable	104	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	104	0	25
✅ hono-stable	104	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	104	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	104	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	123	0	6
✅ vite-stable	104	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	104	0	25
✅ express-stable	104	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	104	0	25
✅ hono-stable	104	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	104	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	104	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	123	0	6
✅ vite-stable	104	0	25

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	129	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	104	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	103	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 96a9fc8

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

Backport PR opened against stable: #2076. Merge conflicts were resolved by AI — please review carefully. (backport job run)

[VaguelySerious]

Summary

The V2 runtime's loadWorkflowRunEvents helper paginates through world.events.list and overwrites its cursor variable on every page. When the final page is empty (data: [], cursor: null, hasMore: false), the helper returns cursor: null despite having loaded events — which trips the cachedEvents ≠ null + eventsCursor = null branch in runtime.ts, logs Event cursor missing after initial load — falling back to full reload. This indicates a bug in the World implementation., and forces a full event reload on every subsequent replay iteration.

The trailing empty page is a normal, contract-compliant response, not a World bug. workflow-server can produce it whenever an underlying DynamoDB Query hits its Limit exactly — DynamoDB returns LastEvaluatedKey "just in case", the server passes that through as hasMore: true, and the next call returns an empty page. This is observable in production (38 distinct runs in 24h on agents-vade-review alone, each logging the warning multiple times per invocation).

Fix is one line: preserve the last non-null cursor across pages.

cursor=response.cursor??cursor;

This mirrors how runtime.ts:665 and runtime.ts:811 already treat incremental loads.

Test plan

• packages/core/src/runtime/helpers.test.ts — added regression tests covering the trailing-empty-page case, multi-page traversal, and incremental loads that return zero new events. Verified the new tests fail against main (cursor is null instead of the expected last cursor) and pass with the one-line fix.
• CI green

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.030s (-30.6% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.976s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.030s (-31.2% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.975s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.047s (-18.3% 🟢)	1.013s (~)	0.965s	10	1.59x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.052s (-45.2% 🟢)	1.013s (-2.9%)	0.961s	10	1.75x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.303s (-26.0% 🟢)	2.103s (-16.2% 🟢)	1.800s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.321s (+36.2% 🔺)	2.500s (+17.0% 🔺)	2.179s	10	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.069s (-5.0%)	2.006s (~)	0.936s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.069s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.937s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.080s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.928s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.087s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.924s	10	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.632s (-58.1% 🟢)	3.589s (-39.3% 🟢)	1.956s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.699s (-9.4% 🟢)	3.829s (+0.6%)	2.130s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	10.408s (-5.1% 🟢)	11.015s (~)	0.607s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.414s (-4.2%)	11.018s (~)	0.604s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	10.415s (-4.6%)	11.022s (~)	0.607s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.439s (-4.6%)	11.021s (~)	0.582s	3	1.00x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	13.421s (-21.0% 🟢)	15.491s (-22.6% 🟢)	2.070s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	13.639s (-42.5% 🟢)	15.456s (-38.5% 🟢)	1.817s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	13.429s (-10.3% 🟢)	14.027s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.598s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.433s (-10.8% 🟢)	14.026s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.593s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.471s (-7.6% 🟢)	14.016s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.546s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.504s (-7.5% 🟢)	14.018s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.515s	5	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	23.011s (-54.3% 🟢)	25.176s (-52.1% 🟢)	2.165s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	25.134s (-61.0% 🟢)	27.141s (-59.3% 🟢)	2.007s	3	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	11.872s (-15.2% 🟢)	12.016s (-17.7% 🟢)	0.144s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.873s (-29.3% 🟢)	12.021s (-29.4% 🟢)	0.147s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	11.886s (-28.4% 🟢)	12.147s (-28.7% 🟢)	0.261s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.077s (-13.5% 🟢)	12.644s (-11.6% 🟢)	0.566s	8	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	28.335s (-93.3% 🟢)	30.639s (-92.8% 🟢)	2.304s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	32.259s (-73.4% 🟢)	35.048s (-71.7% 🟢)	2.789s	3	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.146s (-9.1% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.862s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.148s (-10.0% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.860s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.169s (-21.5% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.837s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.170s (-28.3% 🟢)	2.006s (-3.3%)	0.836s	15	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.895s (+2.7%)	4.451s (+3.0%)	1.555s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.961s (+38.5% 🔺)	5.418s (+17.2% 🔺)	1.457s	8	1.37x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.202s (-48.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.805s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.206s (-48.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.801s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.718s (-41.8% 🟢)	2.005s (-41.9% 🟢)	0.287s	15	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.745s (-44.5% 🟢)	2.005s (-48.4% 🟢)	0.260s	15	1.45x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.983s (-1.7%)	5.466s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.483s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.901s (+35.4% 🔺)	7.138s (+39.7% 🔺)	2.237s	5	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.327s (-61.9% 🟢)	2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.682s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.328s (-61.8% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.678s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	4.788s (-42.7% 🟢)	5.347s (-40.7% 🟢)	0.560s	6	3.61x
💻 Local	Express	4.833s (-42.0% 🟢)	5.344s (-40.8% 🟢)	0.511s	6	3.64x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.721s (+34.9% 🔺)	8.050s (+31.4% 🔺)	2.329s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	7.040s (+99.7% 🔺)	9.183s (+65.9% 🔺)	2.143s	4	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.148s (-8.7% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.859s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.149s (-8.6% 🟢)	2.009s (~)	0.859s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.405s (-25.8% 🟢)	2.006s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.601s	15	1.22x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.438s (-22.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.568s	15	1.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.441s (-0.7%)	3.745s (-10.2% 🟢)	1.304s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.873s (+11.3% 🔺)	4.586s (+5.4% 🔺)	1.713s	7	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.211s (-48.3% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.797s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.217s (-48.0% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.791s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.961s (-37.4% 🟢)	2.392s (-36.4% 🟢)	0.431s	13	1.62x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.975s (-35.6% 🟢)	2.507s (-35.5% 🟢)	0.532s	12	1.63x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.485s (+7.8% 🔺)	5.149s (+1.4%)	1.664s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.487s (+9.2% 🔺)	5.457s (+13.9% 🔺)	1.970s	6	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.299s (-62.9% 🟢)	2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.709s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.373s (-60.5% 🟢)	2.009s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.636s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	4.832s (-45.1% 🟢)	5.512s (-40.6% 🟢)	0.679s	6	3.72x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.673s (-38.0% 🟢)	6.017s (-40.0% 🟢)	0.344s	5	4.37x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.430s (+6.6% 🔺)	7.082s (+3.9%)	1.652s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.328s (-1.4%)	8.217s (~)	1.889s	4	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.431s (-48.6% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.6%)	0.575s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.450s (-45.1% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.556s	60	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	0.464s (-52.8% 🟢)	1.004s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.540s	60	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.496s (-49.4% 🟢)	1.004s (-8.2% 🟢)	0.508s	60	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.792s (-74.8% 🟢)	6.495s (-69.6% 🟢)	1.703s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.893s (-77.8% 🟢)	6.665s (-72.3% 🟢)	1.772s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.021s (-48.3% 🟢)	1.507s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.486s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.087s (-43.6% 🟢)	1.807s (-14.0% 🟢)	0.720s	50	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	1.174s (-61.1% 🟢)	2.006s (-44.1% 🟢)	0.832s	45	1.15x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.200s (-60.5% 🟢)	2.006s (-46.6% 🟢)	0.806s	45	1.18x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	12.397s (-64.1% 🟢)	14.627s (-60.3% 🟢)	2.230s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	13.354s (-66.2% 🟢)	15.339s (-62.9% 🟢)	1.985s	6	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.172s (-45.6% 🟢)	2.660s (-39.1% 🟢)	0.488s	46	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.185s (-46.8% 🟢)	2.984s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.799s	41	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	2.691s (-70.8% 🟢)	3.058s (-69.5% 🟢)	0.366s	40	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.751s (-70.4% 🟢)	3.082s (-69.2% 🟢)	0.331s	40	1.27x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	25.727s (-73.5% 🟢)	27.813s (-71.7% 🟢)	2.087s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	25.761s (-80.2% 🟢)	28.379s (-78.5% 🟢)	2.618s	5	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.174s (-38.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.832s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.187s (-34.0% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.819s	60	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	0.394s (-29.7% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.610s	60	2.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.409s (-32.4% 🟢)	1.004s (-1.7%)	0.595s	60	2.35x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.841s (+45.4% 🔺)	4.564s (+25.5% 🔺)	1.723s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.843s (+71.2% 🔺)	4.428s (+32.1% 🔺)	1.585s	14	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.304s (-40.3% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.702s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.308s (-37.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.698s	90	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.130s (-16.1% 🟢)	2.852s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.722s	32	7.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.148s (-14.6% 🟢)	2.686s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.538s	34	7.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.408s (+67.7% 🔺)	6.773s (+40.5% 🔺)	1.365s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.688s (+86.7% 🔺)	7.502s (+56.1% 🔺)	1.814s	13	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.598s (-27.0% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.1%)	0.408s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.636s (-19.6% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.370s	120	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	9.968s (-10.9% 🟢)	10.612s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.644s	12	16.67x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.253s (-8.4% 🟢)	10.864s (-6.9% 🟢)	0.611s	12	17.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.353s (+72.9% 🔺)	15.039s (+60.0% 🔺)	1.685s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	15.057s (+102.9% 🔺)	17.293s (+87.1% 🔺)	2.235s	7	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.130s (+450.9% 🔺)	2.001s (+100.4% 🔺)	0.001s (-31.3% 🟢)	2.010s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.880s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.131s (+429.1% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.012s (-2.4%)	2.019s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.889s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.139s (+455.4% 🔺)	2.002s (+100.3% 🔺)	0.001s (-13.3% 🟢)	2.011s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.873s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.142s (+473.7% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.011s (-10.7% 🟢)	2.018s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.876s	10	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.187s (-12.7% 🟢)	3.585s (-12.3% 🟢)	1.442s (+50.1% 🔺)	5.537s (-1.0%)	3.351s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.195s (-42.7% 🟢)	3.298s (-37.5% 🟢)	2.196s (+195.9% 🔺)	5.945s (-8.3% 🟢)	3.751s	10	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.498s (+137.8% 🔺)	2.004s (+99.1% 🔺)	0.004s (+2.7%)	2.027s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.529s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.516s (+100.2% 🔺)	2.010s (+95.4% 🔺)	0.010s (+8.7% 🔺)	2.023s (+94.5% 🔺)	0.507s	30	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.533s (+145.7% 🔺)	2.003s (+99.0% 🔺)	0.004s (-1.7%)	2.025s (+98.0% 🔺)	0.491s	30	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.717s (+104.7% 🔺)	2.011s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.010s (+2.5%)	2.201s (+97.3% 🔺)	0.485s	28	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.929s (-79.9% 🟢)	7.076s (-77.0% 🟢)	0.213s (+90.6% 🔺)	7.799s (-75.5% 🟢)	1.870s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.020s (-7.4% 🟢)	7.497s (-6.4% 🟢)	0.260s (-36.4% 🟢)	8.290s (-6.2% 🟢)	2.269s	8	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.645s (-32.9% 🟢)	1.051s (-17.8% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.060s (-18.9% 🟢)	0.415s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.724s (-25.3% 🟢)	1.048s (-16.0% 🟢)	0.000s (+110.5% 🔺)	1.060s (-15.7% 🟢)	0.336s	57	1.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.343s (+9.9% 🔺)	2.014s (~)	0.000s (+133.3% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.673s	30	2.08x
💻 Local	Express	1.377s (+12.4% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.000s (-30.0% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.640s	30	2.14x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.529s (-5.7% 🟢)	4.866s (-4.6%)	0.002s (+816.7% 🔺)	5.349s (-3.3%)	1.821s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.797s (+24.5% 🔺)	4.891s (+11.3% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.324s (+10.7% 🔺)	1.527s	12	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.317s (-25.7% 🟢)	1.964s (-9.8% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.992s (-9.4% 🟢)	0.675s	31	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.380s (-23.0% 🟢)	2.066s (-3.5%)	0.000s (+93.1% 🔺)	2.102s (-3.3%)	0.722s	29	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.123s (-7.8% 🟢)	3.843s (-4.7%)	0.001s (+28.9% 🔺)	3.846s (-4.7%)	0.724s	16	2.37x
💻 Local	Express	3.356s (-3.2%)	3.906s (-3.2%)	0.001s (-21.9% 🟢)	3.911s (-3.1%)	0.556s	16	2.55x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.493s (+19.7% 🔺)	6.851s (+13.8% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	7.366s (+14.1% 🔺)	1.873s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.682s (+38.8% 🔺)	6.969s (+29.7% 🔺)	0.001s (+144.4% 🔺)	7.414s (+28.0% 🔺)	1.732s	9	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	14/21
🐘 Postgres	Express	19/21
▲ Vercel	Nitro	12/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	18/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	16/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

---

❌ Some benchmark jobs failed:

• Local: success
• Postgres: success
• Vercel: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1200	0	219	1419
✅ 💻 Local Development	1587	0	219	1806
✅ 📦 Local Production	1587	0	219	1806
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1587	0	219	1806
✅ 🪟 Windows	129	0	0	129
✅ 📋 Other	727	0	176	903
Total	6817	0	1052	7869

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	103	0	26
✅ example	103	0	26
✅ express	103	0	26
✅ fastify	103	0	26
✅ hono	103	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	127	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	127	0	2
✅ nitro	103	0	26
✅ nuxt	103	0	26
✅ sveltekit	122	0	7
✅ vite	103	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	104	0	25
✅ express-stable	104	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	104	0	25
✅ hono-stable	104	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	104	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	104	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	123	0	6
✅ vite-stable	104	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	104	0	25
✅ express-stable	104	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	104	0	25
✅ hono-stable	104	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	104	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	104	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	123	0	6
✅ vite-stable	104	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	104	0	25
✅ express-stable	104	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	104	0	25
✅ hono-stable	104	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	104	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	104	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	123	0	6
✅ vite-stable	104	0	25

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	129	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	104	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	103	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 96a9fc8

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

Backport PR opened against stable: #2076. Merge conflicts were resolved by AI — please review carefully. (backport job run)

[VaguelySerious]

Summary

The V2 runtime's loadWorkflowRunEvents helper paginates through world.events.list and overwrites its cursor variable on every page. When the final page is empty (data: [], cursor: null, hasMore: false), the helper returns cursor: null despite having loaded events — which trips the cachedEvents ≠ null + eventsCursor = null branch in runtime.ts, logs Event cursor missing after initial load — falling back to full reload. This indicates a bug in the World implementation., and forces a full event reload on every subsequent replay iteration.

The trailing empty page is a normal, contract-compliant response, not a World bug. workflow-server can produce it whenever an underlying DynamoDB Query hits its Limit exactly — DynamoDB returns LastEvaluatedKey "just in case", the server passes that through as hasMore: true, and the next call returns an empty page. This is observable in production (38 distinct runs in 24h on agents-vade-review alone, each logging the warning multiple times per invocation).

Fix is one line: preserve the last non-null cursor across pages.

cursor=response.cursor??cursor;

This mirrors how runtime.ts:665 and runtime.ts:811 already treat incremental loads.

Test plan

• packages/core/src/runtime/helpers.test.ts — added regression tests covering the trailing-empty-page case, multi-page traversal, and incremental loads that return zero new events. Verified the new tests fail against main (cursor is null instead of the expected last cursor) and pass with the one-line fix.
• CI green

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.030s (-30.6% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.976s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.030s (-31.2% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.975s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.047s (-18.3% 🟢)	1.013s (~)	0.965s	10	1.59x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.052s (-45.2% 🟢)	1.013s (-2.9%)	0.961s	10	1.75x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.303s (-26.0% 🟢)	2.103s (-16.2% 🟢)	1.800s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.321s (+36.2% 🔺)	2.500s (+17.0% 🔺)	2.179s	10	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.069s (-5.0%)	2.006s (~)	0.936s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.069s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.937s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.080s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.928s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.087s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.924s	10	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.632s (-58.1% 🟢)	3.589s (-39.3% 🟢)	1.956s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.699s (-9.4% 🟢)	3.829s (+0.6%)	2.130s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	10.408s (-5.1% 🟢)	11.015s (~)	0.607s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.414s (-4.2%)	11.018s (~)	0.604s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	10.415s (-4.6%)	11.022s (~)	0.607s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.439s (-4.6%)	11.021s (~)	0.582s	3	1.00x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	13.421s (-21.0% 🟢)	15.491s (-22.6% 🟢)	2.070s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	13.639s (-42.5% 🟢)	15.456s (-38.5% 🟢)	1.817s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	13.429s (-10.3% 🟢)	14.027s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.598s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.433s (-10.8% 🟢)	14.026s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.593s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.471s (-7.6% 🟢)	14.016s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.546s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.504s (-7.5% 🟢)	14.018s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.515s	5	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	23.011s (-54.3% 🟢)	25.176s (-52.1% 🟢)	2.165s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	25.134s (-61.0% 🟢)	27.141s (-59.3% 🟢)	2.007s	3	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	11.872s (-15.2% 🟢)	12.016s (-17.7% 🟢)	0.144s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.873s (-29.3% 🟢)	12.021s (-29.4% 🟢)	0.147s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	11.886s (-28.4% 🟢)	12.147s (-28.7% 🟢)	0.261s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.077s (-13.5% 🟢)	12.644s (-11.6% 🟢)	0.566s	8	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	28.335s (-93.3% 🟢)	30.639s (-92.8% 🟢)	2.304s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	32.259s (-73.4% 🟢)	35.048s (-71.7% 🟢)	2.789s	3	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.146s (-9.1% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.862s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.148s (-10.0% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.860s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.169s (-21.5% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.837s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.170s (-28.3% 🟢)	2.006s (-3.3%)	0.836s	15	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.895s (+2.7%)	4.451s (+3.0%)	1.555s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.961s (+38.5% 🔺)	5.418s (+17.2% 🔺)	1.457s	8	1.37x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.202s (-48.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.805s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.206s (-48.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.801s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.718s (-41.8% 🟢)	2.005s (-41.9% 🟢)	0.287s	15	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.745s (-44.5% 🟢)	2.005s (-48.4% 🟢)	0.260s	15	1.45x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.983s (-1.7%)	5.466s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.483s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.901s (+35.4% 🔺)	7.138s (+39.7% 🔺)	2.237s	5	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.327s (-61.9% 🟢)	2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.682s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.328s (-61.8% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.678s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	4.788s (-42.7% 🟢)	5.347s (-40.7% 🟢)	0.560s	6	3.61x
💻 Local	Express	4.833s (-42.0% 🟢)	5.344s (-40.8% 🟢)	0.511s	6	3.64x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.721s (+34.9% 🔺)	8.050s (+31.4% 🔺)	2.329s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	7.040s (+99.7% 🔺)	9.183s (+65.9% 🔺)	2.143s	4	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.148s (-8.7% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.859s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.149s (-8.6% 🟢)	2.009s (~)	0.859s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.405s (-25.8% 🟢)	2.006s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.601s	15	1.22x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.438s (-22.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.568s	15	1.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.441s (-0.7%)	3.745s (-10.2% 🟢)	1.304s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.873s (+11.3% 🔺)	4.586s (+5.4% 🔺)	1.713s	7	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.211s (-48.3% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.797s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.217s (-48.0% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.791s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.961s (-37.4% 🟢)	2.392s (-36.4% 🟢)	0.431s	13	1.62x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.975s (-35.6% 🟢)	2.507s (-35.5% 🟢)	0.532s	12	1.63x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.485s (+7.8% 🔺)	5.149s (+1.4%)	1.664s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.487s (+9.2% 🔺)	5.457s (+13.9% 🔺)	1.970s	6	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.299s (-62.9% 🟢)	2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.709s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.373s (-60.5% 🟢)	2.009s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.636s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	4.832s (-45.1% 🟢)	5.512s (-40.6% 🟢)	0.679s	6	3.72x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.673s (-38.0% 🟢)	6.017s (-40.0% 🟢)	0.344s	5	4.37x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.430s (+6.6% 🔺)	7.082s (+3.9%)	1.652s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.328s (-1.4%)	8.217s (~)	1.889s	4	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.431s (-48.6% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.6%)	0.575s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.450s (-45.1% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.556s	60	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	0.464s (-52.8% 🟢)	1.004s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.540s	60	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.496s (-49.4% 🟢)	1.004s (-8.2% 🟢)	0.508s	60	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.792s (-74.8% 🟢)	6.495s (-69.6% 🟢)	1.703s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.893s (-77.8% 🟢)	6.665s (-72.3% 🟢)	1.772s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.021s (-48.3% 🟢)	1.507s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.486s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.087s (-43.6% 🟢)	1.807s (-14.0% 🟢)	0.720s	50	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	1.174s (-61.1% 🟢)	2.006s (-44.1% 🟢)	0.832s	45	1.15x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.200s (-60.5% 🟢)	2.006s (-46.6% 🟢)	0.806s	45	1.18x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	12.397s (-64.1% 🟢)	14.627s (-60.3% 🟢)	2.230s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	13.354s (-66.2% 🟢)	15.339s (-62.9% 🟢)	1.985s	6	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.172s (-45.6% 🟢)	2.660s (-39.1% 🟢)	0.488s	46	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.185s (-46.8% 🟢)	2.984s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.799s	41	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	2.691s (-70.8% 🟢)	3.058s (-69.5% 🟢)	0.366s	40	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.751s (-70.4% 🟢)	3.082s (-69.2% 🟢)	0.331s	40	1.27x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	25.727s (-73.5% 🟢)	27.813s (-71.7% 🟢)	2.087s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	25.761s (-80.2% 🟢)	28.379s (-78.5% 🟢)	2.618s	5	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.174s (-38.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.832s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.187s (-34.0% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.819s	60	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	0.394s (-29.7% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.610s	60	2.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.409s (-32.4% 🟢)	1.004s (-1.7%)	0.595s	60	2.35x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.841s (+45.4% 🔺)	4.564s (+25.5% 🔺)	1.723s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.843s (+71.2% 🔺)	4.428s (+32.1% 🔺)	1.585s	14	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.304s (-40.3% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.702s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.308s (-37.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.698s	90	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.130s (-16.1% 🟢)	2.852s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.722s	32	7.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.148s (-14.6% 🟢)	2.686s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.538s	34	7.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.408s (+67.7% 🔺)	6.773s (+40.5% 🔺)	1.365s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.688s (+86.7% 🔺)	7.502s (+56.1% 🔺)	1.814s	13	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.598s (-27.0% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.1%)	0.408s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.636s (-19.6% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.370s	120	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	9.968s (-10.9% 🟢)	10.612s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.644s	12	16.67x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.253s (-8.4% 🟢)	10.864s (-6.9% 🟢)	0.611s	12	17.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.353s (+72.9% 🔺)	15.039s (+60.0% 🔺)	1.685s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	15.057s (+102.9% 🔺)	17.293s (+87.1% 🔺)	2.235s	7	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.130s (+450.9% 🔺)	2.001s (+100.4% 🔺)	0.001s (-31.3% 🟢)	2.010s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.880s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.131s (+429.1% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.012s (-2.4%)	2.019s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.889s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.139s (+455.4% 🔺)	2.002s (+100.3% 🔺)	0.001s (-13.3% 🟢)	2.011s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.873s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.142s (+473.7% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.011s (-10.7% 🟢)	2.018s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.876s	10	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.187s (-12.7% 🟢)	3.585s (-12.3% 🟢)	1.442s (+50.1% 🔺)	5.537s (-1.0%)	3.351s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.195s (-42.7% 🟢)	3.298s (-37.5% 🟢)	2.196s (+195.9% 🔺)	5.945s (-8.3% 🟢)	3.751s	10	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.498s (+137.8% 🔺)	2.004s (+99.1% 🔺)	0.004s (+2.7%)	2.027s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.529s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.516s (+100.2% 🔺)	2.010s (+95.4% 🔺)	0.010s (+8.7% 🔺)	2.023s (+94.5% 🔺)	0.507s	30	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.533s (+145.7% 🔺)	2.003s (+99.0% 🔺)	0.004s (-1.7%)	2.025s (+98.0% 🔺)	0.491s	30	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.717s (+104.7% 🔺)	2.011s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.010s (+2.5%)	2.201s (+97.3% 🔺)	0.485s	28	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.929s (-79.9% 🟢)	7.076s (-77.0% 🟢)	0.213s (+90.6% 🔺)	7.799s (-75.5% 🟢)	1.870s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.020s (-7.4% 🟢)	7.497s (-6.4% 🟢)	0.260s (-36.4% 🟢)	8.290s (-6.2% 🟢)	2.269s	8	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.645s (-32.9% 🟢)	1.051s (-17.8% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.060s (-18.9% 🟢)	0.415s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.724s (-25.3% 🟢)	1.048s (-16.0% 🟢)	0.000s (+110.5% 🔺)	1.060s (-15.7% 🟢)	0.336s	57	1.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.343s (+9.9% 🔺)	2.014s (~)	0.000s (+133.3% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.673s	30	2.08x
💻 Local	Express	1.377s (+12.4% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.000s (-30.0% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.640s	30	2.14x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.529s (-5.7% 🟢)	4.866s (-4.6%)	0.002s (+816.7% 🔺)	5.349s (-3.3%)	1.821s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.797s (+24.5% 🔺)	4.891s (+11.3% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.324s (+10.7% 🔺)	1.527s	12	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.317s (-25.7% 🟢)	1.964s (-9.8% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.992s (-9.4% 🟢)	0.675s	31	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.380s (-23.0% 🟢)	2.066s (-3.5%)	0.000s (+93.1% 🔺)	2.102s (-3.3%)	0.722s	29	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.123s (-7.8% 🟢)	3.843s (-4.7%)	0.001s (+28.9% 🔺)	3.846s (-4.7%)	0.724s	16	2.37x
💻 Local	Express	3.356s (-3.2%)	3.906s (-3.2%)	0.001s (-21.9% 🟢)	3.911s (-3.1%)	0.556s	16	2.55x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.493s (+19.7% 🔺)	6.851s (+13.8% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	7.366s (+14.1% 🔺)	1.873s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.682s (+38.8% 🔺)	6.969s (+29.7% 🔺)	0.001s (+144.4% 🔺)	7.414s (+28.0% 🔺)	1.732s	9	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	14/21
🐘 Postgres	Express	19/21
▲ Vercel	Nitro	12/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	18/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	16/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

---

❌ Some benchmark jobs failed:

• Local: success
• Postgres: success
• Vercel: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1200	0	219	1419
✅ 💻 Local Development	1587	0	219	1806
✅ 📦 Local Production	1587	0	219	1806
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1587	0	219	1806
✅ 🪟 Windows	129	0	0	129
✅ 📋 Other	727	0	176	903
Total	6817	0	1052	7869

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	103	0	26
✅ example	103	0	26
✅ express	103	0	26
✅ fastify	103	0	26
✅ hono	103	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	127	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	127	0	2
✅ nitro	103	0	26
✅ nuxt	103	0	26
✅ sveltekit	122	0	7
✅ vite	103	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	104	0	25
✅ express-stable	104	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	104	0	25
✅ hono-stable	104	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	104	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	104	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	123	0	6
✅ vite-stable	104	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	104	0	25
✅ express-stable	104	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	104	0	25
✅ hono-stable	104	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	104	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	104	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	123	0	6
✅ vite-stable	104	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	104	0	25
✅ express-stable	104	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	104	0	25
✅ hono-stable	104	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	104	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	104	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	123	0	6
✅ vite-stable	104	0	25

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	129	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	104	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	103	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 96a9fc8

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

Backport PR opened against stable: #2076. Merge conflicts were resolved by AI — please review carefully. (backport job run)

[VaguelySerious]

Summary

The V2 runtime's loadWorkflowRunEvents helper paginates through world.events.list and overwrites its cursor variable on every page. When the final page is empty (data: [], cursor: null, hasMore: false), the helper returns cursor: null despite having loaded events — which trips the cachedEvents ≠ null + eventsCursor = null branch in runtime.ts, logs Event cursor missing after initial load — falling back to full reload. This indicates a bug in the World implementation., and forces a full event reload on every subsequent replay iteration.

The trailing empty page is a normal, contract-compliant response, not a World bug. workflow-server can produce it whenever an underlying DynamoDB Query hits its Limit exactly — DynamoDB returns LastEvaluatedKey "just in case", the server passes that through as hasMore: true, and the next call returns an empty page. This is observable in production (38 distinct runs in 24h on agents-vade-review alone, each logging the warning multiple times per invocation).

Fix is one line: preserve the last non-null cursor across pages.

cursor=response.cursor??cursor;

This mirrors how runtime.ts:665 and runtime.ts:811 already treat incremental loads.

Test plan

• packages/core/src/runtime/helpers.test.ts — added regression tests covering the trailing-empty-page case, multi-page traversal, and incremental loads that return zero new events. Verified the new tests fail against main (cursor is null instead of the expected last cursor) and pass with the one-line fix.
• CI green

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.030s (-30.6% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.976s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.030s (-31.2% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.975s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.047s (-18.3% 🟢)	1.013s (~)	0.965s	10	1.59x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.052s (-45.2% 🟢)	1.013s (-2.9%)	0.961s	10	1.75x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.303s (-26.0% 🟢)	2.103s (-16.2% 🟢)	1.800s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.321s (+36.2% 🔺)	2.500s (+17.0% 🔺)	2.179s	10	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.069s (-5.0%)	2.006s (~)	0.936s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.069s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.937s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.080s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.928s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.087s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.924s	10	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.632s (-58.1% 🟢)	3.589s (-39.3% 🟢)	1.956s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.699s (-9.4% 🟢)	3.829s (+0.6%)	2.130s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	10.408s (-5.1% 🟢)	11.015s (~)	0.607s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.414s (-4.2%)	11.018s (~)	0.604s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	10.415s (-4.6%)	11.022s (~)	0.607s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.439s (-4.6%)	11.021s (~)	0.582s	3	1.00x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	13.421s (-21.0% 🟢)	15.491s (-22.6% 🟢)	2.070s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	13.639s (-42.5% 🟢)	15.456s (-38.5% 🟢)	1.817s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	13.429s (-10.3% 🟢)	14.027s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.598s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.433s (-10.8% 🟢)	14.026s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.593s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.471s (-7.6% 🟢)	14.016s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.546s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.504s (-7.5% 🟢)	14.018s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.515s	5	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	23.011s (-54.3% 🟢)	25.176s (-52.1% 🟢)	2.165s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	25.134s (-61.0% 🟢)	27.141s (-59.3% 🟢)	2.007s	3	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	11.872s (-15.2% 🟢)	12.016s (-17.7% 🟢)	0.144s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.873s (-29.3% 🟢)	12.021s (-29.4% 🟢)	0.147s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	11.886s (-28.4% 🟢)	12.147s (-28.7% 🟢)	0.261s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.077s (-13.5% 🟢)	12.644s (-11.6% 🟢)	0.566s	8	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	28.335s (-93.3% 🟢)	30.639s (-92.8% 🟢)	2.304s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	32.259s (-73.4% 🟢)	35.048s (-71.7% 🟢)	2.789s	3	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.146s (-9.1% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.862s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.148s (-10.0% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.860s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.169s (-21.5% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.837s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.170s (-28.3% 🟢)	2.006s (-3.3%)	0.836s	15	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.895s (+2.7%)	4.451s (+3.0%)	1.555s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.961s (+38.5% 🔺)	5.418s (+17.2% 🔺)	1.457s	8	1.37x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.202s (-48.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.805s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.206s (-48.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.801s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.718s (-41.8% 🟢)	2.005s (-41.9% 🟢)	0.287s	15	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.745s (-44.5% 🟢)	2.005s (-48.4% 🟢)	0.260s	15	1.45x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.983s (-1.7%)	5.466s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.483s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.901s (+35.4% 🔺)	7.138s (+39.7% 🔺)	2.237s	5	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.327s (-61.9% 🟢)	2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.682s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.328s (-61.8% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.678s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	4.788s (-42.7% 🟢)	5.347s (-40.7% 🟢)	0.560s	6	3.61x
💻 Local	Express	4.833s (-42.0% 🟢)	5.344s (-40.8% 🟢)	0.511s	6	3.64x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.721s (+34.9% 🔺)	8.050s (+31.4% 🔺)	2.329s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	7.040s (+99.7% 🔺)	9.183s (+65.9% 🔺)	2.143s	4	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.148s (-8.7% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.859s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.149s (-8.6% 🟢)	2.009s (~)	0.859s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.405s (-25.8% 🟢)	2.006s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.601s	15	1.22x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.438s (-22.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.568s	15	1.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.441s (-0.7%)	3.745s (-10.2% 🟢)	1.304s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.873s (+11.3% 🔺)	4.586s (+5.4% 🔺)	1.713s	7	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.211s (-48.3% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.797s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.217s (-48.0% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.791s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.961s (-37.4% 🟢)	2.392s (-36.4% 🟢)	0.431s	13	1.62x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.975s (-35.6% 🟢)	2.507s (-35.5% 🟢)	0.532s	12	1.63x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.485s (+7.8% 🔺)	5.149s (+1.4%)	1.664s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.487s (+9.2% 🔺)	5.457s (+13.9% 🔺)	1.970s	6	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.299s (-62.9% 🟢)	2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.709s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.373s (-60.5% 🟢)	2.009s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.636s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	4.832s (-45.1% 🟢)	5.512s (-40.6% 🟢)	0.679s	6	3.72x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.673s (-38.0% 🟢)	6.017s (-40.0% 🟢)	0.344s	5	4.37x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.430s (+6.6% 🔺)	7.082s (+3.9%)	1.652s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.328s (-1.4%)	8.217s (~)	1.889s	4	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.431s (-48.6% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.6%)	0.575s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.450s (-45.1% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.556s	60	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	0.464s (-52.8% 🟢)	1.004s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.540s	60	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.496s (-49.4% 🟢)	1.004s (-8.2% 🟢)	0.508s	60	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.792s (-74.8% 🟢)	6.495s (-69.6% 🟢)	1.703s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.893s (-77.8% 🟢)	6.665s (-72.3% 🟢)	1.772s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.021s (-48.3% 🟢)	1.507s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.486s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.087s (-43.6% 🟢)	1.807s (-14.0% 🟢)	0.720s	50	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	1.174s (-61.1% 🟢)	2.006s (-44.1% 🟢)	0.832s	45	1.15x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.200s (-60.5% 🟢)	2.006s (-46.6% 🟢)	0.806s	45	1.18x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	12.397s (-64.1% 🟢)	14.627s (-60.3% 🟢)	2.230s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	13.354s (-66.2% 🟢)	15.339s (-62.9% 🟢)	1.985s	6	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.172s (-45.6% 🟢)	2.660s (-39.1% 🟢)	0.488s	46	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.185s (-46.8% 🟢)	2.984s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.799s	41	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	2.691s (-70.8% 🟢)	3.058s (-69.5% 🟢)	0.366s	40	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.751s (-70.4% 🟢)	3.082s (-69.2% 🟢)	0.331s	40	1.27x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	25.727s (-73.5% 🟢)	27.813s (-71.7% 🟢)	2.087s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	25.761s (-80.2% 🟢)	28.379s (-78.5% 🟢)	2.618s	5	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.174s (-38.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.832s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.187s (-34.0% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.819s	60	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	0.394s (-29.7% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.610s	60	2.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.409s (-32.4% 🟢)	1.004s (-1.7%)	0.595s	60	2.35x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.841s (+45.4% 🔺)	4.564s (+25.5% 🔺)	1.723s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.843s (+71.2% 🔺)	4.428s (+32.1% 🔺)	1.585s	14	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.304s (-40.3% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.702s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.308s (-37.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.698s	90	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.130s (-16.1% 🟢)	2.852s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.722s	32	7.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.148s (-14.6% 🟢)	2.686s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.538s	34	7.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.408s (+67.7% 🔺)	6.773s (+40.5% 🔺)	1.365s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.688s (+86.7% 🔺)	7.502s (+56.1% 🔺)	1.814s	13	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.598s (-27.0% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.1%)	0.408s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.636s (-19.6% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.370s	120	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	9.968s (-10.9% 🟢)	10.612s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.644s	12	16.67x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.253s (-8.4% 🟢)	10.864s (-6.9% 🟢)	0.611s	12	17.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.353s (+72.9% 🔺)	15.039s (+60.0% 🔺)	1.685s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	15.057s (+102.9% 🔺)	17.293s (+87.1% 🔺)	2.235s	7	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.130s (+450.9% 🔺)	2.001s (+100.4% 🔺)	0.001s (-31.3% 🟢)	2.010s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.880s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.131s (+429.1% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.012s (-2.4%)	2.019s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.889s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.139s (+455.4% 🔺)	2.002s (+100.3% 🔺)	0.001s (-13.3% 🟢)	2.011s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.873s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.142s (+473.7% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.011s (-10.7% 🟢)	2.018s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.876s	10	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.187s (-12.7% 🟢)	3.585s (-12.3% 🟢)	1.442s (+50.1% 🔺)	5.537s (-1.0%)	3.351s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.195s (-42.7% 🟢)	3.298s (-37.5% 🟢)	2.196s (+195.9% 🔺)	5.945s (-8.3% 🟢)	3.751s	10	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.498s (+137.8% 🔺)	2.004s (+99.1% 🔺)	0.004s (+2.7%)	2.027s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.529s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.516s (+100.2% 🔺)	2.010s (+95.4% 🔺)	0.010s (+8.7% 🔺)	2.023s (+94.5% 🔺)	0.507s	30	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.533s (+145.7% 🔺)	2.003s (+99.0% 🔺)	0.004s (-1.7%)	2.025s (+98.0% 🔺)	0.491s	30	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.717s (+104.7% 🔺)	2.011s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.010s (+2.5%)	2.201s (+97.3% 🔺)	0.485s	28	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.929s (-79.9% 🟢)	7.076s (-77.0% 🟢)	0.213s (+90.6% 🔺)	7.799s (-75.5% 🟢)	1.870s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.020s (-7.4% 🟢)	7.497s (-6.4% 🟢)	0.260s (-36.4% 🟢)	8.290s (-6.2% 🟢)	2.269s	8	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.645s (-32.9% 🟢)	1.051s (-17.8% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.060s (-18.9% 🟢)	0.415s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.724s (-25.3% 🟢)	1.048s (-16.0% 🟢)	0.000s (+110.5% 🔺)	1.060s (-15.7% 🟢)	0.336s	57	1.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.343s (+9.9% 🔺)	2.014s (~)	0.000s (+133.3% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.673s	30	2.08x
💻 Local	Express	1.377s (+12.4% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.000s (-30.0% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.640s	30	2.14x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.529s (-5.7% 🟢)	4.866s (-4.6%)	0.002s (+816.7% 🔺)	5.349s (-3.3%)	1.821s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.797s (+24.5% 🔺)	4.891s (+11.3% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.324s (+10.7% 🔺)	1.527s	12	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.317s (-25.7% 🟢)	1.964s (-9.8% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.992s (-9.4% 🟢)	0.675s	31	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.380s (-23.0% 🟢)	2.066s (-3.5%)	0.000s (+93.1% 🔺)	2.102s (-3.3%)	0.722s	29	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.123s (-7.8% 🟢)	3.843s (-4.7%)	0.001s (+28.9% 🔺)	3.846s (-4.7%)	0.724s	16	2.37x
💻 Local	Express	3.356s (-3.2%)	3.906s (-3.2%)	0.001s (-21.9% 🟢)	3.911s (-3.1%)	0.556s	16	2.55x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.493s (+19.7% 🔺)	6.851s (+13.8% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	7.366s (+14.1% 🔺)	1.873s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.682s (+38.8% 🔺)	6.969s (+29.7% 🔺)	0.001s (+144.4% 🔺)	7.414s (+28.0% 🔺)	1.732s	9	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	14/21
🐘 Postgres	Express	19/21
▲ Vercel	Nitro	12/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	18/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	16/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

---

❌ Some benchmark jobs failed:

• Local: success
• Postgres: success
• Vercel: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1200	0	219	1419
✅ 💻 Local Development	1587	0	219	1806
✅ 📦 Local Production	1587	0	219	1806
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1587	0	219	1806
✅ 🪟 Windows	129	0	0	129
✅ 📋 Other	727	0	176	903
Total	6817	0	1052	7869

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	103	0	26
✅ example	103	0	26
✅ express	103	0	26
✅ fastify	103	0	26
✅ hono	103	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	127	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	127	0	2
✅ nitro	103	0	26
✅ nuxt	103	0	26
✅ sveltekit	122	0	7
✅ vite	103	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	104	0	25
✅ express-stable	104	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	104	0	25
✅ hono-stable	104	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	104	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	104	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	123	0	6
✅ vite-stable	104	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	104	0	25
✅ express-stable	104	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	104	0	25
✅ hono-stable	104	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	104	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	104	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	123	0	6
✅ vite-stable	104	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	104	0	25
✅ express-stable	104	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	104	0	25
✅ hono-stable	104	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	104	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	104	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	123	0	6
✅ vite-stable	104	0	25

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	129	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	104	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	103	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 96a9fc8

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

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[github-actions]

Backport PR opened against stable: #2076. Merge conflicts were resolved by AI — please review carefully. (backport job run)

[VaguelySerious]

Summary

The V2 runtime's loadWorkflowRunEvents helper paginates through world.events.list and overwrites its cursor variable on every page. When the final page is empty (data: [], cursor: null, hasMore: false), the helper returns cursor: null despite having loaded events — which trips the cachedEvents ≠ null + eventsCursor = null branch in runtime.ts, logs Event cursor missing after initial load — falling back to full reload. This indicates a bug in the World implementation., and forces a full event reload on every subsequent replay iteration.

The trailing empty page is a normal, contract-compliant response, not a World bug. workflow-server can produce it whenever an underlying DynamoDB Query hits its Limit exactly — DynamoDB returns LastEvaluatedKey "just in case", the server passes that through as hasMore: true, and the next call returns an empty page. This is observable in production (38 distinct runs in 24h on agents-vade-review alone, each logging the warning multiple times per invocation).

Fix is one line: preserve the last non-null cursor across pages.

cursor=response.cursor??cursor;

This mirrors how runtime.ts:665 and runtime.ts:811 already treat incremental loads.

Test plan

• packages/core/src/runtime/helpers.test.ts — added regression tests covering the trailing-empty-page case, multi-page traversal, and incremental loads that return zero new events. Verified the new tests fail against main (cursor is null instead of the expected last cursor) and pass with the one-line fix.
• CI green

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 21, 2026 2:39pm

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.030s (-30.6% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.976s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.030s (-31.2% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.975s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.047s (-18.3% 🟢)	1.013s (~)	0.965s	10	1.59x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.052s (-45.2% 🟢)	1.013s (-2.9%)	0.961s	10	1.75x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.303s (-26.0% 🟢)	2.103s (-16.2% 🟢)	1.800s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.321s (+36.2% 🔺)	2.500s (+17.0% 🔺)	2.179s	10	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.069s (-5.0%)	2.006s (~)	0.936s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.069s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.937s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.080s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.928s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.087s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.924s	10	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.632s (-58.1% 🟢)	3.589s (-39.3% 🟢)	1.956s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.699s (-9.4% 🟢)	3.829s (+0.6%)	2.130s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	10.408s (-5.1% 🟢)	11.015s (~)	0.607s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.414s (-4.2%)	11.018s (~)	0.604s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	10.415s (-4.6%)	11.022s (~)	0.607s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.439s (-4.6%)	11.021s (~)	0.582s	3	1.00x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	13.421s (-21.0% 🟢)	15.491s (-22.6% 🟢)	2.070s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	13.639s (-42.5% 🟢)	15.456s (-38.5% 🟢)	1.817s	2	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	13.429s (-10.3% 🟢)	14.027s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.598s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.433s (-10.8% 🟢)	14.026s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.593s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.471s (-7.6% 🟢)	14.016s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.546s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.504s (-7.5% 🟢)	14.018s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.515s	5	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	23.011s (-54.3% 🟢)	25.176s (-52.1% 🟢)	2.165s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	25.134s (-61.0% 🟢)	27.141s (-59.3% 🟢)	2.007s	3	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	11.872s (-15.2% 🟢)	12.016s (-17.7% 🟢)	0.144s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.873s (-29.3% 🟢)	12.021s (-29.4% 🟢)	0.147s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	11.886s (-28.4% 🟢)	12.147s (-28.7% 🟢)	0.261s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.077s (-13.5% 🟢)	12.644s (-11.6% 🟢)	0.566s	8	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	28.335s (-93.3% 🟢)	30.639s (-92.8% 🟢)	2.304s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	32.259s (-73.4% 🟢)	35.048s (-71.7% 🟢)	2.789s	3	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.146s (-9.1% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.862s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.148s (-10.0% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.860s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.169s (-21.5% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.837s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.170s (-28.3% 🟢)	2.006s (-3.3%)	0.836s	15	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.895s (+2.7%)	4.451s (+3.0%)	1.555s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.961s (+38.5% 🔺)	5.418s (+17.2% 🔺)	1.457s	8	1.37x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.202s (-48.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.805s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.206s (-48.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.801s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.718s (-41.8% 🟢)	2.005s (-41.9% 🟢)	0.287s	15	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.745s (-44.5% 🟢)	2.005s (-48.4% 🟢)	0.260s	15	1.45x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.983s (-1.7%)	5.466s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.483s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.901s (+35.4% 🔺)	7.138s (+39.7% 🔺)	2.237s	5	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.327s (-61.9% 🟢)	2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.682s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.328s (-61.8% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.678s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	4.788s (-42.7% 🟢)	5.347s (-40.7% 🟢)	0.560s	6	3.61x
💻 Local	Express	4.833s (-42.0% 🟢)	5.344s (-40.8% 🟢)	0.511s	6	3.64x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.721s (+34.9% 🔺)	8.050s (+31.4% 🔺)	2.329s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	7.040s (+99.7% 🔺)	9.183s (+65.9% 🔺)	2.143s	4	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.148s (-8.7% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.859s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.149s (-8.6% 🟢)	2.009s (~)	0.859s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.405s (-25.8% 🟢)	2.006s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.601s	15	1.22x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.438s (-22.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.568s	15	1.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.441s (-0.7%)	3.745s (-10.2% 🟢)	1.304s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.873s (+11.3% 🔺)	4.586s (+5.4% 🔺)	1.713s	7	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.211s (-48.3% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.797s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.217s (-48.0% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.791s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.961s (-37.4% 🟢)	2.392s (-36.4% 🟢)	0.431s	13	1.62x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.975s (-35.6% 🟢)	2.507s (-35.5% 🟢)	0.532s	12	1.63x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.485s (+7.8% 🔺)	5.149s (+1.4%)	1.664s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.487s (+9.2% 🔺)	5.457s (+13.9% 🔺)	1.970s	6	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.299s (-62.9% 🟢)	2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.709s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.373s (-60.5% 🟢)	2.009s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.636s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	4.832s (-45.1% 🟢)	5.512s (-40.6% 🟢)	0.679s	6	3.72x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.673s (-38.0% 🟢)	6.017s (-40.0% 🟢)	0.344s	5	4.37x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.430s (+6.6% 🔺)	7.082s (+3.9%)	1.652s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.328s (-1.4%)	8.217s (~)	1.889s	4	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.431s (-48.6% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.6%)	0.575s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.450s (-45.1% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.556s	60	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	0.464s (-52.8% 🟢)	1.004s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.540s	60	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.496s (-49.4% 🟢)	1.004s (-8.2% 🟢)	0.508s	60	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.792s (-74.8% 🟢)	6.495s (-69.6% 🟢)	1.703s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.893s (-77.8% 🟢)	6.665s (-72.3% 🟢)	1.772s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.021s (-48.3% 🟢)	1.507s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.486s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.087s (-43.6% 🟢)	1.807s (-14.0% 🟢)	0.720s	50	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	1.174s (-61.1% 🟢)	2.006s (-44.1% 🟢)	0.832s	45	1.15x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.200s (-60.5% 🟢)	2.006s (-46.6% 🟢)	0.806s	45	1.18x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	12.397s (-64.1% 🟢)	14.627s (-60.3% 🟢)	2.230s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	13.354s (-66.2% 🟢)	15.339s (-62.9% 🟢)	1.985s	6	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.172s (-45.6% 🟢)	2.660s (-39.1% 🟢)	0.488s	46	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.185s (-46.8% 🟢)	2.984s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.799s	41	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	2.691s (-70.8% 🟢)	3.058s (-69.5% 🟢)	0.366s	40	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.751s (-70.4% 🟢)	3.082s (-69.2% 🟢)	0.331s	40	1.27x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	25.727s (-73.5% 🟢)	27.813s (-71.7% 🟢)	2.087s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	25.761s (-80.2% 🟢)	28.379s (-78.5% 🟢)	2.618s	5	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.174s (-38.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.832s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.187s (-34.0% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.819s	60	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	0.394s (-29.7% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.610s	60	2.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.409s (-32.4% 🟢)	1.004s (-1.7%)	0.595s	60	2.35x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.841s (+45.4% 🔺)	4.564s (+25.5% 🔺)	1.723s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.843s (+71.2% 🔺)	4.428s (+32.1% 🔺)	1.585s	14	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.304s (-40.3% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.702s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.308s (-37.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.698s	90	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.130s (-16.1% 🟢)	2.852s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.722s	32	7.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.148s (-14.6% 🟢)	2.686s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.538s	34	7.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.408s (+67.7% 🔺)	6.773s (+40.5% 🔺)	1.365s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.688s (+86.7% 🔺)	7.502s (+56.1% 🔺)	1.814s	13	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.598s (-27.0% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.1%)	0.408s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.636s (-19.6% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.370s	120	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	9.968s (-10.9% 🟢)	10.612s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.644s	12	16.67x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.253s (-8.4% 🟢)	10.864s (-6.9% 🟢)	0.611s	12	17.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.353s (+72.9% 🔺)	15.039s (+60.0% 🔺)	1.685s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	15.057s (+102.9% 🔺)	17.293s (+87.1% 🔺)	2.235s	7	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.130s (+450.9% 🔺)	2.001s (+100.4% 🔺)	0.001s (-31.3% 🟢)	2.010s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.880s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.131s (+429.1% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.012s (-2.4%)	2.019s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.889s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.139s (+455.4% 🔺)	2.002s (+100.3% 🔺)	0.001s (-13.3% 🟢)	2.011s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.873s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.142s (+473.7% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.011s (-10.7% 🟢)	2.018s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.876s	10	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.187s (-12.7% 🟢)	3.585s (-12.3% 🟢)	1.442s (+50.1% 🔺)	5.537s (-1.0%)	3.351s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.195s (-42.7% 🟢)	3.298s (-37.5% 🟢)	2.196s (+195.9% 🔺)	5.945s (-8.3% 🟢)	3.751s	10	1.00x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.498s (+137.8% 🔺)	2.004s (+99.1% 🔺)	0.004s (+2.7%)	2.027s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.529s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.516s (+100.2% 🔺)	2.010s (+95.4% 🔺)	0.010s (+8.7% 🔺)	2.023s (+94.5% 🔺)	0.507s	30	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.533s (+145.7% 🔺)	2.003s (+99.0% 🔺)	0.004s (-1.7%)	2.025s (+98.0% 🔺)	0.491s	30	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.717s (+104.7% 🔺)	2.011s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.010s (+2.5%)	2.201s (+97.3% 🔺)	0.485s	28	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.929s (-79.9% 🟢)	7.076s (-77.0% 🟢)	0.213s (+90.6% 🔺)	7.799s (-75.5% 🟢)	1.870s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.020s (-7.4% 🟢)	7.497s (-6.4% 🟢)	0.260s (-36.4% 🟢)	8.290s (-6.2% 🟢)	2.269s	8	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.645s (-32.9% 🟢)	1.051s (-17.8% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.060s (-18.9% 🟢)	0.415s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.724s (-25.3% 🟢)	1.048s (-16.0% 🟢)	0.000s (+110.5% 🔺)	1.060s (-15.7% 🟢)	0.336s	57	1.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.343s (+9.9% 🔺)	2.014s (~)	0.000s (+133.3% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.673s	30	2.08x
💻 Local	Express	1.377s (+12.4% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.000s (-30.0% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.640s	30	2.14x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.529s (-5.7% 🟢)	4.866s (-4.6%)	0.002s (+816.7% 🔺)	5.349s (-3.3%)	1.821s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.797s (+24.5% 🔺)	4.891s (+11.3% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.324s (+10.7% 🔺)	1.527s	12	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.317s (-25.7% 🟢)	1.964s (-9.8% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.992s (-9.4% 🟢)	0.675s	31	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.380s (-23.0% 🟢)	2.066s (-3.5%)	0.000s (+93.1% 🔺)	2.102s (-3.3%)	0.722s	29	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.123s (-7.8% 🟢)	3.843s (-4.7%)	0.001s (+28.9% 🔺)	3.846s (-4.7%)	0.724s	16	2.37x
💻 Local	Express	3.356s (-3.2%)	3.906s (-3.2%)	0.001s (-21.9% 🟢)	3.911s (-3.1%)	0.556s	16	2.55x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.493s (+19.7% 🔺)	6.851s (+13.8% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	7.366s (+14.1% 🔺)	1.873s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.682s (+38.8% 🔺)	6.969s (+29.7% 🔺)	0.001s (+144.4% 🔺)	7.414s (+28.0% 🔺)	1.732s	9	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	14/21
🐘 Postgres	Express	19/21
▲ Vercel	Nitro	12/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	18/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	16/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

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---

❌ Some benchmark jobs failed:

• Local: success
• Postgres: success
• Vercel: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1200	0	219	1419
✅ 💻 Local Development	1587	0	219	1806
✅ 📦 Local Production	1587	0	219	1806
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1587	0	219	1806
✅ 🪟 Windows	129	0	0	129
✅ 📋 Other	727	0	176	903
Total	6817	0	1052	7869

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	103	0	26
✅ example	103	0	26
✅ express	103	0	26
✅ fastify	103	0	26
✅ hono	103	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	127	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	127	0	2
✅ nitro	103	0	26
✅ nuxt	103	0	26
✅ sveltekit	122	0	7
✅ vite	103	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	104	0	25
✅ express-stable	104	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	104	0	25
✅ hono-stable	104	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	104	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	104	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	123	0	6
✅ vite-stable	104	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	104	0	25
✅ express-stable	104	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	104	0	25
✅ hono-stable	104	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	104	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	104	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	123	0	6
✅ vite-stable	104	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	104	0	25
✅ express-stable	104	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	104	0	25
✅ hono-stable	104	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	110	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	129	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	129	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	104	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	104	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	123	0	6
✅ vite-stable	104	0	25

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	129	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	104	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	104	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	103	0	26

---

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[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 96a9fc8

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

Backport PR opened against stable: #2076. Merge conflicts were resolved by AI — please review carefully. (backport job run)