[Docs] Fix cookbook pattern for AI SDK

[karthikscale3]

Summary

The AI SDK cookbook entry (docs/content/docs/v{4,5}/cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx) shows streamText inside a "use step" turn function with the example tools (lookupOrder, processRefund) also marked "use step". That presentation implies tool calls are individually durable, but per Workflows & Steps the "use step" directive is a no-op when called from another step. So in this pattern tools run as plain inline functions inside runTurn, and the durability boundary is the entire turn — if anything in the turn throws, every tool call that already ran is replayed.

This PR fixes the cookbook to reflect that reality and gives readers an explicit migration path (idempotent tools or DurableAgent).

Changes (applied identically to v4 and v5)

• Removed the "use step" directive from lookupOrder and processRefund in the workflow code sample, with an inline comment explaining why.
• Updated the frontmatter summary and intro paragraph: dropped the inaccurate "tools remain durable steps" claim; explicitly call out the per-turn durability boundary.
• Added a new Tools are not individually durable entry to Pitfalls covering:
  • The retry unit is runTurn, not the tool call.
  • A side-effectful tool (e.g. processRefund) can run multiple times if the turn retries.
  • Mitigations: idempotent tool implementations, or DurableAgent (each tool call becomes its own durable step).
• Added a runTurn durability-boundary bullet to How it works.
• Added a Tool call durability row to the streamText vs DurableAgent table.
• Rewrote two misleading Key APIs bullets:
  • tool() no longer claims tools wrap "use step" functions / are replayed from the log.
  • "use step" is now described as applied to runTurn, not to "tool executions".
• Corrected outdated DurableAgent guidance after verifying the implementation:
  • Callout no longer claims DurableAgent lacks stopWhen, structured output, or onStepFinish — it reimplements the same agent loop and already supports those options.
  • Rewrote When to use streamText directly to focus on the raw AI SDK API, per-turn durability boundaries, and custom multi-turn orchestration (hook loops, sliceUntilFinish).
  • Updated the streamText vs DurableAgent comparison table: both support stopWhen/prepareStep; DurableAgent supports experimental_output and step callbacks (onStepFinish, onFinish, etc.); noted onChunk as the main gap.

Test plan

• Visual check of the rendered /cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk page on v4 and v5.
• Confirm the new in-page anchor (#tools-are-not-individually-durable) resolves from the intro paragraph, How it works, and Key APIs cross-links.
• Confirm the code sample still typechecks in the docs typecheck pipeline.

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.031s (-30.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.975s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.033s (-23.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.973s	10	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.042s (-55.7% 🟢)	1.010s (-3.1%)	0.968s	10	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.048s	1.006s	0.958s	10	1.55x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.053s (-8.1% 🟢)	1.014s (~)	0.960s	10	1.73x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.056s	1.011s	0.955s	10	1.82x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.279s (-31.9% 🟢)	2.044s (-18.6% 🟢)	1.764s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.296s (+25.6% 🔺)	2.469s (+15.6% 🔺)	2.173s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.304s (+21.0% 🔺)	2.151s (-7.8% 🟢)	1.847s	10	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.075s (-4.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.931s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.076s (-4.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.930s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.079s (-5.4% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.929s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.083s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.009s (~)	0.926s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.112s	2.006s	0.895s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.120s	2.009s	0.890s	10	1.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.585s (-22.1% 🟢)	3.301s (-13.8% 🟢)	1.716s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.677s (-56.9% 🟢)	3.257s (-44.9% 🟢)	1.579s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.731s (-7.7% 🟢)	3.615s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.884s	10	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	10.423s (-4.1%)	11.015s (~)	0.592s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	10.423s (-4.6%)	11.021s (~)	0.598s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.425s (-4.8%)	11.021s (~)	0.596s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.445s (-4.7%)	11.017s (~)	0.572s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.652s	11.020s	0.367s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.694s	11.020s	0.326s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.232s (-44.2% 🟢)	15.258s (-39.2% 🟢)	2.026s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.769s (-20.5% 🟢)	15.278s (-21.2% 🟢)	1.509s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	16.197s (-4.6%)	17.973s (-10.2% 🟢)	1.777s	2	1.22x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.457s (-7.8% 🟢)	14.018s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.561s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.492s (-7.5% 🟢)	14.017s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.525s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	13.498s (-9.8% 🟢)	14.027s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.529s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.506s (-10.3% 🟢)	14.029s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.523s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.038s	15.029s	0.991s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.121s	15.019s	0.898s	4	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	21.119s (-67.2% 🟢)	22.768s (-65.8% 🟢)	1.649s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	21.128s (-58.0% 🟢)	22.810s (-56.6% 🟢)	1.683s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	21.868s (-58.4% 🟢)	22.948s (-58.0% 🟢)	1.080s	3	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	11.935s (-28.1% 🟢)	12.022s (-29.4% 🟢)	0.087s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	11.955s (-14.7% 🟢)	12.142s (-16.8% 🟢)	0.187s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.982s (-28.6% 🟢)	12.147s (-28.7% 🟢)	0.165s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	11.987s (-14.2% 🟢)	12.393s (-13.4% 🟢)	0.406s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.945s	13.023s	0.078s	7	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.222s	14.015s	0.794s	7	1.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	32.014s (-73.6% 🟢)	33.895s (-72.6% 🟢)	1.881s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.210s (-91.8% 🟢)	33.857s (-91.4% 🟢)	1.647s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.225s (-92.4% 🟢)	34.212s (-91.9% 🟢)	1.987s	3	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.141s (-10.5% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.865s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.150s (-8.7% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.857s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.176s (-21.0% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.831s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.185s (-27.4% 🟢)	2.007s (-3.2%)	0.822s	15	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.198s	2.007s	0.809s	15	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.279s	2.006s	0.728s	15	1.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.551s (-10.8% 🟢)	4.135s (-10.6% 🟢)	1.584s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.592s (-23.7% 🟢)	4.220s (-14.5% 🟢)	1.628s	8	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.674s (-5.1% 🟢)	4.354s (+0.7%)	1.680s	7	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.191s (-49.3% 🟢)	2.006s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.815s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.212s (-48.7% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.796s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.339s	2.006s	0.667s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.771s (-43.7% 🟢)	2.006s (-48.4% 🟢)	0.236s	15	1.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.799s	2.073s	0.274s	15	1.51x
💻 Local	Express	1.891s (-35.9% 🟢)	2.142s (-38.0% 🟢)	0.250s	15	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.385s (-16.5% 🟢)	4.730s (-20.1% 🟢)	1.345s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.711s (+2.5%)	5.633s (+10.2% 🔺)	1.922s	6	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.474s (-37.0% 🟢)	5.883s (-33.9% 🟢)	1.408s	6	1.32x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.301s (-62.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.707s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.323s (-62.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.684s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.595s	2.007s	0.412s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.947s	5.344s	0.397s	6	3.80x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.412s (-35.2% 🟢)	5.847s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.435s	6	4.16x
💻 Local	Express	5.621s (-32.6% 🟢)	6.013s (-33.4% 🟢)	0.391s	5	4.32x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.258s (+24.0% 🔺)	7.088s (+15.7% 🔺)	1.831s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.447s (-27.7% 🟢)	7.992s (-27.1% 🟢)	1.544s	4	1.23x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.804s (+93.0% 🔺)	8.588s (+55.2% 🔺)	1.784s	4	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.131s (-10.0% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.876s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.158s (-7.9% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.850s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.198s	2.006s	0.808s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.303s	2.006s	0.703s	15	1.15x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.410s (-24.4% 🟢)	2.006s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.595s	15	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	1.460s (-22.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.546s	15	1.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.421s (-17.4% 🟢)	3.689s (-20.5% 🟢)	1.268s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.507s (+2.0%)	3.960s (-5.0% 🟢)	1.452s	8	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.626s (+1.7%)	4.498s (+3.4%)	1.872s	7	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.182s (-49.5% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.825s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.212s (-48.2% 🟢)	2.009s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.797s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.353s	2.008s	0.654s	15	1.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.024s	2.674s	0.650s	12	1.71x
💻 Local	Express	2.077s (-33.7% 🟢)	2.508s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.431s	12	1.76x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.081s (-32.1% 🟢)	2.507s (-35.5% 🟢)	0.427s	12	1.76x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.363s (+5.3% 🔺)	5.109s (+6.6% 🔺)	1.746s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.543s (+9.6% 🔺)	4.722s (-7.0% 🟢)	1.179s	7	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.827s (+21.8% 🔺)	5.241s (+15.9% 🔺)	1.414s	6	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.288s (-63.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.719s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.318s (-62.3% 🟢)	2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.690s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.603s	2.010s	0.408s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.253s	6.013s	0.760s	5	4.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.567s (-39.1% 🟢)	6.014s (-40.0% 🟢)	0.447s	5	4.32x
💻 Local	Express	6.097s (-30.7% 🟢)	6.415s (-30.8% 🟢)	0.318s	5	4.73x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.083s (-20.8% 🟢)	6.959s (-14.9% 🟢)	1.876s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.184s (+1.8%)	7.046s (+3.4%)	1.862s	5	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.777s (-14.5% 🟢)	7.101s (-16.9% 🟢)	1.323s	5	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.442s (-46.1% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.564s	60	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.484s (-50.8% 🟢)	1.004s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.520s	60	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.486s (-42.1% 🟢)	1.024s (~)	0.538s	59	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.525s (-46.5% 🟢)	1.005s (-8.1% 🟢)	0.480s	60	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.682s	1.006s	0.325s	60	1.54x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.705s	1.005s	0.300s	60	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.886s (-74.3% 🟢)	6.422s (-69.9% 🟢)	1.536s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.443s (-75.3% 🟢)	6.976s (-71.0% 🟢)	1.533s	9	1.11x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.491s (-62.1% 🟢)	6.854s (-57.4% 🟢)	1.362s	9	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.031s (-47.8% 🟢)	1.586s (-29.8% 🟢)	0.555s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.053s (-45.4% 🟢)	1.603s (-23.7% 🟢)	0.550s	57	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.209s (-59.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-44.1% 🟢)	0.797s	45	1.17x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.225s (-59.6% 🟢)	2.006s (-46.6% 🟢)	0.781s	45	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.631s	2.009s	0.377s	45	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.767s	2.006s	0.239s	45	1.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	13.045s (-73.8% 🟢)	14.636s (-71.7% 🟢)	1.592s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	13.474s (-61.0% 🟢)	15.249s (-58.6% 🟢)	1.776s	6	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	13.618s (-65.5% 🟢)	15.326s (-62.9% 🟢)	1.708s	6	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.009s (-51.0% 🟢)	2.407s (-47.7% 🟢)	0.398s	50	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.175s (-45.5% 🟢)	2.758s (-36.9% 🟢)	0.583s	44	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	2.767s (-70.0% 🟢)	3.032s (-69.7% 🟢)	0.265s	40	1.38x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.796s (-69.9% 🟢)	3.033s (-69.7% 🟢)	0.237s	40	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.182s	4.009s	0.827s	30	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.712s	4.008s	0.296s	30	1.85x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	27.669s (-78.7% 🟢)	29.488s (-77.7% 🟢)	1.819s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.741s (-69.3% 🟢)	31.477s (-68.0% 🟢)	1.736s	4	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.048s (-71.0% 🟢)	32.776s (-69.9% 🟢)	1.727s	4	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.163s (-42.6% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.843s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.171s (-39.4% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.835s	60	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.229s	1.006s	0.777s	60	1.41x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.412s (-31.8% 🟢)	1.004s (-1.7%)	0.592s	60	2.54x
💻 Local	Express	0.419s (-25.2% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.585s	60	2.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.510s	1.004s	0.494s	60	3.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.414s (+45.3% 🔺)	4.251s (+26.9% 🔺)	1.838s	16	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.559s (+30.9% 🔺)	4.101s (+12.7% 🔺)	1.542s	15	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.607s (+28.9% 🔺)	3.926s (+3.5%)	1.320s	16	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.282s (-43.3% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.724s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.306s (-39.9% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.701s	90	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.449s	1.007s	0.558s	90	1.59x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.140s (-15.7% 🟢)	2.852s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.712s	32	7.60x
💻 Local	Express	2.162s (-14.0% 🟢)	2.943s (-2.2%)	0.781s	31	7.68x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.219s	2.944s	0.726s	31	7.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.743s (+55.7% 🔺)	6.348s (+32.0% 🔺)	1.604s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.316s (+64.8% 🔺)	6.877s (+42.6% 🔺)	1.561s	14	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.355s (+51.5% 🔺)	6.768s (+30.3% 🔺)	1.413s	14	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.557s (-29.5% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.448s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.626s (-23.6% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.1%)	0.380s	120	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.919s	1.207s	0.288s	100	1.65x
💻 Local	Express	10.512s (-6.1% 🟢)	11.119s (-6.9% 🟢)	0.607s	11	18.87x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.566s (-5.6% 🟢)	11.119s (-4.7%)	0.553s	11	18.97x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.761s	11.481s	0.720s	11	19.32x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	14.165s (+83.4% 🔺)	15.767s (+67.7% 🔺)	1.603s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.811s (+43.4% 🔺)	16.301s (+32.7% 🔺)	1.490s	8	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	16.474s (+122.0% 🔺)	18.379s (+98.8% 🔺)	1.905s	7	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.135s (+453.5% 🔺)	2.002s (+100.3% 🔺)	0.001s (-13.3% 🟢)	2.009s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.874s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.135s (+470.1% 🔺)	2.006s (+99.7% 🔺)	0.012s (+2.5%)	2.020s (+98.5% 🔺)	0.885s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.141s (+456.3% 🔺)	2.001s (+100.4% 🔺)	0.001s (-25.0% 🟢)	2.011s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.871s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.142s (+434.4% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.013s (+0.8%)	2.020s (+98.3% 🔺)	0.878s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.170s	2.004s	0.012s	2.019s	0.849s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.195s	2.002s	0.002s	2.011s	0.815s	10	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.151s (-68.6% 🟢)	2.881s (-66.7% 🟢)	2.305s (+264.7% 🔺)	5.547s (-43.3% 🟢)	3.397s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.196s (-42.7% 🟢)	2.985s (-43.4% 🟢)	2.267s (+205.5% 🔺)	5.704s (-12.0% 🟢)	3.508s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.949s (+17.7% 🔺)	4.011s (-1.9%)	14.047s (+1362.0% 🔺)	18.574s (+232.2% 🔺)	15.625s	10	1.37x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.498s (+140.0% 🔺)	2.007s (+99.3% 🔺)	0.003s (-19.4% 🟢)	2.022s (+97.8% 🔺)	0.524s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.520s (+141.3% 🔺)	2.006s (+99.3% 🔺)	0.004s (+4.4%)	2.025s (+98.0% 🔺)	0.505s	30	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.555s (+85.4% 🔺)	2.013s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.011s (+16.0% 🔺)	2.026s (+81.5% 🔺)	0.471s	30	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.657s	2.014s	0.010s	2.026s	0.369s	30	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.712s	2.010s	0.004s	2.028s	0.316s	30	1.14x
💻 Local	Express	1.739s (+129.7% 🔺)	2.012s (+95.6% 🔺)	0.011s (+13.9% 🔺)	2.198s (+111.4% 🔺)	0.459s	29	1.16x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	6.010s (-64.5% 🟢)	6.776s (-62.9% 🟢)	0.173s (-18.3% 🟢)	7.342s (-61.2% 🟢)	1.331s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.068s (-79.4% 🟢)	7.063s (-77.1% 🟢)	0.275s (+145.2% 🔺)	7.733s (-75.7% 🟢)	1.664s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.459s (-0.7%)	7.852s (-2.0%)	0.234s (-42.7% 🟢)	8.609s (-2.6%)	2.149s	7	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.610s (-37.1% 🟢)	1.016s (-18.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-58.6% 🟢)	1.038s (-17.5% 🟢)	0.428s	58	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.695s (-27.6% 🟢)	1.052s (-17.7% 🟢)	0.000s (+101.8% 🔺)	1.064s (-18.5% 🟢)	0.369s	57	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.768s	1.053s	0.000s	1.059s	0.292s	57	1.26x
💻 Local	Express	1.370s (+11.8% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.000s (-50.0% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.647s	30	2.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.402s	2.013s	0.000s	2.016s	0.615s	30	2.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.431s (+17.0% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.000s (-66.7% 🟢)	2.018s (~)	0.587s	30	2.35x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.669s (+20.3% 🔺)	4.647s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.059s (+5.2% 🔺)	1.389s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.790s (+1.3%)	5.277s (+3.4%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.812s (+5.1% 🔺)	2.022s	11	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.849s (-62.2% 🟢)	4.996s (-56.6% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.474s (-54.6% 🟢)	1.625s	11	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.254s (-30.0% 🟢)	1.847s (-13.7% 🟢)	0.000s (+154.5% 🔺)	1.872s (-13.9% 🟢)	0.617s	33	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.325s (-25.2% 🟢)	2.066s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.076s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.751s	30	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.530s	2.106s	0.000s	2.114s	0.585s	29	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.579s	3.187s	0.000s	3.190s	0.611s	19	2.06x
💻 Local	Express	3.164s (-8.7% 🟢)	4.029s (~)	0.001s (-33.3% 🟢)	4.032s (~)	0.867s	15	2.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.346s (-1.2%)	3.968s (-1.6%)	0.001s (+28.9% 🔺)	3.971s (-1.6%)	0.625s	16	2.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.599s (~)	6.937s (-0.6%)	0.000s (-11.1% 🟢)	7.371s (-2.2%)	1.772s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	7.865s (+71.5% 🔺)	9.206s (+52.9% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	9.666s (+49.7% 🔺)	1.801s	7	1.40x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	12/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	19/21
▲ Vercel	Express	8/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	15/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	14/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	18/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1222	0	219	1441
✅ 💻 Local Development	1615	0	219	1834
✅ 📦 Local Production	1615	0	219	1834
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1615	0	219	1834
✅ 🪟 Windows	131	0	0	131
✅ 📋 Other	741	0	176	917
Total	6939	0	1052	7991

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	105	0	26
✅ example	105	0	26
✅ express	105	0	26
✅ fastify	105	0	26
✅ hono	105	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	129	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	129	0	2
✅ nitro	105	0	26
✅ nuxt	105	0	26
✅ sveltekit	124	0	7
✅ vite	105	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	106	0	25
✅ express-stable	106	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	106	0	25
✅ hono-stable	106	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	106	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	106	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	125	0	6
✅ vite-stable	106	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	106	0	25
✅ express-stable	106	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	106	0	25
✅ hono-stable	106	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	106	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	106	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	125	0	6
✅ vite-stable	106	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	106	0	25
✅ express-stable	106	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	106	0	25
✅ hono-stable	106	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	106	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	106	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	125	0	6
✅ vite-stable	106	0	25

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	131	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	106	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	105	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm

[VaguelySerious]

LGTM assuming this was tested, some wording nits

[github-actions]

No backport to stable for ff167d0 (AI decision).

This commit only modifies docs/content/docs/v4/cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx and docs/content/docs/v5/cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx. Verified via git ls-tree origin/stable that the v4/v5 versioned docs directory structure (and the cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx files) does not exist on stable — stable has a flat docs/content/docs/ layout. There is nothing to backport.

To override, re-run the Backport to stable workflow manually via workflow_dispatch and paste this commit SHA into the ref input:

ff167d005d7b13163fe5819e132266afe3501fa4

[karthikscale3]

Summary

The AI SDK cookbook entry (docs/content/docs/v{4,5}/cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx) shows streamText inside a "use step" turn function with the example tools (lookupOrder, processRefund) also marked "use step". That presentation implies tool calls are individually durable, but per Workflows & Steps the "use step" directive is a no-op when called from another step. So in this pattern tools run as plain inline functions inside runTurn, and the durability boundary is the entire turn — if anything in the turn throws, every tool call that already ran is replayed.

This PR fixes the cookbook to reflect that reality and gives readers an explicit migration path (idempotent tools or DurableAgent).

Changes (applied identically to v4 and v5)

• Removed the "use step" directive from lookupOrder and processRefund in the workflow code sample, with an inline comment explaining why.
• Updated the frontmatter summary and intro paragraph: dropped the inaccurate "tools remain durable steps" claim; explicitly call out the per-turn durability boundary.
• Added a new Tools are not individually durable entry to Pitfalls covering:
  • The retry unit is runTurn, not the tool call.
  • A side-effectful tool (e.g. processRefund) can run multiple times if the turn retries.
  • Mitigations: idempotent tool implementations, or DurableAgent (each tool call becomes its own durable step).
• Added a runTurn durability-boundary bullet to How it works.
• Added a Tool call durability row to the streamText vs DurableAgent table.
• Rewrote two misleading Key APIs bullets:
  • tool() no longer claims tools wrap "use step" functions / are replayed from the log.
  • "use step" is now described as applied to runTurn, not to "tool executions".
• Corrected outdated DurableAgent guidance after verifying the implementation:
  • Callout no longer claims DurableAgent lacks stopWhen, structured output, or onStepFinish — it reimplements the same agent loop and already supports those options.
  • Rewrote When to use streamText directly to focus on the raw AI SDK API, per-turn durability boundaries, and custom multi-turn orchestration (hook loops, sliceUntilFinish).
  • Updated the streamText vs DurableAgent comparison table: both support stopWhen/prepareStep; DurableAgent supports experimental_output and step callbacks (onStepFinish, onFinish, etc.); noted onChunk as the main gap.

Test plan

• Visual check of the rendered /cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk page on v4 and v5.
• Confirm the new in-page anchor (#tools-are-not-individually-durable) resolves from the intro paragraph, How it works, and Key APIs cross-links.
• Confirm the code sample still typechecks in the docs typecheck pipeline.

Made with Cursor

[changeset-bot]

⚠️ No Changeset found

Latest commit: 3270975

Merging this PR will not cause a version bump for any packages. If these changes should not result in a new version, you're good to go. If these changes should result in a version bump, you need to add a changeset.

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[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.031s (-30.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.975s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.033s (-23.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.973s	10	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.042s (-55.7% 🟢)	1.010s (-3.1%)	0.968s	10	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.048s	1.006s	0.958s	10	1.55x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.053s (-8.1% 🟢)	1.014s (~)	0.960s	10	1.73x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.056s	1.011s	0.955s	10	1.82x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.279s (-31.9% 🟢)	2.044s (-18.6% 🟢)	1.764s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.296s (+25.6% 🔺)	2.469s (+15.6% 🔺)	2.173s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.304s (+21.0% 🔺)	2.151s (-7.8% 🟢)	1.847s	10	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.075s (-4.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.931s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.076s (-4.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.930s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.079s (-5.4% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.929s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.083s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.009s (~)	0.926s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.112s	2.006s	0.895s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.120s	2.009s	0.890s	10	1.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.585s (-22.1% 🟢)	3.301s (-13.8% 🟢)	1.716s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.677s (-56.9% 🟢)	3.257s (-44.9% 🟢)	1.579s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.731s (-7.7% 🟢)	3.615s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.884s	10	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	10.423s (-4.1%)	11.015s (~)	0.592s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	10.423s (-4.6%)	11.021s (~)	0.598s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.425s (-4.8%)	11.021s (~)	0.596s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.445s (-4.7%)	11.017s (~)	0.572s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.652s	11.020s	0.367s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.694s	11.020s	0.326s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.232s (-44.2% 🟢)	15.258s (-39.2% 🟢)	2.026s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.769s (-20.5% 🟢)	15.278s (-21.2% 🟢)	1.509s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	16.197s (-4.6%)	17.973s (-10.2% 🟢)	1.777s	2	1.22x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.457s (-7.8% 🟢)	14.018s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.561s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.492s (-7.5% 🟢)	14.017s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.525s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	13.498s (-9.8% 🟢)	14.027s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.529s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.506s (-10.3% 🟢)	14.029s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.523s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.038s	15.029s	0.991s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.121s	15.019s	0.898s	4	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	21.119s (-67.2% 🟢)	22.768s (-65.8% 🟢)	1.649s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	21.128s (-58.0% 🟢)	22.810s (-56.6% 🟢)	1.683s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	21.868s (-58.4% 🟢)	22.948s (-58.0% 🟢)	1.080s	3	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	11.935s (-28.1% 🟢)	12.022s (-29.4% 🟢)	0.087s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	11.955s (-14.7% 🟢)	12.142s (-16.8% 🟢)	0.187s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.982s (-28.6% 🟢)	12.147s (-28.7% 🟢)	0.165s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	11.987s (-14.2% 🟢)	12.393s (-13.4% 🟢)	0.406s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.945s	13.023s	0.078s	7	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.222s	14.015s	0.794s	7	1.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	32.014s (-73.6% 🟢)	33.895s (-72.6% 🟢)	1.881s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.210s (-91.8% 🟢)	33.857s (-91.4% 🟢)	1.647s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.225s (-92.4% 🟢)	34.212s (-91.9% 🟢)	1.987s	3	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.141s (-10.5% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.865s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.150s (-8.7% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.857s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.176s (-21.0% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.831s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.185s (-27.4% 🟢)	2.007s (-3.2%)	0.822s	15	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.198s	2.007s	0.809s	15	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.279s	2.006s	0.728s	15	1.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.551s (-10.8% 🟢)	4.135s (-10.6% 🟢)	1.584s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.592s (-23.7% 🟢)	4.220s (-14.5% 🟢)	1.628s	8	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.674s (-5.1% 🟢)	4.354s (+0.7%)	1.680s	7	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.191s (-49.3% 🟢)	2.006s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.815s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.212s (-48.7% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.796s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.339s	2.006s	0.667s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.771s (-43.7% 🟢)	2.006s (-48.4% 🟢)	0.236s	15	1.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.799s	2.073s	0.274s	15	1.51x
💻 Local	Express	1.891s (-35.9% 🟢)	2.142s (-38.0% 🟢)	0.250s	15	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.385s (-16.5% 🟢)	4.730s (-20.1% 🟢)	1.345s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.711s (+2.5%)	5.633s (+10.2% 🔺)	1.922s	6	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.474s (-37.0% 🟢)	5.883s (-33.9% 🟢)	1.408s	6	1.32x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.301s (-62.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.707s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.323s (-62.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.684s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.595s	2.007s	0.412s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.947s	5.344s	0.397s	6	3.80x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.412s (-35.2% 🟢)	5.847s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.435s	6	4.16x
💻 Local	Express	5.621s (-32.6% 🟢)	6.013s (-33.4% 🟢)	0.391s	5	4.32x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.258s (+24.0% 🔺)	7.088s (+15.7% 🔺)	1.831s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.447s (-27.7% 🟢)	7.992s (-27.1% 🟢)	1.544s	4	1.23x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.804s (+93.0% 🔺)	8.588s (+55.2% 🔺)	1.784s	4	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.131s (-10.0% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.876s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.158s (-7.9% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.850s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.198s	2.006s	0.808s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.303s	2.006s	0.703s	15	1.15x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.410s (-24.4% 🟢)	2.006s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.595s	15	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	1.460s (-22.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.546s	15	1.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.421s (-17.4% 🟢)	3.689s (-20.5% 🟢)	1.268s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.507s (+2.0%)	3.960s (-5.0% 🟢)	1.452s	8	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.626s (+1.7%)	4.498s (+3.4%)	1.872s	7	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.182s (-49.5% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.825s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.212s (-48.2% 🟢)	2.009s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.797s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.353s	2.008s	0.654s	15	1.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.024s	2.674s	0.650s	12	1.71x
💻 Local	Express	2.077s (-33.7% 🟢)	2.508s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.431s	12	1.76x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.081s (-32.1% 🟢)	2.507s (-35.5% 🟢)	0.427s	12	1.76x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.363s (+5.3% 🔺)	5.109s (+6.6% 🔺)	1.746s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.543s (+9.6% 🔺)	4.722s (-7.0% 🟢)	1.179s	7	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.827s (+21.8% 🔺)	5.241s (+15.9% 🔺)	1.414s	6	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.288s (-63.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.719s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.318s (-62.3% 🟢)	2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.690s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.603s	2.010s	0.408s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.253s	6.013s	0.760s	5	4.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.567s (-39.1% 🟢)	6.014s (-40.0% 🟢)	0.447s	5	4.32x
💻 Local	Express	6.097s (-30.7% 🟢)	6.415s (-30.8% 🟢)	0.318s	5	4.73x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.083s (-20.8% 🟢)	6.959s (-14.9% 🟢)	1.876s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.184s (+1.8%)	7.046s (+3.4%)	1.862s	5	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.777s (-14.5% 🟢)	7.101s (-16.9% 🟢)	1.323s	5	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.442s (-46.1% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.564s	60	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.484s (-50.8% 🟢)	1.004s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.520s	60	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.486s (-42.1% 🟢)	1.024s (~)	0.538s	59	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.525s (-46.5% 🟢)	1.005s (-8.1% 🟢)	0.480s	60	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.682s	1.006s	0.325s	60	1.54x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.705s	1.005s	0.300s	60	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.886s (-74.3% 🟢)	6.422s (-69.9% 🟢)	1.536s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.443s (-75.3% 🟢)	6.976s (-71.0% 🟢)	1.533s	9	1.11x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.491s (-62.1% 🟢)	6.854s (-57.4% 🟢)	1.362s	9	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.031s (-47.8% 🟢)	1.586s (-29.8% 🟢)	0.555s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.053s (-45.4% 🟢)	1.603s (-23.7% 🟢)	0.550s	57	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.209s (-59.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-44.1% 🟢)	0.797s	45	1.17x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.225s (-59.6% 🟢)	2.006s (-46.6% 🟢)	0.781s	45	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.631s	2.009s	0.377s	45	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.767s	2.006s	0.239s	45	1.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	13.045s (-73.8% 🟢)	14.636s (-71.7% 🟢)	1.592s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	13.474s (-61.0% 🟢)	15.249s (-58.6% 🟢)	1.776s	6	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	13.618s (-65.5% 🟢)	15.326s (-62.9% 🟢)	1.708s	6	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.009s (-51.0% 🟢)	2.407s (-47.7% 🟢)	0.398s	50	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.175s (-45.5% 🟢)	2.758s (-36.9% 🟢)	0.583s	44	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	2.767s (-70.0% 🟢)	3.032s (-69.7% 🟢)	0.265s	40	1.38x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.796s (-69.9% 🟢)	3.033s (-69.7% 🟢)	0.237s	40	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.182s	4.009s	0.827s	30	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.712s	4.008s	0.296s	30	1.85x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	27.669s (-78.7% 🟢)	29.488s (-77.7% 🟢)	1.819s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.741s (-69.3% 🟢)	31.477s (-68.0% 🟢)	1.736s	4	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.048s (-71.0% 🟢)	32.776s (-69.9% 🟢)	1.727s	4	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.163s (-42.6% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.843s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.171s (-39.4% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.835s	60	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.229s	1.006s	0.777s	60	1.41x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.412s (-31.8% 🟢)	1.004s (-1.7%)	0.592s	60	2.54x
💻 Local	Express	0.419s (-25.2% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.585s	60	2.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.510s	1.004s	0.494s	60	3.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.414s (+45.3% 🔺)	4.251s (+26.9% 🔺)	1.838s	16	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.559s (+30.9% 🔺)	4.101s (+12.7% 🔺)	1.542s	15	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.607s (+28.9% 🔺)	3.926s (+3.5%)	1.320s	16	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.282s (-43.3% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.724s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.306s (-39.9% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.701s	90	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.449s	1.007s	0.558s	90	1.59x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.140s (-15.7% 🟢)	2.852s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.712s	32	7.60x
💻 Local	Express	2.162s (-14.0% 🟢)	2.943s (-2.2%)	0.781s	31	7.68x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.219s	2.944s	0.726s	31	7.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.743s (+55.7% 🔺)	6.348s (+32.0% 🔺)	1.604s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.316s (+64.8% 🔺)	6.877s (+42.6% 🔺)	1.561s	14	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.355s (+51.5% 🔺)	6.768s (+30.3% 🔺)	1.413s	14	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.557s (-29.5% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.448s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.626s (-23.6% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.1%)	0.380s	120	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.919s	1.207s	0.288s	100	1.65x
💻 Local	Express	10.512s (-6.1% 🟢)	11.119s (-6.9% 🟢)	0.607s	11	18.87x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.566s (-5.6% 🟢)	11.119s (-4.7%)	0.553s	11	18.97x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.761s	11.481s	0.720s	11	19.32x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	14.165s (+83.4% 🔺)	15.767s (+67.7% 🔺)	1.603s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.811s (+43.4% 🔺)	16.301s (+32.7% 🔺)	1.490s	8	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	16.474s (+122.0% 🔺)	18.379s (+98.8% 🔺)	1.905s	7	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.135s (+453.5% 🔺)	2.002s (+100.3% 🔺)	0.001s (-13.3% 🟢)	2.009s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.874s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.135s (+470.1% 🔺)	2.006s (+99.7% 🔺)	0.012s (+2.5%)	2.020s (+98.5% 🔺)	0.885s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.141s (+456.3% 🔺)	2.001s (+100.4% 🔺)	0.001s (-25.0% 🟢)	2.011s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.871s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.142s (+434.4% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.013s (+0.8%)	2.020s (+98.3% 🔺)	0.878s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.170s	2.004s	0.012s	2.019s	0.849s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.195s	2.002s	0.002s	2.011s	0.815s	10	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.151s (-68.6% 🟢)	2.881s (-66.7% 🟢)	2.305s (+264.7% 🔺)	5.547s (-43.3% 🟢)	3.397s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.196s (-42.7% 🟢)	2.985s (-43.4% 🟢)	2.267s (+205.5% 🔺)	5.704s (-12.0% 🟢)	3.508s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.949s (+17.7% 🔺)	4.011s (-1.9%)	14.047s (+1362.0% 🔺)	18.574s (+232.2% 🔺)	15.625s	10	1.37x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.498s (+140.0% 🔺)	2.007s (+99.3% 🔺)	0.003s (-19.4% 🟢)	2.022s (+97.8% 🔺)	0.524s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.520s (+141.3% 🔺)	2.006s (+99.3% 🔺)	0.004s (+4.4%)	2.025s (+98.0% 🔺)	0.505s	30	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.555s (+85.4% 🔺)	2.013s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.011s (+16.0% 🔺)	2.026s (+81.5% 🔺)	0.471s	30	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.657s	2.014s	0.010s	2.026s	0.369s	30	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.712s	2.010s	0.004s	2.028s	0.316s	30	1.14x
💻 Local	Express	1.739s (+129.7% 🔺)	2.012s (+95.6% 🔺)	0.011s (+13.9% 🔺)	2.198s (+111.4% 🔺)	0.459s	29	1.16x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	6.010s (-64.5% 🟢)	6.776s (-62.9% 🟢)	0.173s (-18.3% 🟢)	7.342s (-61.2% 🟢)	1.331s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.068s (-79.4% 🟢)	7.063s (-77.1% 🟢)	0.275s (+145.2% 🔺)	7.733s (-75.7% 🟢)	1.664s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.459s (-0.7%)	7.852s (-2.0%)	0.234s (-42.7% 🟢)	8.609s (-2.6%)	2.149s	7	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.610s (-37.1% 🟢)	1.016s (-18.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-58.6% 🟢)	1.038s (-17.5% 🟢)	0.428s	58	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.695s (-27.6% 🟢)	1.052s (-17.7% 🟢)	0.000s (+101.8% 🔺)	1.064s (-18.5% 🟢)	0.369s	57	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.768s	1.053s	0.000s	1.059s	0.292s	57	1.26x
💻 Local	Express	1.370s (+11.8% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.000s (-50.0% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.647s	30	2.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.402s	2.013s	0.000s	2.016s	0.615s	30	2.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.431s (+17.0% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.000s (-66.7% 🟢)	2.018s (~)	0.587s	30	2.35x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.669s (+20.3% 🔺)	4.647s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.059s (+5.2% 🔺)	1.389s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.790s (+1.3%)	5.277s (+3.4%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.812s (+5.1% 🔺)	2.022s	11	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.849s (-62.2% 🟢)	4.996s (-56.6% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.474s (-54.6% 🟢)	1.625s	11	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.254s (-30.0% 🟢)	1.847s (-13.7% 🟢)	0.000s (+154.5% 🔺)	1.872s (-13.9% 🟢)	0.617s	33	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.325s (-25.2% 🟢)	2.066s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.076s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.751s	30	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.530s	2.106s	0.000s	2.114s	0.585s	29	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.579s	3.187s	0.000s	3.190s	0.611s	19	2.06x
💻 Local	Express	3.164s (-8.7% 🟢)	4.029s (~)	0.001s (-33.3% 🟢)	4.032s (~)	0.867s	15	2.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.346s (-1.2%)	3.968s (-1.6%)	0.001s (+28.9% 🔺)	3.971s (-1.6%)	0.625s	16	2.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.599s (~)	6.937s (-0.6%)	0.000s (-11.1% 🟢)	7.371s (-2.2%)	1.772s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	7.865s (+71.5% 🔺)	9.206s (+52.9% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	9.666s (+49.7% 🔺)	1.801s	7	1.40x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	12/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	19/21
▲ Vercel	Express	8/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	15/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	14/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	18/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1222	0	219	1441
✅ 💻 Local Development	1615	0	219	1834
✅ 📦 Local Production	1615	0	219	1834
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1615	0	219	1834
✅ 🪟 Windows	131	0	0	131
✅ 📋 Other	741	0	176	917
Total	6939	0	1052	7991

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	105	0	26
✅ example	105	0	26
✅ express	105	0	26
✅ fastify	105	0	26
✅ hono	105	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	129	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	129	0	2
✅ nitro	105	0	26
✅ nuxt	105	0	26
✅ sveltekit	124	0	7
✅ vite	105	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	106	0	25
✅ express-stable	106	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	106	0	25
✅ hono-stable	106	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	106	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	106	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	125	0	6
✅ vite-stable	106	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	106	0	25
✅ express-stable	106	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	106	0	25
✅ hono-stable	106	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	106	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	106	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	125	0	6
✅ vite-stable	106	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	106	0	25
✅ express-stable	106	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	106	0	25
✅ hono-stable	106	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	106	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	106	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	125	0	6
✅ vite-stable	106	0	25

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	131	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	106	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	105	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm

[VaguelySerious]

LGTM assuming this was tested, some wording nits

[github-actions]

No backport to stable for ff167d0 (AI decision).

This commit only modifies docs/content/docs/v4/cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx and docs/content/docs/v5/cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx. Verified via git ls-tree origin/stable that the v4/v5 versioned docs directory structure (and the cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx files) does not exist on stable — stable has a flat docs/content/docs/ layout. There is nothing to backport.

To override, re-run the Backport to stable workflow manually via workflow_dispatch and paste this commit SHA into the ref input:

ff167d005d7b13163fe5819e132266afe3501fa4

[karthikscale3]

Summary

The AI SDK cookbook entry (docs/content/docs/v{4,5}/cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx) shows streamText inside a "use step" turn function with the example tools (lookupOrder, processRefund) also marked "use step". That presentation implies tool calls are individually durable, but per Workflows & Steps the "use step" directive is a no-op when called from another step. So in this pattern tools run as plain inline functions inside runTurn, and the durability boundary is the entire turn — if anything in the turn throws, every tool call that already ran is replayed.

This PR fixes the cookbook to reflect that reality and gives readers an explicit migration path (idempotent tools or DurableAgent).

Changes (applied identically to v4 and v5)

• Removed the "use step" directive from lookupOrder and processRefund in the workflow code sample, with an inline comment explaining why.
• Updated the frontmatter summary and intro paragraph: dropped the inaccurate "tools remain durable steps" claim; explicitly call out the per-turn durability boundary.
• Added a new Tools are not individually durable entry to Pitfalls covering:
  • The retry unit is runTurn, not the tool call.
  • A side-effectful tool (e.g. processRefund) can run multiple times if the turn retries.
  • Mitigations: idempotent tool implementations, or DurableAgent (each tool call becomes its own durable step).
• Added a runTurn durability-boundary bullet to How it works.
• Added a Tool call durability row to the streamText vs DurableAgent table.
• Rewrote two misleading Key APIs bullets:
  • tool() no longer claims tools wrap "use step" functions / are replayed from the log.
  • "use step" is now described as applied to runTurn, not to "tool executions".
• Corrected outdated DurableAgent guidance after verifying the implementation:
  • Callout no longer claims DurableAgent lacks stopWhen, structured output, or onStepFinish — it reimplements the same agent loop and already supports those options.
  • Rewrote When to use streamText directly to focus on the raw AI SDK API, per-turn durability boundaries, and custom multi-turn orchestration (hook loops, sliceUntilFinish).
  • Updated the streamText vs DurableAgent comparison table: both support stopWhen/prepareStep; DurableAgent supports experimental_output and step callbacks (onStepFinish, onFinish, etc.); noted onChunk as the main gap.

Test plan

• Visual check of the rendered /cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk page on v4 and v5.
• Confirm the new in-page anchor (#tools-are-not-individually-durable) resolves from the intro paragraph, How it works, and Key APIs cross-links.
• Confirm the code sample still typechecks in the docs typecheck pipeline.

Made with Cursor

[changeset-bot]

⚠️ No Changeset found

Latest commit: 3270975

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[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.031s (-30.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.975s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.033s (-23.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.973s	10	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.042s (-55.7% 🟢)	1.010s (-3.1%)	0.968s	10	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.048s	1.006s	0.958s	10	1.55x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.053s (-8.1% 🟢)	1.014s (~)	0.960s	10	1.73x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.056s	1.011s	0.955s	10	1.82x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.279s (-31.9% 🟢)	2.044s (-18.6% 🟢)	1.764s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.296s (+25.6% 🔺)	2.469s (+15.6% 🔺)	2.173s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.304s (+21.0% 🔺)	2.151s (-7.8% 🟢)	1.847s	10	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.075s (-4.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.931s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.076s (-4.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.930s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.079s (-5.4% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.929s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.083s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.009s (~)	0.926s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.112s	2.006s	0.895s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.120s	2.009s	0.890s	10	1.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.585s (-22.1% 🟢)	3.301s (-13.8% 🟢)	1.716s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.677s (-56.9% 🟢)	3.257s (-44.9% 🟢)	1.579s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.731s (-7.7% 🟢)	3.615s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.884s	10	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	10.423s (-4.1%)	11.015s (~)	0.592s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	10.423s (-4.6%)	11.021s (~)	0.598s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.425s (-4.8%)	11.021s (~)	0.596s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.445s (-4.7%)	11.017s (~)	0.572s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.652s	11.020s	0.367s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.694s	11.020s	0.326s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.232s (-44.2% 🟢)	15.258s (-39.2% 🟢)	2.026s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.769s (-20.5% 🟢)	15.278s (-21.2% 🟢)	1.509s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	16.197s (-4.6%)	17.973s (-10.2% 🟢)	1.777s	2	1.22x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.457s (-7.8% 🟢)	14.018s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.561s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.492s (-7.5% 🟢)	14.017s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.525s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	13.498s (-9.8% 🟢)	14.027s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.529s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.506s (-10.3% 🟢)	14.029s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.523s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.038s	15.029s	0.991s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.121s	15.019s	0.898s	4	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	21.119s (-67.2% 🟢)	22.768s (-65.8% 🟢)	1.649s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	21.128s (-58.0% 🟢)	22.810s (-56.6% 🟢)	1.683s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	21.868s (-58.4% 🟢)	22.948s (-58.0% 🟢)	1.080s	3	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	11.935s (-28.1% 🟢)	12.022s (-29.4% 🟢)	0.087s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	11.955s (-14.7% 🟢)	12.142s (-16.8% 🟢)	0.187s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.982s (-28.6% 🟢)	12.147s (-28.7% 🟢)	0.165s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	11.987s (-14.2% 🟢)	12.393s (-13.4% 🟢)	0.406s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.945s	13.023s	0.078s	7	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.222s	14.015s	0.794s	7	1.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	32.014s (-73.6% 🟢)	33.895s (-72.6% 🟢)	1.881s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.210s (-91.8% 🟢)	33.857s (-91.4% 🟢)	1.647s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.225s (-92.4% 🟢)	34.212s (-91.9% 🟢)	1.987s	3	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.141s (-10.5% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.865s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.150s (-8.7% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.857s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.176s (-21.0% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.831s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.185s (-27.4% 🟢)	2.007s (-3.2%)	0.822s	15	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.198s	2.007s	0.809s	15	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.279s	2.006s	0.728s	15	1.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.551s (-10.8% 🟢)	4.135s (-10.6% 🟢)	1.584s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.592s (-23.7% 🟢)	4.220s (-14.5% 🟢)	1.628s	8	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.674s (-5.1% 🟢)	4.354s (+0.7%)	1.680s	7	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.191s (-49.3% 🟢)	2.006s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.815s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.212s (-48.7% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.796s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.339s	2.006s	0.667s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.771s (-43.7% 🟢)	2.006s (-48.4% 🟢)	0.236s	15	1.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.799s	2.073s	0.274s	15	1.51x
💻 Local	Express	1.891s (-35.9% 🟢)	2.142s (-38.0% 🟢)	0.250s	15	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.385s (-16.5% 🟢)	4.730s (-20.1% 🟢)	1.345s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.711s (+2.5%)	5.633s (+10.2% 🔺)	1.922s	6	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.474s (-37.0% 🟢)	5.883s (-33.9% 🟢)	1.408s	6	1.32x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.301s (-62.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.707s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.323s (-62.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.684s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.595s	2.007s	0.412s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.947s	5.344s	0.397s	6	3.80x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.412s (-35.2% 🟢)	5.847s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.435s	6	4.16x
💻 Local	Express	5.621s (-32.6% 🟢)	6.013s (-33.4% 🟢)	0.391s	5	4.32x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.258s (+24.0% 🔺)	7.088s (+15.7% 🔺)	1.831s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.447s (-27.7% 🟢)	7.992s (-27.1% 🟢)	1.544s	4	1.23x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.804s (+93.0% 🔺)	8.588s (+55.2% 🔺)	1.784s	4	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.131s (-10.0% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.876s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.158s (-7.9% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.850s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.198s	2.006s	0.808s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.303s	2.006s	0.703s	15	1.15x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.410s (-24.4% 🟢)	2.006s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.595s	15	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	1.460s (-22.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.546s	15	1.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.421s (-17.4% 🟢)	3.689s (-20.5% 🟢)	1.268s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.507s (+2.0%)	3.960s (-5.0% 🟢)	1.452s	8	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.626s (+1.7%)	4.498s (+3.4%)	1.872s	7	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.182s (-49.5% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.825s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.212s (-48.2% 🟢)	2.009s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.797s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.353s	2.008s	0.654s	15	1.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.024s	2.674s	0.650s	12	1.71x
💻 Local	Express	2.077s (-33.7% 🟢)	2.508s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.431s	12	1.76x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.081s (-32.1% 🟢)	2.507s (-35.5% 🟢)	0.427s	12	1.76x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.363s (+5.3% 🔺)	5.109s (+6.6% 🔺)	1.746s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.543s (+9.6% 🔺)	4.722s (-7.0% 🟢)	1.179s	7	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.827s (+21.8% 🔺)	5.241s (+15.9% 🔺)	1.414s	6	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.288s (-63.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.719s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.318s (-62.3% 🟢)	2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.690s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.603s	2.010s	0.408s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.253s	6.013s	0.760s	5	4.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.567s (-39.1% 🟢)	6.014s (-40.0% 🟢)	0.447s	5	4.32x
💻 Local	Express	6.097s (-30.7% 🟢)	6.415s (-30.8% 🟢)	0.318s	5	4.73x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.083s (-20.8% 🟢)	6.959s (-14.9% 🟢)	1.876s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.184s (+1.8%)	7.046s (+3.4%)	1.862s	5	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.777s (-14.5% 🟢)	7.101s (-16.9% 🟢)	1.323s	5	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.442s (-46.1% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.564s	60	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.484s (-50.8% 🟢)	1.004s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.520s	60	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.486s (-42.1% 🟢)	1.024s (~)	0.538s	59	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.525s (-46.5% 🟢)	1.005s (-8.1% 🟢)	0.480s	60	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.682s	1.006s	0.325s	60	1.54x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.705s	1.005s	0.300s	60	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.886s (-74.3% 🟢)	6.422s (-69.9% 🟢)	1.536s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.443s (-75.3% 🟢)	6.976s (-71.0% 🟢)	1.533s	9	1.11x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.491s (-62.1% 🟢)	6.854s (-57.4% 🟢)	1.362s	9	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.031s (-47.8% 🟢)	1.586s (-29.8% 🟢)	0.555s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.053s (-45.4% 🟢)	1.603s (-23.7% 🟢)	0.550s	57	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.209s (-59.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-44.1% 🟢)	0.797s	45	1.17x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.225s (-59.6% 🟢)	2.006s (-46.6% 🟢)	0.781s	45	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.631s	2.009s	0.377s	45	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.767s	2.006s	0.239s	45	1.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	13.045s (-73.8% 🟢)	14.636s (-71.7% 🟢)	1.592s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	13.474s (-61.0% 🟢)	15.249s (-58.6% 🟢)	1.776s	6	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	13.618s (-65.5% 🟢)	15.326s (-62.9% 🟢)	1.708s	6	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.009s (-51.0% 🟢)	2.407s (-47.7% 🟢)	0.398s	50	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.175s (-45.5% 🟢)	2.758s (-36.9% 🟢)	0.583s	44	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	2.767s (-70.0% 🟢)	3.032s (-69.7% 🟢)	0.265s	40	1.38x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.796s (-69.9% 🟢)	3.033s (-69.7% 🟢)	0.237s	40	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.182s	4.009s	0.827s	30	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.712s	4.008s	0.296s	30	1.85x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	27.669s (-78.7% 🟢)	29.488s (-77.7% 🟢)	1.819s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.741s (-69.3% 🟢)	31.477s (-68.0% 🟢)	1.736s	4	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.048s (-71.0% 🟢)	32.776s (-69.9% 🟢)	1.727s	4	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.163s (-42.6% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.843s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.171s (-39.4% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.835s	60	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.229s	1.006s	0.777s	60	1.41x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.412s (-31.8% 🟢)	1.004s (-1.7%)	0.592s	60	2.54x
💻 Local	Express	0.419s (-25.2% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.585s	60	2.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.510s	1.004s	0.494s	60	3.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.414s (+45.3% 🔺)	4.251s (+26.9% 🔺)	1.838s	16	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.559s (+30.9% 🔺)	4.101s (+12.7% 🔺)	1.542s	15	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.607s (+28.9% 🔺)	3.926s (+3.5%)	1.320s	16	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.282s (-43.3% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.724s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.306s (-39.9% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.701s	90	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.449s	1.007s	0.558s	90	1.59x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.140s (-15.7% 🟢)	2.852s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.712s	32	7.60x
💻 Local	Express	2.162s (-14.0% 🟢)	2.943s (-2.2%)	0.781s	31	7.68x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.219s	2.944s	0.726s	31	7.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.743s (+55.7% 🔺)	6.348s (+32.0% 🔺)	1.604s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.316s (+64.8% 🔺)	6.877s (+42.6% 🔺)	1.561s	14	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.355s (+51.5% 🔺)	6.768s (+30.3% 🔺)	1.413s	14	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.557s (-29.5% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.448s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.626s (-23.6% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.1%)	0.380s	120	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.919s	1.207s	0.288s	100	1.65x
💻 Local	Express	10.512s (-6.1% 🟢)	11.119s (-6.9% 🟢)	0.607s	11	18.87x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.566s (-5.6% 🟢)	11.119s (-4.7%)	0.553s	11	18.97x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.761s	11.481s	0.720s	11	19.32x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	14.165s (+83.4% 🔺)	15.767s (+67.7% 🔺)	1.603s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.811s (+43.4% 🔺)	16.301s (+32.7% 🔺)	1.490s	8	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	16.474s (+122.0% 🔺)	18.379s (+98.8% 🔺)	1.905s	7	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.135s (+453.5% 🔺)	2.002s (+100.3% 🔺)	0.001s (-13.3% 🟢)	2.009s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.874s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.135s (+470.1% 🔺)	2.006s (+99.7% 🔺)	0.012s (+2.5%)	2.020s (+98.5% 🔺)	0.885s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.141s (+456.3% 🔺)	2.001s (+100.4% 🔺)	0.001s (-25.0% 🟢)	2.011s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.871s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.142s (+434.4% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.013s (+0.8%)	2.020s (+98.3% 🔺)	0.878s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.170s	2.004s	0.012s	2.019s	0.849s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.195s	2.002s	0.002s	2.011s	0.815s	10	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.151s (-68.6% 🟢)	2.881s (-66.7% 🟢)	2.305s (+264.7% 🔺)	5.547s (-43.3% 🟢)	3.397s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.196s (-42.7% 🟢)	2.985s (-43.4% 🟢)	2.267s (+205.5% 🔺)	5.704s (-12.0% 🟢)	3.508s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.949s (+17.7% 🔺)	4.011s (-1.9%)	14.047s (+1362.0% 🔺)	18.574s (+232.2% 🔺)	15.625s	10	1.37x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.498s (+140.0% 🔺)	2.007s (+99.3% 🔺)	0.003s (-19.4% 🟢)	2.022s (+97.8% 🔺)	0.524s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.520s (+141.3% 🔺)	2.006s (+99.3% 🔺)	0.004s (+4.4%)	2.025s (+98.0% 🔺)	0.505s	30	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.555s (+85.4% 🔺)	2.013s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.011s (+16.0% 🔺)	2.026s (+81.5% 🔺)	0.471s	30	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.657s	2.014s	0.010s	2.026s	0.369s	30	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.712s	2.010s	0.004s	2.028s	0.316s	30	1.14x
💻 Local	Express	1.739s (+129.7% 🔺)	2.012s (+95.6% 🔺)	0.011s (+13.9% 🔺)	2.198s (+111.4% 🔺)	0.459s	29	1.16x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	6.010s (-64.5% 🟢)	6.776s (-62.9% 🟢)	0.173s (-18.3% 🟢)	7.342s (-61.2% 🟢)	1.331s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.068s (-79.4% 🟢)	7.063s (-77.1% 🟢)	0.275s (+145.2% 🔺)	7.733s (-75.7% 🟢)	1.664s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.459s (-0.7%)	7.852s (-2.0%)	0.234s (-42.7% 🟢)	8.609s (-2.6%)	2.149s	7	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.610s (-37.1% 🟢)	1.016s (-18.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-58.6% 🟢)	1.038s (-17.5% 🟢)	0.428s	58	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.695s (-27.6% 🟢)	1.052s (-17.7% 🟢)	0.000s (+101.8% 🔺)	1.064s (-18.5% 🟢)	0.369s	57	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.768s	1.053s	0.000s	1.059s	0.292s	57	1.26x
💻 Local	Express	1.370s (+11.8% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.000s (-50.0% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.647s	30	2.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.402s	2.013s	0.000s	2.016s	0.615s	30	2.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.431s (+17.0% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.000s (-66.7% 🟢)	2.018s (~)	0.587s	30	2.35x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.669s (+20.3% 🔺)	4.647s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.059s (+5.2% 🔺)	1.389s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.790s (+1.3%)	5.277s (+3.4%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.812s (+5.1% 🔺)	2.022s	11	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.849s (-62.2% 🟢)	4.996s (-56.6% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.474s (-54.6% 🟢)	1.625s	11	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.254s (-30.0% 🟢)	1.847s (-13.7% 🟢)	0.000s (+154.5% 🔺)	1.872s (-13.9% 🟢)	0.617s	33	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.325s (-25.2% 🟢)	2.066s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.076s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.751s	30	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.530s	2.106s	0.000s	2.114s	0.585s	29	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.579s	3.187s	0.000s	3.190s	0.611s	19	2.06x
💻 Local	Express	3.164s (-8.7% 🟢)	4.029s (~)	0.001s (-33.3% 🟢)	4.032s (~)	0.867s	15	2.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.346s (-1.2%)	3.968s (-1.6%)	0.001s (+28.9% 🔺)	3.971s (-1.6%)	0.625s	16	2.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.599s (~)	6.937s (-0.6%)	0.000s (-11.1% 🟢)	7.371s (-2.2%)	1.772s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	7.865s (+71.5% 🔺)	9.206s (+52.9% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	9.666s (+49.7% 🔺)	1.801s	7	1.40x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	12/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	19/21
▲ Vercel	Express	8/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	15/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	14/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	18/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1222	0	219	1441
✅ 💻 Local Development	1615	0	219	1834
✅ 📦 Local Production	1615	0	219	1834
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1615	0	219	1834
✅ 🪟 Windows	131	0	0	131
✅ 📋 Other	741	0	176	917
Total	6939	0	1052	7991

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	105	0	26
✅ example	105	0	26
✅ express	105	0	26
✅ fastify	105	0	26
✅ hono	105	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	129	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	129	0	2
✅ nitro	105	0	26
✅ nuxt	105	0	26
✅ sveltekit	124	0	7
✅ vite	105	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	106	0	25
✅ express-stable	106	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	106	0	25
✅ hono-stable	106	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	106	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	106	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	125	0	6
✅ vite-stable	106	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	106	0	25
✅ express-stable	106	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	106	0	25
✅ hono-stable	106	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	106	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	106	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	125	0	6
✅ vite-stable	106	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	106	0	25
✅ express-stable	106	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	106	0	25
✅ hono-stable	106	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	106	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	106	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	125	0	6
✅ vite-stable	106	0	25

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	131	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	106	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	105	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm

[VaguelySerious]

LGTM assuming this was tested, some wording nits

[github-actions]

No backport to stable for ff167d0 (AI decision).

This commit only modifies docs/content/docs/v4/cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx and docs/content/docs/v5/cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx. Verified via git ls-tree origin/stable that the v4/v5 versioned docs directory structure (and the cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx files) does not exist on stable — stable has a flat docs/content/docs/ layout. There is nothing to backport.

To override, re-run the Backport to stable workflow manually via workflow_dispatch and paste this commit SHA into the ref input:

ff167d005d7b13163fe5819e132266afe3501fa4

[karthikscale3]

Summary

The AI SDK cookbook entry (docs/content/docs/v{4,5}/cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx) shows streamText inside a "use step" turn function with the example tools (lookupOrder, processRefund) also marked "use step". That presentation implies tool calls are individually durable, but per Workflows & Steps the "use step" directive is a no-op when called from another step. So in this pattern tools run as plain inline functions inside runTurn, and the durability boundary is the entire turn — if anything in the turn throws, every tool call that already ran is replayed.

This PR fixes the cookbook to reflect that reality and gives readers an explicit migration path (idempotent tools or DurableAgent).

Changes (applied identically to v4 and v5)

• Removed the "use step" directive from lookupOrder and processRefund in the workflow code sample, with an inline comment explaining why.
• Updated the frontmatter summary and intro paragraph: dropped the inaccurate "tools remain durable steps" claim; explicitly call out the per-turn durability boundary.
• Added a new Tools are not individually durable entry to Pitfalls covering:
  • The retry unit is runTurn, not the tool call.
  • A side-effectful tool (e.g. processRefund) can run multiple times if the turn retries.
  • Mitigations: idempotent tool implementations, or DurableAgent (each tool call becomes its own durable step).
• Added a runTurn durability-boundary bullet to How it works.
• Added a Tool call durability row to the streamText vs DurableAgent table.
• Rewrote two misleading Key APIs bullets:
  • tool() no longer claims tools wrap "use step" functions / are replayed from the log.
  • "use step" is now described as applied to runTurn, not to "tool executions".
• Corrected outdated DurableAgent guidance after verifying the implementation:
  • Callout no longer claims DurableAgent lacks stopWhen, structured output, or onStepFinish — it reimplements the same agent loop and already supports those options.
  • Rewrote When to use streamText directly to focus on the raw AI SDK API, per-turn durability boundaries, and custom multi-turn orchestration (hook loops, sliceUntilFinish).
  • Updated the streamText vs DurableAgent comparison table: both support stopWhen/prepareStep; DurableAgent supports experimental_output and step callbacks (onStepFinish, onFinish, etc.); noted onChunk as the main gap.

Test plan

• Visual check of the rendered /cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk page on v4 and v5.
• Confirm the new in-page anchor (#tools-are-not-individually-durable) resolves from the intro paragraph, How it works, and Key APIs cross-links.
• Confirm the code sample still typechecks in the docs typecheck pipeline.

Made with Cursor

[changeset-bot]

⚠️ No Changeset found

Latest commit: 3270975

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[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.031s (-30.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.975s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.033s (-23.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.973s	10	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.042s (-55.7% 🟢)	1.010s (-3.1%)	0.968s	10	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.048s	1.006s	0.958s	10	1.55x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.053s (-8.1% 🟢)	1.014s (~)	0.960s	10	1.73x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.056s	1.011s	0.955s	10	1.82x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.279s (-31.9% 🟢)	2.044s (-18.6% 🟢)	1.764s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.296s (+25.6% 🔺)	2.469s (+15.6% 🔺)	2.173s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.304s (+21.0% 🔺)	2.151s (-7.8% 🟢)	1.847s	10	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.075s (-4.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.931s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.076s (-4.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.930s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.079s (-5.4% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.929s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.083s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.009s (~)	0.926s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.112s	2.006s	0.895s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.120s	2.009s	0.890s	10	1.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.585s (-22.1% 🟢)	3.301s (-13.8% 🟢)	1.716s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.677s (-56.9% 🟢)	3.257s (-44.9% 🟢)	1.579s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.731s (-7.7% 🟢)	3.615s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.884s	10	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	10.423s (-4.1%)	11.015s (~)	0.592s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	10.423s (-4.6%)	11.021s (~)	0.598s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.425s (-4.8%)	11.021s (~)	0.596s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.445s (-4.7%)	11.017s (~)	0.572s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.652s	11.020s	0.367s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.694s	11.020s	0.326s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.232s (-44.2% 🟢)	15.258s (-39.2% 🟢)	2.026s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.769s (-20.5% 🟢)	15.278s (-21.2% 🟢)	1.509s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	16.197s (-4.6%)	17.973s (-10.2% 🟢)	1.777s	2	1.22x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.457s (-7.8% 🟢)	14.018s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.561s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.492s (-7.5% 🟢)	14.017s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.525s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	13.498s (-9.8% 🟢)	14.027s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.529s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.506s (-10.3% 🟢)	14.029s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.523s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.038s	15.029s	0.991s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.121s	15.019s	0.898s	4	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	21.119s (-67.2% 🟢)	22.768s (-65.8% 🟢)	1.649s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	21.128s (-58.0% 🟢)	22.810s (-56.6% 🟢)	1.683s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	21.868s (-58.4% 🟢)	22.948s (-58.0% 🟢)	1.080s	3	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	11.935s (-28.1% 🟢)	12.022s (-29.4% 🟢)	0.087s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	11.955s (-14.7% 🟢)	12.142s (-16.8% 🟢)	0.187s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.982s (-28.6% 🟢)	12.147s (-28.7% 🟢)	0.165s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	11.987s (-14.2% 🟢)	12.393s (-13.4% 🟢)	0.406s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.945s	13.023s	0.078s	7	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.222s	14.015s	0.794s	7	1.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	32.014s (-73.6% 🟢)	33.895s (-72.6% 🟢)	1.881s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.210s (-91.8% 🟢)	33.857s (-91.4% 🟢)	1.647s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.225s (-92.4% 🟢)	34.212s (-91.9% 🟢)	1.987s	3	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.141s (-10.5% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.865s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.150s (-8.7% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.857s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.176s (-21.0% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.831s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.185s (-27.4% 🟢)	2.007s (-3.2%)	0.822s	15	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.198s	2.007s	0.809s	15	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.279s	2.006s	0.728s	15	1.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.551s (-10.8% 🟢)	4.135s (-10.6% 🟢)	1.584s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.592s (-23.7% 🟢)	4.220s (-14.5% 🟢)	1.628s	8	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.674s (-5.1% 🟢)	4.354s (+0.7%)	1.680s	7	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.191s (-49.3% 🟢)	2.006s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.815s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.212s (-48.7% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.796s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.339s	2.006s	0.667s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.771s (-43.7% 🟢)	2.006s (-48.4% 🟢)	0.236s	15	1.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.799s	2.073s	0.274s	15	1.51x
💻 Local	Express	1.891s (-35.9% 🟢)	2.142s (-38.0% 🟢)	0.250s	15	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.385s (-16.5% 🟢)	4.730s (-20.1% 🟢)	1.345s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.711s (+2.5%)	5.633s (+10.2% 🔺)	1.922s	6	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.474s (-37.0% 🟢)	5.883s (-33.9% 🟢)	1.408s	6	1.32x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.301s (-62.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.707s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.323s (-62.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.684s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.595s	2.007s	0.412s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.947s	5.344s	0.397s	6	3.80x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.412s (-35.2% 🟢)	5.847s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.435s	6	4.16x
💻 Local	Express	5.621s (-32.6% 🟢)	6.013s (-33.4% 🟢)	0.391s	5	4.32x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.258s (+24.0% 🔺)	7.088s (+15.7% 🔺)	1.831s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.447s (-27.7% 🟢)	7.992s (-27.1% 🟢)	1.544s	4	1.23x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.804s (+93.0% 🔺)	8.588s (+55.2% 🔺)	1.784s	4	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.131s (-10.0% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.876s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.158s (-7.9% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.850s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.198s	2.006s	0.808s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.303s	2.006s	0.703s	15	1.15x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.410s (-24.4% 🟢)	2.006s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.595s	15	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	1.460s (-22.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.546s	15	1.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.421s (-17.4% 🟢)	3.689s (-20.5% 🟢)	1.268s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.507s (+2.0%)	3.960s (-5.0% 🟢)	1.452s	8	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.626s (+1.7%)	4.498s (+3.4%)	1.872s	7	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.182s (-49.5% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.825s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.212s (-48.2% 🟢)	2.009s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.797s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.353s	2.008s	0.654s	15	1.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.024s	2.674s	0.650s	12	1.71x
💻 Local	Express	2.077s (-33.7% 🟢)	2.508s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.431s	12	1.76x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.081s (-32.1% 🟢)	2.507s (-35.5% 🟢)	0.427s	12	1.76x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.363s (+5.3% 🔺)	5.109s (+6.6% 🔺)	1.746s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.543s (+9.6% 🔺)	4.722s (-7.0% 🟢)	1.179s	7	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.827s (+21.8% 🔺)	5.241s (+15.9% 🔺)	1.414s	6	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.288s (-63.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.719s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.318s (-62.3% 🟢)	2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.690s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.603s	2.010s	0.408s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.253s	6.013s	0.760s	5	4.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.567s (-39.1% 🟢)	6.014s (-40.0% 🟢)	0.447s	5	4.32x
💻 Local	Express	6.097s (-30.7% 🟢)	6.415s (-30.8% 🟢)	0.318s	5	4.73x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.083s (-20.8% 🟢)	6.959s (-14.9% 🟢)	1.876s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.184s (+1.8%)	7.046s (+3.4%)	1.862s	5	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.777s (-14.5% 🟢)	7.101s (-16.9% 🟢)	1.323s	5	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.442s (-46.1% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.564s	60	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.484s (-50.8% 🟢)	1.004s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.520s	60	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.486s (-42.1% 🟢)	1.024s (~)	0.538s	59	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.525s (-46.5% 🟢)	1.005s (-8.1% 🟢)	0.480s	60	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.682s	1.006s	0.325s	60	1.54x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.705s	1.005s	0.300s	60	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.886s (-74.3% 🟢)	6.422s (-69.9% 🟢)	1.536s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.443s (-75.3% 🟢)	6.976s (-71.0% 🟢)	1.533s	9	1.11x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.491s (-62.1% 🟢)	6.854s (-57.4% 🟢)	1.362s	9	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.031s (-47.8% 🟢)	1.586s (-29.8% 🟢)	0.555s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.053s (-45.4% 🟢)	1.603s (-23.7% 🟢)	0.550s	57	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.209s (-59.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-44.1% 🟢)	0.797s	45	1.17x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.225s (-59.6% 🟢)	2.006s (-46.6% 🟢)	0.781s	45	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.631s	2.009s	0.377s	45	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.767s	2.006s	0.239s	45	1.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	13.045s (-73.8% 🟢)	14.636s (-71.7% 🟢)	1.592s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	13.474s (-61.0% 🟢)	15.249s (-58.6% 🟢)	1.776s	6	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	13.618s (-65.5% 🟢)	15.326s (-62.9% 🟢)	1.708s	6	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.009s (-51.0% 🟢)	2.407s (-47.7% 🟢)	0.398s	50	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.175s (-45.5% 🟢)	2.758s (-36.9% 🟢)	0.583s	44	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	2.767s (-70.0% 🟢)	3.032s (-69.7% 🟢)	0.265s	40	1.38x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.796s (-69.9% 🟢)	3.033s (-69.7% 🟢)	0.237s	40	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.182s	4.009s	0.827s	30	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.712s	4.008s	0.296s	30	1.85x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	27.669s (-78.7% 🟢)	29.488s (-77.7% 🟢)	1.819s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.741s (-69.3% 🟢)	31.477s (-68.0% 🟢)	1.736s	4	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.048s (-71.0% 🟢)	32.776s (-69.9% 🟢)	1.727s	4	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.163s (-42.6% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.843s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.171s (-39.4% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.835s	60	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.229s	1.006s	0.777s	60	1.41x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.412s (-31.8% 🟢)	1.004s (-1.7%)	0.592s	60	2.54x
💻 Local	Express	0.419s (-25.2% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.585s	60	2.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.510s	1.004s	0.494s	60	3.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.414s (+45.3% 🔺)	4.251s (+26.9% 🔺)	1.838s	16	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.559s (+30.9% 🔺)	4.101s (+12.7% 🔺)	1.542s	15	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.607s (+28.9% 🔺)	3.926s (+3.5%)	1.320s	16	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.282s (-43.3% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.724s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.306s (-39.9% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.701s	90	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.449s	1.007s	0.558s	90	1.59x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.140s (-15.7% 🟢)	2.852s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.712s	32	7.60x
💻 Local	Express	2.162s (-14.0% 🟢)	2.943s (-2.2%)	0.781s	31	7.68x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.219s	2.944s	0.726s	31	7.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.743s (+55.7% 🔺)	6.348s (+32.0% 🔺)	1.604s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.316s (+64.8% 🔺)	6.877s (+42.6% 🔺)	1.561s	14	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.355s (+51.5% 🔺)	6.768s (+30.3% 🔺)	1.413s	14	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.557s (-29.5% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.448s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.626s (-23.6% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.1%)	0.380s	120	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.919s	1.207s	0.288s	100	1.65x
💻 Local	Express	10.512s (-6.1% 🟢)	11.119s (-6.9% 🟢)	0.607s	11	18.87x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.566s (-5.6% 🟢)	11.119s (-4.7%)	0.553s	11	18.97x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.761s	11.481s	0.720s	11	19.32x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	14.165s (+83.4% 🔺)	15.767s (+67.7% 🔺)	1.603s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.811s (+43.4% 🔺)	16.301s (+32.7% 🔺)	1.490s	8	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	16.474s (+122.0% 🔺)	18.379s (+98.8% 🔺)	1.905s	7	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.135s (+453.5% 🔺)	2.002s (+100.3% 🔺)	0.001s (-13.3% 🟢)	2.009s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.874s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.135s (+470.1% 🔺)	2.006s (+99.7% 🔺)	0.012s (+2.5%)	2.020s (+98.5% 🔺)	0.885s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.141s (+456.3% 🔺)	2.001s (+100.4% 🔺)	0.001s (-25.0% 🟢)	2.011s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.871s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.142s (+434.4% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.013s (+0.8%)	2.020s (+98.3% 🔺)	0.878s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.170s	2.004s	0.012s	2.019s	0.849s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.195s	2.002s	0.002s	2.011s	0.815s	10	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.151s (-68.6% 🟢)	2.881s (-66.7% 🟢)	2.305s (+264.7% 🔺)	5.547s (-43.3% 🟢)	3.397s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.196s (-42.7% 🟢)	2.985s (-43.4% 🟢)	2.267s (+205.5% 🔺)	5.704s (-12.0% 🟢)	3.508s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.949s (+17.7% 🔺)	4.011s (-1.9%)	14.047s (+1362.0% 🔺)	18.574s (+232.2% 🔺)	15.625s	10	1.37x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.498s (+140.0% 🔺)	2.007s (+99.3% 🔺)	0.003s (-19.4% 🟢)	2.022s (+97.8% 🔺)	0.524s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.520s (+141.3% 🔺)	2.006s (+99.3% 🔺)	0.004s (+4.4%)	2.025s (+98.0% 🔺)	0.505s	30	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.555s (+85.4% 🔺)	2.013s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.011s (+16.0% 🔺)	2.026s (+81.5% 🔺)	0.471s	30	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.657s	2.014s	0.010s	2.026s	0.369s	30	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.712s	2.010s	0.004s	2.028s	0.316s	30	1.14x
💻 Local	Express	1.739s (+129.7% 🔺)	2.012s (+95.6% 🔺)	0.011s (+13.9% 🔺)	2.198s (+111.4% 🔺)	0.459s	29	1.16x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	6.010s (-64.5% 🟢)	6.776s (-62.9% 🟢)	0.173s (-18.3% 🟢)	7.342s (-61.2% 🟢)	1.331s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.068s (-79.4% 🟢)	7.063s (-77.1% 🟢)	0.275s (+145.2% 🔺)	7.733s (-75.7% 🟢)	1.664s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.459s (-0.7%)	7.852s (-2.0%)	0.234s (-42.7% 🟢)	8.609s (-2.6%)	2.149s	7	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.610s (-37.1% 🟢)	1.016s (-18.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-58.6% 🟢)	1.038s (-17.5% 🟢)	0.428s	58	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.695s (-27.6% 🟢)	1.052s (-17.7% 🟢)	0.000s (+101.8% 🔺)	1.064s (-18.5% 🟢)	0.369s	57	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.768s	1.053s	0.000s	1.059s	0.292s	57	1.26x
💻 Local	Express	1.370s (+11.8% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.000s (-50.0% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.647s	30	2.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.402s	2.013s	0.000s	2.016s	0.615s	30	2.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.431s (+17.0% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.000s (-66.7% 🟢)	2.018s (~)	0.587s	30	2.35x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.669s (+20.3% 🔺)	4.647s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.059s (+5.2% 🔺)	1.389s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.790s (+1.3%)	5.277s (+3.4%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.812s (+5.1% 🔺)	2.022s	11	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.849s (-62.2% 🟢)	4.996s (-56.6% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.474s (-54.6% 🟢)	1.625s	11	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.254s (-30.0% 🟢)	1.847s (-13.7% 🟢)	0.000s (+154.5% 🔺)	1.872s (-13.9% 🟢)	0.617s	33	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.325s (-25.2% 🟢)	2.066s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.076s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.751s	30	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.530s	2.106s	0.000s	2.114s	0.585s	29	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.579s	3.187s	0.000s	3.190s	0.611s	19	2.06x
💻 Local	Express	3.164s (-8.7% 🟢)	4.029s (~)	0.001s (-33.3% 🟢)	4.032s (~)	0.867s	15	2.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.346s (-1.2%)	3.968s (-1.6%)	0.001s (+28.9% 🔺)	3.971s (-1.6%)	0.625s	16	2.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.599s (~)	6.937s (-0.6%)	0.000s (-11.1% 🟢)	7.371s (-2.2%)	1.772s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	7.865s (+71.5% 🔺)	9.206s (+52.9% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	9.666s (+49.7% 🔺)	1.801s	7	1.40x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	12/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	19/21
▲ Vercel	Express	8/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	15/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	14/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	18/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1222	0	219	1441
✅ 💻 Local Development	1615	0	219	1834
✅ 📦 Local Production	1615	0	219	1834
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1615	0	219	1834
✅ 🪟 Windows	131	0	0	131
✅ 📋 Other	741	0	176	917
Total	6939	0	1052	7991

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	105	0	26
✅ example	105	0	26
✅ express	105	0	26
✅ fastify	105	0	26
✅ hono	105	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	129	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	129	0	2
✅ nitro	105	0	26
✅ nuxt	105	0	26
✅ sveltekit	124	0	7
✅ vite	105	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	106	0	25
✅ express-stable	106	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	106	0	25
✅ hono-stable	106	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	106	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	106	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	125	0	6
✅ vite-stable	106	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	106	0	25
✅ express-stable	106	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	106	0	25
✅ hono-stable	106	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	106	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	106	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	125	0	6
✅ vite-stable	106	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	106	0	25
✅ express-stable	106	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	106	0	25
✅ hono-stable	106	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	106	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	106	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	125	0	6
✅ vite-stable	106	0	25

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	131	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	106	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	105	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm

[VaguelySerious]

LGTM assuming this was tested, some wording nits

[github-actions]

No backport to stable for ff167d0 (AI decision).

This commit only modifies docs/content/docs/v4/cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx and docs/content/docs/v5/cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx. Verified via git ls-tree origin/stable that the v4/v5 versioned docs directory structure (and the cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx files) does not exist on stable — stable has a flat docs/content/docs/ layout. There is nothing to backport.

To override, re-run the Backport to stable workflow manually via workflow_dispatch and paste this commit SHA into the ref input:

ff167d005d7b13163fe5819e132266afe3501fa4

[karthikscale3]

Summary

The AI SDK cookbook entry (docs/content/docs/v{4,5}/cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx) shows streamText inside a "use step" turn function with the example tools (lookupOrder, processRefund) also marked "use step". That presentation implies tool calls are individually durable, but per Workflows & Steps the "use step" directive is a no-op when called from another step. So in this pattern tools run as plain inline functions inside runTurn, and the durability boundary is the entire turn — if anything in the turn throws, every tool call that already ran is replayed.

This PR fixes the cookbook to reflect that reality and gives readers an explicit migration path (idempotent tools or DurableAgent).

Changes (applied identically to v4 and v5)

• Removed the "use step" directive from lookupOrder and processRefund in the workflow code sample, with an inline comment explaining why.
• Updated the frontmatter summary and intro paragraph: dropped the inaccurate "tools remain durable steps" claim; explicitly call out the per-turn durability boundary.
• Added a new Tools are not individually durable entry to Pitfalls covering:
  • The retry unit is runTurn, not the tool call.
  • A side-effectful tool (e.g. processRefund) can run multiple times if the turn retries.
  • Mitigations: idempotent tool implementations, or DurableAgent (each tool call becomes its own durable step).
• Added a runTurn durability-boundary bullet to How it works.
• Added a Tool call durability row to the streamText vs DurableAgent table.
• Rewrote two misleading Key APIs bullets:
  • tool() no longer claims tools wrap "use step" functions / are replayed from the log.
  • "use step" is now described as applied to runTurn, not to "tool executions".
• Corrected outdated DurableAgent guidance after verifying the implementation:
  • Callout no longer claims DurableAgent lacks stopWhen, structured output, or onStepFinish — it reimplements the same agent loop and already supports those options.
  • Rewrote When to use streamText directly to focus on the raw AI SDK API, per-turn durability boundaries, and custom multi-turn orchestration (hook loops, sliceUntilFinish).
  • Updated the streamText vs DurableAgent comparison table: both support stopWhen/prepareStep; DurableAgent supports experimental_output and step callbacks (onStepFinish, onFinish, etc.); noted onChunk as the main gap.

Test plan

• Visual check of the rendered /cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk page on v4 and v5.
• Confirm the new in-page anchor (#tools-are-not-individually-durable) resolves from the intro paragraph, How it works, and Key APIs cross-links.
• Confirm the code sample still typechecks in the docs typecheck pipeline.

Made with Cursor

[changeset-bot]

⚠️ No Changeset found

Latest commit: 3270975

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[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.031s (-30.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.975s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.033s (-23.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.973s	10	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.042s (-55.7% 🟢)	1.010s (-3.1%)	0.968s	10	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.048s	1.006s	0.958s	10	1.55x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.053s (-8.1% 🟢)	1.014s (~)	0.960s	10	1.73x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.056s	1.011s	0.955s	10	1.82x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.279s (-31.9% 🟢)	2.044s (-18.6% 🟢)	1.764s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.296s (+25.6% 🔺)	2.469s (+15.6% 🔺)	2.173s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.304s (+21.0% 🔺)	2.151s (-7.8% 🟢)	1.847s	10	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.075s (-4.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.931s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.076s (-4.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.930s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.079s (-5.4% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.929s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.083s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.009s (~)	0.926s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.112s	2.006s	0.895s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.120s	2.009s	0.890s	10	1.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.585s (-22.1% 🟢)	3.301s (-13.8% 🟢)	1.716s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.677s (-56.9% 🟢)	3.257s (-44.9% 🟢)	1.579s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.731s (-7.7% 🟢)	3.615s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.884s	10	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	10.423s (-4.1%)	11.015s (~)	0.592s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	10.423s (-4.6%)	11.021s (~)	0.598s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.425s (-4.8%)	11.021s (~)	0.596s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.445s (-4.7%)	11.017s (~)	0.572s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.652s	11.020s	0.367s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.694s	11.020s	0.326s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.232s (-44.2% 🟢)	15.258s (-39.2% 🟢)	2.026s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.769s (-20.5% 🟢)	15.278s (-21.2% 🟢)	1.509s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	16.197s (-4.6%)	17.973s (-10.2% 🟢)	1.777s	2	1.22x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.457s (-7.8% 🟢)	14.018s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.561s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.492s (-7.5% 🟢)	14.017s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.525s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	13.498s (-9.8% 🟢)	14.027s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.529s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.506s (-10.3% 🟢)	14.029s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.523s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.038s	15.029s	0.991s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.121s	15.019s	0.898s	4	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	21.119s (-67.2% 🟢)	22.768s (-65.8% 🟢)	1.649s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	21.128s (-58.0% 🟢)	22.810s (-56.6% 🟢)	1.683s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	21.868s (-58.4% 🟢)	22.948s (-58.0% 🟢)	1.080s	3	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	11.935s (-28.1% 🟢)	12.022s (-29.4% 🟢)	0.087s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	11.955s (-14.7% 🟢)	12.142s (-16.8% 🟢)	0.187s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.982s (-28.6% 🟢)	12.147s (-28.7% 🟢)	0.165s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	11.987s (-14.2% 🟢)	12.393s (-13.4% 🟢)	0.406s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.945s	13.023s	0.078s	7	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.222s	14.015s	0.794s	7	1.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	32.014s (-73.6% 🟢)	33.895s (-72.6% 🟢)	1.881s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.210s (-91.8% 🟢)	33.857s (-91.4% 🟢)	1.647s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.225s (-92.4% 🟢)	34.212s (-91.9% 🟢)	1.987s	3	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.141s (-10.5% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.865s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.150s (-8.7% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.857s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.176s (-21.0% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.831s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.185s (-27.4% 🟢)	2.007s (-3.2%)	0.822s	15	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.198s	2.007s	0.809s	15	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.279s	2.006s	0.728s	15	1.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.551s (-10.8% 🟢)	4.135s (-10.6% 🟢)	1.584s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.592s (-23.7% 🟢)	4.220s (-14.5% 🟢)	1.628s	8	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.674s (-5.1% 🟢)	4.354s (+0.7%)	1.680s	7	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.191s (-49.3% 🟢)	2.006s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.815s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.212s (-48.7% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.796s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.339s	2.006s	0.667s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.771s (-43.7% 🟢)	2.006s (-48.4% 🟢)	0.236s	15	1.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.799s	2.073s	0.274s	15	1.51x
💻 Local	Express	1.891s (-35.9% 🟢)	2.142s (-38.0% 🟢)	0.250s	15	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.385s (-16.5% 🟢)	4.730s (-20.1% 🟢)	1.345s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.711s (+2.5%)	5.633s (+10.2% 🔺)	1.922s	6	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.474s (-37.0% 🟢)	5.883s (-33.9% 🟢)	1.408s	6	1.32x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.301s (-62.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.707s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.323s (-62.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.684s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.595s	2.007s	0.412s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.947s	5.344s	0.397s	6	3.80x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.412s (-35.2% 🟢)	5.847s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.435s	6	4.16x
💻 Local	Express	5.621s (-32.6% 🟢)	6.013s (-33.4% 🟢)	0.391s	5	4.32x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.258s (+24.0% 🔺)	7.088s (+15.7% 🔺)	1.831s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.447s (-27.7% 🟢)	7.992s (-27.1% 🟢)	1.544s	4	1.23x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.804s (+93.0% 🔺)	8.588s (+55.2% 🔺)	1.784s	4	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.131s (-10.0% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.876s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.158s (-7.9% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.850s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.198s	2.006s	0.808s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.303s	2.006s	0.703s	15	1.15x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.410s (-24.4% 🟢)	2.006s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.595s	15	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	1.460s (-22.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.546s	15	1.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.421s (-17.4% 🟢)	3.689s (-20.5% 🟢)	1.268s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.507s (+2.0%)	3.960s (-5.0% 🟢)	1.452s	8	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.626s (+1.7%)	4.498s (+3.4%)	1.872s	7	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.182s (-49.5% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.825s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.212s (-48.2% 🟢)	2.009s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.797s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.353s	2.008s	0.654s	15	1.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.024s	2.674s	0.650s	12	1.71x
💻 Local	Express	2.077s (-33.7% 🟢)	2.508s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.431s	12	1.76x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.081s (-32.1% 🟢)	2.507s (-35.5% 🟢)	0.427s	12	1.76x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.363s (+5.3% 🔺)	5.109s (+6.6% 🔺)	1.746s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.543s (+9.6% 🔺)	4.722s (-7.0% 🟢)	1.179s	7	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.827s (+21.8% 🔺)	5.241s (+15.9% 🔺)	1.414s	6	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.288s (-63.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.719s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.318s (-62.3% 🟢)	2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.690s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.603s	2.010s	0.408s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.253s	6.013s	0.760s	5	4.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.567s (-39.1% 🟢)	6.014s (-40.0% 🟢)	0.447s	5	4.32x
💻 Local	Express	6.097s (-30.7% 🟢)	6.415s (-30.8% 🟢)	0.318s	5	4.73x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.083s (-20.8% 🟢)	6.959s (-14.9% 🟢)	1.876s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.184s (+1.8%)	7.046s (+3.4%)	1.862s	5	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.777s (-14.5% 🟢)	7.101s (-16.9% 🟢)	1.323s	5	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.442s (-46.1% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.564s	60	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.484s (-50.8% 🟢)	1.004s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.520s	60	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.486s (-42.1% 🟢)	1.024s (~)	0.538s	59	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.525s (-46.5% 🟢)	1.005s (-8.1% 🟢)	0.480s	60	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.682s	1.006s	0.325s	60	1.54x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.705s	1.005s	0.300s	60	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.886s (-74.3% 🟢)	6.422s (-69.9% 🟢)	1.536s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.443s (-75.3% 🟢)	6.976s (-71.0% 🟢)	1.533s	9	1.11x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.491s (-62.1% 🟢)	6.854s (-57.4% 🟢)	1.362s	9	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.031s (-47.8% 🟢)	1.586s (-29.8% 🟢)	0.555s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.053s (-45.4% 🟢)	1.603s (-23.7% 🟢)	0.550s	57	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.209s (-59.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-44.1% 🟢)	0.797s	45	1.17x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.225s (-59.6% 🟢)	2.006s (-46.6% 🟢)	0.781s	45	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.631s	2.009s	0.377s	45	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.767s	2.006s	0.239s	45	1.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	13.045s (-73.8% 🟢)	14.636s (-71.7% 🟢)	1.592s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	13.474s (-61.0% 🟢)	15.249s (-58.6% 🟢)	1.776s	6	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	13.618s (-65.5% 🟢)	15.326s (-62.9% 🟢)	1.708s	6	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.009s (-51.0% 🟢)	2.407s (-47.7% 🟢)	0.398s	50	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.175s (-45.5% 🟢)	2.758s (-36.9% 🟢)	0.583s	44	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	2.767s (-70.0% 🟢)	3.032s (-69.7% 🟢)	0.265s	40	1.38x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.796s (-69.9% 🟢)	3.033s (-69.7% 🟢)	0.237s	40	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.182s	4.009s	0.827s	30	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.712s	4.008s	0.296s	30	1.85x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	27.669s (-78.7% 🟢)	29.488s (-77.7% 🟢)	1.819s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.741s (-69.3% 🟢)	31.477s (-68.0% 🟢)	1.736s	4	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.048s (-71.0% 🟢)	32.776s (-69.9% 🟢)	1.727s	4	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.163s (-42.6% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.843s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.171s (-39.4% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.835s	60	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.229s	1.006s	0.777s	60	1.41x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.412s (-31.8% 🟢)	1.004s (-1.7%)	0.592s	60	2.54x
💻 Local	Express	0.419s (-25.2% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.585s	60	2.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.510s	1.004s	0.494s	60	3.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.414s (+45.3% 🔺)	4.251s (+26.9% 🔺)	1.838s	16	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.559s (+30.9% 🔺)	4.101s (+12.7% 🔺)	1.542s	15	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.607s (+28.9% 🔺)	3.926s (+3.5%)	1.320s	16	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.282s (-43.3% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.724s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.306s (-39.9% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.701s	90	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.449s	1.007s	0.558s	90	1.59x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.140s (-15.7% 🟢)	2.852s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.712s	32	7.60x
💻 Local	Express	2.162s (-14.0% 🟢)	2.943s (-2.2%)	0.781s	31	7.68x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.219s	2.944s	0.726s	31	7.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.743s (+55.7% 🔺)	6.348s (+32.0% 🔺)	1.604s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.316s (+64.8% 🔺)	6.877s (+42.6% 🔺)	1.561s	14	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.355s (+51.5% 🔺)	6.768s (+30.3% 🔺)	1.413s	14	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.557s (-29.5% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.448s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.626s (-23.6% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.1%)	0.380s	120	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.919s	1.207s	0.288s	100	1.65x
💻 Local	Express	10.512s (-6.1% 🟢)	11.119s (-6.9% 🟢)	0.607s	11	18.87x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.566s (-5.6% 🟢)	11.119s (-4.7%)	0.553s	11	18.97x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.761s	11.481s	0.720s	11	19.32x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	14.165s (+83.4% 🔺)	15.767s (+67.7% 🔺)	1.603s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.811s (+43.4% 🔺)	16.301s (+32.7% 🔺)	1.490s	8	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	16.474s (+122.0% 🔺)	18.379s (+98.8% 🔺)	1.905s	7	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.135s (+453.5% 🔺)	2.002s (+100.3% 🔺)	0.001s (-13.3% 🟢)	2.009s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.874s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.135s (+470.1% 🔺)	2.006s (+99.7% 🔺)	0.012s (+2.5%)	2.020s (+98.5% 🔺)	0.885s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.141s (+456.3% 🔺)	2.001s (+100.4% 🔺)	0.001s (-25.0% 🟢)	2.011s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.871s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.142s (+434.4% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.013s (+0.8%)	2.020s (+98.3% 🔺)	0.878s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.170s	2.004s	0.012s	2.019s	0.849s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.195s	2.002s	0.002s	2.011s	0.815s	10	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.151s (-68.6% 🟢)	2.881s (-66.7% 🟢)	2.305s (+264.7% 🔺)	5.547s (-43.3% 🟢)	3.397s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.196s (-42.7% 🟢)	2.985s (-43.4% 🟢)	2.267s (+205.5% 🔺)	5.704s (-12.0% 🟢)	3.508s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.949s (+17.7% 🔺)	4.011s (-1.9%)	14.047s (+1362.0% 🔺)	18.574s (+232.2% 🔺)	15.625s	10	1.37x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.498s (+140.0% 🔺)	2.007s (+99.3% 🔺)	0.003s (-19.4% 🟢)	2.022s (+97.8% 🔺)	0.524s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.520s (+141.3% 🔺)	2.006s (+99.3% 🔺)	0.004s (+4.4%)	2.025s (+98.0% 🔺)	0.505s	30	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.555s (+85.4% 🔺)	2.013s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.011s (+16.0% 🔺)	2.026s (+81.5% 🔺)	0.471s	30	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.657s	2.014s	0.010s	2.026s	0.369s	30	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.712s	2.010s	0.004s	2.028s	0.316s	30	1.14x
💻 Local	Express	1.739s (+129.7% 🔺)	2.012s (+95.6% 🔺)	0.011s (+13.9% 🔺)	2.198s (+111.4% 🔺)	0.459s	29	1.16x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	6.010s (-64.5% 🟢)	6.776s (-62.9% 🟢)	0.173s (-18.3% 🟢)	7.342s (-61.2% 🟢)	1.331s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.068s (-79.4% 🟢)	7.063s (-77.1% 🟢)	0.275s (+145.2% 🔺)	7.733s (-75.7% 🟢)	1.664s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.459s (-0.7%)	7.852s (-2.0%)	0.234s (-42.7% 🟢)	8.609s (-2.6%)	2.149s	7	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.610s (-37.1% 🟢)	1.016s (-18.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-58.6% 🟢)	1.038s (-17.5% 🟢)	0.428s	58	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.695s (-27.6% 🟢)	1.052s (-17.7% 🟢)	0.000s (+101.8% 🔺)	1.064s (-18.5% 🟢)	0.369s	57	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.768s	1.053s	0.000s	1.059s	0.292s	57	1.26x
💻 Local	Express	1.370s (+11.8% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.000s (-50.0% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.647s	30	2.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.402s	2.013s	0.000s	2.016s	0.615s	30	2.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.431s (+17.0% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.000s (-66.7% 🟢)	2.018s (~)	0.587s	30	2.35x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.669s (+20.3% 🔺)	4.647s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.059s (+5.2% 🔺)	1.389s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.790s (+1.3%)	5.277s (+3.4%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.812s (+5.1% 🔺)	2.022s	11	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.849s (-62.2% 🟢)	4.996s (-56.6% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.474s (-54.6% 🟢)	1.625s	11	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.254s (-30.0% 🟢)	1.847s (-13.7% 🟢)	0.000s (+154.5% 🔺)	1.872s (-13.9% 🟢)	0.617s	33	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.325s (-25.2% 🟢)	2.066s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.076s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.751s	30	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.530s	2.106s	0.000s	2.114s	0.585s	29	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.579s	3.187s	0.000s	3.190s	0.611s	19	2.06x
💻 Local	Express	3.164s (-8.7% 🟢)	4.029s (~)	0.001s (-33.3% 🟢)	4.032s (~)	0.867s	15	2.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.346s (-1.2%)	3.968s (-1.6%)	0.001s (+28.9% 🔺)	3.971s (-1.6%)	0.625s	16	2.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.599s (~)	6.937s (-0.6%)	0.000s (-11.1% 🟢)	7.371s (-2.2%)	1.772s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	7.865s (+71.5% 🔺)	9.206s (+52.9% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	9.666s (+49.7% 🔺)	1.801s	7	1.40x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	12/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	19/21
▲ Vercel	Express	8/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	15/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	14/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	18/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1222	0	219	1441
✅ 💻 Local Development	1615	0	219	1834
✅ 📦 Local Production	1615	0	219	1834
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1615	0	219	1834
✅ 🪟 Windows	131	0	0	131
✅ 📋 Other	741	0	176	917
Total	6939	0	1052	7991

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	105	0	26
✅ example	105	0	26
✅ express	105	0	26
✅ fastify	105	0	26
✅ hono	105	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	129	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	129	0	2
✅ nitro	105	0	26
✅ nuxt	105	0	26
✅ sveltekit	124	0	7
✅ vite	105	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	106	0	25
✅ express-stable	106	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	106	0	25
✅ hono-stable	106	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	106	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	106	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	125	0	6
✅ vite-stable	106	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	106	0	25
✅ express-stable	106	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	106	0	25
✅ hono-stable	106	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	106	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	106	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	125	0	6
✅ vite-stable	106	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	106	0	25
✅ express-stable	106	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	106	0	25
✅ hono-stable	106	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	106	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	106	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	125	0	6
✅ vite-stable	106	0	25

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	131	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	106	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	105	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm

[VaguelySerious]

LGTM assuming this was tested, some wording nits

[github-actions]

No backport to stable for ff167d0 (AI decision).

This commit only modifies docs/content/docs/v4/cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx and docs/content/docs/v5/cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx. Verified via git ls-tree origin/stable that the v4/v5 versioned docs directory structure (and the cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx files) does not exist on stable — stable has a flat docs/content/docs/ layout. There is nothing to backport.

To override, re-run the Backport to stable workflow manually via workflow_dispatch and paste this commit SHA into the ref input:

ff167d005d7b13163fe5819e132266afe3501fa4

[karthikscale3]

Summary

The AI SDK cookbook entry (docs/content/docs/v{4,5}/cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx) shows streamText inside a "use step" turn function with the example tools (lookupOrder, processRefund) also marked "use step". That presentation implies tool calls are individually durable, but per Workflows & Steps the "use step" directive is a no-op when called from another step. So in this pattern tools run as plain inline functions inside runTurn, and the durability boundary is the entire turn — if anything in the turn throws, every tool call that already ran is replayed.

This PR fixes the cookbook to reflect that reality and gives readers an explicit migration path (idempotent tools or DurableAgent).

Changes (applied identically to v4 and v5)

• Removed the "use step" directive from lookupOrder and processRefund in the workflow code sample, with an inline comment explaining why.
• Updated the frontmatter summary and intro paragraph: dropped the inaccurate "tools remain durable steps" claim; explicitly call out the per-turn durability boundary.
• Added a new Tools are not individually durable entry to Pitfalls covering:
  • The retry unit is runTurn, not the tool call.
  • A side-effectful tool (e.g. processRefund) can run multiple times if the turn retries.
  • Mitigations: idempotent tool implementations, or DurableAgent (each tool call becomes its own durable step).
• Added a runTurn durability-boundary bullet to How it works.
• Added a Tool call durability row to the streamText vs DurableAgent table.
• Rewrote two misleading Key APIs bullets:
  • tool() no longer claims tools wrap "use step" functions / are replayed from the log.
  • "use step" is now described as applied to runTurn, not to "tool executions".
• Corrected outdated DurableAgent guidance after verifying the implementation:
  • Callout no longer claims DurableAgent lacks stopWhen, structured output, or onStepFinish — it reimplements the same agent loop and already supports those options.
  • Rewrote When to use streamText directly to focus on the raw AI SDK API, per-turn durability boundaries, and custom multi-turn orchestration (hook loops, sliceUntilFinish).
  • Updated the streamText vs DurableAgent comparison table: both support stopWhen/prepareStep; DurableAgent supports experimental_output and step callbacks (onStepFinish, onFinish, etc.); noted onChunk as the main gap.

Test plan

• Visual check of the rendered /cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk page on v4 and v5.
• Confirm the new in-page anchor (#tools-are-not-individually-durable) resolves from the intro paragraph, How it works, and Key APIs cross-links.
• Confirm the code sample still typechecks in the docs typecheck pipeline.

Made with Cursor

[changeset-bot]

⚠️ No Changeset found

Latest commit: 3270975

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[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.031s (-30.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.975s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.033s (-23.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.973s	10	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.042s (-55.7% 🟢)	1.010s (-3.1%)	0.968s	10	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.048s	1.006s	0.958s	10	1.55x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.053s (-8.1% 🟢)	1.014s (~)	0.960s	10	1.73x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.056s	1.011s	0.955s	10	1.82x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.279s (-31.9% 🟢)	2.044s (-18.6% 🟢)	1.764s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.296s (+25.6% 🔺)	2.469s (+15.6% 🔺)	2.173s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.304s (+21.0% 🔺)	2.151s (-7.8% 🟢)	1.847s	10	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.075s (-4.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.931s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.076s (-4.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.930s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.079s (-5.4% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.929s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.083s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.009s (~)	0.926s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.112s	2.006s	0.895s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.120s	2.009s	0.890s	10	1.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.585s (-22.1% 🟢)	3.301s (-13.8% 🟢)	1.716s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.677s (-56.9% 🟢)	3.257s (-44.9% 🟢)	1.579s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.731s (-7.7% 🟢)	3.615s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.884s	10	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	10.423s (-4.1%)	11.015s (~)	0.592s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	10.423s (-4.6%)	11.021s (~)	0.598s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.425s (-4.8%)	11.021s (~)	0.596s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.445s (-4.7%)	11.017s (~)	0.572s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.652s	11.020s	0.367s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.694s	11.020s	0.326s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.232s (-44.2% 🟢)	15.258s (-39.2% 🟢)	2.026s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.769s (-20.5% 🟢)	15.278s (-21.2% 🟢)	1.509s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	16.197s (-4.6%)	17.973s (-10.2% 🟢)	1.777s	2	1.22x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.457s (-7.8% 🟢)	14.018s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.561s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.492s (-7.5% 🟢)	14.017s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.525s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	13.498s (-9.8% 🟢)	14.027s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.529s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.506s (-10.3% 🟢)	14.029s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.523s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.038s	15.029s	0.991s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.121s	15.019s	0.898s	4	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	21.119s (-67.2% 🟢)	22.768s (-65.8% 🟢)	1.649s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	21.128s (-58.0% 🟢)	22.810s (-56.6% 🟢)	1.683s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	21.868s (-58.4% 🟢)	22.948s (-58.0% 🟢)	1.080s	3	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	11.935s (-28.1% 🟢)	12.022s (-29.4% 🟢)	0.087s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	11.955s (-14.7% 🟢)	12.142s (-16.8% 🟢)	0.187s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.982s (-28.6% 🟢)	12.147s (-28.7% 🟢)	0.165s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	11.987s (-14.2% 🟢)	12.393s (-13.4% 🟢)	0.406s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.945s	13.023s	0.078s	7	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.222s	14.015s	0.794s	7	1.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	32.014s (-73.6% 🟢)	33.895s (-72.6% 🟢)	1.881s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.210s (-91.8% 🟢)	33.857s (-91.4% 🟢)	1.647s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.225s (-92.4% 🟢)	34.212s (-91.9% 🟢)	1.987s	3	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.141s (-10.5% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.865s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.150s (-8.7% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.857s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.176s (-21.0% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.831s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.185s (-27.4% 🟢)	2.007s (-3.2%)	0.822s	15	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.198s	2.007s	0.809s	15	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.279s	2.006s	0.728s	15	1.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.551s (-10.8% 🟢)	4.135s (-10.6% 🟢)	1.584s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.592s (-23.7% 🟢)	4.220s (-14.5% 🟢)	1.628s	8	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.674s (-5.1% 🟢)	4.354s (+0.7%)	1.680s	7	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.191s (-49.3% 🟢)	2.006s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.815s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.212s (-48.7% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.796s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.339s	2.006s	0.667s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.771s (-43.7% 🟢)	2.006s (-48.4% 🟢)	0.236s	15	1.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.799s	2.073s	0.274s	15	1.51x
💻 Local	Express	1.891s (-35.9% 🟢)	2.142s (-38.0% 🟢)	0.250s	15	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.385s (-16.5% 🟢)	4.730s (-20.1% 🟢)	1.345s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.711s (+2.5%)	5.633s (+10.2% 🔺)	1.922s	6	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.474s (-37.0% 🟢)	5.883s (-33.9% 🟢)	1.408s	6	1.32x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.301s (-62.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.707s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.323s (-62.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.684s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.595s	2.007s	0.412s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.947s	5.344s	0.397s	6	3.80x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.412s (-35.2% 🟢)	5.847s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.435s	6	4.16x
💻 Local	Express	5.621s (-32.6% 🟢)	6.013s (-33.4% 🟢)	0.391s	5	4.32x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.258s (+24.0% 🔺)	7.088s (+15.7% 🔺)	1.831s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.447s (-27.7% 🟢)	7.992s (-27.1% 🟢)	1.544s	4	1.23x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.804s (+93.0% 🔺)	8.588s (+55.2% 🔺)	1.784s	4	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.131s (-10.0% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.876s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.158s (-7.9% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.850s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.198s	2.006s	0.808s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.303s	2.006s	0.703s	15	1.15x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.410s (-24.4% 🟢)	2.006s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.595s	15	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	1.460s (-22.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.546s	15	1.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.421s (-17.4% 🟢)	3.689s (-20.5% 🟢)	1.268s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.507s (+2.0%)	3.960s (-5.0% 🟢)	1.452s	8	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.626s (+1.7%)	4.498s (+3.4%)	1.872s	7	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.182s (-49.5% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.825s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.212s (-48.2% 🟢)	2.009s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.797s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.353s	2.008s	0.654s	15	1.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.024s	2.674s	0.650s	12	1.71x
💻 Local	Express	2.077s (-33.7% 🟢)	2.508s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.431s	12	1.76x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.081s (-32.1% 🟢)	2.507s (-35.5% 🟢)	0.427s	12	1.76x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.363s (+5.3% 🔺)	5.109s (+6.6% 🔺)	1.746s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.543s (+9.6% 🔺)	4.722s (-7.0% 🟢)	1.179s	7	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.827s (+21.8% 🔺)	5.241s (+15.9% 🔺)	1.414s	6	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.288s (-63.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.719s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.318s (-62.3% 🟢)	2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.690s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.603s	2.010s	0.408s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.253s	6.013s	0.760s	5	4.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.567s (-39.1% 🟢)	6.014s (-40.0% 🟢)	0.447s	5	4.32x
💻 Local	Express	6.097s (-30.7% 🟢)	6.415s (-30.8% 🟢)	0.318s	5	4.73x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.083s (-20.8% 🟢)	6.959s (-14.9% 🟢)	1.876s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.184s (+1.8%)	7.046s (+3.4%)	1.862s	5	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.777s (-14.5% 🟢)	7.101s (-16.9% 🟢)	1.323s	5	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.442s (-46.1% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.564s	60	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.484s (-50.8% 🟢)	1.004s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.520s	60	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.486s (-42.1% 🟢)	1.024s (~)	0.538s	59	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.525s (-46.5% 🟢)	1.005s (-8.1% 🟢)	0.480s	60	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.682s	1.006s	0.325s	60	1.54x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.705s	1.005s	0.300s	60	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.886s (-74.3% 🟢)	6.422s (-69.9% 🟢)	1.536s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.443s (-75.3% 🟢)	6.976s (-71.0% 🟢)	1.533s	9	1.11x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.491s (-62.1% 🟢)	6.854s (-57.4% 🟢)	1.362s	9	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.031s (-47.8% 🟢)	1.586s (-29.8% 🟢)	0.555s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.053s (-45.4% 🟢)	1.603s (-23.7% 🟢)	0.550s	57	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.209s (-59.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-44.1% 🟢)	0.797s	45	1.17x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.225s (-59.6% 🟢)	2.006s (-46.6% 🟢)	0.781s	45	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.631s	2.009s	0.377s	45	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.767s	2.006s	0.239s	45	1.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	13.045s (-73.8% 🟢)	14.636s (-71.7% 🟢)	1.592s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	13.474s (-61.0% 🟢)	15.249s (-58.6% 🟢)	1.776s	6	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	13.618s (-65.5% 🟢)	15.326s (-62.9% 🟢)	1.708s	6	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.009s (-51.0% 🟢)	2.407s (-47.7% 🟢)	0.398s	50	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.175s (-45.5% 🟢)	2.758s (-36.9% 🟢)	0.583s	44	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	2.767s (-70.0% 🟢)	3.032s (-69.7% 🟢)	0.265s	40	1.38x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.796s (-69.9% 🟢)	3.033s (-69.7% 🟢)	0.237s	40	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.182s	4.009s	0.827s	30	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.712s	4.008s	0.296s	30	1.85x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	27.669s (-78.7% 🟢)	29.488s (-77.7% 🟢)	1.819s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.741s (-69.3% 🟢)	31.477s (-68.0% 🟢)	1.736s	4	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.048s (-71.0% 🟢)	32.776s (-69.9% 🟢)	1.727s	4	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.163s (-42.6% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.843s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.171s (-39.4% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.835s	60	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.229s	1.006s	0.777s	60	1.41x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.412s (-31.8% 🟢)	1.004s (-1.7%)	0.592s	60	2.54x
💻 Local	Express	0.419s (-25.2% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.585s	60	2.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.510s	1.004s	0.494s	60	3.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.414s (+45.3% 🔺)	4.251s (+26.9% 🔺)	1.838s	16	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.559s (+30.9% 🔺)	4.101s (+12.7% 🔺)	1.542s	15	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.607s (+28.9% 🔺)	3.926s (+3.5%)	1.320s	16	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.282s (-43.3% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.724s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.306s (-39.9% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.701s	90	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.449s	1.007s	0.558s	90	1.59x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.140s (-15.7% 🟢)	2.852s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.712s	32	7.60x
💻 Local	Express	2.162s (-14.0% 🟢)	2.943s (-2.2%)	0.781s	31	7.68x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.219s	2.944s	0.726s	31	7.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.743s (+55.7% 🔺)	6.348s (+32.0% 🔺)	1.604s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.316s (+64.8% 🔺)	6.877s (+42.6% 🔺)	1.561s	14	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.355s (+51.5% 🔺)	6.768s (+30.3% 🔺)	1.413s	14	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.557s (-29.5% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.448s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.626s (-23.6% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.1%)	0.380s	120	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.919s	1.207s	0.288s	100	1.65x
💻 Local	Express	10.512s (-6.1% 🟢)	11.119s (-6.9% 🟢)	0.607s	11	18.87x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.566s (-5.6% 🟢)	11.119s (-4.7%)	0.553s	11	18.97x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.761s	11.481s	0.720s	11	19.32x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	14.165s (+83.4% 🔺)	15.767s (+67.7% 🔺)	1.603s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.811s (+43.4% 🔺)	16.301s (+32.7% 🔺)	1.490s	8	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	16.474s (+122.0% 🔺)	18.379s (+98.8% 🔺)	1.905s	7	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.135s (+453.5% 🔺)	2.002s (+100.3% 🔺)	0.001s (-13.3% 🟢)	2.009s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.874s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.135s (+470.1% 🔺)	2.006s (+99.7% 🔺)	0.012s (+2.5%)	2.020s (+98.5% 🔺)	0.885s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.141s (+456.3% 🔺)	2.001s (+100.4% 🔺)	0.001s (-25.0% 🟢)	2.011s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.871s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.142s (+434.4% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.013s (+0.8%)	2.020s (+98.3% 🔺)	0.878s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.170s	2.004s	0.012s	2.019s	0.849s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.195s	2.002s	0.002s	2.011s	0.815s	10	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.151s (-68.6% 🟢)	2.881s (-66.7% 🟢)	2.305s (+264.7% 🔺)	5.547s (-43.3% 🟢)	3.397s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.196s (-42.7% 🟢)	2.985s (-43.4% 🟢)	2.267s (+205.5% 🔺)	5.704s (-12.0% 🟢)	3.508s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.949s (+17.7% 🔺)	4.011s (-1.9%)	14.047s (+1362.0% 🔺)	18.574s (+232.2% 🔺)	15.625s	10	1.37x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.498s (+140.0% 🔺)	2.007s (+99.3% 🔺)	0.003s (-19.4% 🟢)	2.022s (+97.8% 🔺)	0.524s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.520s (+141.3% 🔺)	2.006s (+99.3% 🔺)	0.004s (+4.4%)	2.025s (+98.0% 🔺)	0.505s	30	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.555s (+85.4% 🔺)	2.013s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.011s (+16.0% 🔺)	2.026s (+81.5% 🔺)	0.471s	30	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.657s	2.014s	0.010s	2.026s	0.369s	30	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.712s	2.010s	0.004s	2.028s	0.316s	30	1.14x
💻 Local	Express	1.739s (+129.7% 🔺)	2.012s (+95.6% 🔺)	0.011s (+13.9% 🔺)	2.198s (+111.4% 🔺)	0.459s	29	1.16x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	6.010s (-64.5% 🟢)	6.776s (-62.9% 🟢)	0.173s (-18.3% 🟢)	7.342s (-61.2% 🟢)	1.331s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.068s (-79.4% 🟢)	7.063s (-77.1% 🟢)	0.275s (+145.2% 🔺)	7.733s (-75.7% 🟢)	1.664s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.459s (-0.7%)	7.852s (-2.0%)	0.234s (-42.7% 🟢)	8.609s (-2.6%)	2.149s	7	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.610s (-37.1% 🟢)	1.016s (-18.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-58.6% 🟢)	1.038s (-17.5% 🟢)	0.428s	58	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.695s (-27.6% 🟢)	1.052s (-17.7% 🟢)	0.000s (+101.8% 🔺)	1.064s (-18.5% 🟢)	0.369s	57	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.768s	1.053s	0.000s	1.059s	0.292s	57	1.26x
💻 Local	Express	1.370s (+11.8% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.000s (-50.0% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.647s	30	2.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.402s	2.013s	0.000s	2.016s	0.615s	30	2.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.431s (+17.0% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.000s (-66.7% 🟢)	2.018s (~)	0.587s	30	2.35x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.669s (+20.3% 🔺)	4.647s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.059s (+5.2% 🔺)	1.389s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.790s (+1.3%)	5.277s (+3.4%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.812s (+5.1% 🔺)	2.022s	11	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.849s (-62.2% 🟢)	4.996s (-56.6% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.474s (-54.6% 🟢)	1.625s	11	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.254s (-30.0% 🟢)	1.847s (-13.7% 🟢)	0.000s (+154.5% 🔺)	1.872s (-13.9% 🟢)	0.617s	33	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.325s (-25.2% 🟢)	2.066s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.076s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.751s	30	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.530s	2.106s	0.000s	2.114s	0.585s	29	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.579s	3.187s	0.000s	3.190s	0.611s	19	2.06x
💻 Local	Express	3.164s (-8.7% 🟢)	4.029s (~)	0.001s (-33.3% 🟢)	4.032s (~)	0.867s	15	2.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.346s (-1.2%)	3.968s (-1.6%)	0.001s (+28.9% 🔺)	3.971s (-1.6%)	0.625s	16	2.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.599s (~)	6.937s (-0.6%)	0.000s (-11.1% 🟢)	7.371s (-2.2%)	1.772s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	7.865s (+71.5% 🔺)	9.206s (+52.9% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	9.666s (+49.7% 🔺)	1.801s	7	1.40x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	12/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	19/21
▲ Vercel	Express	8/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	15/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	14/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	18/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

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🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1222	0	219	1441
✅ 💻 Local Development	1615	0	219	1834
✅ 📦 Local Production	1615	0	219	1834
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1615	0	219	1834
✅ 🪟 Windows	131	0	0	131
✅ 📋 Other	741	0	176	917
Total	6939	0	1052	7991

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	105	0	26
✅ example	105	0	26
✅ express	105	0	26
✅ fastify	105	0	26
✅ hono	105	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	129	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	129	0	2
✅ nitro	105	0	26
✅ nuxt	105	0	26
✅ sveltekit	124	0	7
✅ vite	105	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	106	0	25
✅ express-stable	106	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	106	0	25
✅ hono-stable	106	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	106	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	106	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	125	0	6
✅ vite-stable	106	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	106	0	25
✅ express-stable	106	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	106	0	25
✅ hono-stable	106	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	106	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	106	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	125	0	6
✅ vite-stable	106	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	106	0	25
✅ express-stable	106	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	106	0	25
✅ hono-stable	106	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	106	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	106	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	125	0	6
✅ vite-stable	106	0	25

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	131	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	106	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	105	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm

[VaguelySerious]

LGTM assuming this was tested, some wording nits

[github-actions]

No backport to stable for ff167d0 (AI decision).

This commit only modifies docs/content/docs/v4/cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx and docs/content/docs/v5/cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx. Verified via git ls-tree origin/stable that the v4/v5 versioned docs directory structure (and the cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx files) does not exist on stable — stable has a flat docs/content/docs/ layout. There is nothing to backport.

To override, re-run the Backport to stable workflow manually via workflow_dispatch and paste this commit SHA into the ref input:

ff167d005d7b13163fe5819e132266afe3501fa4

[karthikscale3]

Summary

The AI SDK cookbook entry (docs/content/docs/v{4,5}/cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx) shows streamText inside a "use step" turn function with the example tools (lookupOrder, processRefund) also marked "use step". That presentation implies tool calls are individually durable, but per Workflows & Steps the "use step" directive is a no-op when called from another step. So in this pattern tools run as plain inline functions inside runTurn, and the durability boundary is the entire turn — if anything in the turn throws, every tool call that already ran is replayed.

This PR fixes the cookbook to reflect that reality and gives readers an explicit migration path (idempotent tools or DurableAgent).

Changes (applied identically to v4 and v5)

• Removed the "use step" directive from lookupOrder and processRefund in the workflow code sample, with an inline comment explaining why.
• Updated the frontmatter summary and intro paragraph: dropped the inaccurate "tools remain durable steps" claim; explicitly call out the per-turn durability boundary.
• Added a new Tools are not individually durable entry to Pitfalls covering:
  • The retry unit is runTurn, not the tool call.
  • A side-effectful tool (e.g. processRefund) can run multiple times if the turn retries.
  • Mitigations: idempotent tool implementations, or DurableAgent (each tool call becomes its own durable step).
• Added a runTurn durability-boundary bullet to How it works.
• Added a Tool call durability row to the streamText vs DurableAgent table.
• Rewrote two misleading Key APIs bullets:
  • tool() no longer claims tools wrap "use step" functions / are replayed from the log.
  • "use step" is now described as applied to runTurn, not to "tool executions".
• Corrected outdated DurableAgent guidance after verifying the implementation:
  • Callout no longer claims DurableAgent lacks stopWhen, structured output, or onStepFinish — it reimplements the same agent loop and already supports those options.
  • Rewrote When to use streamText directly to focus on the raw AI SDK API, per-turn durability boundaries, and custom multi-turn orchestration (hook loops, sliceUntilFinish).
  • Updated the streamText vs DurableAgent comparison table: both support stopWhen/prepareStep; DurableAgent supports experimental_output and step callbacks (onStepFinish, onFinish, etc.); noted onChunk as the main gap.

Test plan

• Visual check of the rendered /cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk page on v4 and v5.
• Confirm the new in-page anchor (#tools-are-not-individually-durable) resolves from the intro paragraph, How it works, and Key APIs cross-links.
• Confirm the code sample still typechecks in the docs typecheck pipeline.

Made with Cursor

[changeset-bot]

⚠️ No Changeset found

Latest commit: 3270975

Merging this PR will not cause a version bump for any packages. If these changes should not result in a new version, you're good to go. If these changes should result in a version bump, you need to add a changeset.

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[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.031s (-30.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.975s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.033s (-23.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.973s	10	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.042s (-55.7% 🟢)	1.010s (-3.1%)	0.968s	10	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.048s	1.006s	0.958s	10	1.55x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.053s (-8.1% 🟢)	1.014s (~)	0.960s	10	1.73x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.056s	1.011s	0.955s	10	1.82x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.279s (-31.9% 🟢)	2.044s (-18.6% 🟢)	1.764s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.296s (+25.6% 🔺)	2.469s (+15.6% 🔺)	2.173s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.304s (+21.0% 🔺)	2.151s (-7.8% 🟢)	1.847s	10	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.075s (-4.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.931s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.076s (-4.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.930s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.079s (-5.4% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.929s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.083s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.009s (~)	0.926s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.112s	2.006s	0.895s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.120s	2.009s	0.890s	10	1.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.585s (-22.1% 🟢)	3.301s (-13.8% 🟢)	1.716s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.677s (-56.9% 🟢)	3.257s (-44.9% 🟢)	1.579s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.731s (-7.7% 🟢)	3.615s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.884s	10	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	10.423s (-4.1%)	11.015s (~)	0.592s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	10.423s (-4.6%)	11.021s (~)	0.598s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.425s (-4.8%)	11.021s (~)	0.596s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.445s (-4.7%)	11.017s (~)	0.572s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.652s	11.020s	0.367s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.694s	11.020s	0.326s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.232s (-44.2% 🟢)	15.258s (-39.2% 🟢)	2.026s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.769s (-20.5% 🟢)	15.278s (-21.2% 🟢)	1.509s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	16.197s (-4.6%)	17.973s (-10.2% 🟢)	1.777s	2	1.22x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.457s (-7.8% 🟢)	14.018s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.561s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.492s (-7.5% 🟢)	14.017s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.525s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	13.498s (-9.8% 🟢)	14.027s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.529s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.506s (-10.3% 🟢)	14.029s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.523s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.038s	15.029s	0.991s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.121s	15.019s	0.898s	4	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	21.119s (-67.2% 🟢)	22.768s (-65.8% 🟢)	1.649s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	21.128s (-58.0% 🟢)	22.810s (-56.6% 🟢)	1.683s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	21.868s (-58.4% 🟢)	22.948s (-58.0% 🟢)	1.080s	3	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	11.935s (-28.1% 🟢)	12.022s (-29.4% 🟢)	0.087s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	11.955s (-14.7% 🟢)	12.142s (-16.8% 🟢)	0.187s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.982s (-28.6% 🟢)	12.147s (-28.7% 🟢)	0.165s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	11.987s (-14.2% 🟢)	12.393s (-13.4% 🟢)	0.406s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.945s	13.023s	0.078s	7	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.222s	14.015s	0.794s	7	1.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	32.014s (-73.6% 🟢)	33.895s (-72.6% 🟢)	1.881s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.210s (-91.8% 🟢)	33.857s (-91.4% 🟢)	1.647s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.225s (-92.4% 🟢)	34.212s (-91.9% 🟢)	1.987s	3	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.141s (-10.5% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.865s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.150s (-8.7% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.857s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.176s (-21.0% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.831s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.185s (-27.4% 🟢)	2.007s (-3.2%)	0.822s	15	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.198s	2.007s	0.809s	15	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.279s	2.006s	0.728s	15	1.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.551s (-10.8% 🟢)	4.135s (-10.6% 🟢)	1.584s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.592s (-23.7% 🟢)	4.220s (-14.5% 🟢)	1.628s	8	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.674s (-5.1% 🟢)	4.354s (+0.7%)	1.680s	7	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.191s (-49.3% 🟢)	2.006s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.815s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.212s (-48.7% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.796s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.339s	2.006s	0.667s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.771s (-43.7% 🟢)	2.006s (-48.4% 🟢)	0.236s	15	1.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.799s	2.073s	0.274s	15	1.51x
💻 Local	Express	1.891s (-35.9% 🟢)	2.142s (-38.0% 🟢)	0.250s	15	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.385s (-16.5% 🟢)	4.730s (-20.1% 🟢)	1.345s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.711s (+2.5%)	5.633s (+10.2% 🔺)	1.922s	6	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.474s (-37.0% 🟢)	5.883s (-33.9% 🟢)	1.408s	6	1.32x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.301s (-62.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.707s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.323s (-62.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.684s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.595s	2.007s	0.412s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.947s	5.344s	0.397s	6	3.80x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.412s (-35.2% 🟢)	5.847s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.435s	6	4.16x
💻 Local	Express	5.621s (-32.6% 🟢)	6.013s (-33.4% 🟢)	0.391s	5	4.32x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.258s (+24.0% 🔺)	7.088s (+15.7% 🔺)	1.831s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.447s (-27.7% 🟢)	7.992s (-27.1% 🟢)	1.544s	4	1.23x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.804s (+93.0% 🔺)	8.588s (+55.2% 🔺)	1.784s	4	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.131s (-10.0% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.876s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.158s (-7.9% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.850s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.198s	2.006s	0.808s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.303s	2.006s	0.703s	15	1.15x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.410s (-24.4% 🟢)	2.006s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.595s	15	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	1.460s (-22.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.546s	15	1.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.421s (-17.4% 🟢)	3.689s (-20.5% 🟢)	1.268s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.507s (+2.0%)	3.960s (-5.0% 🟢)	1.452s	8	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.626s (+1.7%)	4.498s (+3.4%)	1.872s	7	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.182s (-49.5% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.825s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.212s (-48.2% 🟢)	2.009s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.797s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.353s	2.008s	0.654s	15	1.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.024s	2.674s	0.650s	12	1.71x
💻 Local	Express	2.077s (-33.7% 🟢)	2.508s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.431s	12	1.76x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.081s (-32.1% 🟢)	2.507s (-35.5% 🟢)	0.427s	12	1.76x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.363s (+5.3% 🔺)	5.109s (+6.6% 🔺)	1.746s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.543s (+9.6% 🔺)	4.722s (-7.0% 🟢)	1.179s	7	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.827s (+21.8% 🔺)	5.241s (+15.9% 🔺)	1.414s	6	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.288s (-63.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.719s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.318s (-62.3% 🟢)	2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.690s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.603s	2.010s	0.408s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.253s	6.013s	0.760s	5	4.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.567s (-39.1% 🟢)	6.014s (-40.0% 🟢)	0.447s	5	4.32x
💻 Local	Express	6.097s (-30.7% 🟢)	6.415s (-30.8% 🟢)	0.318s	5	4.73x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.083s (-20.8% 🟢)	6.959s (-14.9% 🟢)	1.876s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.184s (+1.8%)	7.046s (+3.4%)	1.862s	5	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.777s (-14.5% 🟢)	7.101s (-16.9% 🟢)	1.323s	5	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.442s (-46.1% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.564s	60	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.484s (-50.8% 🟢)	1.004s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.520s	60	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.486s (-42.1% 🟢)	1.024s (~)	0.538s	59	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.525s (-46.5% 🟢)	1.005s (-8.1% 🟢)	0.480s	60	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.682s	1.006s	0.325s	60	1.54x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.705s	1.005s	0.300s	60	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.886s (-74.3% 🟢)	6.422s (-69.9% 🟢)	1.536s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.443s (-75.3% 🟢)	6.976s (-71.0% 🟢)	1.533s	9	1.11x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.491s (-62.1% 🟢)	6.854s (-57.4% 🟢)	1.362s	9	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.031s (-47.8% 🟢)	1.586s (-29.8% 🟢)	0.555s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.053s (-45.4% 🟢)	1.603s (-23.7% 🟢)	0.550s	57	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.209s (-59.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-44.1% 🟢)	0.797s	45	1.17x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.225s (-59.6% 🟢)	2.006s (-46.6% 🟢)	0.781s	45	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.631s	2.009s	0.377s	45	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.767s	2.006s	0.239s	45	1.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	13.045s (-73.8% 🟢)	14.636s (-71.7% 🟢)	1.592s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	13.474s (-61.0% 🟢)	15.249s (-58.6% 🟢)	1.776s	6	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	13.618s (-65.5% 🟢)	15.326s (-62.9% 🟢)	1.708s	6	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.009s (-51.0% 🟢)	2.407s (-47.7% 🟢)	0.398s	50	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.175s (-45.5% 🟢)	2.758s (-36.9% 🟢)	0.583s	44	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	2.767s (-70.0% 🟢)	3.032s (-69.7% 🟢)	0.265s	40	1.38x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.796s (-69.9% 🟢)	3.033s (-69.7% 🟢)	0.237s	40	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.182s	4.009s	0.827s	30	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.712s	4.008s	0.296s	30	1.85x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	27.669s (-78.7% 🟢)	29.488s (-77.7% 🟢)	1.819s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.741s (-69.3% 🟢)	31.477s (-68.0% 🟢)	1.736s	4	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.048s (-71.0% 🟢)	32.776s (-69.9% 🟢)	1.727s	4	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.163s (-42.6% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.843s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.171s (-39.4% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.835s	60	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.229s	1.006s	0.777s	60	1.41x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.412s (-31.8% 🟢)	1.004s (-1.7%)	0.592s	60	2.54x
💻 Local	Express	0.419s (-25.2% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.585s	60	2.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.510s	1.004s	0.494s	60	3.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.414s (+45.3% 🔺)	4.251s (+26.9% 🔺)	1.838s	16	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.559s (+30.9% 🔺)	4.101s (+12.7% 🔺)	1.542s	15	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.607s (+28.9% 🔺)	3.926s (+3.5%)	1.320s	16	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.282s (-43.3% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.724s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.306s (-39.9% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.701s	90	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.449s	1.007s	0.558s	90	1.59x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.140s (-15.7% 🟢)	2.852s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.712s	32	7.60x
💻 Local	Express	2.162s (-14.0% 🟢)	2.943s (-2.2%)	0.781s	31	7.68x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.219s	2.944s	0.726s	31	7.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.743s (+55.7% 🔺)	6.348s (+32.0% 🔺)	1.604s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.316s (+64.8% 🔺)	6.877s (+42.6% 🔺)	1.561s	14	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.355s (+51.5% 🔺)	6.768s (+30.3% 🔺)	1.413s	14	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.557s (-29.5% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.448s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.626s (-23.6% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.1%)	0.380s	120	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.919s	1.207s	0.288s	100	1.65x
💻 Local	Express	10.512s (-6.1% 🟢)	11.119s (-6.9% 🟢)	0.607s	11	18.87x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.566s (-5.6% 🟢)	11.119s (-4.7%)	0.553s	11	18.97x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.761s	11.481s	0.720s	11	19.32x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	14.165s (+83.4% 🔺)	15.767s (+67.7% 🔺)	1.603s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.811s (+43.4% 🔺)	16.301s (+32.7% 🔺)	1.490s	8	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	16.474s (+122.0% 🔺)	18.379s (+98.8% 🔺)	1.905s	7	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.135s (+453.5% 🔺)	2.002s (+100.3% 🔺)	0.001s (-13.3% 🟢)	2.009s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.874s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.135s (+470.1% 🔺)	2.006s (+99.7% 🔺)	0.012s (+2.5%)	2.020s (+98.5% 🔺)	0.885s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.141s (+456.3% 🔺)	2.001s (+100.4% 🔺)	0.001s (-25.0% 🟢)	2.011s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.871s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.142s (+434.4% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.013s (+0.8%)	2.020s (+98.3% 🔺)	0.878s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.170s	2.004s	0.012s	2.019s	0.849s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.195s	2.002s	0.002s	2.011s	0.815s	10	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.151s (-68.6% 🟢)	2.881s (-66.7% 🟢)	2.305s (+264.7% 🔺)	5.547s (-43.3% 🟢)	3.397s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.196s (-42.7% 🟢)	2.985s (-43.4% 🟢)	2.267s (+205.5% 🔺)	5.704s (-12.0% 🟢)	3.508s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.949s (+17.7% 🔺)	4.011s (-1.9%)	14.047s (+1362.0% 🔺)	18.574s (+232.2% 🔺)	15.625s	10	1.37x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.498s (+140.0% 🔺)	2.007s (+99.3% 🔺)	0.003s (-19.4% 🟢)	2.022s (+97.8% 🔺)	0.524s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.520s (+141.3% 🔺)	2.006s (+99.3% 🔺)	0.004s (+4.4%)	2.025s (+98.0% 🔺)	0.505s	30	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.555s (+85.4% 🔺)	2.013s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.011s (+16.0% 🔺)	2.026s (+81.5% 🔺)	0.471s	30	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.657s	2.014s	0.010s	2.026s	0.369s	30	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.712s	2.010s	0.004s	2.028s	0.316s	30	1.14x
💻 Local	Express	1.739s (+129.7% 🔺)	2.012s (+95.6% 🔺)	0.011s (+13.9% 🔺)	2.198s (+111.4% 🔺)	0.459s	29	1.16x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	6.010s (-64.5% 🟢)	6.776s (-62.9% 🟢)	0.173s (-18.3% 🟢)	7.342s (-61.2% 🟢)	1.331s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.068s (-79.4% 🟢)	7.063s (-77.1% 🟢)	0.275s (+145.2% 🔺)	7.733s (-75.7% 🟢)	1.664s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.459s (-0.7%)	7.852s (-2.0%)	0.234s (-42.7% 🟢)	8.609s (-2.6%)	2.149s	7	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.610s (-37.1% 🟢)	1.016s (-18.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-58.6% 🟢)	1.038s (-17.5% 🟢)	0.428s	58	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.695s (-27.6% 🟢)	1.052s (-17.7% 🟢)	0.000s (+101.8% 🔺)	1.064s (-18.5% 🟢)	0.369s	57	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.768s	1.053s	0.000s	1.059s	0.292s	57	1.26x
💻 Local	Express	1.370s (+11.8% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.000s (-50.0% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.647s	30	2.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.402s	2.013s	0.000s	2.016s	0.615s	30	2.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.431s (+17.0% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.000s (-66.7% 🟢)	2.018s (~)	0.587s	30	2.35x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.669s (+20.3% 🔺)	4.647s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.059s (+5.2% 🔺)	1.389s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.790s (+1.3%)	5.277s (+3.4%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.812s (+5.1% 🔺)	2.022s	11	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.849s (-62.2% 🟢)	4.996s (-56.6% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.474s (-54.6% 🟢)	1.625s	11	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.254s (-30.0% 🟢)	1.847s (-13.7% 🟢)	0.000s (+154.5% 🔺)	1.872s (-13.9% 🟢)	0.617s	33	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.325s (-25.2% 🟢)	2.066s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.076s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.751s	30	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.530s	2.106s	0.000s	2.114s	0.585s	29	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.579s	3.187s	0.000s	3.190s	0.611s	19	2.06x
💻 Local	Express	3.164s (-8.7% 🟢)	4.029s (~)	0.001s (-33.3% 🟢)	4.032s (~)	0.867s	15	2.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.346s (-1.2%)	3.968s (-1.6%)	0.001s (+28.9% 🔺)	3.971s (-1.6%)	0.625s	16	2.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.599s (~)	6.937s (-0.6%)	0.000s (-11.1% 🟢)	7.371s (-2.2%)	1.772s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	7.865s (+71.5% 🔺)	9.206s (+52.9% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	9.666s (+49.7% 🔺)	1.801s	7	1.40x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	12/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	19/21
▲ Vercel	Express	8/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	15/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	14/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	18/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1222	0	219	1441
✅ 💻 Local Development	1615	0	219	1834
✅ 📦 Local Production	1615	0	219	1834
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1615	0	219	1834
✅ 🪟 Windows	131	0	0	131
✅ 📋 Other	741	0	176	917
Total	6939	0	1052	7991

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	105	0	26
✅ example	105	0	26
✅ express	105	0	26
✅ fastify	105	0	26
✅ hono	105	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	129	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	129	0	2
✅ nitro	105	0	26
✅ nuxt	105	0	26
✅ sveltekit	124	0	7
✅ vite	105	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	106	0	25
✅ express-stable	106	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	106	0	25
✅ hono-stable	106	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	106	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	106	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	125	0	6
✅ vite-stable	106	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	106	0	25
✅ express-stable	106	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	106	0	25
✅ hono-stable	106	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	106	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	106	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	125	0	6
✅ vite-stable	106	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	106	0	25
✅ express-stable	106	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	106	0	25
✅ hono-stable	106	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	106	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	106	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	125	0	6
✅ vite-stable	106	0	25

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	131	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	106	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	105	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

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[VaguelySerious]

LGTM assuming this was tested, some wording nits

[github-actions]

No backport to stable for ff167d0 (AI decision).

This commit only modifies docs/content/docs/v4/cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx and docs/content/docs/v5/cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx. Verified via git ls-tree origin/stable that the v4/v5 versioned docs directory structure (and the cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx files) does not exist on stable — stable has a flat docs/content/docs/ layout. There is nothing to backport.

To override, re-run the Backport to stable workflow manually via workflow_dispatch and paste this commit SHA into the ref input:

ff167d005d7b13163fe5819e132266afe3501fa4

[karthikscale3]

Summary

The AI SDK cookbook entry (docs/content/docs/v{4,5}/cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx) shows streamText inside a "use step" turn function with the example tools (lookupOrder, processRefund) also marked "use step". That presentation implies tool calls are individually durable, but per Workflows & Steps the "use step" directive is a no-op when called from another step. So in this pattern tools run as plain inline functions inside runTurn, and the durability boundary is the entire turn — if anything in the turn throws, every tool call that already ran is replayed.

This PR fixes the cookbook to reflect that reality and gives readers an explicit migration path (idempotent tools or DurableAgent).

Changes (applied identically to v4 and v5)

• Removed the "use step" directive from lookupOrder and processRefund in the workflow code sample, with an inline comment explaining why.
• Updated the frontmatter summary and intro paragraph: dropped the inaccurate "tools remain durable steps" claim; explicitly call out the per-turn durability boundary.
• Added a new Tools are not individually durable entry to Pitfalls covering:
  • The retry unit is runTurn, not the tool call.
  • A side-effectful tool (e.g. processRefund) can run multiple times if the turn retries.
  • Mitigations: idempotent tool implementations, or DurableAgent (each tool call becomes its own durable step).
• Added a runTurn durability-boundary bullet to How it works.
• Added a Tool call durability row to the streamText vs DurableAgent table.
• Rewrote two misleading Key APIs bullets:
  • tool() no longer claims tools wrap "use step" functions / are replayed from the log.
  • "use step" is now described as applied to runTurn, not to "tool executions".
• Corrected outdated DurableAgent guidance after verifying the implementation:
  • Callout no longer claims DurableAgent lacks stopWhen, structured output, or onStepFinish — it reimplements the same agent loop and already supports those options.
  • Rewrote When to use streamText directly to focus on the raw AI SDK API, per-turn durability boundaries, and custom multi-turn orchestration (hook loops, sliceUntilFinish).
  • Updated the streamText vs DurableAgent comparison table: both support stopWhen/prepareStep; DurableAgent supports experimental_output and step callbacks (onStepFinish, onFinish, etc.); noted onChunk as the main gap.

Test plan

• Visual check of the rendered /cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk page on v4 and v5.
• Confirm the new in-page anchor (#tools-are-not-individually-durable) resolves from the intro paragraph, How it works, and Key APIs cross-links.
• Confirm the code sample still typechecks in the docs typecheck pipeline.

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[changeset-bot]

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[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.031s (-30.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.975s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.033s (-23.7% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.973s	10	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.042s (-55.7% 🟢)	1.010s (-3.1%)	0.968s	10	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.048s	1.006s	0.958s	10	1.55x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.053s (-8.1% 🟢)	1.014s (~)	0.960s	10	1.73x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.056s	1.011s	0.955s	10	1.82x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.279s (-31.9% 🟢)	2.044s (-18.6% 🟢)	1.764s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.296s (+25.6% 🔺)	2.469s (+15.6% 🔺)	2.173s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.304s (+21.0% 🔺)	2.151s (-7.8% 🟢)	1.847s	10	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.075s (-4.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.931s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.076s (-4.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.930s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.079s (-5.4% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.929s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.083s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.009s (~)	0.926s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.112s	2.006s	0.895s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.120s	2.009s	0.890s	10	1.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.585s (-22.1% 🟢)	3.301s (-13.8% 🟢)	1.716s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.677s (-56.9% 🟢)	3.257s (-44.9% 🟢)	1.579s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.731s (-7.7% 🟢)	3.615s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.884s	10	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	10.423s (-4.1%)	11.015s (~)	0.592s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	10.423s (-4.6%)	11.021s (~)	0.598s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.425s (-4.8%)	11.021s (~)	0.596s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.445s (-4.7%)	11.017s (~)	0.572s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.652s	11.020s	0.367s	3	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.694s	11.020s	0.326s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.232s (-44.2% 🟢)	15.258s (-39.2% 🟢)	2.026s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.769s (-20.5% 🟢)	15.278s (-21.2% 🟢)	1.509s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	16.197s (-4.6%)	17.973s (-10.2% 🟢)	1.777s	2	1.22x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	13.457s (-7.8% 🟢)	14.018s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.561s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.492s (-7.5% 🟢)	14.017s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.525s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	13.498s (-9.8% 🟢)	14.027s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.529s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.506s (-10.3% 🟢)	14.029s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.523s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.038s	15.029s	0.991s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.121s	15.019s	0.898s	4	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	21.119s (-67.2% 🟢)	22.768s (-65.8% 🟢)	1.649s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	21.128s (-58.0% 🟢)	22.810s (-56.6% 🟢)	1.683s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	21.868s (-58.4% 🟢)	22.948s (-58.0% 🟢)	1.080s	3	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	11.935s (-28.1% 🟢)	12.022s (-29.4% 🟢)	0.087s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	11.955s (-14.7% 🟢)	12.142s (-16.8% 🟢)	0.187s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.982s (-28.6% 🟢)	12.147s (-28.7% 🟢)	0.165s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	11.987s (-14.2% 🟢)	12.393s (-13.4% 🟢)	0.406s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.945s	13.023s	0.078s	7	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.222s	14.015s	0.794s	7	1.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	32.014s (-73.6% 🟢)	33.895s (-72.6% 🟢)	1.881s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.210s (-91.8% 🟢)	33.857s (-91.4% 🟢)	1.647s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.225s (-92.4% 🟢)	34.212s (-91.9% 🟢)	1.987s	3	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.141s (-10.5% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.865s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.150s (-8.7% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.857s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.176s (-21.0% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.831s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.185s (-27.4% 🟢)	2.007s (-3.2%)	0.822s	15	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.198s	2.007s	0.809s	15	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.279s	2.006s	0.728s	15	1.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.551s (-10.8% 🟢)	4.135s (-10.6% 🟢)	1.584s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.592s (-23.7% 🟢)	4.220s (-14.5% 🟢)	1.628s	8	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.674s (-5.1% 🟢)	4.354s (+0.7%)	1.680s	7	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.191s (-49.3% 🟢)	2.006s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.815s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.212s (-48.7% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.796s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.339s	2.006s	0.667s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.771s (-43.7% 🟢)	2.006s (-48.4% 🟢)	0.236s	15	1.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.799s	2.073s	0.274s	15	1.51x
💻 Local	Express	1.891s (-35.9% 🟢)	2.142s (-38.0% 🟢)	0.250s	15	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.385s (-16.5% 🟢)	4.730s (-20.1% 🟢)	1.345s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.711s (+2.5%)	5.633s (+10.2% 🔺)	1.922s	6	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.474s (-37.0% 🟢)	5.883s (-33.9% 🟢)	1.408s	6	1.32x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.301s (-62.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.707s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.323s (-62.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.684s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.595s	2.007s	0.412s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.947s	5.344s	0.397s	6	3.80x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.412s (-35.2% 🟢)	5.847s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.435s	6	4.16x
💻 Local	Express	5.621s (-32.6% 🟢)	6.013s (-33.4% 🟢)	0.391s	5	4.32x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.258s (+24.0% 🔺)	7.088s (+15.7% 🔺)	1.831s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.447s (-27.7% 🟢)	7.992s (-27.1% 🟢)	1.544s	4	1.23x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.804s (+93.0% 🔺)	8.588s (+55.2% 🔺)	1.784s	4	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.131s (-10.0% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.876s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.158s (-7.9% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.850s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.198s	2.006s	0.808s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.303s	2.006s	0.703s	15	1.15x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.410s (-24.4% 🟢)	2.006s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.595s	15	1.25x
💻 Local	Express	1.460s (-22.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.546s	15	1.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.421s (-17.4% 🟢)	3.689s (-20.5% 🟢)	1.268s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.507s (+2.0%)	3.960s (-5.0% 🟢)	1.452s	8	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.626s (+1.7%)	4.498s (+3.4%)	1.872s	7	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.182s (-49.5% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.825s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.212s (-48.2% 🟢)	2.009s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.797s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.353s	2.008s	0.654s	15	1.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.024s	2.674s	0.650s	12	1.71x
💻 Local	Express	2.077s (-33.7% 🟢)	2.508s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.431s	12	1.76x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.081s (-32.1% 🟢)	2.507s (-35.5% 🟢)	0.427s	12	1.76x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.363s (+5.3% 🔺)	5.109s (+6.6% 🔺)	1.746s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.543s (+9.6% 🔺)	4.722s (-7.0% 🟢)	1.179s	7	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.827s (+21.8% 🔺)	5.241s (+15.9% 🔺)	1.414s	6	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.288s (-63.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.719s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.318s (-62.3% 🟢)	2.008s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.690s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.603s	2.010s	0.408s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.253s	6.013s	0.760s	5	4.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.567s (-39.1% 🟢)	6.014s (-40.0% 🟢)	0.447s	5	4.32x
💻 Local	Express	6.097s (-30.7% 🟢)	6.415s (-30.8% 🟢)	0.318s	5	4.73x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.083s (-20.8% 🟢)	6.959s (-14.9% 🟢)	1.876s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.184s (+1.8%)	7.046s (+3.4%)	1.862s	5	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.777s (-14.5% 🟢)	7.101s (-16.9% 🟢)	1.323s	5	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.442s (-46.1% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.564s	60	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.484s (-50.8% 🟢)	1.004s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.520s	60	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.486s (-42.1% 🟢)	1.024s (~)	0.538s	59	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.525s (-46.5% 🟢)	1.005s (-8.1% 🟢)	0.480s	60	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.682s	1.006s	0.325s	60	1.54x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.705s	1.005s	0.300s	60	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.886s (-74.3% 🟢)	6.422s (-69.9% 🟢)	1.536s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.443s (-75.3% 🟢)	6.976s (-71.0% 🟢)	1.533s	9	1.11x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.491s (-62.1% 🟢)	6.854s (-57.4% 🟢)	1.362s	9	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.031s (-47.8% 🟢)	1.586s (-29.8% 🟢)	0.555s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.053s (-45.4% 🟢)	1.603s (-23.7% 🟢)	0.550s	57	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.209s (-59.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-44.1% 🟢)	0.797s	45	1.17x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.225s (-59.6% 🟢)	2.006s (-46.6% 🟢)	0.781s	45	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.631s	2.009s	0.377s	45	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.767s	2.006s	0.239s	45	1.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	13.045s (-73.8% 🟢)	14.636s (-71.7% 🟢)	1.592s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	13.474s (-61.0% 🟢)	15.249s (-58.6% 🟢)	1.776s	6	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	13.618s (-65.5% 🟢)	15.326s (-62.9% 🟢)	1.708s	6	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.009s (-51.0% 🟢)	2.407s (-47.7% 🟢)	0.398s	50	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.175s (-45.5% 🟢)	2.758s (-36.9% 🟢)	0.583s	44	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	2.767s (-70.0% 🟢)	3.032s (-69.7% 🟢)	0.265s	40	1.38x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.796s (-69.9% 🟢)	3.033s (-69.7% 🟢)	0.237s	40	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.182s	4.009s	0.827s	30	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.712s	4.008s	0.296s	30	1.85x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	27.669s (-78.7% 🟢)	29.488s (-77.7% 🟢)	1.819s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.741s (-69.3% 🟢)	31.477s (-68.0% 🟢)	1.736s	4	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.048s (-71.0% 🟢)	32.776s (-69.9% 🟢)	1.727s	4	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.163s (-42.6% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.843s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.171s (-39.4% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.835s	60	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.229s	1.006s	0.777s	60	1.41x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.412s (-31.8% 🟢)	1.004s (-1.7%)	0.592s	60	2.54x
💻 Local	Express	0.419s (-25.2% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.585s	60	2.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.510s	1.004s	0.494s	60	3.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.414s (+45.3% 🔺)	4.251s (+26.9% 🔺)	1.838s	16	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.559s (+30.9% 🔺)	4.101s (+12.7% 🔺)	1.542s	15	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.607s (+28.9% 🔺)	3.926s (+3.5%)	1.320s	16	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.282s (-43.3% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.724s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.306s (-39.9% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.701s	90	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.449s	1.007s	0.558s	90	1.59x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.140s (-15.7% 🟢)	2.852s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.712s	32	7.60x
💻 Local	Express	2.162s (-14.0% 🟢)	2.943s (-2.2%)	0.781s	31	7.68x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.219s	2.944s	0.726s	31	7.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.743s (+55.7% 🔺)	6.348s (+32.0% 🔺)	1.604s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.316s (+64.8% 🔺)	6.877s (+42.6% 🔺)	1.561s	14	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.355s (+51.5% 🔺)	6.768s (+30.3% 🔺)	1.413s	14	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.557s (-29.5% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.448s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.626s (-23.6% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.1%)	0.380s	120	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.919s	1.207s	0.288s	100	1.65x
💻 Local	Express	10.512s (-6.1% 🟢)	11.119s (-6.9% 🟢)	0.607s	11	18.87x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.566s (-5.6% 🟢)	11.119s (-4.7%)	0.553s	11	18.97x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.761s	11.481s	0.720s	11	19.32x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	14.165s (+83.4% 🔺)	15.767s (+67.7% 🔺)	1.603s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.811s (+43.4% 🔺)	16.301s (+32.7% 🔺)	1.490s	8	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	16.474s (+122.0% 🔺)	18.379s (+98.8% 🔺)	1.905s	7	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.135s (+453.5% 🔺)	2.002s (+100.3% 🔺)	0.001s (-13.3% 🟢)	2.009s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.874s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.135s (+470.1% 🔺)	2.006s (+99.7% 🔺)	0.012s (+2.5%)	2.020s (+98.5% 🔺)	0.885s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.141s (+456.3% 🔺)	2.001s (+100.4% 🔺)	0.001s (-25.0% 🟢)	2.011s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.871s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.142s (+434.4% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.013s (+0.8%)	2.020s (+98.3% 🔺)	0.878s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.170s	2.004s	0.012s	2.019s	0.849s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.195s	2.002s	0.002s	2.011s	0.815s	10	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.151s (-68.6% 🟢)	2.881s (-66.7% 🟢)	2.305s (+264.7% 🔺)	5.547s (-43.3% 🟢)	3.397s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.196s (-42.7% 🟢)	2.985s (-43.4% 🟢)	2.267s (+205.5% 🔺)	5.704s (-12.0% 🟢)	3.508s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.949s (+17.7% 🔺)	4.011s (-1.9%)	14.047s (+1362.0% 🔺)	18.574s (+232.2% 🔺)	15.625s	10	1.37x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.498s (+140.0% 🔺)	2.007s (+99.3% 🔺)	0.003s (-19.4% 🟢)	2.022s (+97.8% 🔺)	0.524s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.520s (+141.3% 🔺)	2.006s (+99.3% 🔺)	0.004s (+4.4%)	2.025s (+98.0% 🔺)	0.505s	30	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.555s (+85.4% 🔺)	2.013s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.011s (+16.0% 🔺)	2.026s (+81.5% 🔺)	0.471s	30	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.657s	2.014s	0.010s	2.026s	0.369s	30	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.712s	2.010s	0.004s	2.028s	0.316s	30	1.14x
💻 Local	Express	1.739s (+129.7% 🔺)	2.012s (+95.6% 🔺)	0.011s (+13.9% 🔺)	2.198s (+111.4% 🔺)	0.459s	29	1.16x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	6.010s (-64.5% 🟢)	6.776s (-62.9% 🟢)	0.173s (-18.3% 🟢)	7.342s (-61.2% 🟢)	1.331s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.068s (-79.4% 🟢)	7.063s (-77.1% 🟢)	0.275s (+145.2% 🔺)	7.733s (-75.7% 🟢)	1.664s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.459s (-0.7%)	7.852s (-2.0%)	0.234s (-42.7% 🟢)	8.609s (-2.6%)	2.149s	7	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.610s (-37.1% 🟢)	1.016s (-18.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-58.6% 🟢)	1.038s (-17.5% 🟢)	0.428s	58	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.695s (-27.6% 🟢)	1.052s (-17.7% 🟢)	0.000s (+101.8% 🔺)	1.064s (-18.5% 🟢)	0.369s	57	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.768s	1.053s	0.000s	1.059s	0.292s	57	1.26x
💻 Local	Express	1.370s (+11.8% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.000s (-50.0% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.647s	30	2.25x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.402s	2.013s	0.000s	2.016s	0.615s	30	2.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.431s (+17.0% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.000s (-66.7% 🟢)	2.018s (~)	0.587s	30	2.35x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.669s (+20.3% 🔺)	4.647s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.059s (+5.2% 🔺)	1.389s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.790s (+1.3%)	5.277s (+3.4%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.812s (+5.1% 🔺)	2.022s	11	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.849s (-62.2% 🟢)	4.996s (-56.6% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.474s (-54.6% 🟢)	1.625s	11	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.254s (-30.0% 🟢)	1.847s (-13.7% 🟢)	0.000s (+154.5% 🔺)	1.872s (-13.9% 🟢)	0.617s	33	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.325s (-25.2% 🟢)	2.066s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.076s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.751s	30	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.530s	2.106s	0.000s	2.114s	0.585s	29	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.579s	3.187s	0.000s	3.190s	0.611s	19	2.06x
💻 Local	Express	3.164s (-8.7% 🟢)	4.029s (~)	0.001s (-33.3% 🟢)	4.032s (~)	0.867s	15	2.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.346s (-1.2%)	3.968s (-1.6%)	0.001s (+28.9% 🔺)	3.971s (-1.6%)	0.625s	16	2.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.599s (~)	6.937s (-0.6%)	0.000s (-11.1% 🟢)	7.371s (-2.2%)	1.772s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	7.865s (+71.5% 🔺)	9.206s (+52.9% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	9.666s (+49.7% 🔺)	1.801s	7	1.40x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	12/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	19/21
▲ Vercel	Express	8/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	15/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	14/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	18/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1222	0	219	1441
✅ 💻 Local Development	1615	0	219	1834
✅ 📦 Local Production	1615	0	219	1834
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1615	0	219	1834
✅ 🪟 Windows	131	0	0	131
✅ 📋 Other	741	0	176	917
Total	6939	0	1052	7991

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	105	0	26
✅ example	105	0	26
✅ express	105	0	26
✅ fastify	105	0	26
✅ hono	105	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	129	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	129	0	2
✅ nitro	105	0	26
✅ nuxt	105	0	26
✅ sveltekit	124	0	7
✅ vite	105	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	106	0	25
✅ express-stable	106	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	106	0	25
✅ hono-stable	106	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	106	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	106	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	125	0	6
✅ vite-stable	106	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	106	0	25
✅ express-stable	106	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	106	0	25
✅ hono-stable	106	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	106	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	106	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	125	0	6
✅ vite-stable	106	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	106	0	25
✅ express-stable	106	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	106	0	25
✅ hono-stable	106	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	112	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	131	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	131	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	106	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	106	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	125	0	6
✅ vite-stable	106	0	25

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	131	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	106	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	106	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	105	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 25, 2026 5:04pm

[VaguelySerious]

LGTM assuming this was tested, some wording nits

[github-actions]

No backport to stable for ff167d0 (AI decision).

This commit only modifies docs/content/docs/v4/cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx and docs/content/docs/v5/cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx. Verified via git ls-tree origin/stable that the v4/v5 versioned docs directory structure (and the cookbook/integrations/ai-sdk.mdx files) does not exist on stable — stable has a flat docs/content/docs/ layout. There is nothing to backport.

To override, re-run the Backport to stable workflow manually via workflow_dispatch and paste this commit SHA into the ref input:

ff167d005d7b13163fe5819e132266afe3501fa4