fix: stabilize abort signal E2E cancellation paths

[pranaygp]

What changed

• Promote AbortError-shaped step failures to FatalError in both inline and queued step execution paths, including abort failures that crossed a serialization or VM boundary.
• Persist the promoted FatalError from the queued handler instead of persisting the original abort rejection.
• Change abortFetchUncaughtWorkflow to use the default abort reason and assert that it never emits step_retrying.
• Add a suspension checkpoint before asserting workflow-side state in abortAnyInStepWorkflow.
• Replace fixed hook-registration sleeps with waitForHook(..., { runId }) for the abort-via-hook and hook-ordering E2E paths.
• Keep the internal abort-hook consumer subscribed after a matching durable abort receipt, so duplicate matching receipts from concurrent handlers are treated as idempotent abort delivery rather than a corrupted event log.
• Add unit coverage for duplicate matching abort receipts: the signal aborts once, both events are consumed, and no orphaned-event failure is reported.

Why

Recent E2E failures showed distinct causes:

• abortFetchUncaughtWorkflow emitted step_retrying and retried to exhaustion. Locally, this reproduced even with default abort() before the fix: the step rejection was AbortError-shaped but did not reach fatal classification in the inline executor, and the queued path relied on a realm-sensitive instanceof Error gate.
• abortAnyInStepWorkflow was failing only on workflow-side c2Aborted while the step-side native AbortSignal.any assertions passed. The workflow-side signal observes the step-originated abort after replay processes the hook event at a suspension boundary.
• Hook-based abort tests were occasionally attempting lookup before hook registration was observable because they used fixed sleeps instead of the existing polling helper.
• Once the hook-ordering test used observable hook registration, the first CI run consistently exposed a real resumeHook() -> abort() race: the internal abort-controller hook received two durable hook_received events and the second became an unconsumed-event failure. This appeared in local-dev SvelteKit and Astro and in Windows E2E. Abort delivery is idempotent, so replay should consume matching duplicate abort receipts without failing the run.

This does not attempt to fix unrelated delayed wait/timer delivery failures or make broader changes to step-originated abort durability beyond the checkpoint asserted by these E2Es.

Validation

• pnpm vitest run packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.test.ts packages/core/src/abort-controller-step.test.ts
• pnpm --filter @workflow/core test (42 files, 1036 tests passed)
• pnpm turbo run build --filter=nextjs-turbopack...
• DEPLOYMENT_URL=http://localhost:3000 APP_NAME=nextjs-turbopack pnpm vitest run packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts -t 'abortViaHookWorkflow|abortAnyInStepWorkflow|abortFetchUncaughtWorkflow|abortHookOrderingWorkflow' (7 targeted tests passed)

pnpm exec biome check on the touched lint surfaces still reports diagnostics already present on current main in these files (for example existing non-null assertions, unused locals, complexity, and banned Function type findings); the new import-order diagnostic from this follow-up was fixed before push.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: edf5007

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1255	0	219	1474
✅ 💻 Local Development	1657	0	219	1876
✅ 📦 Local Production	1657	0	219	1876
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1657	0	219	1876
✅ 🪟 Windows	134	0	0	134
✅ 📋 Other	762	0	176	938
Total	7122	0	1052	8174

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	108	0	26
✅ example	108	0	26
✅ express	108	0	26
✅ fastify	108	0	26
✅ hono	108	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	132	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	132	0	2
✅ nitro	108	0	26
✅ nuxt	108	0	26
✅ sveltekit	127	0	7
✅ vite	108	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	109	0	25
✅ express-stable	109	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	109	0	25
✅ hono-stable	109	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	109	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	109	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	128	0	6
✅ vite-stable	109	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	109	0	25
✅ express-stable	109	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	109	0	25
✅ hono-stable	109	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	109	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	109	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	128	0	6
✅ vite-stable	109	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	109	0	25
✅ express-stable	109	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	109	0	25
✅ hono-stable	109	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	109	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	109	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	128	0	6
✅ vite-stable	109	0	25

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	134	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	109	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	108	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.039s (-11.3% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.966s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.042s (-2.8%)	1.007s (~)	0.965s	10	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.061s (-35.7% 🟢)	1.014s (-2.8%)	0.952s	10	1.56x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.062s	1.006s	0.943s	10	1.59x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.066s (+13.8% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.946s	10	1.68x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.071s	1.012s	0.941s	10	1.82x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.330s (+31.4% 🔺)	2.492s (+6.8% 🔺)	2.161s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.332s (-18.9% 🟢)	2.166s (-13.7% 🟢)	1.834s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.587s (+149.2% 🔺)	2.664s (+24.8% 🔺)	2.078s	10	1.78x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.091s (-3.1%)	2.006s (~)	0.916s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.099s (-2.8%)	2.007s (~)	0.907s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.109s (-3.3%)	2.008s (~)	0.899s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.111s (-2.6%)	2.011s (~)	0.900s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.136s	2.006s	0.871s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.151s	2.010s	0.858s	10	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.659s (-18.5% 🟢)	3.685s (-3.8%)	2.026s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.756s (-6.4% 🟢)	3.840s (+0.9%)	2.084s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.842s (-52.7% 🟢)	3.724s (-37.0% 🟢)	1.882s	10	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	10.488s (-4.0%)	11.022s (~)	0.533s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.500s (-4.2%)	11.014s (~)	0.514s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.536s (-3.1%)	11.021s (~)	0.485s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.537s (-3.7%)	11.023s (~)	0.486s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.759s	11.021s	0.262s	3	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.863s	11.013s	0.150s	3	1.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.681s (-42.3% 🟢)	15.763s (-37.2% 🟢)	2.082s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.992s (-19.2% 🟢)	15.866s (-18.2% 🟢)	1.874s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.328s (-15.6% 🟢)	16.050s (-19.8% 🟢)	1.722s	2	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	13.656s (-8.8% 🟢)	14.026s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.370s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.690s (-6.1% 🟢)	14.021s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.331s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.747s (-8.7% 🟢)	14.027s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.281s	5	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.839s (-5.2% 🟢)	14.019s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.180s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.265s	15.028s	0.763s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.519s	15.018s	0.500s	4	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	22.609s (-55.1% 🟢)	24.568s (-53.3% 🟢)	1.959s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	22.918s (-56.4% 🟢)	24.692s (-54.8% 🟢)	1.774s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	23.077s (-64.2% 🟢)	24.984s (-62.5% 🟢)	1.908s	3	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	12.352s (-25.6% 🟢)	13.024s (-23.5% 🟢)	0.673s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	12.429s (-11.3% 🟢)	13.018s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.588s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.548s (-25.2% 🟢)	13.025s (-23.5% 🟢)	0.477s	7	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.583s (-9.9% 🟢)	13.021s (-9.0% 🟢)	0.438s	7	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.585s	14.025s	0.440s	7	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.104s	14.592s	0.488s	7	1.14x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	30.457s (-74.9% 🟢)	32.711s (-73.5% 🟢)	2.254s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	30.861s (-92.2% 🟢)	33.114s (-91.6% 🟢)	2.253s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	33.433s (-92.1% 🟢)	35.704s (-91.6% 🟢)	2.272s	3	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.175s (-6.7% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.832s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.188s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.819s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.210s (-25.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-3.3%)	0.796s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.215s (-18.4% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.792s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.250s	2.008s	0.758s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.301s	2.006s	0.705s	15	1.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	79.134s (+2667.1% 🔺)	80.974s (+1651.5% 🔺)	1.840s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	103.983s (+3589.8% 🔺)	105.277s (+2335.6% 🔺)	1.294s	3	1.31x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	308.883s (+8990.9% 🔺)	310.094s (+6186.5% 🔺)	1.211s	1	3.90x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.233s (-47.8% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.773s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.250s (-46.8% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.757s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.403s	2.008s	0.605s	15	1.14x
💻 Local	Express	1.693s (-42.7% 🟢)	2.006s (-41.9% 🟢)	0.313s	15	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.815s	2.221s	0.406s	14	1.47x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.950s (-38.0% 🟢)	2.314s (-40.4% 🟢)	0.364s	13	1.58x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.076s (-42.6% 🟢)	5.909s (-33.6% 🟢)	1.833s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.266s (+5.3% 🔺)	6.004s (+1.4%)	1.737s	5	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	106.560s (+2844.2% 🔺)	108.637s (+2025.7% 🔺)	2.077s	3	26.15x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.375s (-60.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.632s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.396s (-59.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.611s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.678s	2.224s	0.546s	14	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.171s	5.513s	0.341s	6	3.76x
💻 Local	Express	5.225s (-37.3% 🟢)	5.845s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.620s	6	3.80x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.293s (-36.6% 🟢)	5.846s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.553s	6	3.85x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.116s (+20.7% 🔺)	6.472s (+5.6% 🔺)	1.356s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.293s (-29.4% 🟢)	8.311s (-24.2% 🟢)	2.017s	4	1.23x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	157.655s (+4372.1% 🔺)	159.385s (+2780.2% 🔺)	1.730s	2	30.82x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.180s (-6.1% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.828s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.190s (-5.3% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.817s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.251s	2.009s	0.758s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.578s (-15.4% 🟢)	2.007s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.428s	15	1.34x
💻 Local	Express	1.599s (-15.5% 🟢)	2.073s (-12.3% 🟢)	0.474s	15	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.729s	2.391s	0.662s	13	1.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.557s (+4.0%)	4.248s (+1.9%)	1.691s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.634s (+2.1%)	4.209s (-3.2%)	1.575s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.759s (-5.9% 🟢)	4.393s (-5.4% 🟢)	1.634s	7	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.244s (-46.9% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.764s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.263s (-46.0% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.746s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.405s	2.010s	0.605s	15	1.13x
💻 Local	Express	1.964s (-37.3% 🟢)	2.392s (-36.4% 🟢)	0.428s	13	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.006s	2.507s	0.501s	12	1.61x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.128s (-30.6% 🟢)	2.674s (-31.2% 🟢)	0.546s	12	1.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.409s (+6.8% 🔺)	5.094s (+6.3% 🔺)	1.685s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.622s (+15.3% 🔺)	5.187s (+14.7% 🔺)	1.565s	6	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.741s (+15.7% 🔺)	5.531s (+8.9% 🔺)	1.790s	6	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.366s (-61.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-50.0% 🟢)	0.641s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.395s (-59.9% 🟢)	2.009s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.613s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.666s	2.142s	0.476s	15	1.22x
💻 Local	Express	5.393s (-38.7% 🟢)	6.015s (-35.1% 🟢)	0.622s	6	3.95x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.581s	6.215s	0.634s	5	4.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	6.206s (-32.1% 🟢)	6.615s (-34.0% 🟢)	0.410s	5	4.54x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.210s (-18.8% 🟢)	7.221s (-11.7% 🟢)	2.011s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.438s (+6.8% 🔺)	7.103s (+4.2%)	1.665s	5	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.596s (-17.2% 🟢)	7.241s (-15.3% 🟢)	1.646s	5	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.549s (-33.1% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.458s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.564s (-32.8% 🟢)	1.024s (~)	0.460s	59	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	0.584s (-40.6% 🟢)	1.005s (-6.6% 🟢)	0.420s	60	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.689s (-29.7% 🟢)	1.096s (~)	0.407s	55	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.832s	1.007s	0.175s	60	1.52x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.833s	1.004s	0.171s	60	1.52x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.240s (-72.4% 🟢)	7.087s (-66.8% 🟢)	1.848s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.349s (-75.7% 🟢)	6.825s (-71.6% 🟢)	1.476s	9	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.165s (-57.5% 🟢)	8.079s (-49.8% 🟢)	1.914s	8	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.292s (-34.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.715s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.351s (-29.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-4.4%)	0.657s	45	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	1.456s (-51.7% 🟢)	2.006s (-44.0% 🟢)	0.551s	45	1.13x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.505s (-50.4% 🟢)	2.006s (-46.6% 🟢)	0.502s	45	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.979s	2.203s	0.224s	41	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.009s	2.578s	0.569s	35	1.55x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.590s (-65.6% 🟢)	15.335s (-62.9% 🟢)	1.745s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.034s (-59.4% 🟢)	16.123s (-56.2% 🟢)	2.089s	6	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.534s (-70.8% 🟢)	16.569s (-68.0% 🟢)	2.034s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.531s (-36.6% 🟢)	3.008s (-31.2% 🟢)	0.477s	40	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.706s (-34.1% 🟢)	3.111s (-32.4% 🟢)	0.406s	39	1.07x
💻 Local	Express	3.226s (-65.0% 🟢)	3.977s (-60.3% 🟢)	0.752s	31	1.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.311s (-64.4% 🟢)	4.009s (-60.0% 🟢)	0.698s	30	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.880s	4.076s	0.196s	30	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.179s	5.010s	0.831s	24	1.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	29.061s (-70.0% 🟢)	31.140s (-68.4% 🟢)	2.079s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	29.078s (-77.6% 🟢)	31.653s (-76.1% 🟢)	2.575s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	30.767s (-71.3% 🟢)	32.560s (-70.1% 🟢)	1.793s	4	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.203s (-28.0% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.803s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.227s (-19.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.779s	60	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.271s	1.006s	0.736s	60	1.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.408s (-27.1% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.595s	60	2.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.525s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.096s (+7.3% 🔺)	0.571s	55	2.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.539s	1.022s	0.482s	59	2.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.354s (+16.4% 🔺)	4.000s (+5.5% 🔺)	1.647s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.544s (+53.2% 🔺)	4.254s (+26.9% 🔺)	1.709s	15	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.590s (+32.5% 🔺)	4.557s (+25.3% 🔺)	1.967s	14	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.332s (-34.8% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.673s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.372s (-25.1% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.635s	90	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.491s	1.006s	0.515s	90	1.48x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.157s (-15.0% 🟢)	2.714s (-9.8% 🟢)	0.557s	34	6.49x
💻 Local	Express	2.163s (-13.9% 🟢)	2.655s (-11.8% 🟢)	0.492s	34	6.51x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.286s	2.946s	0.659s	31	6.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.386s (+52.3% 🔺)	7.054s (+35.8% 🔺)	1.668s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.432s (+78.3% 🔺)	7.062s (+46.9% 🔺)	1.630s	13	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.265s (+94.2% 🔺)	8.089s (+67.8% 🔺)	1.824s	12	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.645s (-21.2% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.1%)	0.361s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.725s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.024s (+1.6%)	0.299s	118	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.005s	1.699s	0.694s	71	1.56x
💻 Local	Express	9.661s (-13.7% 🟢)	10.196s (-14.6% 🟢)	0.535s	12	14.97x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.873s (-11.8% 🟢)	10.359s (-11.2% 🟢)	0.486s	12	15.30x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.198s	10.947s	0.749s	12	15.80x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	15.292s (+106.1% 🔺)	17.523s (+89.6% 🔺)	2.231s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	15.622s (+102.3% 🔺)	17.609s (+87.3% 🔺)	1.987s	7	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.747s (+91.2% 🔺)	21.704s (+76.7% 🔺)	1.957s	6	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.153s (+462.0% 🔺)	2.000s (+100.3% 🔺)	0.001s (-12.5% 🟢)	2.010s (+98.8% 🔺)	0.858s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.160s (+482.8% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.010s (-15.7% 🟢)	2.018s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.857s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.162s (+443.9% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.013s (+7.2% 🔺)	2.021s (+98.3% 🔺)	0.858s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.168s (+469.7% 🔺)	1.998s (+99.9% 🔺)	0.001s (-33.3% 🟢)	2.010s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.842s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.202s	2.004s	0.011s	2.019s	0.817s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.245s	2.001s	0.002s	2.011s	0.766s	10	1.08x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.308s (-7.9% 🟢)	3.385s (-17.2% 🟢)	1.829s (+90.4% 🔺)	5.727s (+2.4%)	3.419s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.345s (-38.8% 🟢)	3.488s (-33.9% 🟢)	2.454s (+230.7% 🔺)	6.410s (-1.1%)	4.065s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.357s (-65.6% 🟢)	3.334s (-61.5% 🟢)	1.806s (+185.7% 🔺)	5.657s (-42.2% 🟢)	3.300s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.558s (+147.3% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.2% 🔺)	0.004s (-1.7%)	2.024s (+97.8% 🔺)	0.466s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.595s (+90.2% 🔺)	2.010s (+98.6% 🔺)	0.010s (+8.1% 🔺)	2.022s (+81.2% 🔺)	0.426s	30	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.652s (+164.7% 🔺)	2.006s (+99.2% 🔺)	0.004s (-4.1%)	2.026s (+98.1% 🔺)	0.374s	30	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.710s	2.008s	0.010s	2.022s	0.312s	30	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.752s (+131.4% 🔺)	2.010s (+95.4% 🔺)	0.009s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.200s (+111.6% 🔺)	0.448s	28	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.968s	2.235s	0.005s	2.254s	0.286s	27	1.26x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	6.044s (-79.5% 🟢)	7.410s (-75.9% 🟢)	0.407s (+263.6% 🔺)	8.309s (-73.9% 🟢)	2.265s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.227s (-63.2% 🟢)	7.513s (-58.8% 🟢)	0.289s (+36.7% 🔺)	8.276s (-56.3% 🟢)	2.049s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.422s (-1.3%)	7.836s (-2.2%)	0.255s (-37.5% 🟢)	8.631s (-2.3%)	2.209s	8	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.675s (-29.8% 🟢)	1.033s (-19.2% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.050s (-19.6% 🟢)	0.376s	58	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.735s (-24.1% 🟢)	1.049s (-15.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-58.6% 🟢)	1.059s (-15.8% 🟢)	0.324s	58	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.996s	1.430s	0.000s	1.440s	0.444s	42	1.48x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.415s (+15.7% 🔺)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+200.0% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.601s	30	2.10x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.451s	2.012s	0.000s	2.015s	0.564s	30	2.15x
💻 Local	Express	1.804s (+47.3% 🔺)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+8.0% 🔺)	2.416s (+19.5% 🔺)	0.612s	25	2.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.548s (-65.2% 🟢)	4.527s (-60.7% 🟢)	0.003s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.001s (-58.5% 🟢)	1.454s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.034s (+7.8% 🔺)	5.507s (+7.9% 🔺)	0.000s (+10.0% 🔺)	6.028s (+9.0% 🔺)	1.994s	10	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.086s (+33.9% 🔺)	5.277s (+20.1% 🔺)	0.000s (+254.5% 🔺)	5.847s (+21.6% 🔺)	1.761s	11	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.378s (-22.2% 🟢)	2.067s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.098s (-4.6%)	0.720s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.401s (-21.8% 🟢)	2.033s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+93.1% 🔺)	2.080s (-4.3%)	0.679s	29	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.205s	2.587s	0.000s	2.599s	0.394s	24	1.60x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.837s	3.554s	0.001s	3.557s	0.720s	17	2.06x
💻 Local	Express	3.139s (-9.5% 🟢)	3.902s (-3.3%)	0.001s (+32.8% 🔺)	3.905s (-3.2%)	0.767s	16	2.28x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.247s (-4.2%)	3.966s (-1.7%)	0.001s (-6.2% 🟢)	3.968s (-1.7%)	0.721s	16	2.36x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.471s (+33.6% 🔺)	7.055s (+31.3% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.521s (+29.8% 🔺)	2.050s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.787s (+3.0%)	7.124s (+2.0%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.570s (~)	1.783s	8	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.189s (+34.9% 🔺)	7.841s (+30.2% 🔺)	0.000s (NaN%)	8.324s (+28.9% 🔺)	2.136s	8	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	14/21
🐘 Postgres	Express	18/21
▲ Vercel	Express	9/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	14/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	15/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

No backport to stable for 4b5f017 (AI decision).

The core abort-signal infrastructure being stabilized here is main-only: packages/core/src/runtime/step-executor.ts and packages/core/src/workflow/abort-controller.ts do not exist on stable, and step-handler.ts on stable has a substantially different abort-handling code path (with no promoteAbortErrorToFatal helper to introduce). The E2E tests, unit tests, and workbench workflow changes all exercise these main-only abort APIs, so backporting would require porting the feature itself rather than a self-contained fix.

To override, re-run the Backport to stable workflow manually via workflow_dispatch and paste this commit SHA into the ref input:

4b5f017635b28ff164047bce8ccf4a5981748704

[pranaygp]

What changed

• Promote AbortError-shaped step failures to FatalError in both inline and queued step execution paths, including abort failures that crossed a serialization or VM boundary.
• Persist the promoted FatalError from the queued handler instead of persisting the original abort rejection.
• Change abortFetchUncaughtWorkflow to use the default abort reason and assert that it never emits step_retrying.
• Add a suspension checkpoint before asserting workflow-side state in abortAnyInStepWorkflow.
• Replace fixed hook-registration sleeps with waitForHook(..., { runId }) for the abort-via-hook and hook-ordering E2E paths.
• Keep the internal abort-hook consumer subscribed after a matching durable abort receipt, so duplicate matching receipts from concurrent handlers are treated as idempotent abort delivery rather than a corrupted event log.
• Add unit coverage for duplicate matching abort receipts: the signal aborts once, both events are consumed, and no orphaned-event failure is reported.

Why

Recent E2E failures showed distinct causes:

• abortFetchUncaughtWorkflow emitted step_retrying and retried to exhaustion. Locally, this reproduced even with default abort() before the fix: the step rejection was AbortError-shaped but did not reach fatal classification in the inline executor, and the queued path relied on a realm-sensitive instanceof Error gate.
• abortAnyInStepWorkflow was failing only on workflow-side c2Aborted while the step-side native AbortSignal.any assertions passed. The workflow-side signal observes the step-originated abort after replay processes the hook event at a suspension boundary.
• Hook-based abort tests were occasionally attempting lookup before hook registration was observable because they used fixed sleeps instead of the existing polling helper.
• Once the hook-ordering test used observable hook registration, the first CI run consistently exposed a real resumeHook() -> abort() race: the internal abort-controller hook received two durable hook_received events and the second became an unconsumed-event failure. This appeared in local-dev SvelteKit and Astro and in Windows E2E. Abort delivery is idempotent, so replay should consume matching duplicate abort receipts without failing the run.

This does not attempt to fix unrelated delayed wait/timer delivery failures or make broader changes to step-originated abort durability beyond the checkpoint asserted by these E2Es.

Validation

• pnpm vitest run packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.test.ts packages/core/src/abort-controller-step.test.ts
• pnpm --filter @workflow/core test (42 files, 1036 tests passed)
• pnpm turbo run build --filter=nextjs-turbopack...
• DEPLOYMENT_URL=http://localhost:3000 APP_NAME=nextjs-turbopack pnpm vitest run packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts -t 'abortViaHookWorkflow|abortAnyInStepWorkflow|abortFetchUncaughtWorkflow|abortHookOrderingWorkflow' (7 targeted tests passed)

pnpm exec biome check on the touched lint surfaces still reports diagnostics already present on current main in these files (for example existing non-null assertions, unused locals, complexity, and banned Function type findings); the new import-order diagnostic from this follow-up was fixed before push.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: edf5007

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1255	0	219	1474
✅ 💻 Local Development	1657	0	219	1876
✅ 📦 Local Production	1657	0	219	1876
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1657	0	219	1876
✅ 🪟 Windows	134	0	0	134
✅ 📋 Other	762	0	176	938
Total	7122	0	1052	8174

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	108	0	26
✅ example	108	0	26
✅ express	108	0	26
✅ fastify	108	0	26
✅ hono	108	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	132	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	132	0	2
✅ nitro	108	0	26
✅ nuxt	108	0	26
✅ sveltekit	127	0	7
✅ vite	108	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	109	0	25
✅ express-stable	109	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	109	0	25
✅ hono-stable	109	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	109	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	109	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	128	0	6
✅ vite-stable	109	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	109	0	25
✅ express-stable	109	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	109	0	25
✅ hono-stable	109	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	109	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	109	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	128	0	6
✅ vite-stable	109	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	109	0	25
✅ express-stable	109	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	109	0	25
✅ hono-stable	109	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	109	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	109	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	128	0	6
✅ vite-stable	109	0	25

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	134	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	109	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	108	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.039s (-11.3% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.966s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.042s (-2.8%)	1.007s (~)	0.965s	10	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.061s (-35.7% 🟢)	1.014s (-2.8%)	0.952s	10	1.56x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.062s	1.006s	0.943s	10	1.59x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.066s (+13.8% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.946s	10	1.68x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.071s	1.012s	0.941s	10	1.82x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.330s (+31.4% 🔺)	2.492s (+6.8% 🔺)	2.161s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.332s (-18.9% 🟢)	2.166s (-13.7% 🟢)	1.834s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.587s (+149.2% 🔺)	2.664s (+24.8% 🔺)	2.078s	10	1.78x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.091s (-3.1%)	2.006s (~)	0.916s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.099s (-2.8%)	2.007s (~)	0.907s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.109s (-3.3%)	2.008s (~)	0.899s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.111s (-2.6%)	2.011s (~)	0.900s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.136s	2.006s	0.871s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.151s	2.010s	0.858s	10	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.659s (-18.5% 🟢)	3.685s (-3.8%)	2.026s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.756s (-6.4% 🟢)	3.840s (+0.9%)	2.084s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.842s (-52.7% 🟢)	3.724s (-37.0% 🟢)	1.882s	10	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	10.488s (-4.0%)	11.022s (~)	0.533s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.500s (-4.2%)	11.014s (~)	0.514s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.536s (-3.1%)	11.021s (~)	0.485s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.537s (-3.7%)	11.023s (~)	0.486s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.759s	11.021s	0.262s	3	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.863s	11.013s	0.150s	3	1.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.681s (-42.3% 🟢)	15.763s (-37.2% 🟢)	2.082s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.992s (-19.2% 🟢)	15.866s (-18.2% 🟢)	1.874s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.328s (-15.6% 🟢)	16.050s (-19.8% 🟢)	1.722s	2	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	13.656s (-8.8% 🟢)	14.026s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.370s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.690s (-6.1% 🟢)	14.021s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.331s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.747s (-8.7% 🟢)	14.027s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.281s	5	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.839s (-5.2% 🟢)	14.019s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.180s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.265s	15.028s	0.763s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.519s	15.018s	0.500s	4	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	22.609s (-55.1% 🟢)	24.568s (-53.3% 🟢)	1.959s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	22.918s (-56.4% 🟢)	24.692s (-54.8% 🟢)	1.774s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	23.077s (-64.2% 🟢)	24.984s (-62.5% 🟢)	1.908s	3	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	12.352s (-25.6% 🟢)	13.024s (-23.5% 🟢)	0.673s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	12.429s (-11.3% 🟢)	13.018s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.588s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.548s (-25.2% 🟢)	13.025s (-23.5% 🟢)	0.477s	7	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.583s (-9.9% 🟢)	13.021s (-9.0% 🟢)	0.438s	7	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.585s	14.025s	0.440s	7	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.104s	14.592s	0.488s	7	1.14x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	30.457s (-74.9% 🟢)	32.711s (-73.5% 🟢)	2.254s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	30.861s (-92.2% 🟢)	33.114s (-91.6% 🟢)	2.253s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	33.433s (-92.1% 🟢)	35.704s (-91.6% 🟢)	2.272s	3	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.175s (-6.7% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.832s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.188s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.819s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.210s (-25.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-3.3%)	0.796s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.215s (-18.4% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.792s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.250s	2.008s	0.758s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.301s	2.006s	0.705s	15	1.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	79.134s (+2667.1% 🔺)	80.974s (+1651.5% 🔺)	1.840s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	103.983s (+3589.8% 🔺)	105.277s (+2335.6% 🔺)	1.294s	3	1.31x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	308.883s (+8990.9% 🔺)	310.094s (+6186.5% 🔺)	1.211s	1	3.90x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.233s (-47.8% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.773s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.250s (-46.8% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.757s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.403s	2.008s	0.605s	15	1.14x
💻 Local	Express	1.693s (-42.7% 🟢)	2.006s (-41.9% 🟢)	0.313s	15	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.815s	2.221s	0.406s	14	1.47x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.950s (-38.0% 🟢)	2.314s (-40.4% 🟢)	0.364s	13	1.58x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.076s (-42.6% 🟢)	5.909s (-33.6% 🟢)	1.833s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.266s (+5.3% 🔺)	6.004s (+1.4%)	1.737s	5	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	106.560s (+2844.2% 🔺)	108.637s (+2025.7% 🔺)	2.077s	3	26.15x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.375s (-60.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.632s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.396s (-59.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.611s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.678s	2.224s	0.546s	14	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.171s	5.513s	0.341s	6	3.76x
💻 Local	Express	5.225s (-37.3% 🟢)	5.845s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.620s	6	3.80x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.293s (-36.6% 🟢)	5.846s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.553s	6	3.85x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.116s (+20.7% 🔺)	6.472s (+5.6% 🔺)	1.356s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.293s (-29.4% 🟢)	8.311s (-24.2% 🟢)	2.017s	4	1.23x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	157.655s (+4372.1% 🔺)	159.385s (+2780.2% 🔺)	1.730s	2	30.82x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.180s (-6.1% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.828s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.190s (-5.3% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.817s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.251s	2.009s	0.758s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.578s (-15.4% 🟢)	2.007s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.428s	15	1.34x
💻 Local	Express	1.599s (-15.5% 🟢)	2.073s (-12.3% 🟢)	0.474s	15	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.729s	2.391s	0.662s	13	1.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.557s (+4.0%)	4.248s (+1.9%)	1.691s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.634s (+2.1%)	4.209s (-3.2%)	1.575s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.759s (-5.9% 🟢)	4.393s (-5.4% 🟢)	1.634s	7	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.244s (-46.9% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.764s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.263s (-46.0% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.746s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.405s	2.010s	0.605s	15	1.13x
💻 Local	Express	1.964s (-37.3% 🟢)	2.392s (-36.4% 🟢)	0.428s	13	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.006s	2.507s	0.501s	12	1.61x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.128s (-30.6% 🟢)	2.674s (-31.2% 🟢)	0.546s	12	1.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.409s (+6.8% 🔺)	5.094s (+6.3% 🔺)	1.685s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.622s (+15.3% 🔺)	5.187s (+14.7% 🔺)	1.565s	6	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.741s (+15.7% 🔺)	5.531s (+8.9% 🔺)	1.790s	6	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.366s (-61.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-50.0% 🟢)	0.641s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.395s (-59.9% 🟢)	2.009s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.613s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.666s	2.142s	0.476s	15	1.22x
💻 Local	Express	5.393s (-38.7% 🟢)	6.015s (-35.1% 🟢)	0.622s	6	3.95x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.581s	6.215s	0.634s	5	4.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	6.206s (-32.1% 🟢)	6.615s (-34.0% 🟢)	0.410s	5	4.54x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.210s (-18.8% 🟢)	7.221s (-11.7% 🟢)	2.011s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.438s (+6.8% 🔺)	7.103s (+4.2%)	1.665s	5	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.596s (-17.2% 🟢)	7.241s (-15.3% 🟢)	1.646s	5	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.549s (-33.1% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.458s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.564s (-32.8% 🟢)	1.024s (~)	0.460s	59	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	0.584s (-40.6% 🟢)	1.005s (-6.6% 🟢)	0.420s	60	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.689s (-29.7% 🟢)	1.096s (~)	0.407s	55	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.832s	1.007s	0.175s	60	1.52x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.833s	1.004s	0.171s	60	1.52x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.240s (-72.4% 🟢)	7.087s (-66.8% 🟢)	1.848s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.349s (-75.7% 🟢)	6.825s (-71.6% 🟢)	1.476s	9	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.165s (-57.5% 🟢)	8.079s (-49.8% 🟢)	1.914s	8	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.292s (-34.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.715s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.351s (-29.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-4.4%)	0.657s	45	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	1.456s (-51.7% 🟢)	2.006s (-44.0% 🟢)	0.551s	45	1.13x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.505s (-50.4% 🟢)	2.006s (-46.6% 🟢)	0.502s	45	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.979s	2.203s	0.224s	41	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.009s	2.578s	0.569s	35	1.55x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.590s (-65.6% 🟢)	15.335s (-62.9% 🟢)	1.745s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.034s (-59.4% 🟢)	16.123s (-56.2% 🟢)	2.089s	6	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.534s (-70.8% 🟢)	16.569s (-68.0% 🟢)	2.034s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.531s (-36.6% 🟢)	3.008s (-31.2% 🟢)	0.477s	40	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.706s (-34.1% 🟢)	3.111s (-32.4% 🟢)	0.406s	39	1.07x
💻 Local	Express	3.226s (-65.0% 🟢)	3.977s (-60.3% 🟢)	0.752s	31	1.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.311s (-64.4% 🟢)	4.009s (-60.0% 🟢)	0.698s	30	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.880s	4.076s	0.196s	30	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.179s	5.010s	0.831s	24	1.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	29.061s (-70.0% 🟢)	31.140s (-68.4% 🟢)	2.079s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	29.078s (-77.6% 🟢)	31.653s (-76.1% 🟢)	2.575s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	30.767s (-71.3% 🟢)	32.560s (-70.1% 🟢)	1.793s	4	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.203s (-28.0% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.803s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.227s (-19.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.779s	60	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.271s	1.006s	0.736s	60	1.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.408s (-27.1% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.595s	60	2.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.525s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.096s (+7.3% 🔺)	0.571s	55	2.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.539s	1.022s	0.482s	59	2.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.354s (+16.4% 🔺)	4.000s (+5.5% 🔺)	1.647s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.544s (+53.2% 🔺)	4.254s (+26.9% 🔺)	1.709s	15	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.590s (+32.5% 🔺)	4.557s (+25.3% 🔺)	1.967s	14	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.332s (-34.8% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.673s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.372s (-25.1% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.635s	90	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.491s	1.006s	0.515s	90	1.48x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.157s (-15.0% 🟢)	2.714s (-9.8% 🟢)	0.557s	34	6.49x
💻 Local	Express	2.163s (-13.9% 🟢)	2.655s (-11.8% 🟢)	0.492s	34	6.51x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.286s	2.946s	0.659s	31	6.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.386s (+52.3% 🔺)	7.054s (+35.8% 🔺)	1.668s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.432s (+78.3% 🔺)	7.062s (+46.9% 🔺)	1.630s	13	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.265s (+94.2% 🔺)	8.089s (+67.8% 🔺)	1.824s	12	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.645s (-21.2% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.1%)	0.361s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.725s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.024s (+1.6%)	0.299s	118	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.005s	1.699s	0.694s	71	1.56x
💻 Local	Express	9.661s (-13.7% 🟢)	10.196s (-14.6% 🟢)	0.535s	12	14.97x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.873s (-11.8% 🟢)	10.359s (-11.2% 🟢)	0.486s	12	15.30x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.198s	10.947s	0.749s	12	15.80x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	15.292s (+106.1% 🔺)	17.523s (+89.6% 🔺)	2.231s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	15.622s (+102.3% 🔺)	17.609s (+87.3% 🔺)	1.987s	7	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.747s (+91.2% 🔺)	21.704s (+76.7% 🔺)	1.957s	6	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.153s (+462.0% 🔺)	2.000s (+100.3% 🔺)	0.001s (-12.5% 🟢)	2.010s (+98.8% 🔺)	0.858s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.160s (+482.8% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.010s (-15.7% 🟢)	2.018s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.857s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.162s (+443.9% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.013s (+7.2% 🔺)	2.021s (+98.3% 🔺)	0.858s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.168s (+469.7% 🔺)	1.998s (+99.9% 🔺)	0.001s (-33.3% 🟢)	2.010s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.842s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.202s	2.004s	0.011s	2.019s	0.817s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.245s	2.001s	0.002s	2.011s	0.766s	10	1.08x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.308s (-7.9% 🟢)	3.385s (-17.2% 🟢)	1.829s (+90.4% 🔺)	5.727s (+2.4%)	3.419s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.345s (-38.8% 🟢)	3.488s (-33.9% 🟢)	2.454s (+230.7% 🔺)	6.410s (-1.1%)	4.065s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.357s (-65.6% 🟢)	3.334s (-61.5% 🟢)	1.806s (+185.7% 🔺)	5.657s (-42.2% 🟢)	3.300s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.558s (+147.3% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.2% 🔺)	0.004s (-1.7%)	2.024s (+97.8% 🔺)	0.466s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.595s (+90.2% 🔺)	2.010s (+98.6% 🔺)	0.010s (+8.1% 🔺)	2.022s (+81.2% 🔺)	0.426s	30	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.652s (+164.7% 🔺)	2.006s (+99.2% 🔺)	0.004s (-4.1%)	2.026s (+98.1% 🔺)	0.374s	30	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.710s	2.008s	0.010s	2.022s	0.312s	30	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.752s (+131.4% 🔺)	2.010s (+95.4% 🔺)	0.009s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.200s (+111.6% 🔺)	0.448s	28	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.968s	2.235s	0.005s	2.254s	0.286s	27	1.26x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	6.044s (-79.5% 🟢)	7.410s (-75.9% 🟢)	0.407s (+263.6% 🔺)	8.309s (-73.9% 🟢)	2.265s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.227s (-63.2% 🟢)	7.513s (-58.8% 🟢)	0.289s (+36.7% 🔺)	8.276s (-56.3% 🟢)	2.049s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.422s (-1.3%)	7.836s (-2.2%)	0.255s (-37.5% 🟢)	8.631s (-2.3%)	2.209s	8	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.675s (-29.8% 🟢)	1.033s (-19.2% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.050s (-19.6% 🟢)	0.376s	58	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.735s (-24.1% 🟢)	1.049s (-15.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-58.6% 🟢)	1.059s (-15.8% 🟢)	0.324s	58	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.996s	1.430s	0.000s	1.440s	0.444s	42	1.48x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.415s (+15.7% 🔺)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+200.0% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.601s	30	2.10x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.451s	2.012s	0.000s	2.015s	0.564s	30	2.15x
💻 Local	Express	1.804s (+47.3% 🔺)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+8.0% 🔺)	2.416s (+19.5% 🔺)	0.612s	25	2.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.548s (-65.2% 🟢)	4.527s (-60.7% 🟢)	0.003s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.001s (-58.5% 🟢)	1.454s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.034s (+7.8% 🔺)	5.507s (+7.9% 🔺)	0.000s (+10.0% 🔺)	6.028s (+9.0% 🔺)	1.994s	10	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.086s (+33.9% 🔺)	5.277s (+20.1% 🔺)	0.000s (+254.5% 🔺)	5.847s (+21.6% 🔺)	1.761s	11	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.378s (-22.2% 🟢)	2.067s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.098s (-4.6%)	0.720s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.401s (-21.8% 🟢)	2.033s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+93.1% 🔺)	2.080s (-4.3%)	0.679s	29	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.205s	2.587s	0.000s	2.599s	0.394s	24	1.60x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.837s	3.554s	0.001s	3.557s	0.720s	17	2.06x
💻 Local	Express	3.139s (-9.5% 🟢)	3.902s (-3.3%)	0.001s (+32.8% 🔺)	3.905s (-3.2%)	0.767s	16	2.28x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.247s (-4.2%)	3.966s (-1.7%)	0.001s (-6.2% 🟢)	3.968s (-1.7%)	0.721s	16	2.36x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.471s (+33.6% 🔺)	7.055s (+31.3% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.521s (+29.8% 🔺)	2.050s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.787s (+3.0%)	7.124s (+2.0%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.570s (~)	1.783s	8	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.189s (+34.9% 🔺)	7.841s (+30.2% 🔺)	0.000s (NaN%)	8.324s (+28.9% 🔺)	2.136s	8	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	14/21
🐘 Postgres	Express	18/21
▲ Vercel	Express	9/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	14/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	15/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

No backport to stable for 4b5f017 (AI decision).

The core abort-signal infrastructure being stabilized here is main-only: packages/core/src/runtime/step-executor.ts and packages/core/src/workflow/abort-controller.ts do not exist on stable, and step-handler.ts on stable has a substantially different abort-handling code path (with no promoteAbortErrorToFatal helper to introduce). The E2E tests, unit tests, and workbench workflow changes all exercise these main-only abort APIs, so backporting would require porting the feature itself rather than a self-contained fix.

To override, re-run the Backport to stable workflow manually via workflow_dispatch and paste this commit SHA into the ref input:

4b5f017635b28ff164047bce8ccf4a5981748704

[pranaygp]

What changed

• Promote AbortError-shaped step failures to FatalError in both inline and queued step execution paths, including abort failures that crossed a serialization or VM boundary.
• Persist the promoted FatalError from the queued handler instead of persisting the original abort rejection.
• Change abortFetchUncaughtWorkflow to use the default abort reason and assert that it never emits step_retrying.
• Add a suspension checkpoint before asserting workflow-side state in abortAnyInStepWorkflow.
• Replace fixed hook-registration sleeps with waitForHook(..., { runId }) for the abort-via-hook and hook-ordering E2E paths.
• Keep the internal abort-hook consumer subscribed after a matching durable abort receipt, so duplicate matching receipts from concurrent handlers are treated as idempotent abort delivery rather than a corrupted event log.
• Add unit coverage for duplicate matching abort receipts: the signal aborts once, both events are consumed, and no orphaned-event failure is reported.

Why

Recent E2E failures showed distinct causes:

• abortFetchUncaughtWorkflow emitted step_retrying and retried to exhaustion. Locally, this reproduced even with default abort() before the fix: the step rejection was AbortError-shaped but did not reach fatal classification in the inline executor, and the queued path relied on a realm-sensitive instanceof Error gate.
• abortAnyInStepWorkflow was failing only on workflow-side c2Aborted while the step-side native AbortSignal.any assertions passed. The workflow-side signal observes the step-originated abort after replay processes the hook event at a suspension boundary.
• Hook-based abort tests were occasionally attempting lookup before hook registration was observable because they used fixed sleeps instead of the existing polling helper.
• Once the hook-ordering test used observable hook registration, the first CI run consistently exposed a real resumeHook() -> abort() race: the internal abort-controller hook received two durable hook_received events and the second became an unconsumed-event failure. This appeared in local-dev SvelteKit and Astro and in Windows E2E. Abort delivery is idempotent, so replay should consume matching duplicate abort receipts without failing the run.

This does not attempt to fix unrelated delayed wait/timer delivery failures or make broader changes to step-originated abort durability beyond the checkpoint asserted by these E2Es.

Validation

• pnpm vitest run packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.test.ts packages/core/src/abort-controller-step.test.ts
• pnpm --filter @workflow/core test (42 files, 1036 tests passed)
• pnpm turbo run build --filter=nextjs-turbopack...
• DEPLOYMENT_URL=http://localhost:3000 APP_NAME=nextjs-turbopack pnpm vitest run packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts -t 'abortViaHookWorkflow|abortAnyInStepWorkflow|abortFetchUncaughtWorkflow|abortHookOrderingWorkflow' (7 targeted tests passed)

pnpm exec biome check on the touched lint surfaces still reports diagnostics already present on current main in these files (for example existing non-null assertions, unused locals, complexity, and banned Function type findings); the new import-order diagnostic from this follow-up was fixed before push.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: edf5007

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1255	0	219	1474
✅ 💻 Local Development	1657	0	219	1876
✅ 📦 Local Production	1657	0	219	1876
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1657	0	219	1876
✅ 🪟 Windows	134	0	0	134
✅ 📋 Other	762	0	176	938
Total	7122	0	1052	8174

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	108	0	26
✅ example	108	0	26
✅ express	108	0	26
✅ fastify	108	0	26
✅ hono	108	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	132	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	132	0	2
✅ nitro	108	0	26
✅ nuxt	108	0	26
✅ sveltekit	127	0	7
✅ vite	108	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	109	0	25
✅ express-stable	109	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	109	0	25
✅ hono-stable	109	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	109	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	109	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	128	0	6
✅ vite-stable	109	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	109	0	25
✅ express-stable	109	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	109	0	25
✅ hono-stable	109	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	109	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	109	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	128	0	6
✅ vite-stable	109	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	109	0	25
✅ express-stable	109	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	109	0	25
✅ hono-stable	109	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	109	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	109	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	128	0	6
✅ vite-stable	109	0	25

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	134	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	109	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	108	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.039s (-11.3% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.966s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.042s (-2.8%)	1.007s (~)	0.965s	10	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.061s (-35.7% 🟢)	1.014s (-2.8%)	0.952s	10	1.56x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.062s	1.006s	0.943s	10	1.59x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.066s (+13.8% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.946s	10	1.68x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.071s	1.012s	0.941s	10	1.82x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.330s (+31.4% 🔺)	2.492s (+6.8% 🔺)	2.161s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.332s (-18.9% 🟢)	2.166s (-13.7% 🟢)	1.834s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.587s (+149.2% 🔺)	2.664s (+24.8% 🔺)	2.078s	10	1.78x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.091s (-3.1%)	2.006s (~)	0.916s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.099s (-2.8%)	2.007s (~)	0.907s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.109s (-3.3%)	2.008s (~)	0.899s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.111s (-2.6%)	2.011s (~)	0.900s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.136s	2.006s	0.871s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.151s	2.010s	0.858s	10	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.659s (-18.5% 🟢)	3.685s (-3.8%)	2.026s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.756s (-6.4% 🟢)	3.840s (+0.9%)	2.084s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.842s (-52.7% 🟢)	3.724s (-37.0% 🟢)	1.882s	10	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	10.488s (-4.0%)	11.022s (~)	0.533s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.500s (-4.2%)	11.014s (~)	0.514s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.536s (-3.1%)	11.021s (~)	0.485s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.537s (-3.7%)	11.023s (~)	0.486s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.759s	11.021s	0.262s	3	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.863s	11.013s	0.150s	3	1.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.681s (-42.3% 🟢)	15.763s (-37.2% 🟢)	2.082s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.992s (-19.2% 🟢)	15.866s (-18.2% 🟢)	1.874s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.328s (-15.6% 🟢)	16.050s (-19.8% 🟢)	1.722s	2	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	13.656s (-8.8% 🟢)	14.026s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.370s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.690s (-6.1% 🟢)	14.021s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.331s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.747s (-8.7% 🟢)	14.027s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.281s	5	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.839s (-5.2% 🟢)	14.019s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.180s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.265s	15.028s	0.763s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.519s	15.018s	0.500s	4	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	22.609s (-55.1% 🟢)	24.568s (-53.3% 🟢)	1.959s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	22.918s (-56.4% 🟢)	24.692s (-54.8% 🟢)	1.774s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	23.077s (-64.2% 🟢)	24.984s (-62.5% 🟢)	1.908s	3	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	12.352s (-25.6% 🟢)	13.024s (-23.5% 🟢)	0.673s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	12.429s (-11.3% 🟢)	13.018s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.588s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.548s (-25.2% 🟢)	13.025s (-23.5% 🟢)	0.477s	7	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.583s (-9.9% 🟢)	13.021s (-9.0% 🟢)	0.438s	7	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.585s	14.025s	0.440s	7	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.104s	14.592s	0.488s	7	1.14x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	30.457s (-74.9% 🟢)	32.711s (-73.5% 🟢)	2.254s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	30.861s (-92.2% 🟢)	33.114s (-91.6% 🟢)	2.253s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	33.433s (-92.1% 🟢)	35.704s (-91.6% 🟢)	2.272s	3	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.175s (-6.7% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.832s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.188s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.819s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.210s (-25.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-3.3%)	0.796s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.215s (-18.4% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.792s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.250s	2.008s	0.758s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.301s	2.006s	0.705s	15	1.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	79.134s (+2667.1% 🔺)	80.974s (+1651.5% 🔺)	1.840s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	103.983s (+3589.8% 🔺)	105.277s (+2335.6% 🔺)	1.294s	3	1.31x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	308.883s (+8990.9% 🔺)	310.094s (+6186.5% 🔺)	1.211s	1	3.90x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.233s (-47.8% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.773s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.250s (-46.8% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.757s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.403s	2.008s	0.605s	15	1.14x
💻 Local	Express	1.693s (-42.7% 🟢)	2.006s (-41.9% 🟢)	0.313s	15	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.815s	2.221s	0.406s	14	1.47x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.950s (-38.0% 🟢)	2.314s (-40.4% 🟢)	0.364s	13	1.58x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.076s (-42.6% 🟢)	5.909s (-33.6% 🟢)	1.833s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.266s (+5.3% 🔺)	6.004s (+1.4%)	1.737s	5	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	106.560s (+2844.2% 🔺)	108.637s (+2025.7% 🔺)	2.077s	3	26.15x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.375s (-60.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.632s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.396s (-59.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.611s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.678s	2.224s	0.546s	14	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.171s	5.513s	0.341s	6	3.76x
💻 Local	Express	5.225s (-37.3% 🟢)	5.845s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.620s	6	3.80x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.293s (-36.6% 🟢)	5.846s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.553s	6	3.85x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.116s (+20.7% 🔺)	6.472s (+5.6% 🔺)	1.356s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.293s (-29.4% 🟢)	8.311s (-24.2% 🟢)	2.017s	4	1.23x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	157.655s (+4372.1% 🔺)	159.385s (+2780.2% 🔺)	1.730s	2	30.82x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.180s (-6.1% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.828s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.190s (-5.3% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.817s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.251s	2.009s	0.758s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.578s (-15.4% 🟢)	2.007s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.428s	15	1.34x
💻 Local	Express	1.599s (-15.5% 🟢)	2.073s (-12.3% 🟢)	0.474s	15	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.729s	2.391s	0.662s	13	1.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.557s (+4.0%)	4.248s (+1.9%)	1.691s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.634s (+2.1%)	4.209s (-3.2%)	1.575s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.759s (-5.9% 🟢)	4.393s (-5.4% 🟢)	1.634s	7	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.244s (-46.9% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.764s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.263s (-46.0% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.746s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.405s	2.010s	0.605s	15	1.13x
💻 Local	Express	1.964s (-37.3% 🟢)	2.392s (-36.4% 🟢)	0.428s	13	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.006s	2.507s	0.501s	12	1.61x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.128s (-30.6% 🟢)	2.674s (-31.2% 🟢)	0.546s	12	1.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.409s (+6.8% 🔺)	5.094s (+6.3% 🔺)	1.685s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.622s (+15.3% 🔺)	5.187s (+14.7% 🔺)	1.565s	6	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.741s (+15.7% 🔺)	5.531s (+8.9% 🔺)	1.790s	6	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.366s (-61.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-50.0% 🟢)	0.641s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.395s (-59.9% 🟢)	2.009s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.613s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.666s	2.142s	0.476s	15	1.22x
💻 Local	Express	5.393s (-38.7% 🟢)	6.015s (-35.1% 🟢)	0.622s	6	3.95x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.581s	6.215s	0.634s	5	4.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	6.206s (-32.1% 🟢)	6.615s (-34.0% 🟢)	0.410s	5	4.54x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.210s (-18.8% 🟢)	7.221s (-11.7% 🟢)	2.011s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.438s (+6.8% 🔺)	7.103s (+4.2%)	1.665s	5	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.596s (-17.2% 🟢)	7.241s (-15.3% 🟢)	1.646s	5	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.549s (-33.1% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.458s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.564s (-32.8% 🟢)	1.024s (~)	0.460s	59	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	0.584s (-40.6% 🟢)	1.005s (-6.6% 🟢)	0.420s	60	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.689s (-29.7% 🟢)	1.096s (~)	0.407s	55	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.832s	1.007s	0.175s	60	1.52x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.833s	1.004s	0.171s	60	1.52x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.240s (-72.4% 🟢)	7.087s (-66.8% 🟢)	1.848s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.349s (-75.7% 🟢)	6.825s (-71.6% 🟢)	1.476s	9	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.165s (-57.5% 🟢)	8.079s (-49.8% 🟢)	1.914s	8	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.292s (-34.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.715s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.351s (-29.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-4.4%)	0.657s	45	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	1.456s (-51.7% 🟢)	2.006s (-44.0% 🟢)	0.551s	45	1.13x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.505s (-50.4% 🟢)	2.006s (-46.6% 🟢)	0.502s	45	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.979s	2.203s	0.224s	41	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.009s	2.578s	0.569s	35	1.55x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.590s (-65.6% 🟢)	15.335s (-62.9% 🟢)	1.745s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.034s (-59.4% 🟢)	16.123s (-56.2% 🟢)	2.089s	6	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.534s (-70.8% 🟢)	16.569s (-68.0% 🟢)	2.034s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.531s (-36.6% 🟢)	3.008s (-31.2% 🟢)	0.477s	40	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.706s (-34.1% 🟢)	3.111s (-32.4% 🟢)	0.406s	39	1.07x
💻 Local	Express	3.226s (-65.0% 🟢)	3.977s (-60.3% 🟢)	0.752s	31	1.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.311s (-64.4% 🟢)	4.009s (-60.0% 🟢)	0.698s	30	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.880s	4.076s	0.196s	30	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.179s	5.010s	0.831s	24	1.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	29.061s (-70.0% 🟢)	31.140s (-68.4% 🟢)	2.079s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	29.078s (-77.6% 🟢)	31.653s (-76.1% 🟢)	2.575s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	30.767s (-71.3% 🟢)	32.560s (-70.1% 🟢)	1.793s	4	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.203s (-28.0% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.803s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.227s (-19.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.779s	60	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.271s	1.006s	0.736s	60	1.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.408s (-27.1% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.595s	60	2.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.525s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.096s (+7.3% 🔺)	0.571s	55	2.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.539s	1.022s	0.482s	59	2.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.354s (+16.4% 🔺)	4.000s (+5.5% 🔺)	1.647s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.544s (+53.2% 🔺)	4.254s (+26.9% 🔺)	1.709s	15	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.590s (+32.5% 🔺)	4.557s (+25.3% 🔺)	1.967s	14	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.332s (-34.8% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.673s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.372s (-25.1% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.635s	90	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.491s	1.006s	0.515s	90	1.48x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.157s (-15.0% 🟢)	2.714s (-9.8% 🟢)	0.557s	34	6.49x
💻 Local	Express	2.163s (-13.9% 🟢)	2.655s (-11.8% 🟢)	0.492s	34	6.51x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.286s	2.946s	0.659s	31	6.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.386s (+52.3% 🔺)	7.054s (+35.8% 🔺)	1.668s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.432s (+78.3% 🔺)	7.062s (+46.9% 🔺)	1.630s	13	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.265s (+94.2% 🔺)	8.089s (+67.8% 🔺)	1.824s	12	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.645s (-21.2% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.1%)	0.361s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.725s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.024s (+1.6%)	0.299s	118	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.005s	1.699s	0.694s	71	1.56x
💻 Local	Express	9.661s (-13.7% 🟢)	10.196s (-14.6% 🟢)	0.535s	12	14.97x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.873s (-11.8% 🟢)	10.359s (-11.2% 🟢)	0.486s	12	15.30x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.198s	10.947s	0.749s	12	15.80x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	15.292s (+106.1% 🔺)	17.523s (+89.6% 🔺)	2.231s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	15.622s (+102.3% 🔺)	17.609s (+87.3% 🔺)	1.987s	7	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.747s (+91.2% 🔺)	21.704s (+76.7% 🔺)	1.957s	6	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.153s (+462.0% 🔺)	2.000s (+100.3% 🔺)	0.001s (-12.5% 🟢)	2.010s (+98.8% 🔺)	0.858s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.160s (+482.8% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.010s (-15.7% 🟢)	2.018s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.857s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.162s (+443.9% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.013s (+7.2% 🔺)	2.021s (+98.3% 🔺)	0.858s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.168s (+469.7% 🔺)	1.998s (+99.9% 🔺)	0.001s (-33.3% 🟢)	2.010s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.842s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.202s	2.004s	0.011s	2.019s	0.817s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.245s	2.001s	0.002s	2.011s	0.766s	10	1.08x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.308s (-7.9% 🟢)	3.385s (-17.2% 🟢)	1.829s (+90.4% 🔺)	5.727s (+2.4%)	3.419s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.345s (-38.8% 🟢)	3.488s (-33.9% 🟢)	2.454s (+230.7% 🔺)	6.410s (-1.1%)	4.065s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.357s (-65.6% 🟢)	3.334s (-61.5% 🟢)	1.806s (+185.7% 🔺)	5.657s (-42.2% 🟢)	3.300s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.558s (+147.3% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.2% 🔺)	0.004s (-1.7%)	2.024s (+97.8% 🔺)	0.466s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.595s (+90.2% 🔺)	2.010s (+98.6% 🔺)	0.010s (+8.1% 🔺)	2.022s (+81.2% 🔺)	0.426s	30	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.652s (+164.7% 🔺)	2.006s (+99.2% 🔺)	0.004s (-4.1%)	2.026s (+98.1% 🔺)	0.374s	30	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.710s	2.008s	0.010s	2.022s	0.312s	30	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.752s (+131.4% 🔺)	2.010s (+95.4% 🔺)	0.009s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.200s (+111.6% 🔺)	0.448s	28	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.968s	2.235s	0.005s	2.254s	0.286s	27	1.26x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	6.044s (-79.5% 🟢)	7.410s (-75.9% 🟢)	0.407s (+263.6% 🔺)	8.309s (-73.9% 🟢)	2.265s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.227s (-63.2% 🟢)	7.513s (-58.8% 🟢)	0.289s (+36.7% 🔺)	8.276s (-56.3% 🟢)	2.049s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.422s (-1.3%)	7.836s (-2.2%)	0.255s (-37.5% 🟢)	8.631s (-2.3%)	2.209s	8	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.675s (-29.8% 🟢)	1.033s (-19.2% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.050s (-19.6% 🟢)	0.376s	58	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.735s (-24.1% 🟢)	1.049s (-15.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-58.6% 🟢)	1.059s (-15.8% 🟢)	0.324s	58	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.996s	1.430s	0.000s	1.440s	0.444s	42	1.48x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.415s (+15.7% 🔺)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+200.0% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.601s	30	2.10x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.451s	2.012s	0.000s	2.015s	0.564s	30	2.15x
💻 Local	Express	1.804s (+47.3% 🔺)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+8.0% 🔺)	2.416s (+19.5% 🔺)	0.612s	25	2.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.548s (-65.2% 🟢)	4.527s (-60.7% 🟢)	0.003s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.001s (-58.5% 🟢)	1.454s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.034s (+7.8% 🔺)	5.507s (+7.9% 🔺)	0.000s (+10.0% 🔺)	6.028s (+9.0% 🔺)	1.994s	10	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.086s (+33.9% 🔺)	5.277s (+20.1% 🔺)	0.000s (+254.5% 🔺)	5.847s (+21.6% 🔺)	1.761s	11	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.378s (-22.2% 🟢)	2.067s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.098s (-4.6%)	0.720s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.401s (-21.8% 🟢)	2.033s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+93.1% 🔺)	2.080s (-4.3%)	0.679s	29	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.205s	2.587s	0.000s	2.599s	0.394s	24	1.60x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.837s	3.554s	0.001s	3.557s	0.720s	17	2.06x
💻 Local	Express	3.139s (-9.5% 🟢)	3.902s (-3.3%)	0.001s (+32.8% 🔺)	3.905s (-3.2%)	0.767s	16	2.28x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.247s (-4.2%)	3.966s (-1.7%)	0.001s (-6.2% 🟢)	3.968s (-1.7%)	0.721s	16	2.36x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.471s (+33.6% 🔺)	7.055s (+31.3% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.521s (+29.8% 🔺)	2.050s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.787s (+3.0%)	7.124s (+2.0%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.570s (~)	1.783s	8	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.189s (+34.9% 🔺)	7.841s (+30.2% 🔺)	0.000s (NaN%)	8.324s (+28.9% 🔺)	2.136s	8	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	14/21
🐘 Postgres	Express	18/21
▲ Vercel	Express	9/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	14/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	15/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

No backport to stable for 4b5f017 (AI decision).

The core abort-signal infrastructure being stabilized here is main-only: packages/core/src/runtime/step-executor.ts and packages/core/src/workflow/abort-controller.ts do not exist on stable, and step-handler.ts on stable has a substantially different abort-handling code path (with no promoteAbortErrorToFatal helper to introduce). The E2E tests, unit tests, and workbench workflow changes all exercise these main-only abort APIs, so backporting would require porting the feature itself rather than a self-contained fix.

To override, re-run the Backport to stable workflow manually via workflow_dispatch and paste this commit SHA into the ref input:

4b5f017635b28ff164047bce8ccf4a5981748704

[pranaygp]

What changed

• Promote AbortError-shaped step failures to FatalError in both inline and queued step execution paths, including abort failures that crossed a serialization or VM boundary.
• Persist the promoted FatalError from the queued handler instead of persisting the original abort rejection.
• Change abortFetchUncaughtWorkflow to use the default abort reason and assert that it never emits step_retrying.
• Add a suspension checkpoint before asserting workflow-side state in abortAnyInStepWorkflow.
• Replace fixed hook-registration sleeps with waitForHook(..., { runId }) for the abort-via-hook and hook-ordering E2E paths.
• Keep the internal abort-hook consumer subscribed after a matching durable abort receipt, so duplicate matching receipts from concurrent handlers are treated as idempotent abort delivery rather than a corrupted event log.
• Add unit coverage for duplicate matching abort receipts: the signal aborts once, both events are consumed, and no orphaned-event failure is reported.

Why

Recent E2E failures showed distinct causes:

• abortFetchUncaughtWorkflow emitted step_retrying and retried to exhaustion. Locally, this reproduced even with default abort() before the fix: the step rejection was AbortError-shaped but did not reach fatal classification in the inline executor, and the queued path relied on a realm-sensitive instanceof Error gate.
• abortAnyInStepWorkflow was failing only on workflow-side c2Aborted while the step-side native AbortSignal.any assertions passed. The workflow-side signal observes the step-originated abort after replay processes the hook event at a suspension boundary.
• Hook-based abort tests were occasionally attempting lookup before hook registration was observable because they used fixed sleeps instead of the existing polling helper.
• Once the hook-ordering test used observable hook registration, the first CI run consistently exposed a real resumeHook() -> abort() race: the internal abort-controller hook received two durable hook_received events and the second became an unconsumed-event failure. This appeared in local-dev SvelteKit and Astro and in Windows E2E. Abort delivery is idempotent, so replay should consume matching duplicate abort receipts without failing the run.

This does not attempt to fix unrelated delayed wait/timer delivery failures or make broader changes to step-originated abort durability beyond the checkpoint asserted by these E2Es.

Validation

• pnpm vitest run packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.test.ts packages/core/src/abort-controller-step.test.ts
• pnpm --filter @workflow/core test (42 files, 1036 tests passed)
• pnpm turbo run build --filter=nextjs-turbopack...
• DEPLOYMENT_URL=http://localhost:3000 APP_NAME=nextjs-turbopack pnpm vitest run packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts -t 'abortViaHookWorkflow|abortAnyInStepWorkflow|abortFetchUncaughtWorkflow|abortHookOrderingWorkflow' (7 targeted tests passed)

pnpm exec biome check on the touched lint surfaces still reports diagnostics already present on current main in these files (for example existing non-null assertions, unused locals, complexity, and banned Function type findings); the new import-order diagnostic from this follow-up was fixed before push.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: edf5007

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1255	0	219	1474
✅ 💻 Local Development	1657	0	219	1876
✅ 📦 Local Production	1657	0	219	1876
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1657	0	219	1876
✅ 🪟 Windows	134	0	0	134
✅ 📋 Other	762	0	176	938
Total	7122	0	1052	8174

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	108	0	26
✅ example	108	0	26
✅ express	108	0	26
✅ fastify	108	0	26
✅ hono	108	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	132	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	132	0	2
✅ nitro	108	0	26
✅ nuxt	108	0	26
✅ sveltekit	127	0	7
✅ vite	108	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	109	0	25
✅ express-stable	109	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	109	0	25
✅ hono-stable	109	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	109	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	109	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	128	0	6
✅ vite-stable	109	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	109	0	25
✅ express-stable	109	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	109	0	25
✅ hono-stable	109	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	109	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	109	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	128	0	6
✅ vite-stable	109	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	109	0	25
✅ express-stable	109	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	109	0	25
✅ hono-stable	109	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	109	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	109	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	128	0	6
✅ vite-stable	109	0	25

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	134	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	109	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	108	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.039s (-11.3% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.966s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.042s (-2.8%)	1.007s (~)	0.965s	10	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.061s (-35.7% 🟢)	1.014s (-2.8%)	0.952s	10	1.56x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.062s	1.006s	0.943s	10	1.59x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.066s (+13.8% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.946s	10	1.68x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.071s	1.012s	0.941s	10	1.82x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.330s (+31.4% 🔺)	2.492s (+6.8% 🔺)	2.161s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.332s (-18.9% 🟢)	2.166s (-13.7% 🟢)	1.834s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.587s (+149.2% 🔺)	2.664s (+24.8% 🔺)	2.078s	10	1.78x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.091s (-3.1%)	2.006s (~)	0.916s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.099s (-2.8%)	2.007s (~)	0.907s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.109s (-3.3%)	2.008s (~)	0.899s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.111s (-2.6%)	2.011s (~)	0.900s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.136s	2.006s	0.871s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.151s	2.010s	0.858s	10	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.659s (-18.5% 🟢)	3.685s (-3.8%)	2.026s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.756s (-6.4% 🟢)	3.840s (+0.9%)	2.084s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.842s (-52.7% 🟢)	3.724s (-37.0% 🟢)	1.882s	10	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	10.488s (-4.0%)	11.022s (~)	0.533s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.500s (-4.2%)	11.014s (~)	0.514s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.536s (-3.1%)	11.021s (~)	0.485s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.537s (-3.7%)	11.023s (~)	0.486s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.759s	11.021s	0.262s	3	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.863s	11.013s	0.150s	3	1.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.681s (-42.3% 🟢)	15.763s (-37.2% 🟢)	2.082s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.992s (-19.2% 🟢)	15.866s (-18.2% 🟢)	1.874s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.328s (-15.6% 🟢)	16.050s (-19.8% 🟢)	1.722s	2	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	13.656s (-8.8% 🟢)	14.026s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.370s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.690s (-6.1% 🟢)	14.021s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.331s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.747s (-8.7% 🟢)	14.027s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.281s	5	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.839s (-5.2% 🟢)	14.019s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.180s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.265s	15.028s	0.763s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.519s	15.018s	0.500s	4	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	22.609s (-55.1% 🟢)	24.568s (-53.3% 🟢)	1.959s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	22.918s (-56.4% 🟢)	24.692s (-54.8% 🟢)	1.774s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	23.077s (-64.2% 🟢)	24.984s (-62.5% 🟢)	1.908s	3	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	12.352s (-25.6% 🟢)	13.024s (-23.5% 🟢)	0.673s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	12.429s (-11.3% 🟢)	13.018s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.588s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.548s (-25.2% 🟢)	13.025s (-23.5% 🟢)	0.477s	7	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.583s (-9.9% 🟢)	13.021s (-9.0% 🟢)	0.438s	7	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.585s	14.025s	0.440s	7	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.104s	14.592s	0.488s	7	1.14x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	30.457s (-74.9% 🟢)	32.711s (-73.5% 🟢)	2.254s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	30.861s (-92.2% 🟢)	33.114s (-91.6% 🟢)	2.253s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	33.433s (-92.1% 🟢)	35.704s (-91.6% 🟢)	2.272s	3	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.175s (-6.7% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.832s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.188s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.819s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.210s (-25.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-3.3%)	0.796s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.215s (-18.4% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.792s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.250s	2.008s	0.758s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.301s	2.006s	0.705s	15	1.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	79.134s (+2667.1% 🔺)	80.974s (+1651.5% 🔺)	1.840s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	103.983s (+3589.8% 🔺)	105.277s (+2335.6% 🔺)	1.294s	3	1.31x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	308.883s (+8990.9% 🔺)	310.094s (+6186.5% 🔺)	1.211s	1	3.90x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.233s (-47.8% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.773s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.250s (-46.8% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.757s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.403s	2.008s	0.605s	15	1.14x
💻 Local	Express	1.693s (-42.7% 🟢)	2.006s (-41.9% 🟢)	0.313s	15	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.815s	2.221s	0.406s	14	1.47x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.950s (-38.0% 🟢)	2.314s (-40.4% 🟢)	0.364s	13	1.58x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.076s (-42.6% 🟢)	5.909s (-33.6% 🟢)	1.833s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.266s (+5.3% 🔺)	6.004s (+1.4%)	1.737s	5	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	106.560s (+2844.2% 🔺)	108.637s (+2025.7% 🔺)	2.077s	3	26.15x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.375s (-60.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.632s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.396s (-59.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.611s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.678s	2.224s	0.546s	14	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.171s	5.513s	0.341s	6	3.76x
💻 Local	Express	5.225s (-37.3% 🟢)	5.845s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.620s	6	3.80x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.293s (-36.6% 🟢)	5.846s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.553s	6	3.85x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.116s (+20.7% 🔺)	6.472s (+5.6% 🔺)	1.356s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.293s (-29.4% 🟢)	8.311s (-24.2% 🟢)	2.017s	4	1.23x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	157.655s (+4372.1% 🔺)	159.385s (+2780.2% 🔺)	1.730s	2	30.82x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.180s (-6.1% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.828s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.190s (-5.3% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.817s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.251s	2.009s	0.758s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.578s (-15.4% 🟢)	2.007s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.428s	15	1.34x
💻 Local	Express	1.599s (-15.5% 🟢)	2.073s (-12.3% 🟢)	0.474s	15	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.729s	2.391s	0.662s	13	1.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.557s (+4.0%)	4.248s (+1.9%)	1.691s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.634s (+2.1%)	4.209s (-3.2%)	1.575s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.759s (-5.9% 🟢)	4.393s (-5.4% 🟢)	1.634s	7	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.244s (-46.9% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.764s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.263s (-46.0% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.746s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.405s	2.010s	0.605s	15	1.13x
💻 Local	Express	1.964s (-37.3% 🟢)	2.392s (-36.4% 🟢)	0.428s	13	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.006s	2.507s	0.501s	12	1.61x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.128s (-30.6% 🟢)	2.674s (-31.2% 🟢)	0.546s	12	1.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.409s (+6.8% 🔺)	5.094s (+6.3% 🔺)	1.685s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.622s (+15.3% 🔺)	5.187s (+14.7% 🔺)	1.565s	6	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.741s (+15.7% 🔺)	5.531s (+8.9% 🔺)	1.790s	6	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.366s (-61.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-50.0% 🟢)	0.641s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.395s (-59.9% 🟢)	2.009s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.613s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.666s	2.142s	0.476s	15	1.22x
💻 Local	Express	5.393s (-38.7% 🟢)	6.015s (-35.1% 🟢)	0.622s	6	3.95x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.581s	6.215s	0.634s	5	4.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	6.206s (-32.1% 🟢)	6.615s (-34.0% 🟢)	0.410s	5	4.54x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.210s (-18.8% 🟢)	7.221s (-11.7% 🟢)	2.011s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.438s (+6.8% 🔺)	7.103s (+4.2%)	1.665s	5	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.596s (-17.2% 🟢)	7.241s (-15.3% 🟢)	1.646s	5	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.549s (-33.1% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.458s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.564s (-32.8% 🟢)	1.024s (~)	0.460s	59	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	0.584s (-40.6% 🟢)	1.005s (-6.6% 🟢)	0.420s	60	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.689s (-29.7% 🟢)	1.096s (~)	0.407s	55	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.832s	1.007s	0.175s	60	1.52x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.833s	1.004s	0.171s	60	1.52x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.240s (-72.4% 🟢)	7.087s (-66.8% 🟢)	1.848s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.349s (-75.7% 🟢)	6.825s (-71.6% 🟢)	1.476s	9	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.165s (-57.5% 🟢)	8.079s (-49.8% 🟢)	1.914s	8	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.292s (-34.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.715s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.351s (-29.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-4.4%)	0.657s	45	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	1.456s (-51.7% 🟢)	2.006s (-44.0% 🟢)	0.551s	45	1.13x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.505s (-50.4% 🟢)	2.006s (-46.6% 🟢)	0.502s	45	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.979s	2.203s	0.224s	41	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.009s	2.578s	0.569s	35	1.55x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.590s (-65.6% 🟢)	15.335s (-62.9% 🟢)	1.745s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.034s (-59.4% 🟢)	16.123s (-56.2% 🟢)	2.089s	6	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.534s (-70.8% 🟢)	16.569s (-68.0% 🟢)	2.034s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.531s (-36.6% 🟢)	3.008s (-31.2% 🟢)	0.477s	40	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.706s (-34.1% 🟢)	3.111s (-32.4% 🟢)	0.406s	39	1.07x
💻 Local	Express	3.226s (-65.0% 🟢)	3.977s (-60.3% 🟢)	0.752s	31	1.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.311s (-64.4% 🟢)	4.009s (-60.0% 🟢)	0.698s	30	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.880s	4.076s	0.196s	30	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.179s	5.010s	0.831s	24	1.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	29.061s (-70.0% 🟢)	31.140s (-68.4% 🟢)	2.079s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	29.078s (-77.6% 🟢)	31.653s (-76.1% 🟢)	2.575s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	30.767s (-71.3% 🟢)	32.560s (-70.1% 🟢)	1.793s	4	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.203s (-28.0% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.803s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.227s (-19.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.779s	60	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.271s	1.006s	0.736s	60	1.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.408s (-27.1% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.595s	60	2.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.525s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.096s (+7.3% 🔺)	0.571s	55	2.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.539s	1.022s	0.482s	59	2.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.354s (+16.4% 🔺)	4.000s (+5.5% 🔺)	1.647s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.544s (+53.2% 🔺)	4.254s (+26.9% 🔺)	1.709s	15	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.590s (+32.5% 🔺)	4.557s (+25.3% 🔺)	1.967s	14	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.332s (-34.8% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.673s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.372s (-25.1% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.635s	90	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.491s	1.006s	0.515s	90	1.48x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.157s (-15.0% 🟢)	2.714s (-9.8% 🟢)	0.557s	34	6.49x
💻 Local	Express	2.163s (-13.9% 🟢)	2.655s (-11.8% 🟢)	0.492s	34	6.51x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.286s	2.946s	0.659s	31	6.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.386s (+52.3% 🔺)	7.054s (+35.8% 🔺)	1.668s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.432s (+78.3% 🔺)	7.062s (+46.9% 🔺)	1.630s	13	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.265s (+94.2% 🔺)	8.089s (+67.8% 🔺)	1.824s	12	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.645s (-21.2% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.1%)	0.361s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.725s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.024s (+1.6%)	0.299s	118	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.005s	1.699s	0.694s	71	1.56x
💻 Local	Express	9.661s (-13.7% 🟢)	10.196s (-14.6% 🟢)	0.535s	12	14.97x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.873s (-11.8% 🟢)	10.359s (-11.2% 🟢)	0.486s	12	15.30x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.198s	10.947s	0.749s	12	15.80x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	15.292s (+106.1% 🔺)	17.523s (+89.6% 🔺)	2.231s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	15.622s (+102.3% 🔺)	17.609s (+87.3% 🔺)	1.987s	7	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.747s (+91.2% 🔺)	21.704s (+76.7% 🔺)	1.957s	6	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.153s (+462.0% 🔺)	2.000s (+100.3% 🔺)	0.001s (-12.5% 🟢)	2.010s (+98.8% 🔺)	0.858s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.160s (+482.8% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.010s (-15.7% 🟢)	2.018s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.857s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.162s (+443.9% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.013s (+7.2% 🔺)	2.021s (+98.3% 🔺)	0.858s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.168s (+469.7% 🔺)	1.998s (+99.9% 🔺)	0.001s (-33.3% 🟢)	2.010s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.842s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.202s	2.004s	0.011s	2.019s	0.817s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.245s	2.001s	0.002s	2.011s	0.766s	10	1.08x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.308s (-7.9% 🟢)	3.385s (-17.2% 🟢)	1.829s (+90.4% 🔺)	5.727s (+2.4%)	3.419s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.345s (-38.8% 🟢)	3.488s (-33.9% 🟢)	2.454s (+230.7% 🔺)	6.410s (-1.1%)	4.065s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.357s (-65.6% 🟢)	3.334s (-61.5% 🟢)	1.806s (+185.7% 🔺)	5.657s (-42.2% 🟢)	3.300s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.558s (+147.3% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.2% 🔺)	0.004s (-1.7%)	2.024s (+97.8% 🔺)	0.466s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.595s (+90.2% 🔺)	2.010s (+98.6% 🔺)	0.010s (+8.1% 🔺)	2.022s (+81.2% 🔺)	0.426s	30	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.652s (+164.7% 🔺)	2.006s (+99.2% 🔺)	0.004s (-4.1%)	2.026s (+98.1% 🔺)	0.374s	30	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.710s	2.008s	0.010s	2.022s	0.312s	30	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.752s (+131.4% 🔺)	2.010s (+95.4% 🔺)	0.009s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.200s (+111.6% 🔺)	0.448s	28	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.968s	2.235s	0.005s	2.254s	0.286s	27	1.26x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	6.044s (-79.5% 🟢)	7.410s (-75.9% 🟢)	0.407s (+263.6% 🔺)	8.309s (-73.9% 🟢)	2.265s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.227s (-63.2% 🟢)	7.513s (-58.8% 🟢)	0.289s (+36.7% 🔺)	8.276s (-56.3% 🟢)	2.049s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.422s (-1.3%)	7.836s (-2.2%)	0.255s (-37.5% 🟢)	8.631s (-2.3%)	2.209s	8	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.675s (-29.8% 🟢)	1.033s (-19.2% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.050s (-19.6% 🟢)	0.376s	58	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.735s (-24.1% 🟢)	1.049s (-15.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-58.6% 🟢)	1.059s (-15.8% 🟢)	0.324s	58	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.996s	1.430s	0.000s	1.440s	0.444s	42	1.48x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.415s (+15.7% 🔺)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+200.0% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.601s	30	2.10x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.451s	2.012s	0.000s	2.015s	0.564s	30	2.15x
💻 Local	Express	1.804s (+47.3% 🔺)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+8.0% 🔺)	2.416s (+19.5% 🔺)	0.612s	25	2.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.548s (-65.2% 🟢)	4.527s (-60.7% 🟢)	0.003s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.001s (-58.5% 🟢)	1.454s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.034s (+7.8% 🔺)	5.507s (+7.9% 🔺)	0.000s (+10.0% 🔺)	6.028s (+9.0% 🔺)	1.994s	10	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.086s (+33.9% 🔺)	5.277s (+20.1% 🔺)	0.000s (+254.5% 🔺)	5.847s (+21.6% 🔺)	1.761s	11	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.378s (-22.2% 🟢)	2.067s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.098s (-4.6%)	0.720s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.401s (-21.8% 🟢)	2.033s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+93.1% 🔺)	2.080s (-4.3%)	0.679s	29	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.205s	2.587s	0.000s	2.599s	0.394s	24	1.60x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.837s	3.554s	0.001s	3.557s	0.720s	17	2.06x
💻 Local	Express	3.139s (-9.5% 🟢)	3.902s (-3.3%)	0.001s (+32.8% 🔺)	3.905s (-3.2%)	0.767s	16	2.28x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.247s (-4.2%)	3.966s (-1.7%)	0.001s (-6.2% 🟢)	3.968s (-1.7%)	0.721s	16	2.36x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.471s (+33.6% 🔺)	7.055s (+31.3% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.521s (+29.8% 🔺)	2.050s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.787s (+3.0%)	7.124s (+2.0%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.570s (~)	1.783s	8	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.189s (+34.9% 🔺)	7.841s (+30.2% 🔺)	0.000s (NaN%)	8.324s (+28.9% 🔺)	2.136s	8	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	14/21
🐘 Postgres	Express	18/21
▲ Vercel	Express	9/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	14/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	15/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

No backport to stable for 4b5f017 (AI decision).

The core abort-signal infrastructure being stabilized here is main-only: packages/core/src/runtime/step-executor.ts and packages/core/src/workflow/abort-controller.ts do not exist on stable, and step-handler.ts on stable has a substantially different abort-handling code path (with no promoteAbortErrorToFatal helper to introduce). The E2E tests, unit tests, and workbench workflow changes all exercise these main-only abort APIs, so backporting would require porting the feature itself rather than a self-contained fix.

To override, re-run the Backport to stable workflow manually via workflow_dispatch and paste this commit SHA into the ref input:

4b5f017635b28ff164047bce8ccf4a5981748704

[pranaygp]

What changed

• Promote AbortError-shaped step failures to FatalError in both inline and queued step execution paths, including abort failures that crossed a serialization or VM boundary.
• Persist the promoted FatalError from the queued handler instead of persisting the original abort rejection.
• Change abortFetchUncaughtWorkflow to use the default abort reason and assert that it never emits step_retrying.
• Add a suspension checkpoint before asserting workflow-side state in abortAnyInStepWorkflow.
• Replace fixed hook-registration sleeps with waitForHook(..., { runId }) for the abort-via-hook and hook-ordering E2E paths.
• Keep the internal abort-hook consumer subscribed after a matching durable abort receipt, so duplicate matching receipts from concurrent handlers are treated as idempotent abort delivery rather than a corrupted event log.
• Add unit coverage for duplicate matching abort receipts: the signal aborts once, both events are consumed, and no orphaned-event failure is reported.

Why

Recent E2E failures showed distinct causes:

• abortFetchUncaughtWorkflow emitted step_retrying and retried to exhaustion. Locally, this reproduced even with default abort() before the fix: the step rejection was AbortError-shaped but did not reach fatal classification in the inline executor, and the queued path relied on a realm-sensitive instanceof Error gate.
• abortAnyInStepWorkflow was failing only on workflow-side c2Aborted while the step-side native AbortSignal.any assertions passed. The workflow-side signal observes the step-originated abort after replay processes the hook event at a suspension boundary.
• Hook-based abort tests were occasionally attempting lookup before hook registration was observable because they used fixed sleeps instead of the existing polling helper.
• Once the hook-ordering test used observable hook registration, the first CI run consistently exposed a real resumeHook() -> abort() race: the internal abort-controller hook received two durable hook_received events and the second became an unconsumed-event failure. This appeared in local-dev SvelteKit and Astro and in Windows E2E. Abort delivery is idempotent, so replay should consume matching duplicate abort receipts without failing the run.

This does not attempt to fix unrelated delayed wait/timer delivery failures or make broader changes to step-originated abort durability beyond the checkpoint asserted by these E2Es.

Validation

• pnpm vitest run packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.test.ts packages/core/src/abort-controller-step.test.ts
• pnpm --filter @workflow/core test (42 files, 1036 tests passed)
• pnpm turbo run build --filter=nextjs-turbopack...
• DEPLOYMENT_URL=http://localhost:3000 APP_NAME=nextjs-turbopack pnpm vitest run packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts -t 'abortViaHookWorkflow|abortAnyInStepWorkflow|abortFetchUncaughtWorkflow|abortHookOrderingWorkflow' (7 targeted tests passed)

pnpm exec biome check on the touched lint surfaces still reports diagnostics already present on current main in these files (for example existing non-null assertions, unused locals, complexity, and banned Function type findings); the new import-order diagnostic from this follow-up was fixed before push.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: edf5007

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1255	0	219	1474
✅ 💻 Local Development	1657	0	219	1876
✅ 📦 Local Production	1657	0	219	1876
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1657	0	219	1876
✅ 🪟 Windows	134	0	0	134
✅ 📋 Other	762	0	176	938
Total	7122	0	1052	8174

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	108	0	26
✅ example	108	0	26
✅ express	108	0	26
✅ fastify	108	0	26
✅ hono	108	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	132	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	132	0	2
✅ nitro	108	0	26
✅ nuxt	108	0	26
✅ sveltekit	127	0	7
✅ vite	108	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	109	0	25
✅ express-stable	109	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	109	0	25
✅ hono-stable	109	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	109	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	109	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	128	0	6
✅ vite-stable	109	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	109	0	25
✅ express-stable	109	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	109	0	25
✅ hono-stable	109	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	109	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	109	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	128	0	6
✅ vite-stable	109	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	109	0	25
✅ express-stable	109	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	109	0	25
✅ hono-stable	109	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	109	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	109	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	128	0	6
✅ vite-stable	109	0	25

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	134	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	109	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	108	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.039s (-11.3% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.966s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.042s (-2.8%)	1.007s (~)	0.965s	10	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.061s (-35.7% 🟢)	1.014s (-2.8%)	0.952s	10	1.56x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.062s	1.006s	0.943s	10	1.59x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.066s (+13.8% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.946s	10	1.68x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.071s	1.012s	0.941s	10	1.82x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.330s (+31.4% 🔺)	2.492s (+6.8% 🔺)	2.161s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.332s (-18.9% 🟢)	2.166s (-13.7% 🟢)	1.834s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.587s (+149.2% 🔺)	2.664s (+24.8% 🔺)	2.078s	10	1.78x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.091s (-3.1%)	2.006s (~)	0.916s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.099s (-2.8%)	2.007s (~)	0.907s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.109s (-3.3%)	2.008s (~)	0.899s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.111s (-2.6%)	2.011s (~)	0.900s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.136s	2.006s	0.871s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.151s	2.010s	0.858s	10	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.659s (-18.5% 🟢)	3.685s (-3.8%)	2.026s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.756s (-6.4% 🟢)	3.840s (+0.9%)	2.084s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.842s (-52.7% 🟢)	3.724s (-37.0% 🟢)	1.882s	10	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	10.488s (-4.0%)	11.022s (~)	0.533s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.500s (-4.2%)	11.014s (~)	0.514s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.536s (-3.1%)	11.021s (~)	0.485s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.537s (-3.7%)	11.023s (~)	0.486s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.759s	11.021s	0.262s	3	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.863s	11.013s	0.150s	3	1.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.681s (-42.3% 🟢)	15.763s (-37.2% 🟢)	2.082s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.992s (-19.2% 🟢)	15.866s (-18.2% 🟢)	1.874s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.328s (-15.6% 🟢)	16.050s (-19.8% 🟢)	1.722s	2	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	13.656s (-8.8% 🟢)	14.026s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.370s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.690s (-6.1% 🟢)	14.021s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.331s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.747s (-8.7% 🟢)	14.027s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.281s	5	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.839s (-5.2% 🟢)	14.019s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.180s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.265s	15.028s	0.763s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.519s	15.018s	0.500s	4	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	22.609s (-55.1% 🟢)	24.568s (-53.3% 🟢)	1.959s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	22.918s (-56.4% 🟢)	24.692s (-54.8% 🟢)	1.774s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	23.077s (-64.2% 🟢)	24.984s (-62.5% 🟢)	1.908s	3	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	12.352s (-25.6% 🟢)	13.024s (-23.5% 🟢)	0.673s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	12.429s (-11.3% 🟢)	13.018s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.588s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.548s (-25.2% 🟢)	13.025s (-23.5% 🟢)	0.477s	7	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.583s (-9.9% 🟢)	13.021s (-9.0% 🟢)	0.438s	7	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.585s	14.025s	0.440s	7	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.104s	14.592s	0.488s	7	1.14x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	30.457s (-74.9% 🟢)	32.711s (-73.5% 🟢)	2.254s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	30.861s (-92.2% 🟢)	33.114s (-91.6% 🟢)	2.253s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	33.433s (-92.1% 🟢)	35.704s (-91.6% 🟢)	2.272s	3	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.175s (-6.7% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.832s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.188s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.819s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.210s (-25.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-3.3%)	0.796s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.215s (-18.4% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.792s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.250s	2.008s	0.758s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.301s	2.006s	0.705s	15	1.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	79.134s (+2667.1% 🔺)	80.974s (+1651.5% 🔺)	1.840s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	103.983s (+3589.8% 🔺)	105.277s (+2335.6% 🔺)	1.294s	3	1.31x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	308.883s (+8990.9% 🔺)	310.094s (+6186.5% 🔺)	1.211s	1	3.90x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.233s (-47.8% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.773s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.250s (-46.8% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.757s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.403s	2.008s	0.605s	15	1.14x
💻 Local	Express	1.693s (-42.7% 🟢)	2.006s (-41.9% 🟢)	0.313s	15	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.815s	2.221s	0.406s	14	1.47x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.950s (-38.0% 🟢)	2.314s (-40.4% 🟢)	0.364s	13	1.58x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.076s (-42.6% 🟢)	5.909s (-33.6% 🟢)	1.833s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.266s (+5.3% 🔺)	6.004s (+1.4%)	1.737s	5	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	106.560s (+2844.2% 🔺)	108.637s (+2025.7% 🔺)	2.077s	3	26.15x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.375s (-60.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.632s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.396s (-59.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.611s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.678s	2.224s	0.546s	14	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.171s	5.513s	0.341s	6	3.76x
💻 Local	Express	5.225s (-37.3% 🟢)	5.845s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.620s	6	3.80x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.293s (-36.6% 🟢)	5.846s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.553s	6	3.85x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.116s (+20.7% 🔺)	6.472s (+5.6% 🔺)	1.356s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.293s (-29.4% 🟢)	8.311s (-24.2% 🟢)	2.017s	4	1.23x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	157.655s (+4372.1% 🔺)	159.385s (+2780.2% 🔺)	1.730s	2	30.82x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.180s (-6.1% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.828s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.190s (-5.3% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.817s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.251s	2.009s	0.758s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.578s (-15.4% 🟢)	2.007s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.428s	15	1.34x
💻 Local	Express	1.599s (-15.5% 🟢)	2.073s (-12.3% 🟢)	0.474s	15	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.729s	2.391s	0.662s	13	1.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.557s (+4.0%)	4.248s (+1.9%)	1.691s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.634s (+2.1%)	4.209s (-3.2%)	1.575s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.759s (-5.9% 🟢)	4.393s (-5.4% 🟢)	1.634s	7	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.244s (-46.9% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.764s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.263s (-46.0% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.746s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.405s	2.010s	0.605s	15	1.13x
💻 Local	Express	1.964s (-37.3% 🟢)	2.392s (-36.4% 🟢)	0.428s	13	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.006s	2.507s	0.501s	12	1.61x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.128s (-30.6% 🟢)	2.674s (-31.2% 🟢)	0.546s	12	1.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.409s (+6.8% 🔺)	5.094s (+6.3% 🔺)	1.685s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.622s (+15.3% 🔺)	5.187s (+14.7% 🔺)	1.565s	6	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.741s (+15.7% 🔺)	5.531s (+8.9% 🔺)	1.790s	6	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.366s (-61.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-50.0% 🟢)	0.641s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.395s (-59.9% 🟢)	2.009s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.613s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.666s	2.142s	0.476s	15	1.22x
💻 Local	Express	5.393s (-38.7% 🟢)	6.015s (-35.1% 🟢)	0.622s	6	3.95x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.581s	6.215s	0.634s	5	4.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	6.206s (-32.1% 🟢)	6.615s (-34.0% 🟢)	0.410s	5	4.54x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.210s (-18.8% 🟢)	7.221s (-11.7% 🟢)	2.011s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.438s (+6.8% 🔺)	7.103s (+4.2%)	1.665s	5	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.596s (-17.2% 🟢)	7.241s (-15.3% 🟢)	1.646s	5	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.549s (-33.1% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.458s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.564s (-32.8% 🟢)	1.024s (~)	0.460s	59	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	0.584s (-40.6% 🟢)	1.005s (-6.6% 🟢)	0.420s	60	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.689s (-29.7% 🟢)	1.096s (~)	0.407s	55	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.832s	1.007s	0.175s	60	1.52x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.833s	1.004s	0.171s	60	1.52x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.240s (-72.4% 🟢)	7.087s (-66.8% 🟢)	1.848s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.349s (-75.7% 🟢)	6.825s (-71.6% 🟢)	1.476s	9	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.165s (-57.5% 🟢)	8.079s (-49.8% 🟢)	1.914s	8	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.292s (-34.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.715s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.351s (-29.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-4.4%)	0.657s	45	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	1.456s (-51.7% 🟢)	2.006s (-44.0% 🟢)	0.551s	45	1.13x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.505s (-50.4% 🟢)	2.006s (-46.6% 🟢)	0.502s	45	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.979s	2.203s	0.224s	41	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.009s	2.578s	0.569s	35	1.55x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.590s (-65.6% 🟢)	15.335s (-62.9% 🟢)	1.745s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.034s (-59.4% 🟢)	16.123s (-56.2% 🟢)	2.089s	6	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.534s (-70.8% 🟢)	16.569s (-68.0% 🟢)	2.034s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.531s (-36.6% 🟢)	3.008s (-31.2% 🟢)	0.477s	40	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.706s (-34.1% 🟢)	3.111s (-32.4% 🟢)	0.406s	39	1.07x
💻 Local	Express	3.226s (-65.0% 🟢)	3.977s (-60.3% 🟢)	0.752s	31	1.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.311s (-64.4% 🟢)	4.009s (-60.0% 🟢)	0.698s	30	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.880s	4.076s	0.196s	30	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.179s	5.010s	0.831s	24	1.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	29.061s (-70.0% 🟢)	31.140s (-68.4% 🟢)	2.079s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	29.078s (-77.6% 🟢)	31.653s (-76.1% 🟢)	2.575s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	30.767s (-71.3% 🟢)	32.560s (-70.1% 🟢)	1.793s	4	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.203s (-28.0% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.803s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.227s (-19.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.779s	60	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.271s	1.006s	0.736s	60	1.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.408s (-27.1% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.595s	60	2.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.525s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.096s (+7.3% 🔺)	0.571s	55	2.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.539s	1.022s	0.482s	59	2.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.354s (+16.4% 🔺)	4.000s (+5.5% 🔺)	1.647s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.544s (+53.2% 🔺)	4.254s (+26.9% 🔺)	1.709s	15	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.590s (+32.5% 🔺)	4.557s (+25.3% 🔺)	1.967s	14	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.332s (-34.8% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.673s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.372s (-25.1% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.635s	90	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.491s	1.006s	0.515s	90	1.48x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.157s (-15.0% 🟢)	2.714s (-9.8% 🟢)	0.557s	34	6.49x
💻 Local	Express	2.163s (-13.9% 🟢)	2.655s (-11.8% 🟢)	0.492s	34	6.51x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.286s	2.946s	0.659s	31	6.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.386s (+52.3% 🔺)	7.054s (+35.8% 🔺)	1.668s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.432s (+78.3% 🔺)	7.062s (+46.9% 🔺)	1.630s	13	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.265s (+94.2% 🔺)	8.089s (+67.8% 🔺)	1.824s	12	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.645s (-21.2% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.1%)	0.361s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.725s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.024s (+1.6%)	0.299s	118	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.005s	1.699s	0.694s	71	1.56x
💻 Local	Express	9.661s (-13.7% 🟢)	10.196s (-14.6% 🟢)	0.535s	12	14.97x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.873s (-11.8% 🟢)	10.359s (-11.2% 🟢)	0.486s	12	15.30x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.198s	10.947s	0.749s	12	15.80x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	15.292s (+106.1% 🔺)	17.523s (+89.6% 🔺)	2.231s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	15.622s (+102.3% 🔺)	17.609s (+87.3% 🔺)	1.987s	7	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.747s (+91.2% 🔺)	21.704s (+76.7% 🔺)	1.957s	6	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.153s (+462.0% 🔺)	2.000s (+100.3% 🔺)	0.001s (-12.5% 🟢)	2.010s (+98.8% 🔺)	0.858s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.160s (+482.8% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.010s (-15.7% 🟢)	2.018s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.857s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.162s (+443.9% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.013s (+7.2% 🔺)	2.021s (+98.3% 🔺)	0.858s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.168s (+469.7% 🔺)	1.998s (+99.9% 🔺)	0.001s (-33.3% 🟢)	2.010s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.842s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.202s	2.004s	0.011s	2.019s	0.817s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.245s	2.001s	0.002s	2.011s	0.766s	10	1.08x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.308s (-7.9% 🟢)	3.385s (-17.2% 🟢)	1.829s (+90.4% 🔺)	5.727s (+2.4%)	3.419s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.345s (-38.8% 🟢)	3.488s (-33.9% 🟢)	2.454s (+230.7% 🔺)	6.410s (-1.1%)	4.065s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.357s (-65.6% 🟢)	3.334s (-61.5% 🟢)	1.806s (+185.7% 🔺)	5.657s (-42.2% 🟢)	3.300s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.558s (+147.3% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.2% 🔺)	0.004s (-1.7%)	2.024s (+97.8% 🔺)	0.466s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.595s (+90.2% 🔺)	2.010s (+98.6% 🔺)	0.010s (+8.1% 🔺)	2.022s (+81.2% 🔺)	0.426s	30	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.652s (+164.7% 🔺)	2.006s (+99.2% 🔺)	0.004s (-4.1%)	2.026s (+98.1% 🔺)	0.374s	30	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.710s	2.008s	0.010s	2.022s	0.312s	30	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.752s (+131.4% 🔺)	2.010s (+95.4% 🔺)	0.009s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.200s (+111.6% 🔺)	0.448s	28	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.968s	2.235s	0.005s	2.254s	0.286s	27	1.26x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	6.044s (-79.5% 🟢)	7.410s (-75.9% 🟢)	0.407s (+263.6% 🔺)	8.309s (-73.9% 🟢)	2.265s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.227s (-63.2% 🟢)	7.513s (-58.8% 🟢)	0.289s (+36.7% 🔺)	8.276s (-56.3% 🟢)	2.049s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.422s (-1.3%)	7.836s (-2.2%)	0.255s (-37.5% 🟢)	8.631s (-2.3%)	2.209s	8	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.675s (-29.8% 🟢)	1.033s (-19.2% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.050s (-19.6% 🟢)	0.376s	58	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.735s (-24.1% 🟢)	1.049s (-15.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-58.6% 🟢)	1.059s (-15.8% 🟢)	0.324s	58	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.996s	1.430s	0.000s	1.440s	0.444s	42	1.48x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.415s (+15.7% 🔺)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+200.0% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.601s	30	2.10x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.451s	2.012s	0.000s	2.015s	0.564s	30	2.15x
💻 Local	Express	1.804s (+47.3% 🔺)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+8.0% 🔺)	2.416s (+19.5% 🔺)	0.612s	25	2.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.548s (-65.2% 🟢)	4.527s (-60.7% 🟢)	0.003s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.001s (-58.5% 🟢)	1.454s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.034s (+7.8% 🔺)	5.507s (+7.9% 🔺)	0.000s (+10.0% 🔺)	6.028s (+9.0% 🔺)	1.994s	10	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.086s (+33.9% 🔺)	5.277s (+20.1% 🔺)	0.000s (+254.5% 🔺)	5.847s (+21.6% 🔺)	1.761s	11	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.378s (-22.2% 🟢)	2.067s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.098s (-4.6%)	0.720s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.401s (-21.8% 🟢)	2.033s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+93.1% 🔺)	2.080s (-4.3%)	0.679s	29	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.205s	2.587s	0.000s	2.599s	0.394s	24	1.60x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.837s	3.554s	0.001s	3.557s	0.720s	17	2.06x
💻 Local	Express	3.139s (-9.5% 🟢)	3.902s (-3.3%)	0.001s (+32.8% 🔺)	3.905s (-3.2%)	0.767s	16	2.28x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.247s (-4.2%)	3.966s (-1.7%)	0.001s (-6.2% 🟢)	3.968s (-1.7%)	0.721s	16	2.36x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.471s (+33.6% 🔺)	7.055s (+31.3% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.521s (+29.8% 🔺)	2.050s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.787s (+3.0%)	7.124s (+2.0%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.570s (~)	1.783s	8	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.189s (+34.9% 🔺)	7.841s (+30.2% 🔺)	0.000s (NaN%)	8.324s (+28.9% 🔺)	2.136s	8	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	14/21
🐘 Postgres	Express	18/21
▲ Vercel	Express	9/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	14/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	15/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

No backport to stable for 4b5f017 (AI decision).

The core abort-signal infrastructure being stabilized here is main-only: packages/core/src/runtime/step-executor.ts and packages/core/src/workflow/abort-controller.ts do not exist on stable, and step-handler.ts on stable has a substantially different abort-handling code path (with no promoteAbortErrorToFatal helper to introduce). The E2E tests, unit tests, and workbench workflow changes all exercise these main-only abort APIs, so backporting would require porting the feature itself rather than a self-contained fix.

To override, re-run the Backport to stable workflow manually via workflow_dispatch and paste this commit SHA into the ref input:

4b5f017635b28ff164047bce8ccf4a5981748704

[pranaygp]

What changed

• Promote AbortError-shaped step failures to FatalError in both inline and queued step execution paths, including abort failures that crossed a serialization or VM boundary.
• Persist the promoted FatalError from the queued handler instead of persisting the original abort rejection.
• Change abortFetchUncaughtWorkflow to use the default abort reason and assert that it never emits step_retrying.
• Add a suspension checkpoint before asserting workflow-side state in abortAnyInStepWorkflow.
• Replace fixed hook-registration sleeps with waitForHook(..., { runId }) for the abort-via-hook and hook-ordering E2E paths.
• Keep the internal abort-hook consumer subscribed after a matching durable abort receipt, so duplicate matching receipts from concurrent handlers are treated as idempotent abort delivery rather than a corrupted event log.
• Add unit coverage for duplicate matching abort receipts: the signal aborts once, both events are consumed, and no orphaned-event failure is reported.

Why

Recent E2E failures showed distinct causes:

• abortFetchUncaughtWorkflow emitted step_retrying and retried to exhaustion. Locally, this reproduced even with default abort() before the fix: the step rejection was AbortError-shaped but did not reach fatal classification in the inline executor, and the queued path relied on a realm-sensitive instanceof Error gate.
• abortAnyInStepWorkflow was failing only on workflow-side c2Aborted while the step-side native AbortSignal.any assertions passed. The workflow-side signal observes the step-originated abort after replay processes the hook event at a suspension boundary.
• Hook-based abort tests were occasionally attempting lookup before hook registration was observable because they used fixed sleeps instead of the existing polling helper.
• Once the hook-ordering test used observable hook registration, the first CI run consistently exposed a real resumeHook() -> abort() race: the internal abort-controller hook received two durable hook_received events and the second became an unconsumed-event failure. This appeared in local-dev SvelteKit and Astro and in Windows E2E. Abort delivery is idempotent, so replay should consume matching duplicate abort receipts without failing the run.

This does not attempt to fix unrelated delayed wait/timer delivery failures or make broader changes to step-originated abort durability beyond the checkpoint asserted by these E2Es.

Validation

• pnpm vitest run packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.test.ts packages/core/src/abort-controller-step.test.ts
• pnpm --filter @workflow/core test (42 files, 1036 tests passed)
• pnpm turbo run build --filter=nextjs-turbopack...
• DEPLOYMENT_URL=http://localhost:3000 APP_NAME=nextjs-turbopack pnpm vitest run packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts -t 'abortViaHookWorkflow|abortAnyInStepWorkflow|abortFetchUncaughtWorkflow|abortHookOrderingWorkflow' (7 targeted tests passed)

pnpm exec biome check on the touched lint surfaces still reports diagnostics already present on current main in these files (for example existing non-null assertions, unused locals, complexity, and banned Function type findings); the new import-order diagnostic from this follow-up was fixed before push.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: edf5007

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1255	0	219	1474
✅ 💻 Local Development	1657	0	219	1876
✅ 📦 Local Production	1657	0	219	1876
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1657	0	219	1876
✅ 🪟 Windows	134	0	0	134
✅ 📋 Other	762	0	176	938
Total	7122	0	1052	8174

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	108	0	26
✅ example	108	0	26
✅ express	108	0	26
✅ fastify	108	0	26
✅ hono	108	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	132	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	132	0	2
✅ nitro	108	0	26
✅ nuxt	108	0	26
✅ sveltekit	127	0	7
✅ vite	108	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	109	0	25
✅ express-stable	109	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	109	0	25
✅ hono-stable	109	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	109	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	109	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	128	0	6
✅ vite-stable	109	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	109	0	25
✅ express-stable	109	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	109	0	25
✅ hono-stable	109	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	109	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	109	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	128	0	6
✅ vite-stable	109	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	109	0	25
✅ express-stable	109	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	109	0	25
✅ hono-stable	109	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	109	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	109	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	128	0	6
✅ vite-stable	109	0	25

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	134	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	109	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	108	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.039s (-11.3% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.966s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.042s (-2.8%)	1.007s (~)	0.965s	10	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.061s (-35.7% 🟢)	1.014s (-2.8%)	0.952s	10	1.56x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.062s	1.006s	0.943s	10	1.59x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.066s (+13.8% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.946s	10	1.68x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.071s	1.012s	0.941s	10	1.82x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.330s (+31.4% 🔺)	2.492s (+6.8% 🔺)	2.161s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.332s (-18.9% 🟢)	2.166s (-13.7% 🟢)	1.834s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.587s (+149.2% 🔺)	2.664s (+24.8% 🔺)	2.078s	10	1.78x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.091s (-3.1%)	2.006s (~)	0.916s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.099s (-2.8%)	2.007s (~)	0.907s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.109s (-3.3%)	2.008s (~)	0.899s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.111s (-2.6%)	2.011s (~)	0.900s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.136s	2.006s	0.871s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.151s	2.010s	0.858s	10	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.659s (-18.5% 🟢)	3.685s (-3.8%)	2.026s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.756s (-6.4% 🟢)	3.840s (+0.9%)	2.084s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.842s (-52.7% 🟢)	3.724s (-37.0% 🟢)	1.882s	10	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	10.488s (-4.0%)	11.022s (~)	0.533s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.500s (-4.2%)	11.014s (~)	0.514s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.536s (-3.1%)	11.021s (~)	0.485s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.537s (-3.7%)	11.023s (~)	0.486s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.759s	11.021s	0.262s	3	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.863s	11.013s	0.150s	3	1.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.681s (-42.3% 🟢)	15.763s (-37.2% 🟢)	2.082s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.992s (-19.2% 🟢)	15.866s (-18.2% 🟢)	1.874s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.328s (-15.6% 🟢)	16.050s (-19.8% 🟢)	1.722s	2	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	13.656s (-8.8% 🟢)	14.026s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.370s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.690s (-6.1% 🟢)	14.021s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.331s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.747s (-8.7% 🟢)	14.027s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.281s	5	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.839s (-5.2% 🟢)	14.019s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.180s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.265s	15.028s	0.763s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.519s	15.018s	0.500s	4	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	22.609s (-55.1% 🟢)	24.568s (-53.3% 🟢)	1.959s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	22.918s (-56.4% 🟢)	24.692s (-54.8% 🟢)	1.774s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	23.077s (-64.2% 🟢)	24.984s (-62.5% 🟢)	1.908s	3	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	12.352s (-25.6% 🟢)	13.024s (-23.5% 🟢)	0.673s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	12.429s (-11.3% 🟢)	13.018s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.588s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.548s (-25.2% 🟢)	13.025s (-23.5% 🟢)	0.477s	7	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.583s (-9.9% 🟢)	13.021s (-9.0% 🟢)	0.438s	7	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.585s	14.025s	0.440s	7	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.104s	14.592s	0.488s	7	1.14x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	30.457s (-74.9% 🟢)	32.711s (-73.5% 🟢)	2.254s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	30.861s (-92.2% 🟢)	33.114s (-91.6% 🟢)	2.253s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	33.433s (-92.1% 🟢)	35.704s (-91.6% 🟢)	2.272s	3	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.175s (-6.7% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.832s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.188s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.819s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.210s (-25.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-3.3%)	0.796s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.215s (-18.4% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.792s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.250s	2.008s	0.758s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.301s	2.006s	0.705s	15	1.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	79.134s (+2667.1% 🔺)	80.974s (+1651.5% 🔺)	1.840s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	103.983s (+3589.8% 🔺)	105.277s (+2335.6% 🔺)	1.294s	3	1.31x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	308.883s (+8990.9% 🔺)	310.094s (+6186.5% 🔺)	1.211s	1	3.90x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.233s (-47.8% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.773s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.250s (-46.8% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.757s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.403s	2.008s	0.605s	15	1.14x
💻 Local	Express	1.693s (-42.7% 🟢)	2.006s (-41.9% 🟢)	0.313s	15	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.815s	2.221s	0.406s	14	1.47x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.950s (-38.0% 🟢)	2.314s (-40.4% 🟢)	0.364s	13	1.58x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.076s (-42.6% 🟢)	5.909s (-33.6% 🟢)	1.833s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.266s (+5.3% 🔺)	6.004s (+1.4%)	1.737s	5	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	106.560s (+2844.2% 🔺)	108.637s (+2025.7% 🔺)	2.077s	3	26.15x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.375s (-60.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.632s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.396s (-59.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.611s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.678s	2.224s	0.546s	14	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.171s	5.513s	0.341s	6	3.76x
💻 Local	Express	5.225s (-37.3% 🟢)	5.845s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.620s	6	3.80x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.293s (-36.6% 🟢)	5.846s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.553s	6	3.85x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.116s (+20.7% 🔺)	6.472s (+5.6% 🔺)	1.356s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.293s (-29.4% 🟢)	8.311s (-24.2% 🟢)	2.017s	4	1.23x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	157.655s (+4372.1% 🔺)	159.385s (+2780.2% 🔺)	1.730s	2	30.82x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.180s (-6.1% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.828s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.190s (-5.3% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.817s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.251s	2.009s	0.758s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.578s (-15.4% 🟢)	2.007s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.428s	15	1.34x
💻 Local	Express	1.599s (-15.5% 🟢)	2.073s (-12.3% 🟢)	0.474s	15	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.729s	2.391s	0.662s	13	1.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.557s (+4.0%)	4.248s (+1.9%)	1.691s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.634s (+2.1%)	4.209s (-3.2%)	1.575s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.759s (-5.9% 🟢)	4.393s (-5.4% 🟢)	1.634s	7	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.244s (-46.9% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.764s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.263s (-46.0% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.746s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.405s	2.010s	0.605s	15	1.13x
💻 Local	Express	1.964s (-37.3% 🟢)	2.392s (-36.4% 🟢)	0.428s	13	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.006s	2.507s	0.501s	12	1.61x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.128s (-30.6% 🟢)	2.674s (-31.2% 🟢)	0.546s	12	1.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.409s (+6.8% 🔺)	5.094s (+6.3% 🔺)	1.685s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.622s (+15.3% 🔺)	5.187s (+14.7% 🔺)	1.565s	6	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.741s (+15.7% 🔺)	5.531s (+8.9% 🔺)	1.790s	6	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.366s (-61.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-50.0% 🟢)	0.641s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.395s (-59.9% 🟢)	2.009s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.613s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.666s	2.142s	0.476s	15	1.22x
💻 Local	Express	5.393s (-38.7% 🟢)	6.015s (-35.1% 🟢)	0.622s	6	3.95x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.581s	6.215s	0.634s	5	4.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	6.206s (-32.1% 🟢)	6.615s (-34.0% 🟢)	0.410s	5	4.54x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.210s (-18.8% 🟢)	7.221s (-11.7% 🟢)	2.011s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.438s (+6.8% 🔺)	7.103s (+4.2%)	1.665s	5	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.596s (-17.2% 🟢)	7.241s (-15.3% 🟢)	1.646s	5	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.549s (-33.1% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.458s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.564s (-32.8% 🟢)	1.024s (~)	0.460s	59	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	0.584s (-40.6% 🟢)	1.005s (-6.6% 🟢)	0.420s	60	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.689s (-29.7% 🟢)	1.096s (~)	0.407s	55	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.832s	1.007s	0.175s	60	1.52x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.833s	1.004s	0.171s	60	1.52x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.240s (-72.4% 🟢)	7.087s (-66.8% 🟢)	1.848s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.349s (-75.7% 🟢)	6.825s (-71.6% 🟢)	1.476s	9	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.165s (-57.5% 🟢)	8.079s (-49.8% 🟢)	1.914s	8	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.292s (-34.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.715s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.351s (-29.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-4.4%)	0.657s	45	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	1.456s (-51.7% 🟢)	2.006s (-44.0% 🟢)	0.551s	45	1.13x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.505s (-50.4% 🟢)	2.006s (-46.6% 🟢)	0.502s	45	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.979s	2.203s	0.224s	41	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.009s	2.578s	0.569s	35	1.55x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.590s (-65.6% 🟢)	15.335s (-62.9% 🟢)	1.745s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.034s (-59.4% 🟢)	16.123s (-56.2% 🟢)	2.089s	6	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.534s (-70.8% 🟢)	16.569s (-68.0% 🟢)	2.034s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.531s (-36.6% 🟢)	3.008s (-31.2% 🟢)	0.477s	40	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.706s (-34.1% 🟢)	3.111s (-32.4% 🟢)	0.406s	39	1.07x
💻 Local	Express	3.226s (-65.0% 🟢)	3.977s (-60.3% 🟢)	0.752s	31	1.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.311s (-64.4% 🟢)	4.009s (-60.0% 🟢)	0.698s	30	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.880s	4.076s	0.196s	30	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.179s	5.010s	0.831s	24	1.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	29.061s (-70.0% 🟢)	31.140s (-68.4% 🟢)	2.079s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	29.078s (-77.6% 🟢)	31.653s (-76.1% 🟢)	2.575s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	30.767s (-71.3% 🟢)	32.560s (-70.1% 🟢)	1.793s	4	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.203s (-28.0% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.803s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.227s (-19.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.779s	60	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.271s	1.006s	0.736s	60	1.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.408s (-27.1% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.595s	60	2.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.525s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.096s (+7.3% 🔺)	0.571s	55	2.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.539s	1.022s	0.482s	59	2.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.354s (+16.4% 🔺)	4.000s (+5.5% 🔺)	1.647s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.544s (+53.2% 🔺)	4.254s (+26.9% 🔺)	1.709s	15	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.590s (+32.5% 🔺)	4.557s (+25.3% 🔺)	1.967s	14	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.332s (-34.8% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.673s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.372s (-25.1% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.635s	90	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.491s	1.006s	0.515s	90	1.48x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.157s (-15.0% 🟢)	2.714s (-9.8% 🟢)	0.557s	34	6.49x
💻 Local	Express	2.163s (-13.9% 🟢)	2.655s (-11.8% 🟢)	0.492s	34	6.51x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.286s	2.946s	0.659s	31	6.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.386s (+52.3% 🔺)	7.054s (+35.8% 🔺)	1.668s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.432s (+78.3% 🔺)	7.062s (+46.9% 🔺)	1.630s	13	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.265s (+94.2% 🔺)	8.089s (+67.8% 🔺)	1.824s	12	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.645s (-21.2% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.1%)	0.361s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.725s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.024s (+1.6%)	0.299s	118	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.005s	1.699s	0.694s	71	1.56x
💻 Local	Express	9.661s (-13.7% 🟢)	10.196s (-14.6% 🟢)	0.535s	12	14.97x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.873s (-11.8% 🟢)	10.359s (-11.2% 🟢)	0.486s	12	15.30x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.198s	10.947s	0.749s	12	15.80x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	15.292s (+106.1% 🔺)	17.523s (+89.6% 🔺)	2.231s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	15.622s (+102.3% 🔺)	17.609s (+87.3% 🔺)	1.987s	7	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.747s (+91.2% 🔺)	21.704s (+76.7% 🔺)	1.957s	6	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.153s (+462.0% 🔺)	2.000s (+100.3% 🔺)	0.001s (-12.5% 🟢)	2.010s (+98.8% 🔺)	0.858s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.160s (+482.8% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.010s (-15.7% 🟢)	2.018s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.857s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.162s (+443.9% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.013s (+7.2% 🔺)	2.021s (+98.3% 🔺)	0.858s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.168s (+469.7% 🔺)	1.998s (+99.9% 🔺)	0.001s (-33.3% 🟢)	2.010s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.842s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.202s	2.004s	0.011s	2.019s	0.817s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.245s	2.001s	0.002s	2.011s	0.766s	10	1.08x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.308s (-7.9% 🟢)	3.385s (-17.2% 🟢)	1.829s (+90.4% 🔺)	5.727s (+2.4%)	3.419s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.345s (-38.8% 🟢)	3.488s (-33.9% 🟢)	2.454s (+230.7% 🔺)	6.410s (-1.1%)	4.065s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.357s (-65.6% 🟢)	3.334s (-61.5% 🟢)	1.806s (+185.7% 🔺)	5.657s (-42.2% 🟢)	3.300s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.558s (+147.3% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.2% 🔺)	0.004s (-1.7%)	2.024s (+97.8% 🔺)	0.466s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.595s (+90.2% 🔺)	2.010s (+98.6% 🔺)	0.010s (+8.1% 🔺)	2.022s (+81.2% 🔺)	0.426s	30	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.652s (+164.7% 🔺)	2.006s (+99.2% 🔺)	0.004s (-4.1%)	2.026s (+98.1% 🔺)	0.374s	30	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.710s	2.008s	0.010s	2.022s	0.312s	30	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.752s (+131.4% 🔺)	2.010s (+95.4% 🔺)	0.009s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.200s (+111.6% 🔺)	0.448s	28	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.968s	2.235s	0.005s	2.254s	0.286s	27	1.26x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	6.044s (-79.5% 🟢)	7.410s (-75.9% 🟢)	0.407s (+263.6% 🔺)	8.309s (-73.9% 🟢)	2.265s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.227s (-63.2% 🟢)	7.513s (-58.8% 🟢)	0.289s (+36.7% 🔺)	8.276s (-56.3% 🟢)	2.049s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.422s (-1.3%)	7.836s (-2.2%)	0.255s (-37.5% 🟢)	8.631s (-2.3%)	2.209s	8	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.675s (-29.8% 🟢)	1.033s (-19.2% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.050s (-19.6% 🟢)	0.376s	58	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.735s (-24.1% 🟢)	1.049s (-15.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-58.6% 🟢)	1.059s (-15.8% 🟢)	0.324s	58	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.996s	1.430s	0.000s	1.440s	0.444s	42	1.48x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.415s (+15.7% 🔺)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+200.0% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.601s	30	2.10x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.451s	2.012s	0.000s	2.015s	0.564s	30	2.15x
💻 Local	Express	1.804s (+47.3% 🔺)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+8.0% 🔺)	2.416s (+19.5% 🔺)	0.612s	25	2.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.548s (-65.2% 🟢)	4.527s (-60.7% 🟢)	0.003s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.001s (-58.5% 🟢)	1.454s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.034s (+7.8% 🔺)	5.507s (+7.9% 🔺)	0.000s (+10.0% 🔺)	6.028s (+9.0% 🔺)	1.994s	10	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.086s (+33.9% 🔺)	5.277s (+20.1% 🔺)	0.000s (+254.5% 🔺)	5.847s (+21.6% 🔺)	1.761s	11	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.378s (-22.2% 🟢)	2.067s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.098s (-4.6%)	0.720s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.401s (-21.8% 🟢)	2.033s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+93.1% 🔺)	2.080s (-4.3%)	0.679s	29	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.205s	2.587s	0.000s	2.599s	0.394s	24	1.60x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.837s	3.554s	0.001s	3.557s	0.720s	17	2.06x
💻 Local	Express	3.139s (-9.5% 🟢)	3.902s (-3.3%)	0.001s (+32.8% 🔺)	3.905s (-3.2%)	0.767s	16	2.28x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.247s (-4.2%)	3.966s (-1.7%)	0.001s (-6.2% 🟢)	3.968s (-1.7%)	0.721s	16	2.36x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.471s (+33.6% 🔺)	7.055s (+31.3% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.521s (+29.8% 🔺)	2.050s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.787s (+3.0%)	7.124s (+2.0%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.570s (~)	1.783s	8	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.189s (+34.9% 🔺)	7.841s (+30.2% 🔺)	0.000s (NaN%)	8.324s (+28.9% 🔺)	2.136s	8	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	14/21
🐘 Postgres	Express	18/21
▲ Vercel	Express	9/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	14/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	15/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

No backport to stable for 4b5f017 (AI decision).

The core abort-signal infrastructure being stabilized here is main-only: packages/core/src/runtime/step-executor.ts and packages/core/src/workflow/abort-controller.ts do not exist on stable, and step-handler.ts on stable has a substantially different abort-handling code path (with no promoteAbortErrorToFatal helper to introduce). The E2E tests, unit tests, and workbench workflow changes all exercise these main-only abort APIs, so backporting would require porting the feature itself rather than a self-contained fix.

To override, re-run the Backport to stable workflow manually via workflow_dispatch and paste this commit SHA into the ref input:

4b5f017635b28ff164047bce8ccf4a5981748704

[pranaygp]

What changed

• Promote AbortError-shaped step failures to FatalError in both inline and queued step execution paths, including abort failures that crossed a serialization or VM boundary.
• Persist the promoted FatalError from the queued handler instead of persisting the original abort rejection.
• Change abortFetchUncaughtWorkflow to use the default abort reason and assert that it never emits step_retrying.
• Add a suspension checkpoint before asserting workflow-side state in abortAnyInStepWorkflow.
• Replace fixed hook-registration sleeps with waitForHook(..., { runId }) for the abort-via-hook and hook-ordering E2E paths.
• Keep the internal abort-hook consumer subscribed after a matching durable abort receipt, so duplicate matching receipts from concurrent handlers are treated as idempotent abort delivery rather than a corrupted event log.
• Add unit coverage for duplicate matching abort receipts: the signal aborts once, both events are consumed, and no orphaned-event failure is reported.

Why

Recent E2E failures showed distinct causes:

• abortFetchUncaughtWorkflow emitted step_retrying and retried to exhaustion. Locally, this reproduced even with default abort() before the fix: the step rejection was AbortError-shaped but did not reach fatal classification in the inline executor, and the queued path relied on a realm-sensitive instanceof Error gate.
• abortAnyInStepWorkflow was failing only on workflow-side c2Aborted while the step-side native AbortSignal.any assertions passed. The workflow-side signal observes the step-originated abort after replay processes the hook event at a suspension boundary.
• Hook-based abort tests were occasionally attempting lookup before hook registration was observable because they used fixed sleeps instead of the existing polling helper.
• Once the hook-ordering test used observable hook registration, the first CI run consistently exposed a real resumeHook() -> abort() race: the internal abort-controller hook received two durable hook_received events and the second became an unconsumed-event failure. This appeared in local-dev SvelteKit and Astro and in Windows E2E. Abort delivery is idempotent, so replay should consume matching duplicate abort receipts without failing the run.

This does not attempt to fix unrelated delayed wait/timer delivery failures or make broader changes to step-originated abort durability beyond the checkpoint asserted by these E2Es.

Validation

• pnpm vitest run packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.test.ts packages/core/src/abort-controller-step.test.ts
• pnpm --filter @workflow/core test (42 files, 1036 tests passed)
• pnpm turbo run build --filter=nextjs-turbopack...
• DEPLOYMENT_URL=http://localhost:3000 APP_NAME=nextjs-turbopack pnpm vitest run packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts -t 'abortViaHookWorkflow|abortAnyInStepWorkflow|abortFetchUncaughtWorkflow|abortHookOrderingWorkflow' (7 targeted tests passed)

pnpm exec biome check on the touched lint surfaces still reports diagnostics already present on current main in these files (for example existing non-null assertions, unused locals, complexity, and banned Function type findings); the new import-order diagnostic from this follow-up was fixed before push.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: edf5007

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1255	0	219	1474
✅ 💻 Local Development	1657	0	219	1876
✅ 📦 Local Production	1657	0	219	1876
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1657	0	219	1876
✅ 🪟 Windows	134	0	0	134
✅ 📋 Other	762	0	176	938
Total	7122	0	1052	8174

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	108	0	26
✅ example	108	0	26
✅ express	108	0	26
✅ fastify	108	0	26
✅ hono	108	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	132	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	132	0	2
✅ nitro	108	0	26
✅ nuxt	108	0	26
✅ sveltekit	127	0	7
✅ vite	108	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	109	0	25
✅ express-stable	109	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	109	0	25
✅ hono-stable	109	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	109	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	109	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	128	0	6
✅ vite-stable	109	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	109	0	25
✅ express-stable	109	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	109	0	25
✅ hono-stable	109	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	109	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	109	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	128	0	6
✅ vite-stable	109	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	109	0	25
✅ express-stable	109	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	109	0	25
✅ hono-stable	109	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	109	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	109	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	128	0	6
✅ vite-stable	109	0	25

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	134	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	109	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	108	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.039s (-11.3% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.966s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.042s (-2.8%)	1.007s (~)	0.965s	10	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.061s (-35.7% 🟢)	1.014s (-2.8%)	0.952s	10	1.56x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.062s	1.006s	0.943s	10	1.59x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.066s (+13.8% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.946s	10	1.68x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.071s	1.012s	0.941s	10	1.82x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.330s (+31.4% 🔺)	2.492s (+6.8% 🔺)	2.161s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.332s (-18.9% 🟢)	2.166s (-13.7% 🟢)	1.834s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.587s (+149.2% 🔺)	2.664s (+24.8% 🔺)	2.078s	10	1.78x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.091s (-3.1%)	2.006s (~)	0.916s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.099s (-2.8%)	2.007s (~)	0.907s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.109s (-3.3%)	2.008s (~)	0.899s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.111s (-2.6%)	2.011s (~)	0.900s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.136s	2.006s	0.871s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.151s	2.010s	0.858s	10	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.659s (-18.5% 🟢)	3.685s (-3.8%)	2.026s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.756s (-6.4% 🟢)	3.840s (+0.9%)	2.084s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.842s (-52.7% 🟢)	3.724s (-37.0% 🟢)	1.882s	10	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	10.488s (-4.0%)	11.022s (~)	0.533s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.500s (-4.2%)	11.014s (~)	0.514s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.536s (-3.1%)	11.021s (~)	0.485s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.537s (-3.7%)	11.023s (~)	0.486s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.759s	11.021s	0.262s	3	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.863s	11.013s	0.150s	3	1.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.681s (-42.3% 🟢)	15.763s (-37.2% 🟢)	2.082s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.992s (-19.2% 🟢)	15.866s (-18.2% 🟢)	1.874s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.328s (-15.6% 🟢)	16.050s (-19.8% 🟢)	1.722s	2	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	13.656s (-8.8% 🟢)	14.026s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.370s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.690s (-6.1% 🟢)	14.021s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.331s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.747s (-8.7% 🟢)	14.027s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.281s	5	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.839s (-5.2% 🟢)	14.019s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.180s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.265s	15.028s	0.763s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.519s	15.018s	0.500s	4	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	22.609s (-55.1% 🟢)	24.568s (-53.3% 🟢)	1.959s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	22.918s (-56.4% 🟢)	24.692s (-54.8% 🟢)	1.774s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	23.077s (-64.2% 🟢)	24.984s (-62.5% 🟢)	1.908s	3	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	12.352s (-25.6% 🟢)	13.024s (-23.5% 🟢)	0.673s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	12.429s (-11.3% 🟢)	13.018s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.588s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.548s (-25.2% 🟢)	13.025s (-23.5% 🟢)	0.477s	7	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.583s (-9.9% 🟢)	13.021s (-9.0% 🟢)	0.438s	7	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.585s	14.025s	0.440s	7	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.104s	14.592s	0.488s	7	1.14x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	30.457s (-74.9% 🟢)	32.711s (-73.5% 🟢)	2.254s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	30.861s (-92.2% 🟢)	33.114s (-91.6% 🟢)	2.253s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	33.433s (-92.1% 🟢)	35.704s (-91.6% 🟢)	2.272s	3	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.175s (-6.7% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.832s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.188s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.819s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.210s (-25.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-3.3%)	0.796s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.215s (-18.4% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.792s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.250s	2.008s	0.758s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.301s	2.006s	0.705s	15	1.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	79.134s (+2667.1% 🔺)	80.974s (+1651.5% 🔺)	1.840s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	103.983s (+3589.8% 🔺)	105.277s (+2335.6% 🔺)	1.294s	3	1.31x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	308.883s (+8990.9% 🔺)	310.094s (+6186.5% 🔺)	1.211s	1	3.90x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.233s (-47.8% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.773s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.250s (-46.8% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.757s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.403s	2.008s	0.605s	15	1.14x
💻 Local	Express	1.693s (-42.7% 🟢)	2.006s (-41.9% 🟢)	0.313s	15	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.815s	2.221s	0.406s	14	1.47x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.950s (-38.0% 🟢)	2.314s (-40.4% 🟢)	0.364s	13	1.58x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.076s (-42.6% 🟢)	5.909s (-33.6% 🟢)	1.833s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.266s (+5.3% 🔺)	6.004s (+1.4%)	1.737s	5	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	106.560s (+2844.2% 🔺)	108.637s (+2025.7% 🔺)	2.077s	3	26.15x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.375s (-60.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.632s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.396s (-59.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.611s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.678s	2.224s	0.546s	14	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.171s	5.513s	0.341s	6	3.76x
💻 Local	Express	5.225s (-37.3% 🟢)	5.845s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.620s	6	3.80x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.293s (-36.6% 🟢)	5.846s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.553s	6	3.85x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.116s (+20.7% 🔺)	6.472s (+5.6% 🔺)	1.356s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.293s (-29.4% 🟢)	8.311s (-24.2% 🟢)	2.017s	4	1.23x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	157.655s (+4372.1% 🔺)	159.385s (+2780.2% 🔺)	1.730s	2	30.82x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.180s (-6.1% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.828s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.190s (-5.3% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.817s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.251s	2.009s	0.758s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.578s (-15.4% 🟢)	2.007s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.428s	15	1.34x
💻 Local	Express	1.599s (-15.5% 🟢)	2.073s (-12.3% 🟢)	0.474s	15	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.729s	2.391s	0.662s	13	1.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.557s (+4.0%)	4.248s (+1.9%)	1.691s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.634s (+2.1%)	4.209s (-3.2%)	1.575s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.759s (-5.9% 🟢)	4.393s (-5.4% 🟢)	1.634s	7	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.244s (-46.9% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.764s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.263s (-46.0% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.746s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.405s	2.010s	0.605s	15	1.13x
💻 Local	Express	1.964s (-37.3% 🟢)	2.392s (-36.4% 🟢)	0.428s	13	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.006s	2.507s	0.501s	12	1.61x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.128s (-30.6% 🟢)	2.674s (-31.2% 🟢)	0.546s	12	1.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.409s (+6.8% 🔺)	5.094s (+6.3% 🔺)	1.685s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.622s (+15.3% 🔺)	5.187s (+14.7% 🔺)	1.565s	6	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.741s (+15.7% 🔺)	5.531s (+8.9% 🔺)	1.790s	6	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.366s (-61.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-50.0% 🟢)	0.641s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.395s (-59.9% 🟢)	2.009s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.613s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.666s	2.142s	0.476s	15	1.22x
💻 Local	Express	5.393s (-38.7% 🟢)	6.015s (-35.1% 🟢)	0.622s	6	3.95x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.581s	6.215s	0.634s	5	4.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	6.206s (-32.1% 🟢)	6.615s (-34.0% 🟢)	0.410s	5	4.54x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.210s (-18.8% 🟢)	7.221s (-11.7% 🟢)	2.011s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.438s (+6.8% 🔺)	7.103s (+4.2%)	1.665s	5	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.596s (-17.2% 🟢)	7.241s (-15.3% 🟢)	1.646s	5	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.549s (-33.1% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.458s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.564s (-32.8% 🟢)	1.024s (~)	0.460s	59	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	0.584s (-40.6% 🟢)	1.005s (-6.6% 🟢)	0.420s	60	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.689s (-29.7% 🟢)	1.096s (~)	0.407s	55	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.832s	1.007s	0.175s	60	1.52x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.833s	1.004s	0.171s	60	1.52x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.240s (-72.4% 🟢)	7.087s (-66.8% 🟢)	1.848s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.349s (-75.7% 🟢)	6.825s (-71.6% 🟢)	1.476s	9	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.165s (-57.5% 🟢)	8.079s (-49.8% 🟢)	1.914s	8	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.292s (-34.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.715s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.351s (-29.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-4.4%)	0.657s	45	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	1.456s (-51.7% 🟢)	2.006s (-44.0% 🟢)	0.551s	45	1.13x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.505s (-50.4% 🟢)	2.006s (-46.6% 🟢)	0.502s	45	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.979s	2.203s	0.224s	41	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.009s	2.578s	0.569s	35	1.55x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.590s (-65.6% 🟢)	15.335s (-62.9% 🟢)	1.745s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.034s (-59.4% 🟢)	16.123s (-56.2% 🟢)	2.089s	6	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.534s (-70.8% 🟢)	16.569s (-68.0% 🟢)	2.034s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.531s (-36.6% 🟢)	3.008s (-31.2% 🟢)	0.477s	40	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.706s (-34.1% 🟢)	3.111s (-32.4% 🟢)	0.406s	39	1.07x
💻 Local	Express	3.226s (-65.0% 🟢)	3.977s (-60.3% 🟢)	0.752s	31	1.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.311s (-64.4% 🟢)	4.009s (-60.0% 🟢)	0.698s	30	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.880s	4.076s	0.196s	30	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.179s	5.010s	0.831s	24	1.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	29.061s (-70.0% 🟢)	31.140s (-68.4% 🟢)	2.079s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	29.078s (-77.6% 🟢)	31.653s (-76.1% 🟢)	2.575s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	30.767s (-71.3% 🟢)	32.560s (-70.1% 🟢)	1.793s	4	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.203s (-28.0% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.803s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.227s (-19.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.779s	60	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.271s	1.006s	0.736s	60	1.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.408s (-27.1% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.595s	60	2.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.525s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.096s (+7.3% 🔺)	0.571s	55	2.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.539s	1.022s	0.482s	59	2.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.354s (+16.4% 🔺)	4.000s (+5.5% 🔺)	1.647s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.544s (+53.2% 🔺)	4.254s (+26.9% 🔺)	1.709s	15	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.590s (+32.5% 🔺)	4.557s (+25.3% 🔺)	1.967s	14	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.332s (-34.8% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.673s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.372s (-25.1% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.635s	90	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.491s	1.006s	0.515s	90	1.48x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.157s (-15.0% 🟢)	2.714s (-9.8% 🟢)	0.557s	34	6.49x
💻 Local	Express	2.163s (-13.9% 🟢)	2.655s (-11.8% 🟢)	0.492s	34	6.51x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.286s	2.946s	0.659s	31	6.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.386s (+52.3% 🔺)	7.054s (+35.8% 🔺)	1.668s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.432s (+78.3% 🔺)	7.062s (+46.9% 🔺)	1.630s	13	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.265s (+94.2% 🔺)	8.089s (+67.8% 🔺)	1.824s	12	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.645s (-21.2% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.1%)	0.361s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.725s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.024s (+1.6%)	0.299s	118	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.005s	1.699s	0.694s	71	1.56x
💻 Local	Express	9.661s (-13.7% 🟢)	10.196s (-14.6% 🟢)	0.535s	12	14.97x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.873s (-11.8% 🟢)	10.359s (-11.2% 🟢)	0.486s	12	15.30x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.198s	10.947s	0.749s	12	15.80x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	15.292s (+106.1% 🔺)	17.523s (+89.6% 🔺)	2.231s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	15.622s (+102.3% 🔺)	17.609s (+87.3% 🔺)	1.987s	7	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.747s (+91.2% 🔺)	21.704s (+76.7% 🔺)	1.957s	6	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.153s (+462.0% 🔺)	2.000s (+100.3% 🔺)	0.001s (-12.5% 🟢)	2.010s (+98.8% 🔺)	0.858s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.160s (+482.8% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.010s (-15.7% 🟢)	2.018s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.857s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.162s (+443.9% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.013s (+7.2% 🔺)	2.021s (+98.3% 🔺)	0.858s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.168s (+469.7% 🔺)	1.998s (+99.9% 🔺)	0.001s (-33.3% 🟢)	2.010s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.842s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.202s	2.004s	0.011s	2.019s	0.817s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.245s	2.001s	0.002s	2.011s	0.766s	10	1.08x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.308s (-7.9% 🟢)	3.385s (-17.2% 🟢)	1.829s (+90.4% 🔺)	5.727s (+2.4%)	3.419s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.345s (-38.8% 🟢)	3.488s (-33.9% 🟢)	2.454s (+230.7% 🔺)	6.410s (-1.1%)	4.065s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.357s (-65.6% 🟢)	3.334s (-61.5% 🟢)	1.806s (+185.7% 🔺)	5.657s (-42.2% 🟢)	3.300s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.558s (+147.3% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.2% 🔺)	0.004s (-1.7%)	2.024s (+97.8% 🔺)	0.466s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.595s (+90.2% 🔺)	2.010s (+98.6% 🔺)	0.010s (+8.1% 🔺)	2.022s (+81.2% 🔺)	0.426s	30	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.652s (+164.7% 🔺)	2.006s (+99.2% 🔺)	0.004s (-4.1%)	2.026s (+98.1% 🔺)	0.374s	30	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.710s	2.008s	0.010s	2.022s	0.312s	30	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.752s (+131.4% 🔺)	2.010s (+95.4% 🔺)	0.009s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.200s (+111.6% 🔺)	0.448s	28	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.968s	2.235s	0.005s	2.254s	0.286s	27	1.26x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	6.044s (-79.5% 🟢)	7.410s (-75.9% 🟢)	0.407s (+263.6% 🔺)	8.309s (-73.9% 🟢)	2.265s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.227s (-63.2% 🟢)	7.513s (-58.8% 🟢)	0.289s (+36.7% 🔺)	8.276s (-56.3% 🟢)	2.049s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.422s (-1.3%)	7.836s (-2.2%)	0.255s (-37.5% 🟢)	8.631s (-2.3%)	2.209s	8	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.675s (-29.8% 🟢)	1.033s (-19.2% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.050s (-19.6% 🟢)	0.376s	58	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.735s (-24.1% 🟢)	1.049s (-15.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-58.6% 🟢)	1.059s (-15.8% 🟢)	0.324s	58	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.996s	1.430s	0.000s	1.440s	0.444s	42	1.48x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.415s (+15.7% 🔺)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+200.0% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.601s	30	2.10x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.451s	2.012s	0.000s	2.015s	0.564s	30	2.15x
💻 Local	Express	1.804s (+47.3% 🔺)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+8.0% 🔺)	2.416s (+19.5% 🔺)	0.612s	25	2.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.548s (-65.2% 🟢)	4.527s (-60.7% 🟢)	0.003s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.001s (-58.5% 🟢)	1.454s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.034s (+7.8% 🔺)	5.507s (+7.9% 🔺)	0.000s (+10.0% 🔺)	6.028s (+9.0% 🔺)	1.994s	10	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.086s (+33.9% 🔺)	5.277s (+20.1% 🔺)	0.000s (+254.5% 🔺)	5.847s (+21.6% 🔺)	1.761s	11	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.378s (-22.2% 🟢)	2.067s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.098s (-4.6%)	0.720s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.401s (-21.8% 🟢)	2.033s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+93.1% 🔺)	2.080s (-4.3%)	0.679s	29	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.205s	2.587s	0.000s	2.599s	0.394s	24	1.60x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.837s	3.554s	0.001s	3.557s	0.720s	17	2.06x
💻 Local	Express	3.139s (-9.5% 🟢)	3.902s (-3.3%)	0.001s (+32.8% 🔺)	3.905s (-3.2%)	0.767s	16	2.28x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.247s (-4.2%)	3.966s (-1.7%)	0.001s (-6.2% 🟢)	3.968s (-1.7%)	0.721s	16	2.36x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.471s (+33.6% 🔺)	7.055s (+31.3% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.521s (+29.8% 🔺)	2.050s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.787s (+3.0%)	7.124s (+2.0%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.570s (~)	1.783s	8	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.189s (+34.9% 🔺)	7.841s (+30.2% 🔺)	0.000s (NaN%)	8.324s (+28.9% 🔺)	2.136s	8	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	14/21
🐘 Postgres	Express	18/21
▲ Vercel	Express	9/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	14/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	15/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

No backport to stable for 4b5f017 (AI decision).

The core abort-signal infrastructure being stabilized here is main-only: packages/core/src/runtime/step-executor.ts and packages/core/src/workflow/abort-controller.ts do not exist on stable, and step-handler.ts on stable has a substantially different abort-handling code path (with no promoteAbortErrorToFatal helper to introduce). The E2E tests, unit tests, and workbench workflow changes all exercise these main-only abort APIs, so backporting would require porting the feature itself rather than a self-contained fix.

To override, re-run the Backport to stable workflow manually via workflow_dispatch and paste this commit SHA into the ref input:

4b5f017635b28ff164047bce8ccf4a5981748704

[pranaygp]

What changed

• Promote AbortError-shaped step failures to FatalError in both inline and queued step execution paths, including abort failures that crossed a serialization or VM boundary.
• Persist the promoted FatalError from the queued handler instead of persisting the original abort rejection.
• Change abortFetchUncaughtWorkflow to use the default abort reason and assert that it never emits step_retrying.
• Add a suspension checkpoint before asserting workflow-side state in abortAnyInStepWorkflow.
• Replace fixed hook-registration sleeps with waitForHook(..., { runId }) for the abort-via-hook and hook-ordering E2E paths.
• Keep the internal abort-hook consumer subscribed after a matching durable abort receipt, so duplicate matching receipts from concurrent handlers are treated as idempotent abort delivery rather than a corrupted event log.
• Add unit coverage for duplicate matching abort receipts: the signal aborts once, both events are consumed, and no orphaned-event failure is reported.

Why

Recent E2E failures showed distinct causes:

• abortFetchUncaughtWorkflow emitted step_retrying and retried to exhaustion. Locally, this reproduced even with default abort() before the fix: the step rejection was AbortError-shaped but did not reach fatal classification in the inline executor, and the queued path relied on a realm-sensitive instanceof Error gate.
• abortAnyInStepWorkflow was failing only on workflow-side c2Aborted while the step-side native AbortSignal.any assertions passed. The workflow-side signal observes the step-originated abort after replay processes the hook event at a suspension boundary.
• Hook-based abort tests were occasionally attempting lookup before hook registration was observable because they used fixed sleeps instead of the existing polling helper.
• Once the hook-ordering test used observable hook registration, the first CI run consistently exposed a real resumeHook() -> abort() race: the internal abort-controller hook received two durable hook_received events and the second became an unconsumed-event failure. This appeared in local-dev SvelteKit and Astro and in Windows E2E. Abort delivery is idempotent, so replay should consume matching duplicate abort receipts without failing the run.

This does not attempt to fix unrelated delayed wait/timer delivery failures or make broader changes to step-originated abort durability beyond the checkpoint asserted by these E2Es.

Validation

• pnpm vitest run packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.test.ts packages/core/src/abort-controller-step.test.ts
• pnpm --filter @workflow/core test (42 files, 1036 tests passed)
• pnpm turbo run build --filter=nextjs-turbopack...
• DEPLOYMENT_URL=http://localhost:3000 APP_NAME=nextjs-turbopack pnpm vitest run packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts -t 'abortViaHookWorkflow|abortAnyInStepWorkflow|abortFetchUncaughtWorkflow|abortHookOrderingWorkflow' (7 targeted tests passed)

pnpm exec biome check on the touched lint surfaces still reports diagnostics already present on current main in these files (for example existing non-null assertions, unused locals, complexity, and banned Function type findings); the new import-order diagnostic from this follow-up was fixed before push.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: edf5007

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	May 29, 2026 1:01am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1255	0	219	1474
✅ 💻 Local Development	1657	0	219	1876
✅ 📦 Local Production	1657	0	219	1876
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1657	0	219	1876
✅ 🪟 Windows	134	0	0	134
✅ 📋 Other	762	0	176	938
Total	7122	0	1052	8174

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	108	0	26
✅ example	108	0	26
✅ express	108	0	26
✅ fastify	108	0	26
✅ hono	108	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	132	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	132	0	2
✅ nitro	108	0	26
✅ nuxt	108	0	26
✅ sveltekit	127	0	7
✅ vite	108	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	109	0	25
✅ express-stable	109	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	109	0	25
✅ hono-stable	109	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	109	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	109	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	128	0	6
✅ vite-stable	109	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	109	0	25
✅ express-stable	109	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	109	0	25
✅ hono-stable	109	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	109	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	109	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	128	0	6
✅ vite-stable	109	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	109	0	25
✅ express-stable	109	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	109	0	25
✅ hono-stable	109	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	115	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	134	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	134	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	109	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	109	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	128	0	6
✅ vite-stable	109	0	25

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	134	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	109	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	109	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	108	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.039s (-11.3% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.966s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.042s (-2.8%)	1.007s (~)	0.965s	10	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.061s (-35.7% 🟢)	1.014s (-2.8%)	0.952s	10	1.56x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.062s	1.006s	0.943s	10	1.59x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.066s (+13.8% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.946s	10	1.68x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.071s	1.012s	0.941s	10	1.82x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.330s (+31.4% 🔺)	2.492s (+6.8% 🔺)	2.161s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.332s (-18.9% 🟢)	2.166s (-13.7% 🟢)	1.834s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.587s (+149.2% 🔺)	2.664s (+24.8% 🔺)	2.078s	10	1.78x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.091s (-3.1%)	2.006s (~)	0.916s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.099s (-2.8%)	2.007s (~)	0.907s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.109s (-3.3%)	2.008s (~)	0.899s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.111s (-2.6%)	2.011s (~)	0.900s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.136s	2.006s	0.871s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.151s	2.010s	0.858s	10	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.659s (-18.5% 🟢)	3.685s (-3.8%)	2.026s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.756s (-6.4% 🟢)	3.840s (+0.9%)	2.084s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.842s (-52.7% 🟢)	3.724s (-37.0% 🟢)	1.882s	10	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	10.488s (-4.0%)	11.022s (~)	0.533s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.500s (-4.2%)	11.014s (~)	0.514s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.536s (-3.1%)	11.021s (~)	0.485s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.537s (-3.7%)	11.023s (~)	0.486s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.759s	11.021s	0.262s	3	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.863s	11.013s	0.150s	3	1.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.681s (-42.3% 🟢)	15.763s (-37.2% 🟢)	2.082s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.992s (-19.2% 🟢)	15.866s (-18.2% 🟢)	1.874s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.328s (-15.6% 🟢)	16.050s (-19.8% 🟢)	1.722s	2	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	13.656s (-8.8% 🟢)	14.026s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.370s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.690s (-6.1% 🟢)	14.021s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.331s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.747s (-8.7% 🟢)	14.027s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.281s	5	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.839s (-5.2% 🟢)	14.019s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.180s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.265s	15.028s	0.763s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.519s	15.018s	0.500s	4	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	22.609s (-55.1% 🟢)	24.568s (-53.3% 🟢)	1.959s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	22.918s (-56.4% 🟢)	24.692s (-54.8% 🟢)	1.774s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	23.077s (-64.2% 🟢)	24.984s (-62.5% 🟢)	1.908s	3	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	12.352s (-25.6% 🟢)	13.024s (-23.5% 🟢)	0.673s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	12.429s (-11.3% 🟢)	13.018s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.588s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.548s (-25.2% 🟢)	13.025s (-23.5% 🟢)	0.477s	7	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.583s (-9.9% 🟢)	13.021s (-9.0% 🟢)	0.438s	7	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.585s	14.025s	0.440s	7	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.104s	14.592s	0.488s	7	1.14x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	30.457s (-74.9% 🟢)	32.711s (-73.5% 🟢)	2.254s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	30.861s (-92.2% 🟢)	33.114s (-91.6% 🟢)	2.253s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	33.433s (-92.1% 🟢)	35.704s (-91.6% 🟢)	2.272s	3	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.175s (-6.7% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.832s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.188s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.819s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.210s (-25.9% 🟢)	2.006s (-3.3%)	0.796s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.215s (-18.4% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.792s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.250s	2.008s	0.758s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.301s	2.006s	0.705s	15	1.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	79.134s (+2667.1% 🔺)	80.974s (+1651.5% 🔺)	1.840s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	103.983s (+3589.8% 🔺)	105.277s (+2335.6% 🔺)	1.294s	3	1.31x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	308.883s (+8990.9% 🔺)	310.094s (+6186.5% 🔺)	1.211s	1	3.90x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.233s (-47.8% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.773s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.250s (-46.8% 🟢)	2.007s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.757s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.403s	2.008s	0.605s	15	1.14x
💻 Local	Express	1.693s (-42.7% 🟢)	2.006s (-41.9% 🟢)	0.313s	15	1.37x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.815s	2.221s	0.406s	14	1.47x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.950s (-38.0% 🟢)	2.314s (-40.4% 🟢)	0.364s	13	1.58x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.076s (-42.6% 🟢)	5.909s (-33.6% 🟢)	1.833s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.266s (+5.3% 🔺)	6.004s (+1.4%)	1.737s	5	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	106.560s (+2844.2% 🔺)	108.637s (+2025.7% 🔺)	2.077s	3	26.15x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.375s (-60.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.632s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.396s (-59.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.611s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.678s	2.224s	0.546s	14	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.171s	5.513s	0.341s	6	3.76x
💻 Local	Express	5.225s (-37.3% 🟢)	5.845s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.620s	6	3.80x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.293s (-36.6% 🟢)	5.846s (-35.2% 🟢)	0.553s	6	3.85x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.116s (+20.7% 🔺)	6.472s (+5.6% 🔺)	1.356s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.293s (-29.4% 🟢)	8.311s (-24.2% 🟢)	2.017s	4	1.23x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	157.655s (+4372.1% 🔺)	159.385s (+2780.2% 🔺)	1.730s	2	30.82x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.180s (-6.1% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.828s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.190s (-5.3% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.817s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.251s	2.009s	0.758s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.578s (-15.4% 🟢)	2.007s (-14.3% 🟢)	0.428s	15	1.34x
💻 Local	Express	1.599s (-15.5% 🟢)	2.073s (-12.3% 🟢)	0.474s	15	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.729s	2.391s	0.662s	13	1.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.557s (+4.0%)	4.248s (+1.9%)	1.691s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.634s (+2.1%)	4.209s (-3.2%)	1.575s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.759s (-5.9% 🟢)	4.393s (-5.4% 🟢)	1.634s	7	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.244s (-46.9% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.764s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.263s (-46.0% 🟢)	2.008s (-33.3% 🟢)	0.746s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.405s	2.010s	0.605s	15	1.13x
💻 Local	Express	1.964s (-37.3% 🟢)	2.392s (-36.4% 🟢)	0.428s	13	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.006s	2.507s	0.501s	12	1.61x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.128s (-30.6% 🟢)	2.674s (-31.2% 🟢)	0.546s	12	1.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.409s (+6.8% 🔺)	5.094s (+6.3% 🔺)	1.685s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.622s (+15.3% 🔺)	5.187s (+14.7% 🔺)	1.565s	6	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.741s (+15.7% 🔺)	5.531s (+8.9% 🔺)	1.790s	6	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.366s (-61.0% 🟢)	2.007s (-50.0% 🟢)	0.641s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.395s (-59.9% 🟢)	2.009s (-49.9% 🟢)	0.613s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.666s	2.142s	0.476s	15	1.22x
💻 Local	Express	5.393s (-38.7% 🟢)	6.015s (-35.1% 🟢)	0.622s	6	3.95x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.581s	6.215s	0.634s	5	4.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	6.206s (-32.1% 🟢)	6.615s (-34.0% 🟢)	0.410s	5	4.54x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.210s (-18.8% 🟢)	7.221s (-11.7% 🟢)	2.011s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.438s (+6.8% 🔺)	7.103s (+4.2%)	1.665s	5	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.596s (-17.2% 🟢)	7.241s (-15.3% 🟢)	1.646s	5	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.549s (-33.1% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.458s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.564s (-32.8% 🟢)	1.024s (~)	0.460s	59	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	0.584s (-40.6% 🟢)	1.005s (-6.6% 🟢)	0.420s	60	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.689s (-29.7% 🟢)	1.096s (~)	0.407s	55	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.832s	1.007s	0.175s	60	1.52x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.833s	1.004s	0.171s	60	1.52x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	5.240s (-72.4% 🟢)	7.087s (-66.8% 🟢)	1.848s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5.349s (-75.7% 🟢)	6.825s (-71.6% 🟢)	1.476s	9	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.165s (-57.5% 🟢)	8.079s (-49.8% 🟢)	1.914s	8	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.292s (-34.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-11.1% 🟢)	0.715s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.351s (-29.9% 🟢)	2.007s (-4.4%)	0.657s	45	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	1.456s (-51.7% 🟢)	2.006s (-44.0% 🟢)	0.551s	45	1.13x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.505s (-50.4% 🟢)	2.006s (-46.6% 🟢)	0.502s	45	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.979s	2.203s	0.224s	41	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.009s	2.578s	0.569s	35	1.55x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	13.590s (-65.6% 🟢)	15.335s (-62.9% 🟢)	1.745s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.034s (-59.4% 🟢)	16.123s (-56.2% 🟢)	2.089s	6	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.534s (-70.8% 🟢)	16.569s (-68.0% 🟢)	2.034s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.531s (-36.6% 🟢)	3.008s (-31.2% 🟢)	0.477s	40	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.706s (-34.1% 🟢)	3.111s (-32.4% 🟢)	0.406s	39	1.07x
💻 Local	Express	3.226s (-65.0% 🟢)	3.977s (-60.3% 🟢)	0.752s	31	1.27x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.311s (-64.4% 🟢)	4.009s (-60.0% 🟢)	0.698s	30	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.880s	4.076s	0.196s	30	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.179s	5.010s	0.831s	24	1.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	29.061s (-70.0% 🟢)	31.140s (-68.4% 🟢)	2.079s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	29.078s (-77.6% 🟢)	31.653s (-76.1% 🟢)	2.575s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	30.767s (-71.3% 🟢)	32.560s (-70.1% 🟢)	1.793s	4	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.203s (-28.0% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.803s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.227s (-19.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.779s	60	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.271s	1.006s	0.736s	60	1.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.408s (-27.1% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.595s	60	2.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.525s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.096s (+7.3% 🔺)	0.571s	55	2.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.539s	1.022s	0.482s	59	2.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.354s (+16.4% 🔺)	4.000s (+5.5% 🔺)	1.647s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.544s (+53.2% 🔺)	4.254s (+26.9% 🔺)	1.709s	15	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.590s (+32.5% 🔺)	4.557s (+25.3% 🔺)	1.967s	14	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.332s (-34.8% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.673s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.372s (-25.1% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.635s	90	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.491s	1.006s	0.515s	90	1.48x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.157s (-15.0% 🟢)	2.714s (-9.8% 🟢)	0.557s	34	6.49x
💻 Local	Express	2.163s (-13.9% 🟢)	2.655s (-11.8% 🟢)	0.492s	34	6.51x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.286s	2.946s	0.659s	31	6.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.386s (+52.3% 🔺)	7.054s (+35.8% 🔺)	1.668s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.432s (+78.3% 🔺)	7.062s (+46.9% 🔺)	1.630s	13	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.265s (+94.2% 🔺)	8.089s (+67.8% 🔺)	1.824s	12	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.645s (-21.2% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.1%)	0.361s	120	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.725s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.024s (+1.6%)	0.299s	118	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.005s	1.699s	0.694s	71	1.56x
💻 Local	Express	9.661s (-13.7% 🟢)	10.196s (-14.6% 🟢)	0.535s	12	14.97x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.873s (-11.8% 🟢)	10.359s (-11.2% 🟢)	0.486s	12	15.30x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.198s	10.947s	0.749s	12	15.80x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	15.292s (+106.1% 🔺)	17.523s (+89.6% 🔺)	2.231s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	15.622s (+102.3% 🔺)	17.609s (+87.3% 🔺)	1.987s	7	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.747s (+91.2% 🔺)	21.704s (+76.7% 🔺)	1.957s	6	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.153s (+462.0% 🔺)	2.000s (+100.3% 🔺)	0.001s (-12.5% 🟢)	2.010s (+98.8% 🔺)	0.858s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.160s (+482.8% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.010s (-15.7% 🟢)	2.018s (+98.2% 🔺)	0.857s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.162s (+443.9% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.6% 🔺)	0.013s (+7.2% 🔺)	2.021s (+98.3% 🔺)	0.858s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.168s (+469.7% 🔺)	1.998s (+99.9% 🔺)	0.001s (-33.3% 🟢)	2.010s (+98.7% 🔺)	0.842s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.202s	2.004s	0.011s	2.019s	0.817s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.245s	2.001s	0.002s	2.011s	0.766s	10	1.08x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.308s (-7.9% 🟢)	3.385s (-17.2% 🟢)	1.829s (+90.4% 🔺)	5.727s (+2.4%)	3.419s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.345s (-38.8% 🟢)	3.488s (-33.9% 🟢)	2.454s (+230.7% 🔺)	6.410s (-1.1%)	4.065s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.357s (-65.6% 🟢)	3.334s (-61.5% 🟢)	1.806s (+185.7% 🔺)	5.657s (-42.2% 🟢)	3.300s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.558s (+147.3% 🔺)	2.005s (+99.2% 🔺)	0.004s (-1.7%)	2.024s (+97.8% 🔺)	0.466s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.595s (+90.2% 🔺)	2.010s (+98.6% 🔺)	0.010s (+8.1% 🔺)	2.022s (+81.2% 🔺)	0.426s	30	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.652s (+164.7% 🔺)	2.006s (+99.2% 🔺)	0.004s (-4.1%)	2.026s (+98.1% 🔺)	0.374s	30	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.710s	2.008s	0.010s	2.022s	0.312s	30	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.752s (+131.4% 🔺)	2.010s (+95.4% 🔺)	0.009s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.200s (+111.6% 🔺)	0.448s	28	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.968s	2.235s	0.005s	2.254s	0.286s	27	1.26x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	6.044s (-79.5% 🟢)	7.410s (-75.9% 🟢)	0.407s (+263.6% 🔺)	8.309s (-73.9% 🟢)	2.265s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.227s (-63.2% 🟢)	7.513s (-58.8% 🟢)	0.289s (+36.7% 🔺)	8.276s (-56.3% 🟢)	2.049s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.422s (-1.3%)	7.836s (-2.2%)	0.255s (-37.5% 🟢)	8.631s (-2.3%)	2.209s	8	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.675s (-29.8% 🟢)	1.033s (-19.2% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.050s (-19.6% 🟢)	0.376s	58	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.735s (-24.1% 🟢)	1.049s (-15.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-58.6% 🟢)	1.059s (-15.8% 🟢)	0.324s	58	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.996s	1.430s	0.000s	1.440s	0.444s	42	1.48x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.415s (+15.7% 🔺)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+200.0% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.601s	30	2.10x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.451s	2.012s	0.000s	2.015s	0.564s	30	2.15x
💻 Local	Express	1.804s (+47.3% 🔺)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+8.0% 🔺)	2.416s (+19.5% 🔺)	0.612s	25	2.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.548s (-65.2% 🟢)	4.527s (-60.7% 🟢)	0.003s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.001s (-58.5% 🟢)	1.454s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.034s (+7.8% 🔺)	5.507s (+7.9% 🔺)	0.000s (+10.0% 🔺)	6.028s (+9.0% 🔺)	1.994s	10	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.086s (+33.9% 🔺)	5.277s (+20.1% 🔺)	0.000s (+254.5% 🔺)	5.847s (+21.6% 🔺)	1.761s	11	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.378s (-22.2% 🟢)	2.067s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.098s (-4.6%)	0.720s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.401s (-21.8% 🟢)	2.033s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+93.1% 🔺)	2.080s (-4.3%)	0.679s	29	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.205s	2.587s	0.000s	2.599s	0.394s	24	1.60x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.837s	3.554s	0.001s	3.557s	0.720s	17	2.06x
💻 Local	Express	3.139s (-9.5% 🟢)	3.902s (-3.3%)	0.001s (+32.8% 🔺)	3.905s (-3.2%)	0.767s	16	2.28x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.247s (-4.2%)	3.966s (-1.7%)	0.001s (-6.2% 🟢)	3.968s (-1.7%)	0.721s	16	2.36x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.471s (+33.6% 🔺)	7.055s (+31.3% 🔺)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.521s (+29.8% 🔺)	2.050s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.787s (+3.0%)	7.124s (+2.0%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.570s (~)	1.783s	8	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.189s (+34.9% 🔺)	7.841s (+30.2% 🔺)	0.000s (NaN%)	8.324s (+28.9% 🔺)	2.136s	8	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	14/21
🐘 Postgres	Express	18/21
▲ Vercel	Express	9/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	14/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	15/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

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📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

No backport to stable for 4b5f017 (AI decision).

The core abort-signal infrastructure being stabilized here is main-only: packages/core/src/runtime/step-executor.ts and packages/core/src/workflow/abort-controller.ts do not exist on stable, and step-handler.ts on stable has a substantially different abort-handling code path (with no promoteAbortErrorToFatal helper to introduce). The E2E tests, unit tests, and workbench workflow changes all exercise these main-only abort APIs, so backporting would require porting the feature itself rather than a self-contained fix.

To override, re-run the Backport to stable workflow manually via workflow_dispatch and paste this commit SHA into the ref input:

4b5f017635b28ff164047bce8ccf4a5981748704