Fix lazy Next workflow HMR

[ijjk]

Summary

• re-notify the deferred builder when workflow modules recompile with unchanged directive state, so logic-only edits in "use workflow" files trigger lazy discovery updates
• in Next dev lazy mode, keep the generated flow route stable and load workflow code from a sidecar file keyed by size:mtimeMs, avoiding stale route-module caching after HMR
• add unit coverage for same-pattern workflow notifications and deferred dev flow-route sidecar loading
• add a lazy Next dev HMR e2e that verifies updated workflow logic executes end-to-end without restarting the dev server
• harden the dev e2e assertions and cleanup for lazy deferred outputs, including sidecar-aware generated-code checks and race-free temporary workflow cleanup

x-ref: slack thread

Tests

• pnpm --filter @workflow/next build
• pnpm exec vitest run packages/next/src/loader.test.ts packages/next/src/builder-deferred.test.ts packages/next/src/index.test.ts
• pnpm exec biome check packages/core/e2e/dev.test.ts
• APP_NAME=nextjs-turbopack WORKBENCH_APP_PATH=/Users/jj/dev/workflow/workbench/nextjs-turbopack DEPLOYMENT_URL=http://localhost:3000 WORKFLOW_NEXT_LAZY_DISCOVERY=1 WORKFLOW_PUBLIC_MANIFEST=1 DEV_TEST_CONFIG='{"name":"nextjs-turbopack","generatedStepPath":"app/.well-known/workflow/v1/flow/__step_registrations.js","generatedWorkflowPath":"app/.well-known/workflow/v1/flow/route.js","apiFilePath":"app/api/chat/route.ts","apiFileImportPath":"../../..","lazyDiscovery":true}' pnpm exec vitest run packages/core/e2e/dev.test.ts

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 1c9523e

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/next	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1442	0	219	1661
✅ 💻 Local Development	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 📦 Local Production	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1881	0	233	2114
✅ 🪟 Windows	151	0	0	151
✅ 📋 Other	879	0	178	1057
Total	8143	0	1068	9211

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	125	0	26
✅ example	125	0	26
✅ express	125	0	26
✅ fastify	125	0	26
✅ hono	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	149	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	149	0	2
✅ nitro	125	0	26
✅ nuxt	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit	144	0	7
✅ vite	125	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	125	0	26
✅ express-stable	125	0	26
✅ fastify-stable	125	0	26
✅ hono-stable	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nitro-stable	125	0	26
✅ nuxt-stable	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit-stable	144	0	7
✅ vite-stable	125	0	26

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	151	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	125	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.043s (+2.6%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.045s (-6.6% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.961s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.058s (-4.6%)	1.011s (~)	0.953s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.066s (+1.4%)	1.013s (~)	0.947s	10	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.066s (+8.7% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.940s	10	1.54x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.070s (-3.6%)	1.012s (~)	0.941s	10	1.63x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.303s (-49.5% 🟢)	2.462s (-7.4% 🟢)	2.160s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.320s (-71.1% 🟢)	2.470s (-31.0% 🟢)	2.150s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.602s (-69.7% 🟢)	2.493s (-39.2% 🟢)	1.892s	10	1.99x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.097s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.909s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.098s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.909s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.111s (-0.7%)	2.009s (~)	0.899s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.111s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.900s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.143s (-1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.866s	10	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.147s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.859s	10	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.675s (-37.6% 🟢)	3.870s (-14.4% 🟢)	2.196s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.678s (-37.4% 🟢)	3.608s (-27.8% 🟢)	1.931s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.879s (-33.5% 🟢)	3.736s (-17.8% 🟢)	1.857s	10	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	10.520s (~)	11.021s (~)	0.500s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	10.550s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.472s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.558s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.466s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.573s (~)	11.016s (~)	0.443s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.861s (~)	11.020s (~)	0.159s	3	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.884s (+0.9%)	11.356s (+3.0%)	0.473s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.061s (-34.3% 🟢)	16.271s (-30.1% 🟢)	2.210s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	14.215s (-21.7% 🟢)	15.677s (-21.1% 🟢)	1.462s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.807s (-8.9% 🟢)	16.321s (-12.4% 🟢)	1.513s	2	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	13.745s (-0.6%)	14.017s (~)	0.273s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.758s (-0.8%)	14.016s (~)	0.258s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.764s (-0.6%)	14.027s (~)	0.264s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	13.876s (~)	14.028s (~)	0.152s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.337s (~)	15.030s (~)	0.693s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.459s (~)	15.020s (~)	0.561s	4	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	22.314s (-36.1% 🟢)	24.120s (-34.7% 🟢)	1.805s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	22.757s (-26.1% 🟢)	24.588s (-25.2% 🟢)	1.831s	3	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	22.854s (-30.7% 🟢)	24.830s (-28.8% 🟢)	1.977s	3	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	12.396s (-1.5%)	13.019s (~)	0.623s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.536s (~)	13.025s (~)	0.489s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	12.591s (~)	13.025s (~)	0.434s	7	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.622s (-0.5%)	13.020s (~)	0.398s	7	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.739s (+0.9%)	14.026s (~)	0.287s	7	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.930s (~)	14.303s (+1.0%)	0.373s	7	1.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	31.202s (-10.2% 🟢)	33.840s (-8.8% 🟢)	2.639s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	31.670s (-16.4% 🟢)	34.147s (-13.5% 🟢)	2.477s	3	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.373s (-7.8% 🟢)	34.956s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.583s	3	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.201s (+0.7%)	2.007s (~)	0.806s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.205s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.802s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.221s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.787s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.281s (-5.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-3.3%)	0.726s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.313s (+12.9% 🔺)	2.006s (~)	0.693s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.405s (+5.7% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.602s	15	1.17x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.600s (+1.9%)	4.128s (+1.4%)	1.528s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.793s (-9.7% 🟢)	4.473s (-2.5%)	1.681s	7	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.338s (+42.2% 🔺)	4.710s (+17.2% 🔺)	1.372s	8	1.28x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.358s (+1.2%)	2.393s (-4.6%)	1.035s	13	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.367s (+0.7%)	2.508s (~)	1.141s	12	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.666s (+1.7%)	2.396s (-4.5%)	0.730s	13	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.798s (+12.9% 🔺)	2.222s (+10.8% 🔺)	0.424s	14	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.932s (+2.0%)	2.315s (+7.6% 🔺)	0.383s	13	1.42x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.081s (+27.7% 🔺)	2.509s (+25.0% 🔺)	0.428s	12	1.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.635s (-35.9% 🟢)	4.556s (-24.8% 🟢)	1.921s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.818s (-25.3% 🟢)	4.464s (-17.3% 🟢)	1.646s	7	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.628s (+3.5%)	5.485s (+4.4%)	1.857s	6	1.38x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.576s (-2.9%)	4.011s (+3.2%)	2.436s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.814s (+11.6% 🔺)	4.013s (-3.0%)	2.199s	8	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.092s (-19.3% 🟢)	4.265s (-4.1%)	1.173s	8	1.96x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.812s (+5.4% 🔺)	5.346s (+3.2%)	0.534s	6	3.05x
💻 Local	Express	5.364s (+2.5%)	6.216s (+6.3% 🔺)	0.852s	5	3.40x
💻 Local	Nitro	6.083s (+51.3% 🔺)	6.816s (+48.8% 🔺)	0.734s	5	3.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.647s (+1.6%)	6.341s (-3.3%)	1.694s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.101s (+43.7% 🔺)	8.118s (+41.7% 🔺)	2.016s	4	1.31x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.816s (+79.9% 🔺)	8.979s (+66.0% 🔺)	2.163s	4	1.47x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.218s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.789s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.235s (+2.1%)	2.009s (~)	0.775s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.302s (+1.2%)	2.007s (~)	0.706s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.412s (+2.4%)	2.007s (~)	0.594s	15	1.16x
💻 Local	Express	1.587s (-1.6%)	2.007s (~)	0.420s	15	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.596s (+5.6% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.411s	15	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.367s (+2.6%)	4.088s (+3.6%)	1.720s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.811s (-56.6% 🟢)	4.546s (-43.4% 🟢)	1.735s	7	1.19x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.959s (+30.1% 🔺)	4.499s (+16.8% 🔺)	1.540s	7	1.25x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.339s (-4.0%)	2.292s (-7.2% 🟢)	0.954s	14	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.348s (-0.7%)	2.470s (-4.7%)	1.122s	13	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.549s (+0.8%)	2.315s (+4.1%)	0.766s	13	1.16x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.064s (+6.9% 🔺)	2.736s (+23.1% 🔺)	0.672s	11	1.54x
💻 Local	Express	2.188s (-15.1% 🟢)	2.677s (-13.9% 🟢)	0.489s	12	1.63x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.225s (+24.3% 🔺)	2.674s (+29.1% 🔺)	0.449s	12	1.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.148s (-5.5% 🟢)	5.124s (-4.2%)	1.976s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.751s (-6.5% 🟢)	5.829s (+1.4%)	2.078s	6	1.19x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.909s (+4.4%)	5.710s (+4.6%)	1.801s	6	1.24x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.542s (-12.0% 🟢)	4.010s (-3.0%)	2.468s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.611s (-6.8% 🟢)	4.299s (+10.6% 🔺)	2.688s	7	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.806s (-26.9% 🟢)	3.568s (-19.7% 🟢)	0.763s	9	1.82x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.234s (-1.1%)	5.846s (-2.8%)	0.612s	6	3.39x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.853s (+22.9% 🔺)	6.217s (+16.3% 🔺)	0.364s	5	3.79x
💻 Local	Express	6.797s (+7.2% 🔺)	7.219s (+2.9%)	0.422s	5	4.41x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.080s (-22.1% 🟢)	6.145s (-11.8% 🟢)	2.065s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.167s (-15.4% 🟢)	6.013s (-7.4% 🟢)	1.846s	5	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.636s (-29.7% 🟢)	6.966s (-16.5% 🟢)	2.330s	5	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.573s (-3.3%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.450s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.607s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.023s (-1.8%)	0.416s	59	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.610s (+4.7%)	1.005s (~)	0.395s	60	1.07x
💻 Local	Express	0.628s (-4.7%)	1.005s (-3.3%)	0.377s	60	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.840s (-1.1%)	1.041s (+1.7%)	0.200s	58	1.47x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.896s (+1.2%)	1.057s (~)	0.161s	57	1.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.603s (-33.8% 🟢)	7.235s (-28.4% 🟢)	1.632s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.808s (-11.7% 🟢)	7.277s (-15.7% 🟢)	1.469s	9	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.977s (-19.4% 🟢)	7.574s (-18.9% 🟢)	1.597s	8	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.315s (-8.5% 🟢)	2.007s (-1.1%)	0.693s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.428s (-1.3%)	2.053s (+2.2%)	0.625s	44	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.566s (+6.0% 🔺)	2.029s (+1.2%)	0.462s	45	1.19x
💻 Local	Express	1.589s (~)	2.029s (+1.1%)	0.440s	45	1.21x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.981s (-2.8%)	2.227s (-13.1% 🟢)	0.246s	41	1.51x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.155s (+1.3%)	3.008s (~)	0.853s	30	1.64x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	14.368s (-28.6% 🟢)	16.400s (-25.0% 🟢)	2.032s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	15.183s (-19.1% 🟢)	17.268s (-16.8% 🟢)	2.085s	6	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.344s (-22.9% 🟢)	17.407s (-22.3% 🟢)	2.063s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.651s (-4.6%)	3.059s (-2.5%)	0.407s	40	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.769s (-1.8%)	3.085s (-1.7%)	0.317s	39	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.291s (+3.9%)	4.009s (+2.5%)	0.718s	30	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	3.363s (+0.6%)	4.010s (~)	0.646s	30	1.27x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.929s (-2.4%)	4.182s (-5.0% 🟢)	0.253s	29	1.48x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.429s (-2.4%)	5.052s (~)	0.624s	24	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	27.561s (-28.8% 🟢)	30.330s (-24.9% 🟢)	2.769s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	28.869s (-20.4% 🟢)	31.739s (-16.9% 🟢)	2.869s	4	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.097s (-28.5% 🟢)	35.188s (-24.7% 🟢)	3.091s	4	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.238s (-8.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.769s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.251s (-3.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.754s	60	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.307s (~)	1.006s (~)	0.699s	60	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	0.423s (-1.1%)	1.005s (~)	0.581s	60	1.78x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.432s (~)	1.005s (~)	0.573s	60	1.82x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.574s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.022s (-3.5%)	0.448s	59	2.42x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.077s (-28.0% 🟢)	3.802s (-24.4% 🟢)	1.725s	16	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.113s (-40.9% 🟢)	4.051s (-27.5% 🟢)	1.938s	15	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.266s (-26.2% 🟢)	4.110s (-18.0% 🟢)	1.844s	16	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.395s (-3.9%)	1.041s (+3.4%)	0.646s	87	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.410s (-10.2% 🟢)	1.029s (-4.6%)	0.618s	88	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.591s (-12.8% 🟢)	1.104s (-13.4% 🟢)	0.513s	82	1.49x
💻 Local	Express	2.181s (~)	2.737s (-4.1%)	0.556s	33	5.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.186s (+8.7% 🔺)	2.768s (+13.4% 🔺)	0.581s	33	5.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.574s (+0.6%)	3.296s (+1.1%)	0.722s	28	6.51x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.420s (-33.7% 🟢)	5.223s (-27.7% 🟢)	1.804s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.679s (-3.3%)	5.575s (-2.8%)	1.897s	17	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.894s (+11.7% 🔺)	5.751s (+11.2% 🔺)	1.857s	16	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.774s (-8.8% 🟢)	1.367s (-9.3% 🟢)	0.593s	89	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.838s (-0.6%)	1.403s (-4.7%)	0.565s	86	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.043s (-1.5%)	3.797s (-0.8%)	0.754s	32	3.93x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.922s (+13.7% 🔺)	10.278s (+11.1% 🔺)	0.356s	12	12.82x
💻 Local	Express	9.996s (+1.3%)	10.447s (+1.6%)	0.451s	12	12.92x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.736s (+2.3%)	11.849s (+4.0%)	1.112s	11	13.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.948s (-11.9% 🟢)	8.031s (-7.0% 🟢)	2.083s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.108s (-10.6% 🟢)	8.588s (~)	2.480s	15	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.796s (-5.6% 🟢)	9.115s (+1.6%)	2.318s	14	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.168s (+0.9%)	2.005s (~)	0.013s (+24.8% 🔺)	2.020s (~)	0.852s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.168s (~)	1.997s (~)	0.001s (-9.1% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.842s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.169s (-2.4%)	1.999s (~)	0.001s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.841s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.171s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.012s (+0.8%)	2.021s (~)	0.850s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.214s (-2.8%)	2.003s (~)	0.010s (-3.7%)	2.018s (~)	0.804s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.248s (~)	2.002s (~)	0.001s (-8.3% 🟢)	2.011s (~)	0.763s	10	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.154s (-8.8% 🟢)	3.173s (-10.1% 🟢)	0.673s (-4.4%)	4.271s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.117s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.281s (-10.5% 🟢)	3.098s (-16.6% 🟢)	1.446s (+95.4% 🔺)	4.988s (~)	2.707s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.318s (-13.6% 🟢)	3.277s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.946s (+13.0% 🔺)	4.674s (-8.1% 🟢)	2.356s	10	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.562s (-2.7%)	2.005s (~)	0.005s (+5.4% 🔺)	2.026s (~)	0.464s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.590s (+1.5%)	2.010s (~)	0.012s (+5.3% 🔺)	2.025s (~)	0.435s	30	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.607s (-1.9%)	1.998s (~)	0.005s (-5.1% 🟢)	2.027s (~)	0.420s	30	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.609s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.013s (+2.9%)	2.026s (~)	0.417s	30	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.770s (+1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.014s (+8.9% 🔺)	2.027s (~)	0.257s	30	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.789s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.005s (-6.7% 🟢)	2.026s (~)	0.237s	30	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	6.400s (-4.9%)	7.709s (-4.2%)	0.214s (-2.5%)	8.476s (-3.8%)	2.076s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.623s (-3.5%)	8.371s (-2.4%)	0.249s (-20.4% 🟢)	9.364s (~)	2.741s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.985s (+1.3%)	8.377s (~)	0.271s (-21.3% 🟢)	9.227s (~)	2.243s	7	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.765s (-4.1%)	1.045s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.074s (+1.3%)	0.309s	56	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.815s (~)	1.103s (+3.7%)	0.000s (+1.8%)	1.117s (+3.4%)	0.301s	55	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.091s (+6.2% 🔺)	1.663s (+2.6%)	0.000s (+2.8%)	1.675s (+2.7%)	0.584s	36	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.414s (+4.6%)	2.014s (~)	0.000s (-42.9% 🟢)	2.016s (~)	0.602s	30	1.85x
💻 Local	Express	1.419s (~)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+57.1% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.597s	30	1.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.541s (+1.9%)	2.014s (~)	0.001s (+36.4% 🔺)	2.018s (~)	0.476s	30	2.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.908s (-29.3% 🟢)	4.315s (-24.9% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	4.818s (-22.8% 🟢)	1.909s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.183s (-13.8% 🟢)	4.649s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.238s (-5.7% 🟢)	2.055s	12	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.203s (-15.0% 🟢)	4.722s (-11.5% 🟢)	0.000s (-89.8% 🟢)	5.242s (-10.9% 🟢)	2.039s	12	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.530s (-7.4% 🟢)	2.098s (-3.6%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.112s (-3.4%)	0.582s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.889s (+11.5% 🔺)	2.304s (+5.9% 🔺)	0.000s (+7.7% 🔺)	2.346s (+6.9% 🔺)	0.457s	26	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.157s (-4.3%)	2.654s (-2.8%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.663s (-2.8%)	0.505s	23	1.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.990s (+5.4% 🔺)	3.469s (+1.6%)	0.001s (+11.1% 🔺)	3.474s (+1.6%)	0.484s	18	1.95x
💻 Local	Express	3.041s (-8.3% 🟢)	3.727s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.001s (-47.1% 🟢)	3.735s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.694s	17	1.99x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.216s (+4.4%)	3.839s (-1.6%)	0.001s (+42.9% 🔺)	3.842s (-1.6%)	0.626s	16	2.10x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.292s (-12.8% 🟢)	5.657s (-8.2% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	6.210s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.917s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.499s (-36.3% 🟢)	6.042s (-26.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	6.694s (-23.6% 🟢)	2.194s	9	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.258s (-13.3% 🟢)	6.697s (-11.8% 🟢)	0.000s (-85.2% 🟢)	7.244s (-11.5% 🟢)	1.986s	9	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Nitro	11/21
🐘 Postgres	Express	18/21
▲ Vercel	Express	11/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	18/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	15/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

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[github-actions]

Backport to stable failed — the cherry-pick had conflicts that could not be resolved automatically (backport job run).

To resolve manually, push a backport branch and open a PR against stable (the workflow never pushes directly to stable). Note: this repository requires verified signatures on every branch, so your local commits must be signed (git config commit.gpgsign true with a configured GPG/SSH signing key, or git cherry-pick -S).

git fetch origin stable
git checkout -b backport/pr-2438-to-stable origin/stable
git cherry-pick -S d4dd6f9c015af17344f49635d62c00d78f25a911 # -S signs the commit# Fix conflicts, then:
git add -A
git cherry-pick --continue
git push -u origin backport/pr-2438-to-stable
gh pr create --base stable --head backport/pr-2438-to-stable \
--title "Backport #2438: <original PR title>" \
--body "Manual backport of #2438 (cherry-pick d4dd6f9c015a) to \`stable\`."

[ijjk]

Summary

• re-notify the deferred builder when workflow modules recompile with unchanged directive state, so logic-only edits in "use workflow" files trigger lazy discovery updates
• in Next dev lazy mode, keep the generated flow route stable and load workflow code from a sidecar file keyed by size:mtimeMs, avoiding stale route-module caching after HMR
• add unit coverage for same-pattern workflow notifications and deferred dev flow-route sidecar loading
• add a lazy Next dev HMR e2e that verifies updated workflow logic executes end-to-end without restarting the dev server
• harden the dev e2e assertions and cleanup for lazy deferred outputs, including sidecar-aware generated-code checks and race-free temporary workflow cleanup

x-ref: slack thread

Tests

• pnpm --filter @workflow/next build
• pnpm exec vitest run packages/next/src/loader.test.ts packages/next/src/builder-deferred.test.ts packages/next/src/index.test.ts
• pnpm exec biome check packages/core/e2e/dev.test.ts
• APP_NAME=nextjs-turbopack WORKBENCH_APP_PATH=/Users/jj/dev/workflow/workbench/nextjs-turbopack DEPLOYMENT_URL=http://localhost:3000 WORKFLOW_NEXT_LAZY_DISCOVERY=1 WORKFLOW_PUBLIC_MANIFEST=1 DEV_TEST_CONFIG='{"name":"nextjs-turbopack","generatedStepPath":"app/.well-known/workflow/v1/flow/__step_registrations.js","generatedWorkflowPath":"app/.well-known/workflow/v1/flow/route.js","apiFilePath":"app/api/chat/route.ts","apiFileImportPath":"../../..","lazyDiscovery":true}' pnpm exec vitest run packages/core/e2e/dev.test.ts

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 1c9523e

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/next	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1442	0	219	1661
✅ 💻 Local Development	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 📦 Local Production	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1881	0	233	2114
✅ 🪟 Windows	151	0	0	151
✅ 📋 Other	879	0	178	1057
Total	8143	0	1068	9211

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	125	0	26
✅ example	125	0	26
✅ express	125	0	26
✅ fastify	125	0	26
✅ hono	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	149	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	149	0	2
✅ nitro	125	0	26
✅ nuxt	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit	144	0	7
✅ vite	125	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	125	0	26
✅ express-stable	125	0	26
✅ fastify-stable	125	0	26
✅ hono-stable	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nitro-stable	125	0	26
✅ nuxt-stable	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit-stable	144	0	7
✅ vite-stable	125	0	26

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	151	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	125	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.043s (+2.6%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.045s (-6.6% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.961s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.058s (-4.6%)	1.011s (~)	0.953s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.066s (+1.4%)	1.013s (~)	0.947s	10	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.066s (+8.7% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.940s	10	1.54x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.070s (-3.6%)	1.012s (~)	0.941s	10	1.63x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.303s (-49.5% 🟢)	2.462s (-7.4% 🟢)	2.160s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.320s (-71.1% 🟢)	2.470s (-31.0% 🟢)	2.150s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.602s (-69.7% 🟢)	2.493s (-39.2% 🟢)	1.892s	10	1.99x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.097s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.909s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.098s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.909s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.111s (-0.7%)	2.009s (~)	0.899s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.111s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.900s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.143s (-1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.866s	10	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.147s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.859s	10	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.675s (-37.6% 🟢)	3.870s (-14.4% 🟢)	2.196s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.678s (-37.4% 🟢)	3.608s (-27.8% 🟢)	1.931s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.879s (-33.5% 🟢)	3.736s (-17.8% 🟢)	1.857s	10	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	10.520s (~)	11.021s (~)	0.500s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	10.550s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.472s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.558s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.466s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.573s (~)	11.016s (~)	0.443s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.861s (~)	11.020s (~)	0.159s	3	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.884s (+0.9%)	11.356s (+3.0%)	0.473s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.061s (-34.3% 🟢)	16.271s (-30.1% 🟢)	2.210s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	14.215s (-21.7% 🟢)	15.677s (-21.1% 🟢)	1.462s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.807s (-8.9% 🟢)	16.321s (-12.4% 🟢)	1.513s	2	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	13.745s (-0.6%)	14.017s (~)	0.273s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.758s (-0.8%)	14.016s (~)	0.258s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.764s (-0.6%)	14.027s (~)	0.264s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	13.876s (~)	14.028s (~)	0.152s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.337s (~)	15.030s (~)	0.693s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.459s (~)	15.020s (~)	0.561s	4	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	22.314s (-36.1% 🟢)	24.120s (-34.7% 🟢)	1.805s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	22.757s (-26.1% 🟢)	24.588s (-25.2% 🟢)	1.831s	3	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	22.854s (-30.7% 🟢)	24.830s (-28.8% 🟢)	1.977s	3	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	12.396s (-1.5%)	13.019s (~)	0.623s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.536s (~)	13.025s (~)	0.489s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	12.591s (~)	13.025s (~)	0.434s	7	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.622s (-0.5%)	13.020s (~)	0.398s	7	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.739s (+0.9%)	14.026s (~)	0.287s	7	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.930s (~)	14.303s (+1.0%)	0.373s	7	1.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	31.202s (-10.2% 🟢)	33.840s (-8.8% 🟢)	2.639s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	31.670s (-16.4% 🟢)	34.147s (-13.5% 🟢)	2.477s	3	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.373s (-7.8% 🟢)	34.956s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.583s	3	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.201s (+0.7%)	2.007s (~)	0.806s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.205s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.802s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.221s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.787s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.281s (-5.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-3.3%)	0.726s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.313s (+12.9% 🔺)	2.006s (~)	0.693s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.405s (+5.7% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.602s	15	1.17x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.600s (+1.9%)	4.128s (+1.4%)	1.528s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.793s (-9.7% 🟢)	4.473s (-2.5%)	1.681s	7	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.338s (+42.2% 🔺)	4.710s (+17.2% 🔺)	1.372s	8	1.28x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.358s (+1.2%)	2.393s (-4.6%)	1.035s	13	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.367s (+0.7%)	2.508s (~)	1.141s	12	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.666s (+1.7%)	2.396s (-4.5%)	0.730s	13	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.798s (+12.9% 🔺)	2.222s (+10.8% 🔺)	0.424s	14	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.932s (+2.0%)	2.315s (+7.6% 🔺)	0.383s	13	1.42x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.081s (+27.7% 🔺)	2.509s (+25.0% 🔺)	0.428s	12	1.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.635s (-35.9% 🟢)	4.556s (-24.8% 🟢)	1.921s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.818s (-25.3% 🟢)	4.464s (-17.3% 🟢)	1.646s	7	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.628s (+3.5%)	5.485s (+4.4%)	1.857s	6	1.38x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.576s (-2.9%)	4.011s (+3.2%)	2.436s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.814s (+11.6% 🔺)	4.013s (-3.0%)	2.199s	8	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.092s (-19.3% 🟢)	4.265s (-4.1%)	1.173s	8	1.96x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.812s (+5.4% 🔺)	5.346s (+3.2%)	0.534s	6	3.05x
💻 Local	Express	5.364s (+2.5%)	6.216s (+6.3% 🔺)	0.852s	5	3.40x
💻 Local	Nitro	6.083s (+51.3% 🔺)	6.816s (+48.8% 🔺)	0.734s	5	3.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.647s (+1.6%)	6.341s (-3.3%)	1.694s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.101s (+43.7% 🔺)	8.118s (+41.7% 🔺)	2.016s	4	1.31x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.816s (+79.9% 🔺)	8.979s (+66.0% 🔺)	2.163s	4	1.47x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.218s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.789s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.235s (+2.1%)	2.009s (~)	0.775s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.302s (+1.2%)	2.007s (~)	0.706s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.412s (+2.4%)	2.007s (~)	0.594s	15	1.16x
💻 Local	Express	1.587s (-1.6%)	2.007s (~)	0.420s	15	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.596s (+5.6% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.411s	15	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.367s (+2.6%)	4.088s (+3.6%)	1.720s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.811s (-56.6% 🟢)	4.546s (-43.4% 🟢)	1.735s	7	1.19x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.959s (+30.1% 🔺)	4.499s (+16.8% 🔺)	1.540s	7	1.25x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.339s (-4.0%)	2.292s (-7.2% 🟢)	0.954s	14	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.348s (-0.7%)	2.470s (-4.7%)	1.122s	13	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.549s (+0.8%)	2.315s (+4.1%)	0.766s	13	1.16x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.064s (+6.9% 🔺)	2.736s (+23.1% 🔺)	0.672s	11	1.54x
💻 Local	Express	2.188s (-15.1% 🟢)	2.677s (-13.9% 🟢)	0.489s	12	1.63x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.225s (+24.3% 🔺)	2.674s (+29.1% 🔺)	0.449s	12	1.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.148s (-5.5% 🟢)	5.124s (-4.2%)	1.976s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.751s (-6.5% 🟢)	5.829s (+1.4%)	2.078s	6	1.19x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.909s (+4.4%)	5.710s (+4.6%)	1.801s	6	1.24x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.542s (-12.0% 🟢)	4.010s (-3.0%)	2.468s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.611s (-6.8% 🟢)	4.299s (+10.6% 🔺)	2.688s	7	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.806s (-26.9% 🟢)	3.568s (-19.7% 🟢)	0.763s	9	1.82x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.234s (-1.1%)	5.846s (-2.8%)	0.612s	6	3.39x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.853s (+22.9% 🔺)	6.217s (+16.3% 🔺)	0.364s	5	3.79x
💻 Local	Express	6.797s (+7.2% 🔺)	7.219s (+2.9%)	0.422s	5	4.41x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.080s (-22.1% 🟢)	6.145s (-11.8% 🟢)	2.065s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.167s (-15.4% 🟢)	6.013s (-7.4% 🟢)	1.846s	5	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.636s (-29.7% 🟢)	6.966s (-16.5% 🟢)	2.330s	5	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.573s (-3.3%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.450s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.607s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.023s (-1.8%)	0.416s	59	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.610s (+4.7%)	1.005s (~)	0.395s	60	1.07x
💻 Local	Express	0.628s (-4.7%)	1.005s (-3.3%)	0.377s	60	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.840s (-1.1%)	1.041s (+1.7%)	0.200s	58	1.47x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.896s (+1.2%)	1.057s (~)	0.161s	57	1.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.603s (-33.8% 🟢)	7.235s (-28.4% 🟢)	1.632s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.808s (-11.7% 🟢)	7.277s (-15.7% 🟢)	1.469s	9	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.977s (-19.4% 🟢)	7.574s (-18.9% 🟢)	1.597s	8	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.315s (-8.5% 🟢)	2.007s (-1.1%)	0.693s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.428s (-1.3%)	2.053s (+2.2%)	0.625s	44	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.566s (+6.0% 🔺)	2.029s (+1.2%)	0.462s	45	1.19x
💻 Local	Express	1.589s (~)	2.029s (+1.1%)	0.440s	45	1.21x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.981s (-2.8%)	2.227s (-13.1% 🟢)	0.246s	41	1.51x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.155s (+1.3%)	3.008s (~)	0.853s	30	1.64x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	14.368s (-28.6% 🟢)	16.400s (-25.0% 🟢)	2.032s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	15.183s (-19.1% 🟢)	17.268s (-16.8% 🟢)	2.085s	6	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.344s (-22.9% 🟢)	17.407s (-22.3% 🟢)	2.063s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.651s (-4.6%)	3.059s (-2.5%)	0.407s	40	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.769s (-1.8%)	3.085s (-1.7%)	0.317s	39	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.291s (+3.9%)	4.009s (+2.5%)	0.718s	30	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	3.363s (+0.6%)	4.010s (~)	0.646s	30	1.27x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.929s (-2.4%)	4.182s (-5.0% 🟢)	0.253s	29	1.48x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.429s (-2.4%)	5.052s (~)	0.624s	24	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	27.561s (-28.8% 🟢)	30.330s (-24.9% 🟢)	2.769s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	28.869s (-20.4% 🟢)	31.739s (-16.9% 🟢)	2.869s	4	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.097s (-28.5% 🟢)	35.188s (-24.7% 🟢)	3.091s	4	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.238s (-8.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.769s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.251s (-3.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.754s	60	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.307s (~)	1.006s (~)	0.699s	60	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	0.423s (-1.1%)	1.005s (~)	0.581s	60	1.78x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.432s (~)	1.005s (~)	0.573s	60	1.82x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.574s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.022s (-3.5%)	0.448s	59	2.42x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.077s (-28.0% 🟢)	3.802s (-24.4% 🟢)	1.725s	16	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.113s (-40.9% 🟢)	4.051s (-27.5% 🟢)	1.938s	15	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.266s (-26.2% 🟢)	4.110s (-18.0% 🟢)	1.844s	16	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.395s (-3.9%)	1.041s (+3.4%)	0.646s	87	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.410s (-10.2% 🟢)	1.029s (-4.6%)	0.618s	88	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.591s (-12.8% 🟢)	1.104s (-13.4% 🟢)	0.513s	82	1.49x
💻 Local	Express	2.181s (~)	2.737s (-4.1%)	0.556s	33	5.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.186s (+8.7% 🔺)	2.768s (+13.4% 🔺)	0.581s	33	5.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.574s (+0.6%)	3.296s (+1.1%)	0.722s	28	6.51x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.420s (-33.7% 🟢)	5.223s (-27.7% 🟢)	1.804s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.679s (-3.3%)	5.575s (-2.8%)	1.897s	17	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.894s (+11.7% 🔺)	5.751s (+11.2% 🔺)	1.857s	16	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.774s (-8.8% 🟢)	1.367s (-9.3% 🟢)	0.593s	89	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.838s (-0.6%)	1.403s (-4.7%)	0.565s	86	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.043s (-1.5%)	3.797s (-0.8%)	0.754s	32	3.93x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.922s (+13.7% 🔺)	10.278s (+11.1% 🔺)	0.356s	12	12.82x
💻 Local	Express	9.996s (+1.3%)	10.447s (+1.6%)	0.451s	12	12.92x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.736s (+2.3%)	11.849s (+4.0%)	1.112s	11	13.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.948s (-11.9% 🟢)	8.031s (-7.0% 🟢)	2.083s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.108s (-10.6% 🟢)	8.588s (~)	2.480s	15	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.796s (-5.6% 🟢)	9.115s (+1.6%)	2.318s	14	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.168s (+0.9%)	2.005s (~)	0.013s (+24.8% 🔺)	2.020s (~)	0.852s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.168s (~)	1.997s (~)	0.001s (-9.1% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.842s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.169s (-2.4%)	1.999s (~)	0.001s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.841s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.171s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.012s (+0.8%)	2.021s (~)	0.850s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.214s (-2.8%)	2.003s (~)	0.010s (-3.7%)	2.018s (~)	0.804s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.248s (~)	2.002s (~)	0.001s (-8.3% 🟢)	2.011s (~)	0.763s	10	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.154s (-8.8% 🟢)	3.173s (-10.1% 🟢)	0.673s (-4.4%)	4.271s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.117s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.281s (-10.5% 🟢)	3.098s (-16.6% 🟢)	1.446s (+95.4% 🔺)	4.988s (~)	2.707s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.318s (-13.6% 🟢)	3.277s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.946s (+13.0% 🔺)	4.674s (-8.1% 🟢)	2.356s	10	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.562s (-2.7%)	2.005s (~)	0.005s (+5.4% 🔺)	2.026s (~)	0.464s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.590s (+1.5%)	2.010s (~)	0.012s (+5.3% 🔺)	2.025s (~)	0.435s	30	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.607s (-1.9%)	1.998s (~)	0.005s (-5.1% 🟢)	2.027s (~)	0.420s	30	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.609s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.013s (+2.9%)	2.026s (~)	0.417s	30	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.770s (+1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.014s (+8.9% 🔺)	2.027s (~)	0.257s	30	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.789s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.005s (-6.7% 🟢)	2.026s (~)	0.237s	30	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	6.400s (-4.9%)	7.709s (-4.2%)	0.214s (-2.5%)	8.476s (-3.8%)	2.076s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.623s (-3.5%)	8.371s (-2.4%)	0.249s (-20.4% 🟢)	9.364s (~)	2.741s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.985s (+1.3%)	8.377s (~)	0.271s (-21.3% 🟢)	9.227s (~)	2.243s	7	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.765s (-4.1%)	1.045s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.074s (+1.3%)	0.309s	56	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.815s (~)	1.103s (+3.7%)	0.000s (+1.8%)	1.117s (+3.4%)	0.301s	55	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.091s (+6.2% 🔺)	1.663s (+2.6%)	0.000s (+2.8%)	1.675s (+2.7%)	0.584s	36	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.414s (+4.6%)	2.014s (~)	0.000s (-42.9% 🟢)	2.016s (~)	0.602s	30	1.85x
💻 Local	Express	1.419s (~)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+57.1% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.597s	30	1.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.541s (+1.9%)	2.014s (~)	0.001s (+36.4% 🔺)	2.018s (~)	0.476s	30	2.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.908s (-29.3% 🟢)	4.315s (-24.9% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	4.818s (-22.8% 🟢)	1.909s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.183s (-13.8% 🟢)	4.649s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.238s (-5.7% 🟢)	2.055s	12	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.203s (-15.0% 🟢)	4.722s (-11.5% 🟢)	0.000s (-89.8% 🟢)	5.242s (-10.9% 🟢)	2.039s	12	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.530s (-7.4% 🟢)	2.098s (-3.6%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.112s (-3.4%)	0.582s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.889s (+11.5% 🔺)	2.304s (+5.9% 🔺)	0.000s (+7.7% 🔺)	2.346s (+6.9% 🔺)	0.457s	26	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.157s (-4.3%)	2.654s (-2.8%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.663s (-2.8%)	0.505s	23	1.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.990s (+5.4% 🔺)	3.469s (+1.6%)	0.001s (+11.1% 🔺)	3.474s (+1.6%)	0.484s	18	1.95x
💻 Local	Express	3.041s (-8.3% 🟢)	3.727s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.001s (-47.1% 🟢)	3.735s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.694s	17	1.99x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.216s (+4.4%)	3.839s (-1.6%)	0.001s (+42.9% 🔺)	3.842s (-1.6%)	0.626s	16	2.10x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.292s (-12.8% 🟢)	5.657s (-8.2% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	6.210s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.917s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.499s (-36.3% 🟢)	6.042s (-26.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	6.694s (-23.6% 🟢)	2.194s	9	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.258s (-13.3% 🟢)	6.697s (-11.8% 🟢)	0.000s (-85.2% 🟢)	7.244s (-11.5% 🟢)	1.986s	9	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Nitro	11/21
🐘 Postgres	Express	18/21
▲ Vercel	Express	11/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	18/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	15/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

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[github-actions]

Backport to stable failed — the cherry-pick had conflicts that could not be resolved automatically (backport job run).

To resolve manually, push a backport branch and open a PR against stable (the workflow never pushes directly to stable). Note: this repository requires verified signatures on every branch, so your local commits must be signed (git config commit.gpgsign true with a configured GPG/SSH signing key, or git cherry-pick -S).

git fetch origin stable
git checkout -b backport/pr-2438-to-stable origin/stable
git cherry-pick -S d4dd6f9c015af17344f49635d62c00d78f25a911 # -S signs the commit# Fix conflicts, then:
git add -A
git cherry-pick --continue
git push -u origin backport/pr-2438-to-stable
gh pr create --base stable --head backport/pr-2438-to-stable \
--title "Backport #2438: <original PR title>" \
--body "Manual backport of #2438 (cherry-pick d4dd6f9c015a) to \`stable\`."

[ijjk]

Summary

• re-notify the deferred builder when workflow modules recompile with unchanged directive state, so logic-only edits in "use workflow" files trigger lazy discovery updates
• in Next dev lazy mode, keep the generated flow route stable and load workflow code from a sidecar file keyed by size:mtimeMs, avoiding stale route-module caching after HMR
• add unit coverage for same-pattern workflow notifications and deferred dev flow-route sidecar loading
• add a lazy Next dev HMR e2e that verifies updated workflow logic executes end-to-end without restarting the dev server
• harden the dev e2e assertions and cleanup for lazy deferred outputs, including sidecar-aware generated-code checks and race-free temporary workflow cleanup

x-ref: slack thread

Tests

• pnpm --filter @workflow/next build
• pnpm exec vitest run packages/next/src/loader.test.ts packages/next/src/builder-deferred.test.ts packages/next/src/index.test.ts
• pnpm exec biome check packages/core/e2e/dev.test.ts
• APP_NAME=nextjs-turbopack WORKBENCH_APP_PATH=/Users/jj/dev/workflow/workbench/nextjs-turbopack DEPLOYMENT_URL=http://localhost:3000 WORKFLOW_NEXT_LAZY_DISCOVERY=1 WORKFLOW_PUBLIC_MANIFEST=1 DEV_TEST_CONFIG='{"name":"nextjs-turbopack","generatedStepPath":"app/.well-known/workflow/v1/flow/__step_registrations.js","generatedWorkflowPath":"app/.well-known/workflow/v1/flow/route.js","apiFilePath":"app/api/chat/route.ts","apiFileImportPath":"../../..","lazyDiscovery":true}' pnpm exec vitest run packages/core/e2e/dev.test.ts

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 1c9523e

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/next	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1442	0	219	1661
✅ 💻 Local Development	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 📦 Local Production	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1881	0	233	2114
✅ 🪟 Windows	151	0	0	151
✅ 📋 Other	879	0	178	1057
Total	8143	0	1068	9211

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	125	0	26
✅ example	125	0	26
✅ express	125	0	26
✅ fastify	125	0	26
✅ hono	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	149	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	149	0	2
✅ nitro	125	0	26
✅ nuxt	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit	144	0	7
✅ vite	125	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	125	0	26
✅ express-stable	125	0	26
✅ fastify-stable	125	0	26
✅ hono-stable	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nitro-stable	125	0	26
✅ nuxt-stable	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit-stable	144	0	7
✅ vite-stable	125	0	26

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	151	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	125	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.043s (+2.6%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.045s (-6.6% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.961s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.058s (-4.6%)	1.011s (~)	0.953s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.066s (+1.4%)	1.013s (~)	0.947s	10	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.066s (+8.7% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.940s	10	1.54x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.070s (-3.6%)	1.012s (~)	0.941s	10	1.63x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.303s (-49.5% 🟢)	2.462s (-7.4% 🟢)	2.160s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.320s (-71.1% 🟢)	2.470s (-31.0% 🟢)	2.150s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.602s (-69.7% 🟢)	2.493s (-39.2% 🟢)	1.892s	10	1.99x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.097s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.909s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.098s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.909s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.111s (-0.7%)	2.009s (~)	0.899s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.111s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.900s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.143s (-1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.866s	10	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.147s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.859s	10	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.675s (-37.6% 🟢)	3.870s (-14.4% 🟢)	2.196s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.678s (-37.4% 🟢)	3.608s (-27.8% 🟢)	1.931s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.879s (-33.5% 🟢)	3.736s (-17.8% 🟢)	1.857s	10	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	10.520s (~)	11.021s (~)	0.500s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	10.550s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.472s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.558s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.466s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.573s (~)	11.016s (~)	0.443s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.861s (~)	11.020s (~)	0.159s	3	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.884s (+0.9%)	11.356s (+3.0%)	0.473s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.061s (-34.3% 🟢)	16.271s (-30.1% 🟢)	2.210s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	14.215s (-21.7% 🟢)	15.677s (-21.1% 🟢)	1.462s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.807s (-8.9% 🟢)	16.321s (-12.4% 🟢)	1.513s	2	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	13.745s (-0.6%)	14.017s (~)	0.273s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.758s (-0.8%)	14.016s (~)	0.258s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.764s (-0.6%)	14.027s (~)	0.264s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	13.876s (~)	14.028s (~)	0.152s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.337s (~)	15.030s (~)	0.693s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.459s (~)	15.020s (~)	0.561s	4	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	22.314s (-36.1% 🟢)	24.120s (-34.7% 🟢)	1.805s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	22.757s (-26.1% 🟢)	24.588s (-25.2% 🟢)	1.831s	3	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	22.854s (-30.7% 🟢)	24.830s (-28.8% 🟢)	1.977s	3	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	12.396s (-1.5%)	13.019s (~)	0.623s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.536s (~)	13.025s (~)	0.489s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	12.591s (~)	13.025s (~)	0.434s	7	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.622s (-0.5%)	13.020s (~)	0.398s	7	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.739s (+0.9%)	14.026s (~)	0.287s	7	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.930s (~)	14.303s (+1.0%)	0.373s	7	1.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	31.202s (-10.2% 🟢)	33.840s (-8.8% 🟢)	2.639s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	31.670s (-16.4% 🟢)	34.147s (-13.5% 🟢)	2.477s	3	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.373s (-7.8% 🟢)	34.956s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.583s	3	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.201s (+0.7%)	2.007s (~)	0.806s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.205s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.802s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.221s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.787s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.281s (-5.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-3.3%)	0.726s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.313s (+12.9% 🔺)	2.006s (~)	0.693s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.405s (+5.7% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.602s	15	1.17x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.600s (+1.9%)	4.128s (+1.4%)	1.528s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.793s (-9.7% 🟢)	4.473s (-2.5%)	1.681s	7	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.338s (+42.2% 🔺)	4.710s (+17.2% 🔺)	1.372s	8	1.28x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.358s (+1.2%)	2.393s (-4.6%)	1.035s	13	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.367s (+0.7%)	2.508s (~)	1.141s	12	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.666s (+1.7%)	2.396s (-4.5%)	0.730s	13	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.798s (+12.9% 🔺)	2.222s (+10.8% 🔺)	0.424s	14	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.932s (+2.0%)	2.315s (+7.6% 🔺)	0.383s	13	1.42x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.081s (+27.7% 🔺)	2.509s (+25.0% 🔺)	0.428s	12	1.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.635s (-35.9% 🟢)	4.556s (-24.8% 🟢)	1.921s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.818s (-25.3% 🟢)	4.464s (-17.3% 🟢)	1.646s	7	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.628s (+3.5%)	5.485s (+4.4%)	1.857s	6	1.38x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.576s (-2.9%)	4.011s (+3.2%)	2.436s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.814s (+11.6% 🔺)	4.013s (-3.0%)	2.199s	8	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.092s (-19.3% 🟢)	4.265s (-4.1%)	1.173s	8	1.96x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.812s (+5.4% 🔺)	5.346s (+3.2%)	0.534s	6	3.05x
💻 Local	Express	5.364s (+2.5%)	6.216s (+6.3% 🔺)	0.852s	5	3.40x
💻 Local	Nitro	6.083s (+51.3% 🔺)	6.816s (+48.8% 🔺)	0.734s	5	3.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.647s (+1.6%)	6.341s (-3.3%)	1.694s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.101s (+43.7% 🔺)	8.118s (+41.7% 🔺)	2.016s	4	1.31x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.816s (+79.9% 🔺)	8.979s (+66.0% 🔺)	2.163s	4	1.47x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.218s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.789s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.235s (+2.1%)	2.009s (~)	0.775s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.302s (+1.2%)	2.007s (~)	0.706s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.412s (+2.4%)	2.007s (~)	0.594s	15	1.16x
💻 Local	Express	1.587s (-1.6%)	2.007s (~)	0.420s	15	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.596s (+5.6% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.411s	15	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.367s (+2.6%)	4.088s (+3.6%)	1.720s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.811s (-56.6% 🟢)	4.546s (-43.4% 🟢)	1.735s	7	1.19x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.959s (+30.1% 🔺)	4.499s (+16.8% 🔺)	1.540s	7	1.25x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.339s (-4.0%)	2.292s (-7.2% 🟢)	0.954s	14	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.348s (-0.7%)	2.470s (-4.7%)	1.122s	13	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.549s (+0.8%)	2.315s (+4.1%)	0.766s	13	1.16x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.064s (+6.9% 🔺)	2.736s (+23.1% 🔺)	0.672s	11	1.54x
💻 Local	Express	2.188s (-15.1% 🟢)	2.677s (-13.9% 🟢)	0.489s	12	1.63x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.225s (+24.3% 🔺)	2.674s (+29.1% 🔺)	0.449s	12	1.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.148s (-5.5% 🟢)	5.124s (-4.2%)	1.976s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.751s (-6.5% 🟢)	5.829s (+1.4%)	2.078s	6	1.19x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.909s (+4.4%)	5.710s (+4.6%)	1.801s	6	1.24x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.542s (-12.0% 🟢)	4.010s (-3.0%)	2.468s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.611s (-6.8% 🟢)	4.299s (+10.6% 🔺)	2.688s	7	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.806s (-26.9% 🟢)	3.568s (-19.7% 🟢)	0.763s	9	1.82x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.234s (-1.1%)	5.846s (-2.8%)	0.612s	6	3.39x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.853s (+22.9% 🔺)	6.217s (+16.3% 🔺)	0.364s	5	3.79x
💻 Local	Express	6.797s (+7.2% 🔺)	7.219s (+2.9%)	0.422s	5	4.41x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.080s (-22.1% 🟢)	6.145s (-11.8% 🟢)	2.065s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.167s (-15.4% 🟢)	6.013s (-7.4% 🟢)	1.846s	5	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.636s (-29.7% 🟢)	6.966s (-16.5% 🟢)	2.330s	5	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.573s (-3.3%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.450s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.607s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.023s (-1.8%)	0.416s	59	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.610s (+4.7%)	1.005s (~)	0.395s	60	1.07x
💻 Local	Express	0.628s (-4.7%)	1.005s (-3.3%)	0.377s	60	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.840s (-1.1%)	1.041s (+1.7%)	0.200s	58	1.47x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.896s (+1.2%)	1.057s (~)	0.161s	57	1.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.603s (-33.8% 🟢)	7.235s (-28.4% 🟢)	1.632s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.808s (-11.7% 🟢)	7.277s (-15.7% 🟢)	1.469s	9	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.977s (-19.4% 🟢)	7.574s (-18.9% 🟢)	1.597s	8	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.315s (-8.5% 🟢)	2.007s (-1.1%)	0.693s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.428s (-1.3%)	2.053s (+2.2%)	0.625s	44	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.566s (+6.0% 🔺)	2.029s (+1.2%)	0.462s	45	1.19x
💻 Local	Express	1.589s (~)	2.029s (+1.1%)	0.440s	45	1.21x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.981s (-2.8%)	2.227s (-13.1% 🟢)	0.246s	41	1.51x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.155s (+1.3%)	3.008s (~)	0.853s	30	1.64x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	14.368s (-28.6% 🟢)	16.400s (-25.0% 🟢)	2.032s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	15.183s (-19.1% 🟢)	17.268s (-16.8% 🟢)	2.085s	6	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.344s (-22.9% 🟢)	17.407s (-22.3% 🟢)	2.063s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.651s (-4.6%)	3.059s (-2.5%)	0.407s	40	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.769s (-1.8%)	3.085s (-1.7%)	0.317s	39	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.291s (+3.9%)	4.009s (+2.5%)	0.718s	30	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	3.363s (+0.6%)	4.010s (~)	0.646s	30	1.27x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.929s (-2.4%)	4.182s (-5.0% 🟢)	0.253s	29	1.48x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.429s (-2.4%)	5.052s (~)	0.624s	24	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	27.561s (-28.8% 🟢)	30.330s (-24.9% 🟢)	2.769s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	28.869s (-20.4% 🟢)	31.739s (-16.9% 🟢)	2.869s	4	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.097s (-28.5% 🟢)	35.188s (-24.7% 🟢)	3.091s	4	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.238s (-8.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.769s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.251s (-3.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.754s	60	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.307s (~)	1.006s (~)	0.699s	60	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	0.423s (-1.1%)	1.005s (~)	0.581s	60	1.78x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.432s (~)	1.005s (~)	0.573s	60	1.82x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.574s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.022s (-3.5%)	0.448s	59	2.42x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.077s (-28.0% 🟢)	3.802s (-24.4% 🟢)	1.725s	16	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.113s (-40.9% 🟢)	4.051s (-27.5% 🟢)	1.938s	15	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.266s (-26.2% 🟢)	4.110s (-18.0% 🟢)	1.844s	16	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.395s (-3.9%)	1.041s (+3.4%)	0.646s	87	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.410s (-10.2% 🟢)	1.029s (-4.6%)	0.618s	88	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.591s (-12.8% 🟢)	1.104s (-13.4% 🟢)	0.513s	82	1.49x
💻 Local	Express	2.181s (~)	2.737s (-4.1%)	0.556s	33	5.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.186s (+8.7% 🔺)	2.768s (+13.4% 🔺)	0.581s	33	5.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.574s (+0.6%)	3.296s (+1.1%)	0.722s	28	6.51x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.420s (-33.7% 🟢)	5.223s (-27.7% 🟢)	1.804s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.679s (-3.3%)	5.575s (-2.8%)	1.897s	17	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.894s (+11.7% 🔺)	5.751s (+11.2% 🔺)	1.857s	16	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.774s (-8.8% 🟢)	1.367s (-9.3% 🟢)	0.593s	89	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.838s (-0.6%)	1.403s (-4.7%)	0.565s	86	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.043s (-1.5%)	3.797s (-0.8%)	0.754s	32	3.93x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.922s (+13.7% 🔺)	10.278s (+11.1% 🔺)	0.356s	12	12.82x
💻 Local	Express	9.996s (+1.3%)	10.447s (+1.6%)	0.451s	12	12.92x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.736s (+2.3%)	11.849s (+4.0%)	1.112s	11	13.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.948s (-11.9% 🟢)	8.031s (-7.0% 🟢)	2.083s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.108s (-10.6% 🟢)	8.588s (~)	2.480s	15	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.796s (-5.6% 🟢)	9.115s (+1.6%)	2.318s	14	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.168s (+0.9%)	2.005s (~)	0.013s (+24.8% 🔺)	2.020s (~)	0.852s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.168s (~)	1.997s (~)	0.001s (-9.1% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.842s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.169s (-2.4%)	1.999s (~)	0.001s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.841s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.171s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.012s (+0.8%)	2.021s (~)	0.850s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.214s (-2.8%)	2.003s (~)	0.010s (-3.7%)	2.018s (~)	0.804s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.248s (~)	2.002s (~)	0.001s (-8.3% 🟢)	2.011s (~)	0.763s	10	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.154s (-8.8% 🟢)	3.173s (-10.1% 🟢)	0.673s (-4.4%)	4.271s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.117s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.281s (-10.5% 🟢)	3.098s (-16.6% 🟢)	1.446s (+95.4% 🔺)	4.988s (~)	2.707s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.318s (-13.6% 🟢)	3.277s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.946s (+13.0% 🔺)	4.674s (-8.1% 🟢)	2.356s	10	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.562s (-2.7%)	2.005s (~)	0.005s (+5.4% 🔺)	2.026s (~)	0.464s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.590s (+1.5%)	2.010s (~)	0.012s (+5.3% 🔺)	2.025s (~)	0.435s	30	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.607s (-1.9%)	1.998s (~)	0.005s (-5.1% 🟢)	2.027s (~)	0.420s	30	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.609s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.013s (+2.9%)	2.026s (~)	0.417s	30	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.770s (+1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.014s (+8.9% 🔺)	2.027s (~)	0.257s	30	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.789s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.005s (-6.7% 🟢)	2.026s (~)	0.237s	30	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	6.400s (-4.9%)	7.709s (-4.2%)	0.214s (-2.5%)	8.476s (-3.8%)	2.076s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.623s (-3.5%)	8.371s (-2.4%)	0.249s (-20.4% 🟢)	9.364s (~)	2.741s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.985s (+1.3%)	8.377s (~)	0.271s (-21.3% 🟢)	9.227s (~)	2.243s	7	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.765s (-4.1%)	1.045s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.074s (+1.3%)	0.309s	56	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.815s (~)	1.103s (+3.7%)	0.000s (+1.8%)	1.117s (+3.4%)	0.301s	55	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.091s (+6.2% 🔺)	1.663s (+2.6%)	0.000s (+2.8%)	1.675s (+2.7%)	0.584s	36	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.414s (+4.6%)	2.014s (~)	0.000s (-42.9% 🟢)	2.016s (~)	0.602s	30	1.85x
💻 Local	Express	1.419s (~)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+57.1% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.597s	30	1.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.541s (+1.9%)	2.014s (~)	0.001s (+36.4% 🔺)	2.018s (~)	0.476s	30	2.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.908s (-29.3% 🟢)	4.315s (-24.9% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	4.818s (-22.8% 🟢)	1.909s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.183s (-13.8% 🟢)	4.649s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.238s (-5.7% 🟢)	2.055s	12	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.203s (-15.0% 🟢)	4.722s (-11.5% 🟢)	0.000s (-89.8% 🟢)	5.242s (-10.9% 🟢)	2.039s	12	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.530s (-7.4% 🟢)	2.098s (-3.6%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.112s (-3.4%)	0.582s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.889s (+11.5% 🔺)	2.304s (+5.9% 🔺)	0.000s (+7.7% 🔺)	2.346s (+6.9% 🔺)	0.457s	26	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.157s (-4.3%)	2.654s (-2.8%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.663s (-2.8%)	0.505s	23	1.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.990s (+5.4% 🔺)	3.469s (+1.6%)	0.001s (+11.1% 🔺)	3.474s (+1.6%)	0.484s	18	1.95x
💻 Local	Express	3.041s (-8.3% 🟢)	3.727s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.001s (-47.1% 🟢)	3.735s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.694s	17	1.99x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.216s (+4.4%)	3.839s (-1.6%)	0.001s (+42.9% 🔺)	3.842s (-1.6%)	0.626s	16	2.10x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.292s (-12.8% 🟢)	5.657s (-8.2% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	6.210s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.917s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.499s (-36.3% 🟢)	6.042s (-26.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	6.694s (-23.6% 🟢)	2.194s	9	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.258s (-13.3% 🟢)	6.697s (-11.8% 🟢)	0.000s (-85.2% 🟢)	7.244s (-11.5% 🟢)	1.986s	9	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Nitro	11/21
🐘 Postgres	Express	18/21
▲ Vercel	Express	11/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	18/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	15/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

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[github-actions]

Backport to stable failed — the cherry-pick had conflicts that could not be resolved automatically (backport job run).

To resolve manually, push a backport branch and open a PR against stable (the workflow never pushes directly to stable). Note: this repository requires verified signatures on every branch, so your local commits must be signed (git config commit.gpgsign true with a configured GPG/SSH signing key, or git cherry-pick -S).

git fetch origin stable
git checkout -b backport/pr-2438-to-stable origin/stable
git cherry-pick -S d4dd6f9c015af17344f49635d62c00d78f25a911 # -S signs the commit# Fix conflicts, then:
git add -A
git cherry-pick --continue
git push -u origin backport/pr-2438-to-stable
gh pr create --base stable --head backport/pr-2438-to-stable \
--title "Backport #2438: <original PR title>" \
--body "Manual backport of #2438 (cherry-pick d4dd6f9c015a) to \`stable\`."

[ijjk]

Summary

• re-notify the deferred builder when workflow modules recompile with unchanged directive state, so logic-only edits in "use workflow" files trigger lazy discovery updates
• in Next dev lazy mode, keep the generated flow route stable and load workflow code from a sidecar file keyed by size:mtimeMs, avoiding stale route-module caching after HMR
• add unit coverage for same-pattern workflow notifications and deferred dev flow-route sidecar loading
• add a lazy Next dev HMR e2e that verifies updated workflow logic executes end-to-end without restarting the dev server
• harden the dev e2e assertions and cleanup for lazy deferred outputs, including sidecar-aware generated-code checks and race-free temporary workflow cleanup

x-ref: slack thread

Tests

• pnpm --filter @workflow/next build
• pnpm exec vitest run packages/next/src/loader.test.ts packages/next/src/builder-deferred.test.ts packages/next/src/index.test.ts
• pnpm exec biome check packages/core/e2e/dev.test.ts
• APP_NAME=nextjs-turbopack WORKBENCH_APP_PATH=/Users/jj/dev/workflow/workbench/nextjs-turbopack DEPLOYMENT_URL=http://localhost:3000 WORKFLOW_NEXT_LAZY_DISCOVERY=1 WORKFLOW_PUBLIC_MANIFEST=1 DEV_TEST_CONFIG='{"name":"nextjs-turbopack","generatedStepPath":"app/.well-known/workflow/v1/flow/__step_registrations.js","generatedWorkflowPath":"app/.well-known/workflow/v1/flow/route.js","apiFilePath":"app/api/chat/route.ts","apiFileImportPath":"../../..","lazyDiscovery":true}' pnpm exec vitest run packages/core/e2e/dev.test.ts

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 1c9523e

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/next	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1442	0	219	1661
✅ 💻 Local Development	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 📦 Local Production	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1881	0	233	2114
✅ 🪟 Windows	151	0	0	151
✅ 📋 Other	879	0	178	1057
Total	8143	0	1068	9211

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	125	0	26
✅ example	125	0	26
✅ express	125	0	26
✅ fastify	125	0	26
✅ hono	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	149	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	149	0	2
✅ nitro	125	0	26
✅ nuxt	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit	144	0	7
✅ vite	125	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	125	0	26
✅ express-stable	125	0	26
✅ fastify-stable	125	0	26
✅ hono-stable	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nitro-stable	125	0	26
✅ nuxt-stable	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit-stable	144	0	7
✅ vite-stable	125	0	26

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	151	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	125	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.043s (+2.6%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.045s (-6.6% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.961s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.058s (-4.6%)	1.011s (~)	0.953s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.066s (+1.4%)	1.013s (~)	0.947s	10	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.066s (+8.7% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.940s	10	1.54x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.070s (-3.6%)	1.012s (~)	0.941s	10	1.63x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.303s (-49.5% 🟢)	2.462s (-7.4% 🟢)	2.160s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.320s (-71.1% 🟢)	2.470s (-31.0% 🟢)	2.150s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.602s (-69.7% 🟢)	2.493s (-39.2% 🟢)	1.892s	10	1.99x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.097s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.909s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.098s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.909s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.111s (-0.7%)	2.009s (~)	0.899s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.111s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.900s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.143s (-1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.866s	10	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.147s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.859s	10	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.675s (-37.6% 🟢)	3.870s (-14.4% 🟢)	2.196s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.678s (-37.4% 🟢)	3.608s (-27.8% 🟢)	1.931s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.879s (-33.5% 🟢)	3.736s (-17.8% 🟢)	1.857s	10	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	10.520s (~)	11.021s (~)	0.500s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	10.550s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.472s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.558s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.466s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.573s (~)	11.016s (~)	0.443s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.861s (~)	11.020s (~)	0.159s	3	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.884s (+0.9%)	11.356s (+3.0%)	0.473s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.061s (-34.3% 🟢)	16.271s (-30.1% 🟢)	2.210s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	14.215s (-21.7% 🟢)	15.677s (-21.1% 🟢)	1.462s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.807s (-8.9% 🟢)	16.321s (-12.4% 🟢)	1.513s	2	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	13.745s (-0.6%)	14.017s (~)	0.273s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.758s (-0.8%)	14.016s (~)	0.258s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.764s (-0.6%)	14.027s (~)	0.264s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	13.876s (~)	14.028s (~)	0.152s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.337s (~)	15.030s (~)	0.693s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.459s (~)	15.020s (~)	0.561s	4	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	22.314s (-36.1% 🟢)	24.120s (-34.7% 🟢)	1.805s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	22.757s (-26.1% 🟢)	24.588s (-25.2% 🟢)	1.831s	3	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	22.854s (-30.7% 🟢)	24.830s (-28.8% 🟢)	1.977s	3	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	12.396s (-1.5%)	13.019s (~)	0.623s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.536s (~)	13.025s (~)	0.489s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	12.591s (~)	13.025s (~)	0.434s	7	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.622s (-0.5%)	13.020s (~)	0.398s	7	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.739s (+0.9%)	14.026s (~)	0.287s	7	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.930s (~)	14.303s (+1.0%)	0.373s	7	1.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	31.202s (-10.2% 🟢)	33.840s (-8.8% 🟢)	2.639s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	31.670s (-16.4% 🟢)	34.147s (-13.5% 🟢)	2.477s	3	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.373s (-7.8% 🟢)	34.956s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.583s	3	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.201s (+0.7%)	2.007s (~)	0.806s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.205s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.802s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.221s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.787s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.281s (-5.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-3.3%)	0.726s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.313s (+12.9% 🔺)	2.006s (~)	0.693s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.405s (+5.7% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.602s	15	1.17x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.600s (+1.9%)	4.128s (+1.4%)	1.528s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.793s (-9.7% 🟢)	4.473s (-2.5%)	1.681s	7	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.338s (+42.2% 🔺)	4.710s (+17.2% 🔺)	1.372s	8	1.28x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.358s (+1.2%)	2.393s (-4.6%)	1.035s	13	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.367s (+0.7%)	2.508s (~)	1.141s	12	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.666s (+1.7%)	2.396s (-4.5%)	0.730s	13	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.798s (+12.9% 🔺)	2.222s (+10.8% 🔺)	0.424s	14	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.932s (+2.0%)	2.315s (+7.6% 🔺)	0.383s	13	1.42x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.081s (+27.7% 🔺)	2.509s (+25.0% 🔺)	0.428s	12	1.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.635s (-35.9% 🟢)	4.556s (-24.8% 🟢)	1.921s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.818s (-25.3% 🟢)	4.464s (-17.3% 🟢)	1.646s	7	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.628s (+3.5%)	5.485s (+4.4%)	1.857s	6	1.38x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.576s (-2.9%)	4.011s (+3.2%)	2.436s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.814s (+11.6% 🔺)	4.013s (-3.0%)	2.199s	8	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.092s (-19.3% 🟢)	4.265s (-4.1%)	1.173s	8	1.96x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.812s (+5.4% 🔺)	5.346s (+3.2%)	0.534s	6	3.05x
💻 Local	Express	5.364s (+2.5%)	6.216s (+6.3% 🔺)	0.852s	5	3.40x
💻 Local	Nitro	6.083s (+51.3% 🔺)	6.816s (+48.8% 🔺)	0.734s	5	3.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.647s (+1.6%)	6.341s (-3.3%)	1.694s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.101s (+43.7% 🔺)	8.118s (+41.7% 🔺)	2.016s	4	1.31x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.816s (+79.9% 🔺)	8.979s (+66.0% 🔺)	2.163s	4	1.47x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.218s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.789s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.235s (+2.1%)	2.009s (~)	0.775s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.302s (+1.2%)	2.007s (~)	0.706s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.412s (+2.4%)	2.007s (~)	0.594s	15	1.16x
💻 Local	Express	1.587s (-1.6%)	2.007s (~)	0.420s	15	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.596s (+5.6% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.411s	15	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.367s (+2.6%)	4.088s (+3.6%)	1.720s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.811s (-56.6% 🟢)	4.546s (-43.4% 🟢)	1.735s	7	1.19x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.959s (+30.1% 🔺)	4.499s (+16.8% 🔺)	1.540s	7	1.25x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.339s (-4.0%)	2.292s (-7.2% 🟢)	0.954s	14	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.348s (-0.7%)	2.470s (-4.7%)	1.122s	13	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.549s (+0.8%)	2.315s (+4.1%)	0.766s	13	1.16x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.064s (+6.9% 🔺)	2.736s (+23.1% 🔺)	0.672s	11	1.54x
💻 Local	Express	2.188s (-15.1% 🟢)	2.677s (-13.9% 🟢)	0.489s	12	1.63x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.225s (+24.3% 🔺)	2.674s (+29.1% 🔺)	0.449s	12	1.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.148s (-5.5% 🟢)	5.124s (-4.2%)	1.976s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.751s (-6.5% 🟢)	5.829s (+1.4%)	2.078s	6	1.19x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.909s (+4.4%)	5.710s (+4.6%)	1.801s	6	1.24x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.542s (-12.0% 🟢)	4.010s (-3.0%)	2.468s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.611s (-6.8% 🟢)	4.299s (+10.6% 🔺)	2.688s	7	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.806s (-26.9% 🟢)	3.568s (-19.7% 🟢)	0.763s	9	1.82x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.234s (-1.1%)	5.846s (-2.8%)	0.612s	6	3.39x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.853s (+22.9% 🔺)	6.217s (+16.3% 🔺)	0.364s	5	3.79x
💻 Local	Express	6.797s (+7.2% 🔺)	7.219s (+2.9%)	0.422s	5	4.41x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.080s (-22.1% 🟢)	6.145s (-11.8% 🟢)	2.065s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.167s (-15.4% 🟢)	6.013s (-7.4% 🟢)	1.846s	5	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.636s (-29.7% 🟢)	6.966s (-16.5% 🟢)	2.330s	5	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.573s (-3.3%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.450s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.607s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.023s (-1.8%)	0.416s	59	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.610s (+4.7%)	1.005s (~)	0.395s	60	1.07x
💻 Local	Express	0.628s (-4.7%)	1.005s (-3.3%)	0.377s	60	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.840s (-1.1%)	1.041s (+1.7%)	0.200s	58	1.47x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.896s (+1.2%)	1.057s (~)	0.161s	57	1.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.603s (-33.8% 🟢)	7.235s (-28.4% 🟢)	1.632s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.808s (-11.7% 🟢)	7.277s (-15.7% 🟢)	1.469s	9	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.977s (-19.4% 🟢)	7.574s (-18.9% 🟢)	1.597s	8	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.315s (-8.5% 🟢)	2.007s (-1.1%)	0.693s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.428s (-1.3%)	2.053s (+2.2%)	0.625s	44	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.566s (+6.0% 🔺)	2.029s (+1.2%)	0.462s	45	1.19x
💻 Local	Express	1.589s (~)	2.029s (+1.1%)	0.440s	45	1.21x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.981s (-2.8%)	2.227s (-13.1% 🟢)	0.246s	41	1.51x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.155s (+1.3%)	3.008s (~)	0.853s	30	1.64x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	14.368s (-28.6% 🟢)	16.400s (-25.0% 🟢)	2.032s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	15.183s (-19.1% 🟢)	17.268s (-16.8% 🟢)	2.085s	6	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.344s (-22.9% 🟢)	17.407s (-22.3% 🟢)	2.063s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.651s (-4.6%)	3.059s (-2.5%)	0.407s	40	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.769s (-1.8%)	3.085s (-1.7%)	0.317s	39	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.291s (+3.9%)	4.009s (+2.5%)	0.718s	30	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	3.363s (+0.6%)	4.010s (~)	0.646s	30	1.27x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.929s (-2.4%)	4.182s (-5.0% 🟢)	0.253s	29	1.48x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.429s (-2.4%)	5.052s (~)	0.624s	24	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	27.561s (-28.8% 🟢)	30.330s (-24.9% 🟢)	2.769s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	28.869s (-20.4% 🟢)	31.739s (-16.9% 🟢)	2.869s	4	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.097s (-28.5% 🟢)	35.188s (-24.7% 🟢)	3.091s	4	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.238s (-8.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.769s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.251s (-3.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.754s	60	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.307s (~)	1.006s (~)	0.699s	60	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	0.423s (-1.1%)	1.005s (~)	0.581s	60	1.78x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.432s (~)	1.005s (~)	0.573s	60	1.82x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.574s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.022s (-3.5%)	0.448s	59	2.42x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.077s (-28.0% 🟢)	3.802s (-24.4% 🟢)	1.725s	16	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.113s (-40.9% 🟢)	4.051s (-27.5% 🟢)	1.938s	15	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.266s (-26.2% 🟢)	4.110s (-18.0% 🟢)	1.844s	16	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.395s (-3.9%)	1.041s (+3.4%)	0.646s	87	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.410s (-10.2% 🟢)	1.029s (-4.6%)	0.618s	88	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.591s (-12.8% 🟢)	1.104s (-13.4% 🟢)	0.513s	82	1.49x
💻 Local	Express	2.181s (~)	2.737s (-4.1%)	0.556s	33	5.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.186s (+8.7% 🔺)	2.768s (+13.4% 🔺)	0.581s	33	5.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.574s (+0.6%)	3.296s (+1.1%)	0.722s	28	6.51x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.420s (-33.7% 🟢)	5.223s (-27.7% 🟢)	1.804s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.679s (-3.3%)	5.575s (-2.8%)	1.897s	17	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.894s (+11.7% 🔺)	5.751s (+11.2% 🔺)	1.857s	16	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.774s (-8.8% 🟢)	1.367s (-9.3% 🟢)	0.593s	89	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.838s (-0.6%)	1.403s (-4.7%)	0.565s	86	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.043s (-1.5%)	3.797s (-0.8%)	0.754s	32	3.93x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.922s (+13.7% 🔺)	10.278s (+11.1% 🔺)	0.356s	12	12.82x
💻 Local	Express	9.996s (+1.3%)	10.447s (+1.6%)	0.451s	12	12.92x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.736s (+2.3%)	11.849s (+4.0%)	1.112s	11	13.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.948s (-11.9% 🟢)	8.031s (-7.0% 🟢)	2.083s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.108s (-10.6% 🟢)	8.588s (~)	2.480s	15	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.796s (-5.6% 🟢)	9.115s (+1.6%)	2.318s	14	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.168s (+0.9%)	2.005s (~)	0.013s (+24.8% 🔺)	2.020s (~)	0.852s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.168s (~)	1.997s (~)	0.001s (-9.1% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.842s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.169s (-2.4%)	1.999s (~)	0.001s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.841s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.171s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.012s (+0.8%)	2.021s (~)	0.850s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.214s (-2.8%)	2.003s (~)	0.010s (-3.7%)	2.018s (~)	0.804s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.248s (~)	2.002s (~)	0.001s (-8.3% 🟢)	2.011s (~)	0.763s	10	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.154s (-8.8% 🟢)	3.173s (-10.1% 🟢)	0.673s (-4.4%)	4.271s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.117s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.281s (-10.5% 🟢)	3.098s (-16.6% 🟢)	1.446s (+95.4% 🔺)	4.988s (~)	2.707s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.318s (-13.6% 🟢)	3.277s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.946s (+13.0% 🔺)	4.674s (-8.1% 🟢)	2.356s	10	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.562s (-2.7%)	2.005s (~)	0.005s (+5.4% 🔺)	2.026s (~)	0.464s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.590s (+1.5%)	2.010s (~)	0.012s (+5.3% 🔺)	2.025s (~)	0.435s	30	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.607s (-1.9%)	1.998s (~)	0.005s (-5.1% 🟢)	2.027s (~)	0.420s	30	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.609s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.013s (+2.9%)	2.026s (~)	0.417s	30	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.770s (+1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.014s (+8.9% 🔺)	2.027s (~)	0.257s	30	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.789s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.005s (-6.7% 🟢)	2.026s (~)	0.237s	30	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	6.400s (-4.9%)	7.709s (-4.2%)	0.214s (-2.5%)	8.476s (-3.8%)	2.076s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.623s (-3.5%)	8.371s (-2.4%)	0.249s (-20.4% 🟢)	9.364s (~)	2.741s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.985s (+1.3%)	8.377s (~)	0.271s (-21.3% 🟢)	9.227s (~)	2.243s	7	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.765s (-4.1%)	1.045s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.074s (+1.3%)	0.309s	56	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.815s (~)	1.103s (+3.7%)	0.000s (+1.8%)	1.117s (+3.4%)	0.301s	55	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.091s (+6.2% 🔺)	1.663s (+2.6%)	0.000s (+2.8%)	1.675s (+2.7%)	0.584s	36	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.414s (+4.6%)	2.014s (~)	0.000s (-42.9% 🟢)	2.016s (~)	0.602s	30	1.85x
💻 Local	Express	1.419s (~)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+57.1% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.597s	30	1.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.541s (+1.9%)	2.014s (~)	0.001s (+36.4% 🔺)	2.018s (~)	0.476s	30	2.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.908s (-29.3% 🟢)	4.315s (-24.9% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	4.818s (-22.8% 🟢)	1.909s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.183s (-13.8% 🟢)	4.649s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.238s (-5.7% 🟢)	2.055s	12	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.203s (-15.0% 🟢)	4.722s (-11.5% 🟢)	0.000s (-89.8% 🟢)	5.242s (-10.9% 🟢)	2.039s	12	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.530s (-7.4% 🟢)	2.098s (-3.6%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.112s (-3.4%)	0.582s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.889s (+11.5% 🔺)	2.304s (+5.9% 🔺)	0.000s (+7.7% 🔺)	2.346s (+6.9% 🔺)	0.457s	26	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.157s (-4.3%)	2.654s (-2.8%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.663s (-2.8%)	0.505s	23	1.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.990s (+5.4% 🔺)	3.469s (+1.6%)	0.001s (+11.1% 🔺)	3.474s (+1.6%)	0.484s	18	1.95x
💻 Local	Express	3.041s (-8.3% 🟢)	3.727s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.001s (-47.1% 🟢)	3.735s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.694s	17	1.99x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.216s (+4.4%)	3.839s (-1.6%)	0.001s (+42.9% 🔺)	3.842s (-1.6%)	0.626s	16	2.10x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.292s (-12.8% 🟢)	5.657s (-8.2% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	6.210s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.917s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.499s (-36.3% 🟢)	6.042s (-26.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	6.694s (-23.6% 🟢)	2.194s	9	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.258s (-13.3% 🟢)	6.697s (-11.8% 🟢)	0.000s (-85.2% 🟢)	7.244s (-11.5% 🟢)	1.986s	9	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Nitro	11/21
🐘 Postgres	Express	18/21
▲ Vercel	Express	11/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	18/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	15/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

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[github-actions]

Backport to stable failed — the cherry-pick had conflicts that could not be resolved automatically (backport job run).

To resolve manually, push a backport branch and open a PR against stable (the workflow never pushes directly to stable). Note: this repository requires verified signatures on every branch, so your local commits must be signed (git config commit.gpgsign true with a configured GPG/SSH signing key, or git cherry-pick -S).

git fetch origin stable
git checkout -b backport/pr-2438-to-stable origin/stable
git cherry-pick -S d4dd6f9c015af17344f49635d62c00d78f25a911 # -S signs the commit# Fix conflicts, then:
git add -A
git cherry-pick --continue
git push -u origin backport/pr-2438-to-stable
gh pr create --base stable --head backport/pr-2438-to-stable \
--title "Backport #2438: <original PR title>" \
--body "Manual backport of #2438 (cherry-pick d4dd6f9c015a) to \`stable\`."

[ijjk]

Summary

• re-notify the deferred builder when workflow modules recompile with unchanged directive state, so logic-only edits in "use workflow" files trigger lazy discovery updates
• in Next dev lazy mode, keep the generated flow route stable and load workflow code from a sidecar file keyed by size:mtimeMs, avoiding stale route-module caching after HMR
• add unit coverage for same-pattern workflow notifications and deferred dev flow-route sidecar loading
• add a lazy Next dev HMR e2e that verifies updated workflow logic executes end-to-end without restarting the dev server
• harden the dev e2e assertions and cleanup for lazy deferred outputs, including sidecar-aware generated-code checks and race-free temporary workflow cleanup

x-ref: slack thread

Tests

• pnpm --filter @workflow/next build
• pnpm exec vitest run packages/next/src/loader.test.ts packages/next/src/builder-deferred.test.ts packages/next/src/index.test.ts
• pnpm exec biome check packages/core/e2e/dev.test.ts
• APP_NAME=nextjs-turbopack WORKBENCH_APP_PATH=/Users/jj/dev/workflow/workbench/nextjs-turbopack DEPLOYMENT_URL=http://localhost:3000 WORKFLOW_NEXT_LAZY_DISCOVERY=1 WORKFLOW_PUBLIC_MANIFEST=1 DEV_TEST_CONFIG='{"name":"nextjs-turbopack","generatedStepPath":"app/.well-known/workflow/v1/flow/__step_registrations.js","generatedWorkflowPath":"app/.well-known/workflow/v1/flow/route.js","apiFilePath":"app/api/chat/route.ts","apiFileImportPath":"../../..","lazyDiscovery":true}' pnpm exec vitest run packages/core/e2e/dev.test.ts

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 1c9523e

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/next	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1442	0	219	1661
✅ 💻 Local Development	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 📦 Local Production	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1881	0	233	2114
✅ 🪟 Windows	151	0	0	151
✅ 📋 Other	879	0	178	1057
Total	8143	0	1068	9211

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	125	0	26
✅ example	125	0	26
✅ express	125	0	26
✅ fastify	125	0	26
✅ hono	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	149	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	149	0	2
✅ nitro	125	0	26
✅ nuxt	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit	144	0	7
✅ vite	125	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	125	0	26
✅ express-stable	125	0	26
✅ fastify-stable	125	0	26
✅ hono-stable	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nitro-stable	125	0	26
✅ nuxt-stable	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit-stable	144	0	7
✅ vite-stable	125	0	26

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	151	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	125	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.043s (+2.6%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.045s (-6.6% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.961s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.058s (-4.6%)	1.011s (~)	0.953s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.066s (+1.4%)	1.013s (~)	0.947s	10	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.066s (+8.7% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.940s	10	1.54x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.070s (-3.6%)	1.012s (~)	0.941s	10	1.63x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.303s (-49.5% 🟢)	2.462s (-7.4% 🟢)	2.160s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.320s (-71.1% 🟢)	2.470s (-31.0% 🟢)	2.150s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.602s (-69.7% 🟢)	2.493s (-39.2% 🟢)	1.892s	10	1.99x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.097s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.909s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.098s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.909s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.111s (-0.7%)	2.009s (~)	0.899s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.111s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.900s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.143s (-1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.866s	10	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.147s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.859s	10	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.675s (-37.6% 🟢)	3.870s (-14.4% 🟢)	2.196s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.678s (-37.4% 🟢)	3.608s (-27.8% 🟢)	1.931s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.879s (-33.5% 🟢)	3.736s (-17.8% 🟢)	1.857s	10	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	10.520s (~)	11.021s (~)	0.500s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	10.550s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.472s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.558s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.466s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.573s (~)	11.016s (~)	0.443s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.861s (~)	11.020s (~)	0.159s	3	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.884s (+0.9%)	11.356s (+3.0%)	0.473s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.061s (-34.3% 🟢)	16.271s (-30.1% 🟢)	2.210s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	14.215s (-21.7% 🟢)	15.677s (-21.1% 🟢)	1.462s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.807s (-8.9% 🟢)	16.321s (-12.4% 🟢)	1.513s	2	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	13.745s (-0.6%)	14.017s (~)	0.273s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.758s (-0.8%)	14.016s (~)	0.258s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.764s (-0.6%)	14.027s (~)	0.264s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	13.876s (~)	14.028s (~)	0.152s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.337s (~)	15.030s (~)	0.693s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.459s (~)	15.020s (~)	0.561s	4	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	22.314s (-36.1% 🟢)	24.120s (-34.7% 🟢)	1.805s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	22.757s (-26.1% 🟢)	24.588s (-25.2% 🟢)	1.831s	3	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	22.854s (-30.7% 🟢)	24.830s (-28.8% 🟢)	1.977s	3	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	12.396s (-1.5%)	13.019s (~)	0.623s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.536s (~)	13.025s (~)	0.489s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	12.591s (~)	13.025s (~)	0.434s	7	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.622s (-0.5%)	13.020s (~)	0.398s	7	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.739s (+0.9%)	14.026s (~)	0.287s	7	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.930s (~)	14.303s (+1.0%)	0.373s	7	1.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	31.202s (-10.2% 🟢)	33.840s (-8.8% 🟢)	2.639s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	31.670s (-16.4% 🟢)	34.147s (-13.5% 🟢)	2.477s	3	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.373s (-7.8% 🟢)	34.956s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.583s	3	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.201s (+0.7%)	2.007s (~)	0.806s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.205s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.802s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.221s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.787s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.281s (-5.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-3.3%)	0.726s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.313s (+12.9% 🔺)	2.006s (~)	0.693s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.405s (+5.7% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.602s	15	1.17x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.600s (+1.9%)	4.128s (+1.4%)	1.528s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.793s (-9.7% 🟢)	4.473s (-2.5%)	1.681s	7	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.338s (+42.2% 🔺)	4.710s (+17.2% 🔺)	1.372s	8	1.28x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.358s (+1.2%)	2.393s (-4.6%)	1.035s	13	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.367s (+0.7%)	2.508s (~)	1.141s	12	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.666s (+1.7%)	2.396s (-4.5%)	0.730s	13	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.798s (+12.9% 🔺)	2.222s (+10.8% 🔺)	0.424s	14	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.932s (+2.0%)	2.315s (+7.6% 🔺)	0.383s	13	1.42x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.081s (+27.7% 🔺)	2.509s (+25.0% 🔺)	0.428s	12	1.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.635s (-35.9% 🟢)	4.556s (-24.8% 🟢)	1.921s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.818s (-25.3% 🟢)	4.464s (-17.3% 🟢)	1.646s	7	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.628s (+3.5%)	5.485s (+4.4%)	1.857s	6	1.38x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.576s (-2.9%)	4.011s (+3.2%)	2.436s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.814s (+11.6% 🔺)	4.013s (-3.0%)	2.199s	8	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.092s (-19.3% 🟢)	4.265s (-4.1%)	1.173s	8	1.96x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.812s (+5.4% 🔺)	5.346s (+3.2%)	0.534s	6	3.05x
💻 Local	Express	5.364s (+2.5%)	6.216s (+6.3% 🔺)	0.852s	5	3.40x
💻 Local	Nitro	6.083s (+51.3% 🔺)	6.816s (+48.8% 🔺)	0.734s	5	3.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.647s (+1.6%)	6.341s (-3.3%)	1.694s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.101s (+43.7% 🔺)	8.118s (+41.7% 🔺)	2.016s	4	1.31x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.816s (+79.9% 🔺)	8.979s (+66.0% 🔺)	2.163s	4	1.47x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.218s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.789s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.235s (+2.1%)	2.009s (~)	0.775s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.302s (+1.2%)	2.007s (~)	0.706s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.412s (+2.4%)	2.007s (~)	0.594s	15	1.16x
💻 Local	Express	1.587s (-1.6%)	2.007s (~)	0.420s	15	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.596s (+5.6% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.411s	15	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.367s (+2.6%)	4.088s (+3.6%)	1.720s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.811s (-56.6% 🟢)	4.546s (-43.4% 🟢)	1.735s	7	1.19x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.959s (+30.1% 🔺)	4.499s (+16.8% 🔺)	1.540s	7	1.25x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.339s (-4.0%)	2.292s (-7.2% 🟢)	0.954s	14	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.348s (-0.7%)	2.470s (-4.7%)	1.122s	13	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.549s (+0.8%)	2.315s (+4.1%)	0.766s	13	1.16x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.064s (+6.9% 🔺)	2.736s (+23.1% 🔺)	0.672s	11	1.54x
💻 Local	Express	2.188s (-15.1% 🟢)	2.677s (-13.9% 🟢)	0.489s	12	1.63x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.225s (+24.3% 🔺)	2.674s (+29.1% 🔺)	0.449s	12	1.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.148s (-5.5% 🟢)	5.124s (-4.2%)	1.976s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.751s (-6.5% 🟢)	5.829s (+1.4%)	2.078s	6	1.19x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.909s (+4.4%)	5.710s (+4.6%)	1.801s	6	1.24x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.542s (-12.0% 🟢)	4.010s (-3.0%)	2.468s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.611s (-6.8% 🟢)	4.299s (+10.6% 🔺)	2.688s	7	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.806s (-26.9% 🟢)	3.568s (-19.7% 🟢)	0.763s	9	1.82x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.234s (-1.1%)	5.846s (-2.8%)	0.612s	6	3.39x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.853s (+22.9% 🔺)	6.217s (+16.3% 🔺)	0.364s	5	3.79x
💻 Local	Express	6.797s (+7.2% 🔺)	7.219s (+2.9%)	0.422s	5	4.41x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.080s (-22.1% 🟢)	6.145s (-11.8% 🟢)	2.065s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.167s (-15.4% 🟢)	6.013s (-7.4% 🟢)	1.846s	5	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.636s (-29.7% 🟢)	6.966s (-16.5% 🟢)	2.330s	5	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.573s (-3.3%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.450s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.607s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.023s (-1.8%)	0.416s	59	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.610s (+4.7%)	1.005s (~)	0.395s	60	1.07x
💻 Local	Express	0.628s (-4.7%)	1.005s (-3.3%)	0.377s	60	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.840s (-1.1%)	1.041s (+1.7%)	0.200s	58	1.47x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.896s (+1.2%)	1.057s (~)	0.161s	57	1.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.603s (-33.8% 🟢)	7.235s (-28.4% 🟢)	1.632s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.808s (-11.7% 🟢)	7.277s (-15.7% 🟢)	1.469s	9	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.977s (-19.4% 🟢)	7.574s (-18.9% 🟢)	1.597s	8	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.315s (-8.5% 🟢)	2.007s (-1.1%)	0.693s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.428s (-1.3%)	2.053s (+2.2%)	0.625s	44	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.566s (+6.0% 🔺)	2.029s (+1.2%)	0.462s	45	1.19x
💻 Local	Express	1.589s (~)	2.029s (+1.1%)	0.440s	45	1.21x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.981s (-2.8%)	2.227s (-13.1% 🟢)	0.246s	41	1.51x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.155s (+1.3%)	3.008s (~)	0.853s	30	1.64x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	14.368s (-28.6% 🟢)	16.400s (-25.0% 🟢)	2.032s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	15.183s (-19.1% 🟢)	17.268s (-16.8% 🟢)	2.085s	6	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.344s (-22.9% 🟢)	17.407s (-22.3% 🟢)	2.063s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.651s (-4.6%)	3.059s (-2.5%)	0.407s	40	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.769s (-1.8%)	3.085s (-1.7%)	0.317s	39	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.291s (+3.9%)	4.009s (+2.5%)	0.718s	30	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	3.363s (+0.6%)	4.010s (~)	0.646s	30	1.27x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.929s (-2.4%)	4.182s (-5.0% 🟢)	0.253s	29	1.48x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.429s (-2.4%)	5.052s (~)	0.624s	24	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	27.561s (-28.8% 🟢)	30.330s (-24.9% 🟢)	2.769s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	28.869s (-20.4% 🟢)	31.739s (-16.9% 🟢)	2.869s	4	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.097s (-28.5% 🟢)	35.188s (-24.7% 🟢)	3.091s	4	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.238s (-8.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.769s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.251s (-3.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.754s	60	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.307s (~)	1.006s (~)	0.699s	60	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	0.423s (-1.1%)	1.005s (~)	0.581s	60	1.78x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.432s (~)	1.005s (~)	0.573s	60	1.82x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.574s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.022s (-3.5%)	0.448s	59	2.42x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.077s (-28.0% 🟢)	3.802s (-24.4% 🟢)	1.725s	16	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.113s (-40.9% 🟢)	4.051s (-27.5% 🟢)	1.938s	15	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.266s (-26.2% 🟢)	4.110s (-18.0% 🟢)	1.844s	16	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.395s (-3.9%)	1.041s (+3.4%)	0.646s	87	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.410s (-10.2% 🟢)	1.029s (-4.6%)	0.618s	88	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.591s (-12.8% 🟢)	1.104s (-13.4% 🟢)	0.513s	82	1.49x
💻 Local	Express	2.181s (~)	2.737s (-4.1%)	0.556s	33	5.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.186s (+8.7% 🔺)	2.768s (+13.4% 🔺)	0.581s	33	5.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.574s (+0.6%)	3.296s (+1.1%)	0.722s	28	6.51x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.420s (-33.7% 🟢)	5.223s (-27.7% 🟢)	1.804s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.679s (-3.3%)	5.575s (-2.8%)	1.897s	17	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.894s (+11.7% 🔺)	5.751s (+11.2% 🔺)	1.857s	16	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.774s (-8.8% 🟢)	1.367s (-9.3% 🟢)	0.593s	89	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.838s (-0.6%)	1.403s (-4.7%)	0.565s	86	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.043s (-1.5%)	3.797s (-0.8%)	0.754s	32	3.93x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.922s (+13.7% 🔺)	10.278s (+11.1% 🔺)	0.356s	12	12.82x
💻 Local	Express	9.996s (+1.3%)	10.447s (+1.6%)	0.451s	12	12.92x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.736s (+2.3%)	11.849s (+4.0%)	1.112s	11	13.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.948s (-11.9% 🟢)	8.031s (-7.0% 🟢)	2.083s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.108s (-10.6% 🟢)	8.588s (~)	2.480s	15	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.796s (-5.6% 🟢)	9.115s (+1.6%)	2.318s	14	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.168s (+0.9%)	2.005s (~)	0.013s (+24.8% 🔺)	2.020s (~)	0.852s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.168s (~)	1.997s (~)	0.001s (-9.1% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.842s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.169s (-2.4%)	1.999s (~)	0.001s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.841s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.171s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.012s (+0.8%)	2.021s (~)	0.850s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.214s (-2.8%)	2.003s (~)	0.010s (-3.7%)	2.018s (~)	0.804s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.248s (~)	2.002s (~)	0.001s (-8.3% 🟢)	2.011s (~)	0.763s	10	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.154s (-8.8% 🟢)	3.173s (-10.1% 🟢)	0.673s (-4.4%)	4.271s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.117s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.281s (-10.5% 🟢)	3.098s (-16.6% 🟢)	1.446s (+95.4% 🔺)	4.988s (~)	2.707s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.318s (-13.6% 🟢)	3.277s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.946s (+13.0% 🔺)	4.674s (-8.1% 🟢)	2.356s	10	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.562s (-2.7%)	2.005s (~)	0.005s (+5.4% 🔺)	2.026s (~)	0.464s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.590s (+1.5%)	2.010s (~)	0.012s (+5.3% 🔺)	2.025s (~)	0.435s	30	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.607s (-1.9%)	1.998s (~)	0.005s (-5.1% 🟢)	2.027s (~)	0.420s	30	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.609s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.013s (+2.9%)	2.026s (~)	0.417s	30	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.770s (+1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.014s (+8.9% 🔺)	2.027s (~)	0.257s	30	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.789s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.005s (-6.7% 🟢)	2.026s (~)	0.237s	30	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	6.400s (-4.9%)	7.709s (-4.2%)	0.214s (-2.5%)	8.476s (-3.8%)	2.076s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.623s (-3.5%)	8.371s (-2.4%)	0.249s (-20.4% 🟢)	9.364s (~)	2.741s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.985s (+1.3%)	8.377s (~)	0.271s (-21.3% 🟢)	9.227s (~)	2.243s	7	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.765s (-4.1%)	1.045s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.074s (+1.3%)	0.309s	56	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.815s (~)	1.103s (+3.7%)	0.000s (+1.8%)	1.117s (+3.4%)	0.301s	55	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.091s (+6.2% 🔺)	1.663s (+2.6%)	0.000s (+2.8%)	1.675s (+2.7%)	0.584s	36	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.414s (+4.6%)	2.014s (~)	0.000s (-42.9% 🟢)	2.016s (~)	0.602s	30	1.85x
💻 Local	Express	1.419s (~)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+57.1% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.597s	30	1.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.541s (+1.9%)	2.014s (~)	0.001s (+36.4% 🔺)	2.018s (~)	0.476s	30	2.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.908s (-29.3% 🟢)	4.315s (-24.9% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	4.818s (-22.8% 🟢)	1.909s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.183s (-13.8% 🟢)	4.649s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.238s (-5.7% 🟢)	2.055s	12	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.203s (-15.0% 🟢)	4.722s (-11.5% 🟢)	0.000s (-89.8% 🟢)	5.242s (-10.9% 🟢)	2.039s	12	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.530s (-7.4% 🟢)	2.098s (-3.6%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.112s (-3.4%)	0.582s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.889s (+11.5% 🔺)	2.304s (+5.9% 🔺)	0.000s (+7.7% 🔺)	2.346s (+6.9% 🔺)	0.457s	26	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.157s (-4.3%)	2.654s (-2.8%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.663s (-2.8%)	0.505s	23	1.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.990s (+5.4% 🔺)	3.469s (+1.6%)	0.001s (+11.1% 🔺)	3.474s (+1.6%)	0.484s	18	1.95x
💻 Local	Express	3.041s (-8.3% 🟢)	3.727s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.001s (-47.1% 🟢)	3.735s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.694s	17	1.99x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.216s (+4.4%)	3.839s (-1.6%)	0.001s (+42.9% 🔺)	3.842s (-1.6%)	0.626s	16	2.10x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.292s (-12.8% 🟢)	5.657s (-8.2% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	6.210s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.917s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.499s (-36.3% 🟢)	6.042s (-26.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	6.694s (-23.6% 🟢)	2.194s	9	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.258s (-13.3% 🟢)	6.697s (-11.8% 🟢)	0.000s (-85.2% 🟢)	7.244s (-11.5% 🟢)	1.986s	9	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Nitro	11/21
🐘 Postgres	Express	18/21
▲ Vercel	Express	11/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	18/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	15/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

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[github-actions]

Backport to stable failed — the cherry-pick had conflicts that could not be resolved automatically (backport job run).

To resolve manually, push a backport branch and open a PR against stable (the workflow never pushes directly to stable). Note: this repository requires verified signatures on every branch, so your local commits must be signed (git config commit.gpgsign true with a configured GPG/SSH signing key, or git cherry-pick -S).

git fetch origin stable
git checkout -b backport/pr-2438-to-stable origin/stable
git cherry-pick -S d4dd6f9c015af17344f49635d62c00d78f25a911 # -S signs the commit# Fix conflicts, then:
git add -A
git cherry-pick --continue
git push -u origin backport/pr-2438-to-stable
gh pr create --base stable --head backport/pr-2438-to-stable \
--title "Backport #2438: <original PR title>" \
--body "Manual backport of #2438 (cherry-pick d4dd6f9c015a) to \`stable\`."

[ijjk]

Summary

• re-notify the deferred builder when workflow modules recompile with unchanged directive state, so logic-only edits in "use workflow" files trigger lazy discovery updates
• in Next dev lazy mode, keep the generated flow route stable and load workflow code from a sidecar file keyed by size:mtimeMs, avoiding stale route-module caching after HMR
• add unit coverage for same-pattern workflow notifications and deferred dev flow-route sidecar loading
• add a lazy Next dev HMR e2e that verifies updated workflow logic executes end-to-end without restarting the dev server
• harden the dev e2e assertions and cleanup for lazy deferred outputs, including sidecar-aware generated-code checks and race-free temporary workflow cleanup

x-ref: slack thread

Tests

• pnpm --filter @workflow/next build
• pnpm exec vitest run packages/next/src/loader.test.ts packages/next/src/builder-deferred.test.ts packages/next/src/index.test.ts
• pnpm exec biome check packages/core/e2e/dev.test.ts
• APP_NAME=nextjs-turbopack WORKBENCH_APP_PATH=/Users/jj/dev/workflow/workbench/nextjs-turbopack DEPLOYMENT_URL=http://localhost:3000 WORKFLOW_NEXT_LAZY_DISCOVERY=1 WORKFLOW_PUBLIC_MANIFEST=1 DEV_TEST_CONFIG='{"name":"nextjs-turbopack","generatedStepPath":"app/.well-known/workflow/v1/flow/__step_registrations.js","generatedWorkflowPath":"app/.well-known/workflow/v1/flow/route.js","apiFilePath":"app/api/chat/route.ts","apiFileImportPath":"../../..","lazyDiscovery":true}' pnpm exec vitest run packages/core/e2e/dev.test.ts

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 1c9523e

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/next	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1442	0	219	1661
✅ 💻 Local Development	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 📦 Local Production	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1881	0	233	2114
✅ 🪟 Windows	151	0	0	151
✅ 📋 Other	879	0	178	1057
Total	8143	0	1068	9211

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	125	0	26
✅ example	125	0	26
✅ express	125	0	26
✅ fastify	125	0	26
✅ hono	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	149	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	149	0	2
✅ nitro	125	0	26
✅ nuxt	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit	144	0	7
✅ vite	125	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	125	0	26
✅ express-stable	125	0	26
✅ fastify-stable	125	0	26
✅ hono-stable	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nitro-stable	125	0	26
✅ nuxt-stable	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit-stable	144	0	7
✅ vite-stable	125	0	26

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	151	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	125	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.043s (+2.6%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.045s (-6.6% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.961s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.058s (-4.6%)	1.011s (~)	0.953s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.066s (+1.4%)	1.013s (~)	0.947s	10	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.066s (+8.7% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.940s	10	1.54x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.070s (-3.6%)	1.012s (~)	0.941s	10	1.63x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.303s (-49.5% 🟢)	2.462s (-7.4% 🟢)	2.160s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.320s (-71.1% 🟢)	2.470s (-31.0% 🟢)	2.150s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.602s (-69.7% 🟢)	2.493s (-39.2% 🟢)	1.892s	10	1.99x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.097s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.909s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.098s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.909s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.111s (-0.7%)	2.009s (~)	0.899s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.111s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.900s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.143s (-1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.866s	10	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.147s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.859s	10	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.675s (-37.6% 🟢)	3.870s (-14.4% 🟢)	2.196s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.678s (-37.4% 🟢)	3.608s (-27.8% 🟢)	1.931s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.879s (-33.5% 🟢)	3.736s (-17.8% 🟢)	1.857s	10	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	10.520s (~)	11.021s (~)	0.500s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	10.550s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.472s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.558s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.466s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.573s (~)	11.016s (~)	0.443s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.861s (~)	11.020s (~)	0.159s	3	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.884s (+0.9%)	11.356s (+3.0%)	0.473s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.061s (-34.3% 🟢)	16.271s (-30.1% 🟢)	2.210s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	14.215s (-21.7% 🟢)	15.677s (-21.1% 🟢)	1.462s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.807s (-8.9% 🟢)	16.321s (-12.4% 🟢)	1.513s	2	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	13.745s (-0.6%)	14.017s (~)	0.273s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.758s (-0.8%)	14.016s (~)	0.258s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.764s (-0.6%)	14.027s (~)	0.264s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	13.876s (~)	14.028s (~)	0.152s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.337s (~)	15.030s (~)	0.693s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.459s (~)	15.020s (~)	0.561s	4	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	22.314s (-36.1% 🟢)	24.120s (-34.7% 🟢)	1.805s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	22.757s (-26.1% 🟢)	24.588s (-25.2% 🟢)	1.831s	3	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	22.854s (-30.7% 🟢)	24.830s (-28.8% 🟢)	1.977s	3	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	12.396s (-1.5%)	13.019s (~)	0.623s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.536s (~)	13.025s (~)	0.489s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	12.591s (~)	13.025s (~)	0.434s	7	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.622s (-0.5%)	13.020s (~)	0.398s	7	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.739s (+0.9%)	14.026s (~)	0.287s	7	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.930s (~)	14.303s (+1.0%)	0.373s	7	1.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	31.202s (-10.2% 🟢)	33.840s (-8.8% 🟢)	2.639s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	31.670s (-16.4% 🟢)	34.147s (-13.5% 🟢)	2.477s	3	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.373s (-7.8% 🟢)	34.956s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.583s	3	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.201s (+0.7%)	2.007s (~)	0.806s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.205s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.802s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.221s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.787s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.281s (-5.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-3.3%)	0.726s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.313s (+12.9% 🔺)	2.006s (~)	0.693s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.405s (+5.7% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.602s	15	1.17x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.600s (+1.9%)	4.128s (+1.4%)	1.528s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.793s (-9.7% 🟢)	4.473s (-2.5%)	1.681s	7	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.338s (+42.2% 🔺)	4.710s (+17.2% 🔺)	1.372s	8	1.28x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.358s (+1.2%)	2.393s (-4.6%)	1.035s	13	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.367s (+0.7%)	2.508s (~)	1.141s	12	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.666s (+1.7%)	2.396s (-4.5%)	0.730s	13	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.798s (+12.9% 🔺)	2.222s (+10.8% 🔺)	0.424s	14	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.932s (+2.0%)	2.315s (+7.6% 🔺)	0.383s	13	1.42x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.081s (+27.7% 🔺)	2.509s (+25.0% 🔺)	0.428s	12	1.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.635s (-35.9% 🟢)	4.556s (-24.8% 🟢)	1.921s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.818s (-25.3% 🟢)	4.464s (-17.3% 🟢)	1.646s	7	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.628s (+3.5%)	5.485s (+4.4%)	1.857s	6	1.38x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.576s (-2.9%)	4.011s (+3.2%)	2.436s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.814s (+11.6% 🔺)	4.013s (-3.0%)	2.199s	8	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.092s (-19.3% 🟢)	4.265s (-4.1%)	1.173s	8	1.96x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.812s (+5.4% 🔺)	5.346s (+3.2%)	0.534s	6	3.05x
💻 Local	Express	5.364s (+2.5%)	6.216s (+6.3% 🔺)	0.852s	5	3.40x
💻 Local	Nitro	6.083s (+51.3% 🔺)	6.816s (+48.8% 🔺)	0.734s	5	3.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.647s (+1.6%)	6.341s (-3.3%)	1.694s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.101s (+43.7% 🔺)	8.118s (+41.7% 🔺)	2.016s	4	1.31x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.816s (+79.9% 🔺)	8.979s (+66.0% 🔺)	2.163s	4	1.47x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.218s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.789s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.235s (+2.1%)	2.009s (~)	0.775s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.302s (+1.2%)	2.007s (~)	0.706s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.412s (+2.4%)	2.007s (~)	0.594s	15	1.16x
💻 Local	Express	1.587s (-1.6%)	2.007s (~)	0.420s	15	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.596s (+5.6% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.411s	15	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.367s (+2.6%)	4.088s (+3.6%)	1.720s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.811s (-56.6% 🟢)	4.546s (-43.4% 🟢)	1.735s	7	1.19x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.959s (+30.1% 🔺)	4.499s (+16.8% 🔺)	1.540s	7	1.25x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.339s (-4.0%)	2.292s (-7.2% 🟢)	0.954s	14	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.348s (-0.7%)	2.470s (-4.7%)	1.122s	13	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.549s (+0.8%)	2.315s (+4.1%)	0.766s	13	1.16x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.064s (+6.9% 🔺)	2.736s (+23.1% 🔺)	0.672s	11	1.54x
💻 Local	Express	2.188s (-15.1% 🟢)	2.677s (-13.9% 🟢)	0.489s	12	1.63x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.225s (+24.3% 🔺)	2.674s (+29.1% 🔺)	0.449s	12	1.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.148s (-5.5% 🟢)	5.124s (-4.2%)	1.976s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.751s (-6.5% 🟢)	5.829s (+1.4%)	2.078s	6	1.19x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.909s (+4.4%)	5.710s (+4.6%)	1.801s	6	1.24x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.542s (-12.0% 🟢)	4.010s (-3.0%)	2.468s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.611s (-6.8% 🟢)	4.299s (+10.6% 🔺)	2.688s	7	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.806s (-26.9% 🟢)	3.568s (-19.7% 🟢)	0.763s	9	1.82x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.234s (-1.1%)	5.846s (-2.8%)	0.612s	6	3.39x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.853s (+22.9% 🔺)	6.217s (+16.3% 🔺)	0.364s	5	3.79x
💻 Local	Express	6.797s (+7.2% 🔺)	7.219s (+2.9%)	0.422s	5	4.41x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.080s (-22.1% 🟢)	6.145s (-11.8% 🟢)	2.065s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.167s (-15.4% 🟢)	6.013s (-7.4% 🟢)	1.846s	5	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.636s (-29.7% 🟢)	6.966s (-16.5% 🟢)	2.330s	5	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.573s (-3.3%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.450s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.607s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.023s (-1.8%)	0.416s	59	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.610s (+4.7%)	1.005s (~)	0.395s	60	1.07x
💻 Local	Express	0.628s (-4.7%)	1.005s (-3.3%)	0.377s	60	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.840s (-1.1%)	1.041s (+1.7%)	0.200s	58	1.47x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.896s (+1.2%)	1.057s (~)	0.161s	57	1.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.603s (-33.8% 🟢)	7.235s (-28.4% 🟢)	1.632s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.808s (-11.7% 🟢)	7.277s (-15.7% 🟢)	1.469s	9	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.977s (-19.4% 🟢)	7.574s (-18.9% 🟢)	1.597s	8	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.315s (-8.5% 🟢)	2.007s (-1.1%)	0.693s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.428s (-1.3%)	2.053s (+2.2%)	0.625s	44	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.566s (+6.0% 🔺)	2.029s (+1.2%)	0.462s	45	1.19x
💻 Local	Express	1.589s (~)	2.029s (+1.1%)	0.440s	45	1.21x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.981s (-2.8%)	2.227s (-13.1% 🟢)	0.246s	41	1.51x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.155s (+1.3%)	3.008s (~)	0.853s	30	1.64x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	14.368s (-28.6% 🟢)	16.400s (-25.0% 🟢)	2.032s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	15.183s (-19.1% 🟢)	17.268s (-16.8% 🟢)	2.085s	6	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.344s (-22.9% 🟢)	17.407s (-22.3% 🟢)	2.063s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.651s (-4.6%)	3.059s (-2.5%)	0.407s	40	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.769s (-1.8%)	3.085s (-1.7%)	0.317s	39	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.291s (+3.9%)	4.009s (+2.5%)	0.718s	30	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	3.363s (+0.6%)	4.010s (~)	0.646s	30	1.27x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.929s (-2.4%)	4.182s (-5.0% 🟢)	0.253s	29	1.48x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.429s (-2.4%)	5.052s (~)	0.624s	24	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	27.561s (-28.8% 🟢)	30.330s (-24.9% 🟢)	2.769s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	28.869s (-20.4% 🟢)	31.739s (-16.9% 🟢)	2.869s	4	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.097s (-28.5% 🟢)	35.188s (-24.7% 🟢)	3.091s	4	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.238s (-8.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.769s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.251s (-3.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.754s	60	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.307s (~)	1.006s (~)	0.699s	60	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	0.423s (-1.1%)	1.005s (~)	0.581s	60	1.78x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.432s (~)	1.005s (~)	0.573s	60	1.82x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.574s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.022s (-3.5%)	0.448s	59	2.42x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.077s (-28.0% 🟢)	3.802s (-24.4% 🟢)	1.725s	16	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.113s (-40.9% 🟢)	4.051s (-27.5% 🟢)	1.938s	15	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.266s (-26.2% 🟢)	4.110s (-18.0% 🟢)	1.844s	16	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.395s (-3.9%)	1.041s (+3.4%)	0.646s	87	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.410s (-10.2% 🟢)	1.029s (-4.6%)	0.618s	88	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.591s (-12.8% 🟢)	1.104s (-13.4% 🟢)	0.513s	82	1.49x
💻 Local	Express	2.181s (~)	2.737s (-4.1%)	0.556s	33	5.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.186s (+8.7% 🔺)	2.768s (+13.4% 🔺)	0.581s	33	5.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.574s (+0.6%)	3.296s (+1.1%)	0.722s	28	6.51x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.420s (-33.7% 🟢)	5.223s (-27.7% 🟢)	1.804s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.679s (-3.3%)	5.575s (-2.8%)	1.897s	17	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.894s (+11.7% 🔺)	5.751s (+11.2% 🔺)	1.857s	16	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.774s (-8.8% 🟢)	1.367s (-9.3% 🟢)	0.593s	89	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.838s (-0.6%)	1.403s (-4.7%)	0.565s	86	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.043s (-1.5%)	3.797s (-0.8%)	0.754s	32	3.93x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.922s (+13.7% 🔺)	10.278s (+11.1% 🔺)	0.356s	12	12.82x
💻 Local	Express	9.996s (+1.3%)	10.447s (+1.6%)	0.451s	12	12.92x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.736s (+2.3%)	11.849s (+4.0%)	1.112s	11	13.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.948s (-11.9% 🟢)	8.031s (-7.0% 🟢)	2.083s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.108s (-10.6% 🟢)	8.588s (~)	2.480s	15	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.796s (-5.6% 🟢)	9.115s (+1.6%)	2.318s	14	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.168s (+0.9%)	2.005s (~)	0.013s (+24.8% 🔺)	2.020s (~)	0.852s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.168s (~)	1.997s (~)	0.001s (-9.1% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.842s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.169s (-2.4%)	1.999s (~)	0.001s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.841s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.171s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.012s (+0.8%)	2.021s (~)	0.850s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.214s (-2.8%)	2.003s (~)	0.010s (-3.7%)	2.018s (~)	0.804s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.248s (~)	2.002s (~)	0.001s (-8.3% 🟢)	2.011s (~)	0.763s	10	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.154s (-8.8% 🟢)	3.173s (-10.1% 🟢)	0.673s (-4.4%)	4.271s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.117s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.281s (-10.5% 🟢)	3.098s (-16.6% 🟢)	1.446s (+95.4% 🔺)	4.988s (~)	2.707s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.318s (-13.6% 🟢)	3.277s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.946s (+13.0% 🔺)	4.674s (-8.1% 🟢)	2.356s	10	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.562s (-2.7%)	2.005s (~)	0.005s (+5.4% 🔺)	2.026s (~)	0.464s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.590s (+1.5%)	2.010s (~)	0.012s (+5.3% 🔺)	2.025s (~)	0.435s	30	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.607s (-1.9%)	1.998s (~)	0.005s (-5.1% 🟢)	2.027s (~)	0.420s	30	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.609s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.013s (+2.9%)	2.026s (~)	0.417s	30	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.770s (+1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.014s (+8.9% 🔺)	2.027s (~)	0.257s	30	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.789s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.005s (-6.7% 🟢)	2.026s (~)	0.237s	30	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	6.400s (-4.9%)	7.709s (-4.2%)	0.214s (-2.5%)	8.476s (-3.8%)	2.076s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.623s (-3.5%)	8.371s (-2.4%)	0.249s (-20.4% 🟢)	9.364s (~)	2.741s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.985s (+1.3%)	8.377s (~)	0.271s (-21.3% 🟢)	9.227s (~)	2.243s	7	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.765s (-4.1%)	1.045s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.074s (+1.3%)	0.309s	56	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.815s (~)	1.103s (+3.7%)	0.000s (+1.8%)	1.117s (+3.4%)	0.301s	55	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.091s (+6.2% 🔺)	1.663s (+2.6%)	0.000s (+2.8%)	1.675s (+2.7%)	0.584s	36	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.414s (+4.6%)	2.014s (~)	0.000s (-42.9% 🟢)	2.016s (~)	0.602s	30	1.85x
💻 Local	Express	1.419s (~)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+57.1% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.597s	30	1.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.541s (+1.9%)	2.014s (~)	0.001s (+36.4% 🔺)	2.018s (~)	0.476s	30	2.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.908s (-29.3% 🟢)	4.315s (-24.9% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	4.818s (-22.8% 🟢)	1.909s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.183s (-13.8% 🟢)	4.649s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.238s (-5.7% 🟢)	2.055s	12	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.203s (-15.0% 🟢)	4.722s (-11.5% 🟢)	0.000s (-89.8% 🟢)	5.242s (-10.9% 🟢)	2.039s	12	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.530s (-7.4% 🟢)	2.098s (-3.6%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.112s (-3.4%)	0.582s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.889s (+11.5% 🔺)	2.304s (+5.9% 🔺)	0.000s (+7.7% 🔺)	2.346s (+6.9% 🔺)	0.457s	26	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.157s (-4.3%)	2.654s (-2.8%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.663s (-2.8%)	0.505s	23	1.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.990s (+5.4% 🔺)	3.469s (+1.6%)	0.001s (+11.1% 🔺)	3.474s (+1.6%)	0.484s	18	1.95x
💻 Local	Express	3.041s (-8.3% 🟢)	3.727s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.001s (-47.1% 🟢)	3.735s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.694s	17	1.99x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.216s (+4.4%)	3.839s (-1.6%)	0.001s (+42.9% 🔺)	3.842s (-1.6%)	0.626s	16	2.10x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.292s (-12.8% 🟢)	5.657s (-8.2% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	6.210s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.917s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.499s (-36.3% 🟢)	6.042s (-26.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	6.694s (-23.6% 🟢)	2.194s	9	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.258s (-13.3% 🟢)	6.697s (-11.8% 🟢)	0.000s (-85.2% 🟢)	7.244s (-11.5% 🟢)	1.986s	9	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Nitro	11/21
🐘 Postgres	Express	18/21
▲ Vercel	Express	11/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	18/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	15/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

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[github-actions]

Backport to stable failed — the cherry-pick had conflicts that could not be resolved automatically (backport job run).

To resolve manually, push a backport branch and open a PR against stable (the workflow never pushes directly to stable). Note: this repository requires verified signatures on every branch, so your local commits must be signed (git config commit.gpgsign true with a configured GPG/SSH signing key, or git cherry-pick -S).

git fetch origin stable
git checkout -b backport/pr-2438-to-stable origin/stable
git cherry-pick -S d4dd6f9c015af17344f49635d62c00d78f25a911 # -S signs the commit# Fix conflicts, then:
git add -A
git cherry-pick --continue
git push -u origin backport/pr-2438-to-stable
gh pr create --base stable --head backport/pr-2438-to-stable \
--title "Backport #2438: <original PR title>" \
--body "Manual backport of #2438 (cherry-pick d4dd6f9c015a) to \`stable\`."

[ijjk]

Summary

• re-notify the deferred builder when workflow modules recompile with unchanged directive state, so logic-only edits in "use workflow" files trigger lazy discovery updates
• in Next dev lazy mode, keep the generated flow route stable and load workflow code from a sidecar file keyed by size:mtimeMs, avoiding stale route-module caching after HMR
• add unit coverage for same-pattern workflow notifications and deferred dev flow-route sidecar loading
• add a lazy Next dev HMR e2e that verifies updated workflow logic executes end-to-end without restarting the dev server
• harden the dev e2e assertions and cleanup for lazy deferred outputs, including sidecar-aware generated-code checks and race-free temporary workflow cleanup

x-ref: slack thread

Tests

• pnpm --filter @workflow/next build
• pnpm exec vitest run packages/next/src/loader.test.ts packages/next/src/builder-deferred.test.ts packages/next/src/index.test.ts
• pnpm exec biome check packages/core/e2e/dev.test.ts
• APP_NAME=nextjs-turbopack WORKBENCH_APP_PATH=/Users/jj/dev/workflow/workbench/nextjs-turbopack DEPLOYMENT_URL=http://localhost:3000 WORKFLOW_NEXT_LAZY_DISCOVERY=1 WORKFLOW_PUBLIC_MANIFEST=1 DEV_TEST_CONFIG='{"name":"nextjs-turbopack","generatedStepPath":"app/.well-known/workflow/v1/flow/__step_registrations.js","generatedWorkflowPath":"app/.well-known/workflow/v1/flow/route.js","apiFilePath":"app/api/chat/route.ts","apiFileImportPath":"../../..","lazyDiscovery":true}' pnpm exec vitest run packages/core/e2e/dev.test.ts

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 1c9523e

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/next	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1442	0	219	1661
✅ 💻 Local Development	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 📦 Local Production	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1881	0	233	2114
✅ 🪟 Windows	151	0	0	151
✅ 📋 Other	879	0	178	1057
Total	8143	0	1068	9211

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	125	0	26
✅ example	125	0	26
✅ express	125	0	26
✅ fastify	125	0	26
✅ hono	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	149	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	149	0	2
✅ nitro	125	0	26
✅ nuxt	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit	144	0	7
✅ vite	125	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	125	0	26
✅ express-stable	125	0	26
✅ fastify-stable	125	0	26
✅ hono-stable	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nitro-stable	125	0	26
✅ nuxt-stable	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit-stable	144	0	7
✅ vite-stable	125	0	26

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	151	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	125	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.043s (+2.6%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.045s (-6.6% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.961s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.058s (-4.6%)	1.011s (~)	0.953s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.066s (+1.4%)	1.013s (~)	0.947s	10	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.066s (+8.7% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.940s	10	1.54x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.070s (-3.6%)	1.012s (~)	0.941s	10	1.63x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.303s (-49.5% 🟢)	2.462s (-7.4% 🟢)	2.160s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.320s (-71.1% 🟢)	2.470s (-31.0% 🟢)	2.150s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.602s (-69.7% 🟢)	2.493s (-39.2% 🟢)	1.892s	10	1.99x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.097s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.909s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.098s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.909s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.111s (-0.7%)	2.009s (~)	0.899s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.111s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.900s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.143s (-1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.866s	10	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.147s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.859s	10	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.675s (-37.6% 🟢)	3.870s (-14.4% 🟢)	2.196s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.678s (-37.4% 🟢)	3.608s (-27.8% 🟢)	1.931s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.879s (-33.5% 🟢)	3.736s (-17.8% 🟢)	1.857s	10	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	10.520s (~)	11.021s (~)	0.500s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	10.550s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.472s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.558s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.466s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.573s (~)	11.016s (~)	0.443s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.861s (~)	11.020s (~)	0.159s	3	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.884s (+0.9%)	11.356s (+3.0%)	0.473s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.061s (-34.3% 🟢)	16.271s (-30.1% 🟢)	2.210s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	14.215s (-21.7% 🟢)	15.677s (-21.1% 🟢)	1.462s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.807s (-8.9% 🟢)	16.321s (-12.4% 🟢)	1.513s	2	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	13.745s (-0.6%)	14.017s (~)	0.273s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.758s (-0.8%)	14.016s (~)	0.258s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.764s (-0.6%)	14.027s (~)	0.264s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	13.876s (~)	14.028s (~)	0.152s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.337s (~)	15.030s (~)	0.693s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.459s (~)	15.020s (~)	0.561s	4	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	22.314s (-36.1% 🟢)	24.120s (-34.7% 🟢)	1.805s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	22.757s (-26.1% 🟢)	24.588s (-25.2% 🟢)	1.831s	3	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	22.854s (-30.7% 🟢)	24.830s (-28.8% 🟢)	1.977s	3	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	12.396s (-1.5%)	13.019s (~)	0.623s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.536s (~)	13.025s (~)	0.489s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	12.591s (~)	13.025s (~)	0.434s	7	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.622s (-0.5%)	13.020s (~)	0.398s	7	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.739s (+0.9%)	14.026s (~)	0.287s	7	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.930s (~)	14.303s (+1.0%)	0.373s	7	1.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	31.202s (-10.2% 🟢)	33.840s (-8.8% 🟢)	2.639s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	31.670s (-16.4% 🟢)	34.147s (-13.5% 🟢)	2.477s	3	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.373s (-7.8% 🟢)	34.956s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.583s	3	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.201s (+0.7%)	2.007s (~)	0.806s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.205s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.802s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.221s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.787s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.281s (-5.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-3.3%)	0.726s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.313s (+12.9% 🔺)	2.006s (~)	0.693s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.405s (+5.7% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.602s	15	1.17x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.600s (+1.9%)	4.128s (+1.4%)	1.528s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.793s (-9.7% 🟢)	4.473s (-2.5%)	1.681s	7	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.338s (+42.2% 🔺)	4.710s (+17.2% 🔺)	1.372s	8	1.28x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.358s (+1.2%)	2.393s (-4.6%)	1.035s	13	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.367s (+0.7%)	2.508s (~)	1.141s	12	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.666s (+1.7%)	2.396s (-4.5%)	0.730s	13	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.798s (+12.9% 🔺)	2.222s (+10.8% 🔺)	0.424s	14	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.932s (+2.0%)	2.315s (+7.6% 🔺)	0.383s	13	1.42x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.081s (+27.7% 🔺)	2.509s (+25.0% 🔺)	0.428s	12	1.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.635s (-35.9% 🟢)	4.556s (-24.8% 🟢)	1.921s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.818s (-25.3% 🟢)	4.464s (-17.3% 🟢)	1.646s	7	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.628s (+3.5%)	5.485s (+4.4%)	1.857s	6	1.38x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.576s (-2.9%)	4.011s (+3.2%)	2.436s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.814s (+11.6% 🔺)	4.013s (-3.0%)	2.199s	8	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.092s (-19.3% 🟢)	4.265s (-4.1%)	1.173s	8	1.96x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.812s (+5.4% 🔺)	5.346s (+3.2%)	0.534s	6	3.05x
💻 Local	Express	5.364s (+2.5%)	6.216s (+6.3% 🔺)	0.852s	5	3.40x
💻 Local	Nitro	6.083s (+51.3% 🔺)	6.816s (+48.8% 🔺)	0.734s	5	3.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.647s (+1.6%)	6.341s (-3.3%)	1.694s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.101s (+43.7% 🔺)	8.118s (+41.7% 🔺)	2.016s	4	1.31x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.816s (+79.9% 🔺)	8.979s (+66.0% 🔺)	2.163s	4	1.47x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.218s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.789s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.235s (+2.1%)	2.009s (~)	0.775s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.302s (+1.2%)	2.007s (~)	0.706s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.412s (+2.4%)	2.007s (~)	0.594s	15	1.16x
💻 Local	Express	1.587s (-1.6%)	2.007s (~)	0.420s	15	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.596s (+5.6% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.411s	15	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.367s (+2.6%)	4.088s (+3.6%)	1.720s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.811s (-56.6% 🟢)	4.546s (-43.4% 🟢)	1.735s	7	1.19x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.959s (+30.1% 🔺)	4.499s (+16.8% 🔺)	1.540s	7	1.25x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.339s (-4.0%)	2.292s (-7.2% 🟢)	0.954s	14	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.348s (-0.7%)	2.470s (-4.7%)	1.122s	13	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.549s (+0.8%)	2.315s (+4.1%)	0.766s	13	1.16x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.064s (+6.9% 🔺)	2.736s (+23.1% 🔺)	0.672s	11	1.54x
💻 Local	Express	2.188s (-15.1% 🟢)	2.677s (-13.9% 🟢)	0.489s	12	1.63x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.225s (+24.3% 🔺)	2.674s (+29.1% 🔺)	0.449s	12	1.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.148s (-5.5% 🟢)	5.124s (-4.2%)	1.976s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.751s (-6.5% 🟢)	5.829s (+1.4%)	2.078s	6	1.19x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.909s (+4.4%)	5.710s (+4.6%)	1.801s	6	1.24x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.542s (-12.0% 🟢)	4.010s (-3.0%)	2.468s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.611s (-6.8% 🟢)	4.299s (+10.6% 🔺)	2.688s	7	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.806s (-26.9% 🟢)	3.568s (-19.7% 🟢)	0.763s	9	1.82x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.234s (-1.1%)	5.846s (-2.8%)	0.612s	6	3.39x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.853s (+22.9% 🔺)	6.217s (+16.3% 🔺)	0.364s	5	3.79x
💻 Local	Express	6.797s (+7.2% 🔺)	7.219s (+2.9%)	0.422s	5	4.41x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.080s (-22.1% 🟢)	6.145s (-11.8% 🟢)	2.065s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.167s (-15.4% 🟢)	6.013s (-7.4% 🟢)	1.846s	5	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.636s (-29.7% 🟢)	6.966s (-16.5% 🟢)	2.330s	5	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.573s (-3.3%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.450s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.607s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.023s (-1.8%)	0.416s	59	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.610s (+4.7%)	1.005s (~)	0.395s	60	1.07x
💻 Local	Express	0.628s (-4.7%)	1.005s (-3.3%)	0.377s	60	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.840s (-1.1%)	1.041s (+1.7%)	0.200s	58	1.47x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.896s (+1.2%)	1.057s (~)	0.161s	57	1.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.603s (-33.8% 🟢)	7.235s (-28.4% 🟢)	1.632s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.808s (-11.7% 🟢)	7.277s (-15.7% 🟢)	1.469s	9	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.977s (-19.4% 🟢)	7.574s (-18.9% 🟢)	1.597s	8	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.315s (-8.5% 🟢)	2.007s (-1.1%)	0.693s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.428s (-1.3%)	2.053s (+2.2%)	0.625s	44	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.566s (+6.0% 🔺)	2.029s (+1.2%)	0.462s	45	1.19x
💻 Local	Express	1.589s (~)	2.029s (+1.1%)	0.440s	45	1.21x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.981s (-2.8%)	2.227s (-13.1% 🟢)	0.246s	41	1.51x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.155s (+1.3%)	3.008s (~)	0.853s	30	1.64x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	14.368s (-28.6% 🟢)	16.400s (-25.0% 🟢)	2.032s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	15.183s (-19.1% 🟢)	17.268s (-16.8% 🟢)	2.085s	6	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.344s (-22.9% 🟢)	17.407s (-22.3% 🟢)	2.063s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.651s (-4.6%)	3.059s (-2.5%)	0.407s	40	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.769s (-1.8%)	3.085s (-1.7%)	0.317s	39	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.291s (+3.9%)	4.009s (+2.5%)	0.718s	30	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	3.363s (+0.6%)	4.010s (~)	0.646s	30	1.27x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.929s (-2.4%)	4.182s (-5.0% 🟢)	0.253s	29	1.48x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.429s (-2.4%)	5.052s (~)	0.624s	24	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	27.561s (-28.8% 🟢)	30.330s (-24.9% 🟢)	2.769s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	28.869s (-20.4% 🟢)	31.739s (-16.9% 🟢)	2.869s	4	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.097s (-28.5% 🟢)	35.188s (-24.7% 🟢)	3.091s	4	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.238s (-8.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.769s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.251s (-3.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.754s	60	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.307s (~)	1.006s (~)	0.699s	60	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	0.423s (-1.1%)	1.005s (~)	0.581s	60	1.78x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.432s (~)	1.005s (~)	0.573s	60	1.82x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.574s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.022s (-3.5%)	0.448s	59	2.42x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.077s (-28.0% 🟢)	3.802s (-24.4% 🟢)	1.725s	16	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.113s (-40.9% 🟢)	4.051s (-27.5% 🟢)	1.938s	15	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.266s (-26.2% 🟢)	4.110s (-18.0% 🟢)	1.844s	16	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.395s (-3.9%)	1.041s (+3.4%)	0.646s	87	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.410s (-10.2% 🟢)	1.029s (-4.6%)	0.618s	88	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.591s (-12.8% 🟢)	1.104s (-13.4% 🟢)	0.513s	82	1.49x
💻 Local	Express	2.181s (~)	2.737s (-4.1%)	0.556s	33	5.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.186s (+8.7% 🔺)	2.768s (+13.4% 🔺)	0.581s	33	5.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.574s (+0.6%)	3.296s (+1.1%)	0.722s	28	6.51x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.420s (-33.7% 🟢)	5.223s (-27.7% 🟢)	1.804s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.679s (-3.3%)	5.575s (-2.8%)	1.897s	17	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.894s (+11.7% 🔺)	5.751s (+11.2% 🔺)	1.857s	16	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.774s (-8.8% 🟢)	1.367s (-9.3% 🟢)	0.593s	89	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.838s (-0.6%)	1.403s (-4.7%)	0.565s	86	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.043s (-1.5%)	3.797s (-0.8%)	0.754s	32	3.93x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.922s (+13.7% 🔺)	10.278s (+11.1% 🔺)	0.356s	12	12.82x
💻 Local	Express	9.996s (+1.3%)	10.447s (+1.6%)	0.451s	12	12.92x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.736s (+2.3%)	11.849s (+4.0%)	1.112s	11	13.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.948s (-11.9% 🟢)	8.031s (-7.0% 🟢)	2.083s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.108s (-10.6% 🟢)	8.588s (~)	2.480s	15	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.796s (-5.6% 🟢)	9.115s (+1.6%)	2.318s	14	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.168s (+0.9%)	2.005s (~)	0.013s (+24.8% 🔺)	2.020s (~)	0.852s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.168s (~)	1.997s (~)	0.001s (-9.1% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.842s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.169s (-2.4%)	1.999s (~)	0.001s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.841s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.171s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.012s (+0.8%)	2.021s (~)	0.850s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.214s (-2.8%)	2.003s (~)	0.010s (-3.7%)	2.018s (~)	0.804s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.248s (~)	2.002s (~)	0.001s (-8.3% 🟢)	2.011s (~)	0.763s	10	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.154s (-8.8% 🟢)	3.173s (-10.1% 🟢)	0.673s (-4.4%)	4.271s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.117s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.281s (-10.5% 🟢)	3.098s (-16.6% 🟢)	1.446s (+95.4% 🔺)	4.988s (~)	2.707s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.318s (-13.6% 🟢)	3.277s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.946s (+13.0% 🔺)	4.674s (-8.1% 🟢)	2.356s	10	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.562s (-2.7%)	2.005s (~)	0.005s (+5.4% 🔺)	2.026s (~)	0.464s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.590s (+1.5%)	2.010s (~)	0.012s (+5.3% 🔺)	2.025s (~)	0.435s	30	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.607s (-1.9%)	1.998s (~)	0.005s (-5.1% 🟢)	2.027s (~)	0.420s	30	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.609s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.013s (+2.9%)	2.026s (~)	0.417s	30	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.770s (+1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.014s (+8.9% 🔺)	2.027s (~)	0.257s	30	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.789s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.005s (-6.7% 🟢)	2.026s (~)	0.237s	30	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	6.400s (-4.9%)	7.709s (-4.2%)	0.214s (-2.5%)	8.476s (-3.8%)	2.076s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.623s (-3.5%)	8.371s (-2.4%)	0.249s (-20.4% 🟢)	9.364s (~)	2.741s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.985s (+1.3%)	8.377s (~)	0.271s (-21.3% 🟢)	9.227s (~)	2.243s	7	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.765s (-4.1%)	1.045s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.074s (+1.3%)	0.309s	56	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.815s (~)	1.103s (+3.7%)	0.000s (+1.8%)	1.117s (+3.4%)	0.301s	55	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.091s (+6.2% 🔺)	1.663s (+2.6%)	0.000s (+2.8%)	1.675s (+2.7%)	0.584s	36	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.414s (+4.6%)	2.014s (~)	0.000s (-42.9% 🟢)	2.016s (~)	0.602s	30	1.85x
💻 Local	Express	1.419s (~)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+57.1% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.597s	30	1.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.541s (+1.9%)	2.014s (~)	0.001s (+36.4% 🔺)	2.018s (~)	0.476s	30	2.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.908s (-29.3% 🟢)	4.315s (-24.9% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	4.818s (-22.8% 🟢)	1.909s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.183s (-13.8% 🟢)	4.649s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.238s (-5.7% 🟢)	2.055s	12	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.203s (-15.0% 🟢)	4.722s (-11.5% 🟢)	0.000s (-89.8% 🟢)	5.242s (-10.9% 🟢)	2.039s	12	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.530s (-7.4% 🟢)	2.098s (-3.6%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.112s (-3.4%)	0.582s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.889s (+11.5% 🔺)	2.304s (+5.9% 🔺)	0.000s (+7.7% 🔺)	2.346s (+6.9% 🔺)	0.457s	26	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.157s (-4.3%)	2.654s (-2.8%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.663s (-2.8%)	0.505s	23	1.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.990s (+5.4% 🔺)	3.469s (+1.6%)	0.001s (+11.1% 🔺)	3.474s (+1.6%)	0.484s	18	1.95x
💻 Local	Express	3.041s (-8.3% 🟢)	3.727s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.001s (-47.1% 🟢)	3.735s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.694s	17	1.99x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.216s (+4.4%)	3.839s (-1.6%)	0.001s (+42.9% 🔺)	3.842s (-1.6%)	0.626s	16	2.10x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.292s (-12.8% 🟢)	5.657s (-8.2% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	6.210s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.917s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.499s (-36.3% 🟢)	6.042s (-26.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	6.694s (-23.6% 🟢)	2.194s	9	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.258s (-13.3% 🟢)	6.697s (-11.8% 🟢)	0.000s (-85.2% 🟢)	7.244s (-11.5% 🟢)	1.986s	9	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Nitro	11/21
🐘 Postgres	Express	18/21
▲ Vercel	Express	11/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	18/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	15/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

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[github-actions]

Backport to stable failed — the cherry-pick had conflicts that could not be resolved automatically (backport job run).

To resolve manually, push a backport branch and open a PR against stable (the workflow never pushes directly to stable). Note: this repository requires verified signatures on every branch, so your local commits must be signed (git config commit.gpgsign true with a configured GPG/SSH signing key, or git cherry-pick -S).

git fetch origin stable
git checkout -b backport/pr-2438-to-stable origin/stable
git cherry-pick -S d4dd6f9c015af17344f49635d62c00d78f25a911 # -S signs the commit# Fix conflicts, then:
git add -A
git cherry-pick --continue
git push -u origin backport/pr-2438-to-stable
gh pr create --base stable --head backport/pr-2438-to-stable \
--title "Backport #2438: <original PR title>" \
--body "Manual backport of #2438 (cherry-pick d4dd6f9c015a) to \`stable\`."

[ijjk]

Summary

• re-notify the deferred builder when workflow modules recompile with unchanged directive state, so logic-only edits in "use workflow" files trigger lazy discovery updates
• in Next dev lazy mode, keep the generated flow route stable and load workflow code from a sidecar file keyed by size:mtimeMs, avoiding stale route-module caching after HMR
• add unit coverage for same-pattern workflow notifications and deferred dev flow-route sidecar loading
• add a lazy Next dev HMR e2e that verifies updated workflow logic executes end-to-end without restarting the dev server
• harden the dev e2e assertions and cleanup for lazy deferred outputs, including sidecar-aware generated-code checks and race-free temporary workflow cleanup

x-ref: slack thread

Tests

• pnpm --filter @workflow/next build
• pnpm exec vitest run packages/next/src/loader.test.ts packages/next/src/builder-deferred.test.ts packages/next/src/index.test.ts
• pnpm exec biome check packages/core/e2e/dev.test.ts
• APP_NAME=nextjs-turbopack WORKBENCH_APP_PATH=/Users/jj/dev/workflow/workbench/nextjs-turbopack DEPLOYMENT_URL=http://localhost:3000 WORKFLOW_NEXT_LAZY_DISCOVERY=1 WORKFLOW_PUBLIC_MANIFEST=1 DEV_TEST_CONFIG='{"name":"nextjs-turbopack","generatedStepPath":"app/.well-known/workflow/v1/flow/__step_registrations.js","generatedWorkflowPath":"app/.well-known/workflow/v1/flow/route.js","apiFilePath":"app/api/chat/route.ts","apiFileImportPath":"../../..","lazyDiscovery":true}' pnpm exec vitest run packages/core/e2e/dev.test.ts

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 1c9523e

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/next	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 16, 2026 2:48am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1442	0	219	1661
✅ 💻 Local Development	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 📦 Local Production	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1881	0	233	2114
✅ 🪟 Windows	151	0	0	151
✅ 📋 Other	879	0	178	1057
Total	8143	0	1068	9211

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	125	0	26
✅ example	125	0	26
✅ express	125	0	26
✅ fastify	125	0	26
✅ hono	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	149	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	149	0	2
✅ nitro	125	0	26
✅ nuxt	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit	144	0	7
✅ vite	125	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	125	0	26
✅ express-stable	125	0	26
✅ fastify-stable	125	0	26
✅ hono-stable	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nitro-stable	125	0	26
✅ nuxt-stable	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit-stable	144	0	7
✅ vite-stable	125	0	26

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	151	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	125	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.043s (+2.6%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.045s (-6.6% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.961s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.058s (-4.6%)	1.011s (~)	0.953s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.066s (+1.4%)	1.013s (~)	0.947s	10	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.066s (+8.7% 🔺)	1.006s (~)	0.940s	10	1.54x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.070s (-3.6%)	1.012s (~)	0.941s	10	1.63x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.303s (-49.5% 🟢)	2.462s (-7.4% 🟢)	2.160s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.320s (-71.1% 🟢)	2.470s (-31.0% 🟢)	2.150s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.602s (-69.7% 🟢)	2.493s (-39.2% 🟢)	1.892s	10	1.99x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.097s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.909s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.098s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.909s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.111s (-0.7%)	2.009s (~)	0.899s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.111s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.900s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.143s (-1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.866s	10	1.04x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.147s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.859s	10	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.675s (-37.6% 🟢)	3.870s (-14.4% 🟢)	2.196s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.678s (-37.4% 🟢)	3.608s (-27.8% 🟢)	1.931s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.879s (-33.5% 🟢)	3.736s (-17.8% 🟢)	1.857s	10	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	10.520s (~)	11.021s (~)	0.500s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	10.550s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.472s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.558s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.466s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.573s (~)	11.016s (~)	0.443s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.861s (~)	11.020s (~)	0.159s	3	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.884s (+0.9%)	11.356s (+3.0%)	0.473s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.061s (-34.3% 🟢)	16.271s (-30.1% 🟢)	2.210s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	14.215s (-21.7% 🟢)	15.677s (-21.1% 🟢)	1.462s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.807s (-8.9% 🟢)	16.321s (-12.4% 🟢)	1.513s	2	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	13.745s (-0.6%)	14.017s (~)	0.273s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.758s (-0.8%)	14.016s (~)	0.258s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.764s (-0.6%)	14.027s (~)	0.264s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	13.876s (~)	14.028s (~)	0.152s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.337s (~)	15.030s (~)	0.693s	4	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.459s (~)	15.020s (~)	0.561s	4	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	22.314s (-36.1% 🟢)	24.120s (-34.7% 🟢)	1.805s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	22.757s (-26.1% 🟢)	24.588s (-25.2% 🟢)	1.831s	3	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	22.854s (-30.7% 🟢)	24.830s (-28.8% 🟢)	1.977s	3	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	12.396s (-1.5%)	13.019s (~)	0.623s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.536s (~)	13.025s (~)	0.489s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	12.591s (~)	13.025s (~)	0.434s	7	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.622s (-0.5%)	13.020s (~)	0.398s	7	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.739s (+0.9%)	14.026s (~)	0.287s	7	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.930s (~)	14.303s (+1.0%)	0.373s	7	1.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	31.202s (-10.2% 🟢)	33.840s (-8.8% 🟢)	2.639s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	31.670s (-16.4% 🟢)	34.147s (-13.5% 🟢)	2.477s	3	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.373s (-7.8% 🟢)	34.956s (-6.8% 🟢)	2.583s	3	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.201s (+0.7%)	2.007s (~)	0.806s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.205s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.802s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.221s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.787s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.281s (-5.6% 🟢)	2.007s (-3.3%)	0.726s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.313s (+12.9% 🔺)	2.006s (~)	0.693s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.405s (+5.7% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.602s	15	1.17x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.600s (+1.9%)	4.128s (+1.4%)	1.528s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.793s (-9.7% 🟢)	4.473s (-2.5%)	1.681s	7	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.338s (+42.2% 🔺)	4.710s (+17.2% 🔺)	1.372s	8	1.28x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.358s (+1.2%)	2.393s (-4.6%)	1.035s	13	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.367s (+0.7%)	2.508s (~)	1.141s	12	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.666s (+1.7%)	2.396s (-4.5%)	0.730s	13	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.798s (+12.9% 🔺)	2.222s (+10.8% 🔺)	0.424s	14	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.932s (+2.0%)	2.315s (+7.6% 🔺)	0.383s	13	1.42x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.081s (+27.7% 🔺)	2.509s (+25.0% 🔺)	0.428s	12	1.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.635s (-35.9% 🟢)	4.556s (-24.8% 🟢)	1.921s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.818s (-25.3% 🟢)	4.464s (-17.3% 🟢)	1.646s	7	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.628s (+3.5%)	5.485s (+4.4%)	1.857s	6	1.38x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.576s (-2.9%)	4.011s (+3.2%)	2.436s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.814s (+11.6% 🔺)	4.013s (-3.0%)	2.199s	8	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.092s (-19.3% 🟢)	4.265s (-4.1%)	1.173s	8	1.96x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.812s (+5.4% 🔺)	5.346s (+3.2%)	0.534s	6	3.05x
💻 Local	Express	5.364s (+2.5%)	6.216s (+6.3% 🔺)	0.852s	5	3.40x
💻 Local	Nitro	6.083s (+51.3% 🔺)	6.816s (+48.8% 🔺)	0.734s	5	3.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.647s (+1.6%)	6.341s (-3.3%)	1.694s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.101s (+43.7% 🔺)	8.118s (+41.7% 🔺)	2.016s	4	1.31x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.816s (+79.9% 🔺)	8.979s (+66.0% 🔺)	2.163s	4	1.47x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.218s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.789s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.235s (+2.1%)	2.009s (~)	0.775s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.302s (+1.2%)	2.007s (~)	0.706s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.412s (+2.4%)	2.007s (~)	0.594s	15	1.16x
💻 Local	Express	1.587s (-1.6%)	2.007s (~)	0.420s	15	1.30x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.596s (+5.6% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.411s	15	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.367s (+2.6%)	4.088s (+3.6%)	1.720s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.811s (-56.6% 🟢)	4.546s (-43.4% 🟢)	1.735s	7	1.19x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.959s (+30.1% 🔺)	4.499s (+16.8% 🔺)	1.540s	7	1.25x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.339s (-4.0%)	2.292s (-7.2% 🟢)	0.954s	14	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.348s (-0.7%)	2.470s (-4.7%)	1.122s	13	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.549s (+0.8%)	2.315s (+4.1%)	0.766s	13	1.16x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.064s (+6.9% 🔺)	2.736s (+23.1% 🔺)	0.672s	11	1.54x
💻 Local	Express	2.188s (-15.1% 🟢)	2.677s (-13.9% 🟢)	0.489s	12	1.63x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.225s (+24.3% 🔺)	2.674s (+29.1% 🔺)	0.449s	12	1.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.148s (-5.5% 🟢)	5.124s (-4.2%)	1.976s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.751s (-6.5% 🟢)	5.829s (+1.4%)	2.078s	6	1.19x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.909s (+4.4%)	5.710s (+4.6%)	1.801s	6	1.24x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.542s (-12.0% 🟢)	4.010s (-3.0%)	2.468s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.611s (-6.8% 🟢)	4.299s (+10.6% 🔺)	2.688s	7	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.806s (-26.9% 🟢)	3.568s (-19.7% 🟢)	0.763s	9	1.82x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.234s (-1.1%)	5.846s (-2.8%)	0.612s	6	3.39x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.853s (+22.9% 🔺)	6.217s (+16.3% 🔺)	0.364s	5	3.79x
💻 Local	Express	6.797s (+7.2% 🔺)	7.219s (+2.9%)	0.422s	5	4.41x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.080s (-22.1% 🟢)	6.145s (-11.8% 🟢)	2.065s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.167s (-15.4% 🟢)	6.013s (-7.4% 🟢)	1.846s	5	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.636s (-29.7% 🟢)	6.966s (-16.5% 🟢)	2.330s	5	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.573s (-3.3%)	1.023s (+1.7%)	0.450s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.607s (-5.9% 🟢)	1.023s (-1.8%)	0.416s	59	1.06x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.610s (+4.7%)	1.005s (~)	0.395s	60	1.07x
💻 Local	Express	0.628s (-4.7%)	1.005s (-3.3%)	0.377s	60	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.840s (-1.1%)	1.041s (+1.7%)	0.200s	58	1.47x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.896s (+1.2%)	1.057s (~)	0.161s	57	1.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.603s (-33.8% 🟢)	7.235s (-28.4% 🟢)	1.632s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.808s (-11.7% 🟢)	7.277s (-15.7% 🟢)	1.469s	9	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.977s (-19.4% 🟢)	7.574s (-18.9% 🟢)	1.597s	8	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.315s (-8.5% 🟢)	2.007s (-1.1%)	0.693s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.428s (-1.3%)	2.053s (+2.2%)	0.625s	44	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.566s (+6.0% 🔺)	2.029s (+1.2%)	0.462s	45	1.19x
💻 Local	Express	1.589s (~)	2.029s (+1.1%)	0.440s	45	1.21x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.981s (-2.8%)	2.227s (-13.1% 🟢)	0.246s	41	1.51x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.155s (+1.3%)	3.008s (~)	0.853s	30	1.64x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	14.368s (-28.6% 🟢)	16.400s (-25.0% 🟢)	2.032s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	15.183s (-19.1% 🟢)	17.268s (-16.8% 🟢)	2.085s	6	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.344s (-22.9% 🟢)	17.407s (-22.3% 🟢)	2.063s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.651s (-4.6%)	3.059s (-2.5%)	0.407s	40	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.769s (-1.8%)	3.085s (-1.7%)	0.317s	39	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.291s (+3.9%)	4.009s (+2.5%)	0.718s	30	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	3.363s (+0.6%)	4.010s (~)	0.646s	30	1.27x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.929s (-2.4%)	4.182s (-5.0% 🟢)	0.253s	29	1.48x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.429s (-2.4%)	5.052s (~)	0.624s	24	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	27.561s (-28.8% 🟢)	30.330s (-24.9% 🟢)	2.769s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	28.869s (-20.4% 🟢)	31.739s (-16.9% 🟢)	2.869s	4	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	32.097s (-28.5% 🟢)	35.188s (-24.7% 🟢)	3.091s	4	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.238s (-8.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.769s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.251s (-3.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.754s	60	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.307s (~)	1.006s (~)	0.699s	60	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	0.423s (-1.1%)	1.005s (~)	0.581s	60	1.78x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.432s (~)	1.005s (~)	0.573s	60	1.82x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.574s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.022s (-3.5%)	0.448s	59	2.42x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.077s (-28.0% 🟢)	3.802s (-24.4% 🟢)	1.725s	16	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.113s (-40.9% 🟢)	4.051s (-27.5% 🟢)	1.938s	15	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.266s (-26.2% 🟢)	4.110s (-18.0% 🟢)	1.844s	16	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.395s (-3.9%)	1.041s (+3.4%)	0.646s	87	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.410s (-10.2% 🟢)	1.029s (-4.6%)	0.618s	88	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.591s (-12.8% 🟢)	1.104s (-13.4% 🟢)	0.513s	82	1.49x
💻 Local	Express	2.181s (~)	2.737s (-4.1%)	0.556s	33	5.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.186s (+8.7% 🔺)	2.768s (+13.4% 🔺)	0.581s	33	5.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.574s (+0.6%)	3.296s (+1.1%)	0.722s	28	6.51x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.420s (-33.7% 🟢)	5.223s (-27.7% 🟢)	1.804s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.679s (-3.3%)	5.575s (-2.8%)	1.897s	17	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.894s (+11.7% 🔺)	5.751s (+11.2% 🔺)	1.857s	16	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.774s (-8.8% 🟢)	1.367s (-9.3% 🟢)	0.593s	89	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.838s (-0.6%)	1.403s (-4.7%)	0.565s	86	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.043s (-1.5%)	3.797s (-0.8%)	0.754s	32	3.93x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.922s (+13.7% 🔺)	10.278s (+11.1% 🔺)	0.356s	12	12.82x
💻 Local	Express	9.996s (+1.3%)	10.447s (+1.6%)	0.451s	12	12.92x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.736s (+2.3%)	11.849s (+4.0%)	1.112s	11	13.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.948s (-11.9% 🟢)	8.031s (-7.0% 🟢)	2.083s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.108s (-10.6% 🟢)	8.588s (~)	2.480s	15	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.796s (-5.6% 🟢)	9.115s (+1.6%)	2.318s	14	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.168s (+0.9%)	2.005s (~)	0.013s (+24.8% 🔺)	2.020s (~)	0.852s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.168s (~)	1.997s (~)	0.001s (-9.1% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.842s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.169s (-2.4%)	1.999s (~)	0.001s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.841s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.171s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.012s (+0.8%)	2.021s (~)	0.850s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.214s (-2.8%)	2.003s (~)	0.010s (-3.7%)	2.018s (~)	0.804s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.248s (~)	2.002s (~)	0.001s (-8.3% 🟢)	2.011s (~)	0.763s	10	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.154s (-8.8% 🟢)	3.173s (-10.1% 🟢)	0.673s (-4.4%)	4.271s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.117s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.281s (-10.5% 🟢)	3.098s (-16.6% 🟢)	1.446s (+95.4% 🔺)	4.988s (~)	2.707s	10	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.318s (-13.6% 🟢)	3.277s (-12.5% 🟢)	0.946s (+13.0% 🔺)	4.674s (-8.1% 🟢)	2.356s	10	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.562s (-2.7%)	2.005s (~)	0.005s (+5.4% 🔺)	2.026s (~)	0.464s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.590s (+1.5%)	2.010s (~)	0.012s (+5.3% 🔺)	2.025s (~)	0.435s	30	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.607s (-1.9%)	1.998s (~)	0.005s (-5.1% 🟢)	2.027s (~)	0.420s	30	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.609s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.013s (+2.9%)	2.026s (~)	0.417s	30	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.770s (+1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.014s (+8.9% 🔺)	2.027s (~)	0.257s	30	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.789s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.005s (-6.7% 🟢)	2.026s (~)	0.237s	30	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	6.400s (-4.9%)	7.709s (-4.2%)	0.214s (-2.5%)	8.476s (-3.8%)	2.076s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.623s (-3.5%)	8.371s (-2.4%)	0.249s (-20.4% 🟢)	9.364s (~)	2.741s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.985s (+1.3%)	8.377s (~)	0.271s (-21.3% 🟢)	9.227s (~)	2.243s	7	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.765s (-4.1%)	1.045s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.074s (+1.3%)	0.309s	56	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.815s (~)	1.103s (+3.7%)	0.000s (+1.8%)	1.117s (+3.4%)	0.301s	55	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.091s (+6.2% 🔺)	1.663s (+2.6%)	0.000s (+2.8%)	1.675s (+2.7%)	0.584s	36	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.414s (+4.6%)	2.014s (~)	0.000s (-42.9% 🟢)	2.016s (~)	0.602s	30	1.85x
💻 Local	Express	1.419s (~)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+57.1% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.597s	30	1.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.541s (+1.9%)	2.014s (~)	0.001s (+36.4% 🔺)	2.018s (~)	0.476s	30	2.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.908s (-29.3% 🟢)	4.315s (-24.9% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	4.818s (-22.8% 🟢)	1.909s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.183s (-13.8% 🟢)	4.649s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.238s (-5.7% 🟢)	2.055s	12	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.203s (-15.0% 🟢)	4.722s (-11.5% 🟢)	0.000s (-89.8% 🟢)	5.242s (-10.9% 🟢)	2.039s	12	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.530s (-7.4% 🟢)	2.098s (-3.6%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.112s (-3.4%)	0.582s	29	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.889s (+11.5% 🔺)	2.304s (+5.9% 🔺)	0.000s (+7.7% 🔺)	2.346s (+6.9% 🔺)	0.457s	26	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.157s (-4.3%)	2.654s (-2.8%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.663s (-2.8%)	0.505s	23	1.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.990s (+5.4% 🔺)	3.469s (+1.6%)	0.001s (+11.1% 🔺)	3.474s (+1.6%)	0.484s	18	1.95x
💻 Local	Express	3.041s (-8.3% 🟢)	3.727s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.001s (-47.1% 🟢)	3.735s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.694s	17	1.99x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.216s (+4.4%)	3.839s (-1.6%)	0.001s (+42.9% 🔺)	3.842s (-1.6%)	0.626s	16	2.10x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.292s (-12.8% 🟢)	5.657s (-8.2% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	6.210s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.917s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.499s (-36.3% 🟢)	6.042s (-26.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	6.694s (-23.6% 🟢)	2.194s	9	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.258s (-13.3% 🟢)	6.697s (-11.8% 🟢)	0.000s (-85.2% 🟢)	7.244s (-11.5% 🟢)	1.986s	9	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Nitro	11/21
🐘 Postgres	Express	18/21
▲ Vercel	Express	11/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	18/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	16/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	15/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

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[github-actions]

Backport to stable failed — the cherry-pick had conflicts that could not be resolved automatically (backport job run).

To resolve manually, push a backport branch and open a PR against stable (the workflow never pushes directly to stable). Note: this repository requires verified signatures on every branch, so your local commits must be signed (git config commit.gpgsign true with a configured GPG/SSH signing key, or git cherry-pick -S).

git fetch origin stable
git checkout -b backport/pr-2438-to-stable origin/stable
git cherry-pick -S d4dd6f9c015af17344f49635d62c00d78f25a911 # -S signs the commit# Fix conflicts, then:
git add -A
git cherry-pick --continue
git push -u origin backport/pr-2438-to-stable
gh pr create --base stable --head backport/pr-2438-to-stable \
--title "Backport #2438: <original PR title>" \
--body "Manual backport of #2438 (cherry-pick d4dd6f9c015a) to \`stable\`."