Remove lazy discovery from workflow/next

[ijjk]

Summary

Remove lazy discovery from workflow/next so the integration has one build mode to optimize and maintain.

The remaining eager build path does not depend on Next.js deferred entries, which means workflow/next no longer needs a minimum Next.js version for lazy discovery support.

Changes

• Remove the deferred/lazy discovery builder path.
• Remove workflows.lazyDiscovery and WORKFLOW_NEXT_LAZY_DISCOVERY handling.
• Remove socket-based loader discovery plumbing.
• Update tests, CI matrix wiring, and docs for the single build mode.

Testing

• pnpm --filter @workflow/next build
• pnpm vitest run packages/core/e2e/utils.test.ts packages/next/src/index.test.ts
• node scripts/create-test-matrix.mjs > /tmp/workflow-test-matrix.json

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 0984752

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/next	Major
@workflow/builders	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch

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Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-docs	Building	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.031s (-23.8% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.973s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.042s (+3.2%)	1.007s (~)	0.964s	10	1.35x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.046s (-3.3%)	1.006s (~)	0.959s	10	1.48x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.053s (-7.9% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.959s	10	1.70x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.058s (-6.8% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.954s	10	1.83x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.061s (-3.9%)	1.011s (~)	0.951s	10	1.94x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.290s (-27.0% 🟢)	2.711s (+11.2% 🔺)	2.421s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.340s (-12.8% 🟢)	2.699s (+6.8% 🔺)	2.359s	10	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.373s (+15.2% 🔺)	2.800s (~)	2.428s	10	1.28x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.083s (-1.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.923s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.087s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.919s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.091s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.915s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.099s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.911s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.106s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.904s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.107s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.903s	10	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.669s (+9.7% 🔺)	3.386s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.717s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.781s (+12.8% 🔺)	3.900s (+5.0%)	2.119s	10	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.904s (+23.6% 🔺)	3.856s (+9.8% 🔺)	1.952s	10	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	10.403s (-1.1%)	11.021s (~)	0.618s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.506s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.517s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.515s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.508s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.524s (~)	11.020s (~)	0.496s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.528s (~)	11.017s (~)	0.489s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.557s (~)	11.019s (~)	0.462s	3	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.212s (+7.8% 🔺)	16.056s (+4.4%)	1.844s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	14.501s (+13.0% 🔺)	16.588s (+8.7% 🔺)	2.087s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.664s (+12.0% 🔺)	16.394s (+7.8% 🔺)	1.730s	2	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	13.524s (-3.4%)	14.027s (-1.4%)	0.503s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.708s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.319s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.726s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.301s	5	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.799s (-0.8%)	14.021s (~)	0.221s	5	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.859s (~)	14.019s (~)	0.160s	5	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.911s (+0.9%)	14.020s (~)	0.109s	5	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	23.106s (+7.5% 🔺)	25.551s (+8.8% 🔺)	2.445s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	23.222s (+15.2% 🔺)	25.508s (+13.8% 🔺)	2.286s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	23.433s (+17.5% 🔺)	25.535s (+15.0% 🔺)	2.101s	3	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	11.815s (-6.2% 🟢)	12.021s (-7.7% 🟢)	0.206s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.262s (-1.6%)	13.025s (~)	0.763s	7	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.322s (~)	13.024s (~)	0.703s	7	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.426s (~)	13.019s (~)	0.592s	7	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.515s (~)	13.016s (~)	0.501s	7	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Express	12.542s (+0.7%)	13.305s (+2.2%)	0.762s	7	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	28.923s (+25.7% 🔺)	31.583s (+25.5% 🔺)	2.660s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	28.975s (+15.2% 🔺)	31.599s (+15.1% 🔺)	2.624s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	30.866s (+24.8% 🔺)	33.336s (+24.9% 🔺)	2.470s	3	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.166s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.005s (~)	0.839s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.173s (+1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.836s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.187s (-0.7%)	2.007s (~)	0.821s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.189s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.820s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.243s (-9.6% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.763s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.244s (+3.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.762s	15	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.020s (+16.5% 🔺)	4.847s (+9.5% 🔺)	1.827s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.275s (+21.6% 🔺)	5.067s (+13.7% 🔺)	1.792s	6	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.314s (+63.0% 🔺)	6.258s (+40.5% 🔺)	1.943s	5	1.43x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.259s (+0.6%)	2.074s (+3.4%)	0.816s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.265s (-3.3%)	2.007s (-3.3%)	0.742s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.308s (+3.1%)	2.008s (~)	0.700s	15	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	1.796s (-11.7% 🟢)	2.314s (-7.7% 🟢)	0.517s	13	1.43x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.014s (-14.1% 🟢)	2.469s (-15.4% 🟢)	0.455s	13	1.60x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.058s (+2.1%)	2.591s (+3.4%)	0.534s	12	1.63x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.921s (+23.1% 🔺)	5.887s (+14.8% 🔺)	1.966s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.109s (+65.2% 🔺)	5.700s (+40.5% 🔺)	1.591s	6	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.425s (+56.1% 🔺)	6.297s (+37.1% 🔺)	1.872s	5	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.405s (-15.2% 🟢)	3.454s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.049s	9	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.446s (~)	3.568s (-3.0%)	2.122s	9	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.467s (-1.0%)	3.760s (-3.2%)	2.293s	8	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	4.382s (-24.1% 🟢)	5.013s (-21.9% 🟢)	0.630s	6	3.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.669s (+26.5% 🔺)	6.015s (+20.0% 🔺)	0.345s	5	4.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.837s (-12.7% 🟢)	6.614s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.777s	5	4.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.719s (+53.6% 🔺)	7.181s (+45.6% 🔺)	2.463s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.884s (+58.9% 🔺)	6.856s (+39.5% 🔺)	1.972s	5	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.796s (+65.5% 🔺)	8.234s (+51.5% 🔺)	2.438s	4	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.163s (-0.9%)	2.007s (~)	0.845s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.191s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.816s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.198s (-2.6%)	2.005s (~)	0.807s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.209s (+0.8%)	2.008s (~)	0.799s	15	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.223s (-0.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.783s	15	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.313s (-2.8%)	2.006s (~)	0.692s	15	1.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.813s (+39.0% 🔺)	4.802s (+23.0% 🔺)	1.989s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.887s (+33.2% 🔺)	4.537s (+17.0% 🔺)	1.650s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.010s (+40.7% 🔺)	4.819s (+18.8% 🔺)	1.809s	7	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.250s (-1.1%)	2.151s (+3.7%)	0.900s	14	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.268s (-2.1%)	2.008s (~)	0.740s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.293s (+1.4%)	2.009s (~)	0.716s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.870s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.314s (-15.5% 🟢)	0.444s	13	1.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.975s (-1.8%)	2.507s (+8.3% 🔺)	0.533s	12	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.395s (-1.0%)	2.917s (~)	0.522s	11	1.92x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.741s (+36.4% 🔺)	5.523s (+28.6% 🔺)	1.782s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.906s (+46.6% 🔺)	6.065s (+45.7% 🔺)	2.160s	5	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.995s (+54.8% 🔺)	5.596s (+28.7% 🔺)	1.600s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.456s (+1.8%)	3.761s (~)	2.304s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.457s (-0.8%)	3.885s (~)	2.428s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.474s (+1.2%)	4.012s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.538s	8	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	4.406s (-26.1% 🟢)	5.012s (-26.4% 🟢)	0.607s	6	3.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.626s (+13.8% 🔺)	6.016s (+9.1% 🔺)	0.390s	5	3.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.780s (-14.9% 🟢)	6.416s (-14.6% 🟢)	0.636s	5	3.97x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.355s (-1.1%)	6.703s (+2.0%)	2.348s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.383s (+32.6% 🔺)	6.950s (+32.2% 🔺)	2.568s	5	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.440s (+4.4%)	6.274s (+3.0%)	1.834s	5	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.450s (-26.3% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.554s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.525s (-8.9% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.7%)	0.481s	60	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.533s (-5.7% 🟢)	1.023s (~)	0.490s	59	1.19x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.568s (-7.1% 🟢)	1.005s (-1.7%)	0.437s	60	1.26x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.578s (+1.3%)	1.022s (~)	0.444s	59	1.28x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.601s (+7.0% 🔺)	1.023s (~)	0.422s	59	1.34x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.639s (+20.8% 🔺)	5.508s (+9.1% 🔺)	1.868s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.121s (+20.1% 🔺)	6.085s (+12.1% 🔺)	1.964s	11	1.13x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.246s (+2.8%)	5.798s (-7.1% 🟢)	1.551s	11	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.213s (-22.2% 🟢)	2.007s (-1.1%)	0.794s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.219s (-8.0% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.788s	45	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.257s (-1.4%)	2.007s (~)	0.750s	45	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.368s (+7.3% 🔺)	2.030s (+1.1%)	0.662s	45	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.427s (-3.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.579s	45	1.18x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.451s (+4.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.554s	45	1.20x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	8.825s (+2.9%)	10.801s (+3.6%)	1.976s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	9.255s (+21.3% 🔺)	11.296s (+18.9% 🔺)	2.040s	9	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.495s (+16.0% 🔺)	11.458s (+14.6% 🔺)	1.963s	8	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.456s (-6.8% 🟢)	3.059s (~)	0.602s	40	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.511s (-1.5%)	3.008s (~)	0.497s	40	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	2.580s (-20.7% 🟢)	3.007s (-25.0% 🟢)	0.427s	40	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.682s (+1.1%)	3.059s (-2.5%)	0.377s	40	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.146s (+4.9%)	3.913s (+13.8% 🔺)	0.767s	31	1.28x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.181s (-0.7%)	3.821s (-3.9%)	0.640s	32	1.30x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	18.298s (+9.6% 🔺)	20.700s (+8.8% 🔺)	2.402s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	18.547s (+23.3% 🔺)	20.731s (+20.4% 🔺)	2.183s	6	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	21.415s (+32.2% 🔺)	24.113s (+31.0% 🔺)	2.698s	5	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.165s (-8.1% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.841s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.205s (-6.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.801s	60	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.220s (+3.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.787s	60	1.34x
💻 Local	Express	0.295s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.709s	60	1.79x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.332s (-1.5%)	1.004s (~)	0.672s	60	2.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.600s (-0.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.405s	60	3.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.468s (+16.0% 🔺)	3.359s (+13.6% 🔺)	1.891s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.658s (+26.0% 🔺)	3.432s (+15.4% 🔺)	1.774s	18	1.13x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.727s (+26.3% 🔺)	3.547s (+13.7% 🔺)	1.820s	17	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.264s (-1.5%)	1.017s (+1.1%)	0.753s	89	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.306s (-4.8%)	1.006s (~)	0.700s	90	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.353s (+9.4% 🔺)	1.018s (+1.2%)	0.665s	89	1.34x
💻 Local	Express	1.565s (-20.0% 🟢)	2.052s (-16.9% 🟢)	0.487s	44	5.93x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.940s (-4.2%)	2.377s (-3.7%)	0.437s	38	7.35x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.602s (-2.4%)	3.182s (+3.5%)	0.580s	29	9.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.670s (+57.5% 🔺)	4.768s (+32.8% 🔺)	2.098s	19	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.934s (+72.9% 🔺)	4.752s (+34.4% 🔺)	1.818s	20	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.500s (+56.1% 🔺)	5.412s (+29.2% 🔺)	1.912s	17	1.31x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.480s (~)	3.087s (+1.7%)	2.607s	39	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.531s (+7.7% 🔺)	1.078s (+6.3% 🔺)	0.547s	112	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.536s (+2.2%)	1.050s (~)	0.514s	115	1.12x
💻 Local	Express	7.925s (-19.0% 🟢)	8.491s (-20.0% 🟢)	0.567s	15	16.52x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.793s (-2.7%)	10.863s (-2.3%)	1.071s	12	20.41x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.117s (+8.1% 🔺)	10.697s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.581s	12	21.09x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.208s (+45.6% 🔺)	5.334s (+29.8% 🔺)	2.126s	23	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.762s (+55.1% 🔺)	6.147s (+40.5% 🔺)	2.385s	20	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.437s (+53.4% 🔺)	7.705s (+42.2% 🔺)	2.268s	16	1.69x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.131s (-3.6%)	2.003s (~)	0.008s (-31.7% 🟢)	2.014s (~)	0.883s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.142s (-1.0%)	2.003s (~)	0.010s (-16.9% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.875s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.151s (-1.7%)	2.000s (~)	0.001s (-16.7% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.859s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.158s (-1.7%)	2.000s (~)	0.001s (-28.6% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.852s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.168s (+1.6%)	2.005s (~)	0.012s (+33.7% 🔺)	2.019s (~)	0.852s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.168s (~)	1.995s (~)	0.002s (-15.8% 🟢)	2.011s (~)	0.843s	10	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.276s (+7.9% 🔺)	3.426s (+1.3%)	2.068s (+24.6% 🔺)	5.982s (+8.0% 🔺)	3.706s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.372s (+5.0% 🔺)	3.631s (+6.5% 🔺)	2.161s (-20.2% 🟢)	6.302s (-7.5% 🟢)	3.930s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.420s (+12.3% 🔺)	3.510s (+2.9%)	3.165s (+98.9% 🔺)	7.139s (+27.9% 🔺)	4.719s	10	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.459s (-7.9% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.011s (-13.7% 🟢)	2.020s (~)	0.560s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.582s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.011s (-9.6% 🟢)	2.025s (~)	0.443s	30	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.593s (~)	2.013s (~)	0.005s (+8.1% 🔺)	2.028s (~)	0.435s	30	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.595s (-1.5%)	2.009s (~)	0.012s (-2.9%)	2.026s (~)	0.432s	30	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.611s (+1.6%)	2.005s (~)	0.005s (+6.0% 🔺)	2.028s (~)	0.417s	30	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.655s (+0.8%)	2.005s (-1.6%)	0.005s (+4.7%)	2.028s (-1.5%)	0.373s	30	1.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.263s (+2.1%)	7.880s (~)	0.262s (-7.7% 🟢)	8.596s (-0.9%)	2.333s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.325s (+10.5% 🔺)	7.847s (+3.6%)	0.214s (-30.8% 🟢)	8.567s (+1.7%)	2.242s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.740s (+13.5% 🔺)	8.110s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.308s (-6.6% 🟢)	8.894s (+5.1% 🔺)	2.154s	7	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.725s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.009s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.037s (-3.9%)	0.313s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.788s (+3.5%)	1.111s (+2.1%)	0.000s (+322.2% 🔺)	1.127s (+2.8%)	0.339s	54	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.793s (+3.2%)	1.104s (~)	0.000s (~)	1.119s (~)	0.326s	54	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	1.127s (-14.8% 🟢)	1.859s (-7.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-66.9% 🟢)	1.862s (-7.6% 🟢)	0.735s	33	1.56x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.346s (-1.4%)	2.013s (~)	0.001s (+25.0% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.669s	30	1.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.497s (+3.4%)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (-33.3% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.520s	30	2.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.755s (-21.0% 🟢)	5.013s (-24.0% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	5.479s (-23.1% 🟢)	1.725s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.952s (-6.6% 🟢)	5.373s (-13.5% 🟢)	0.000s (-90.4% 🟢)	5.881s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.929s	11	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.994s (+18.3% 🔺)	5.243s (+3.9%)	0.007s (+3850.0% 🔺)	5.806s (+4.4%)	1.812s	11	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.611s (+5.3% 🔺)	2.175s (+3.5%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	2.189s (+1.7%)	0.578s	28	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.834s (-3.9%)	2.440s (-4.1%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.448s (-4.0%)	0.615s	25	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.886s (+14.0% 🔺)	2.381s (+7.5% 🔺)	0.000s (+107.7% 🔺)	2.396s (+7.4% 🔺)	0.509s	26	1.17x
💻 Local	Express	2.611s (-28.3% 🟢)	3.024s (-28.5% 🟢)	0.001s (-25.0% 🟢)	3.030s (-28.4% 🟢)	0.419s	20	1.62x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.451s (-1.4%)	4.162s (+5.1% 🔺)	0.001s (-11.1% 🟢)	4.166s (+4.8%)	0.715s	15	2.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.281s (+3.9%)	4.721s (+2.6%)	0.001s (-40.2% 🟢)	4.725s (+2.5%)	0.445s	13	2.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.794s (-15.8% 🟢)	6.293s (-11.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	6.815s (-11.7% 🟢)	2.021s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.566s (+5.1% 🔺)	7.160s (+5.5% 🔺)	0.000s (NaN%)	7.700s (+5.2% 🔺)	2.134s	8	1.16x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	21/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	11/21
▲ Vercel	Nitro	9/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	11/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	15/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	13/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1442	0	230	1672
✅ 💻 Local Development	1605	0	219	1824
✅ 📦 Local Production	1605	0	219	1824
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1593	0	231	1824
✅ 🪟 Windows	152	0	0	152
✅ 📋 Other	885	0	179	1064
Total	7282	0	1078	8360

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	125	0	27
✅ example	125	0	27
✅ express	125	0	27
✅ fastify	125	0	27
✅ hono	125	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack	149	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack	149	0	3
✅ nitro	125	0	27
✅ nuxt	125	0	27
✅ sveltekit	144	0	8
✅ vite	125	0	27

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	127	0	25
✅ express-stable	127	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	127	0	25
✅ hono-stable	127	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	127	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	127	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	146	0	6
✅ vite-stable	127	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	127	0	25
✅ express-stable	127	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	127	0	25
✅ hono-stable	127	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	127	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	127	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	146	0	6
✅ vite-stable	127	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	26
✅ express-stable	126	0	26
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	26
✅ hono-stable	126	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	20
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	151	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	20
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	151	0	1
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	26
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	26
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	7
✅ vite-stable	126	0	26

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	152	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	127	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	127	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	126	0	26
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	126	0	26
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	127	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	127	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	125	0	27

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

No backport to stable for 57cccaf (AI decision).

This is a major-bumped breaking change that removes the public workflows.lazyDiscovery option, the entire deferred/lazy-discovery builder path, the socket-server plumbing, and WORKFLOW_NEXT_LAZY_DISCOVERY handling — all of which still exist and are maintained on stable. Removing this functionality is intended for the next major release, so backporting it would be a disruptive breaking change to the GA channel. The small Windows atomic-rename fallback fix bundled in base-builder.ts is not worth backporting on its own and can't be cleanly separated from the removal.

To override, re-run the Backport to stable workflow manually via workflow_dispatch and paste this commit SHA into the ref input:

57cccaf3734f4afa8218e1ea729a9bb886c691f3

[github-actions]

Backport PR opened against stable: #2557. Merge conflicts were resolved by AI — please review carefully. (backport job run)

[rovo89]

@ijjk I haven't followed the SDK developement as closely as I initially did, but this change caught my eye. Wasn't lazy discovery the game changer for bigger projects, saving many seconds and lots of RAM during build and dev server usage? Has the the eager build become so much better that this is no longer necessary?

[ijjk]

@rovo89 correct the goal here is to make eager mode faster than lazy approach. The wins in #2546 look very promising as we now get rid of esbuild for discovery which was causing the biggest slowdown there.

Let me know how the performance is looking on that version for your project! There's definitely more improvements for eager we can do still as well.

[ijjk]

Summary

Remove lazy discovery from workflow/next so the integration has one build mode to optimize and maintain.

The remaining eager build path does not depend on Next.js deferred entries, which means workflow/next no longer needs a minimum Next.js version for lazy discovery support.

Changes

• Remove the deferred/lazy discovery builder path.
• Remove workflows.lazyDiscovery and WORKFLOW_NEXT_LAZY_DISCOVERY handling.
• Remove socket-based loader discovery plumbing.
• Update tests, CI matrix wiring, and docs for the single build mode.

Testing

• pnpm --filter @workflow/next build
• pnpm vitest run packages/core/e2e/utils.test.ts packages/next/src/index.test.ts
• node scripts/create-test-matrix.mjs > /tmp/workflow-test-matrix.json

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 0984752

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/next	Major
@workflow/builders	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-docs	Building	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.031s (-23.8% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.973s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.042s (+3.2%)	1.007s (~)	0.964s	10	1.35x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.046s (-3.3%)	1.006s (~)	0.959s	10	1.48x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.053s (-7.9% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.959s	10	1.70x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.058s (-6.8% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.954s	10	1.83x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.061s (-3.9%)	1.011s (~)	0.951s	10	1.94x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.290s (-27.0% 🟢)	2.711s (+11.2% 🔺)	2.421s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.340s (-12.8% 🟢)	2.699s (+6.8% 🔺)	2.359s	10	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.373s (+15.2% 🔺)	2.800s (~)	2.428s	10	1.28x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.083s (-1.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.923s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.087s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.919s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.091s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.915s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.099s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.911s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.106s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.904s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.107s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.903s	10	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.669s (+9.7% 🔺)	3.386s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.717s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.781s (+12.8% 🔺)	3.900s (+5.0%)	2.119s	10	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.904s (+23.6% 🔺)	3.856s (+9.8% 🔺)	1.952s	10	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	10.403s (-1.1%)	11.021s (~)	0.618s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.506s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.517s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.515s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.508s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.524s (~)	11.020s (~)	0.496s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.528s (~)	11.017s (~)	0.489s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.557s (~)	11.019s (~)	0.462s	3	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.212s (+7.8% 🔺)	16.056s (+4.4%)	1.844s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	14.501s (+13.0% 🔺)	16.588s (+8.7% 🔺)	2.087s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.664s (+12.0% 🔺)	16.394s (+7.8% 🔺)	1.730s	2	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	13.524s (-3.4%)	14.027s (-1.4%)	0.503s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.708s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.319s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.726s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.301s	5	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.799s (-0.8%)	14.021s (~)	0.221s	5	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.859s (~)	14.019s (~)	0.160s	5	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.911s (+0.9%)	14.020s (~)	0.109s	5	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	23.106s (+7.5% 🔺)	25.551s (+8.8% 🔺)	2.445s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	23.222s (+15.2% 🔺)	25.508s (+13.8% 🔺)	2.286s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	23.433s (+17.5% 🔺)	25.535s (+15.0% 🔺)	2.101s	3	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	11.815s (-6.2% 🟢)	12.021s (-7.7% 🟢)	0.206s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.262s (-1.6%)	13.025s (~)	0.763s	7	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.322s (~)	13.024s (~)	0.703s	7	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.426s (~)	13.019s (~)	0.592s	7	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.515s (~)	13.016s (~)	0.501s	7	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Express	12.542s (+0.7%)	13.305s (+2.2%)	0.762s	7	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	28.923s (+25.7% 🔺)	31.583s (+25.5% 🔺)	2.660s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	28.975s (+15.2% 🔺)	31.599s (+15.1% 🔺)	2.624s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	30.866s (+24.8% 🔺)	33.336s (+24.9% 🔺)	2.470s	3	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.166s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.005s (~)	0.839s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.173s (+1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.836s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.187s (-0.7%)	2.007s (~)	0.821s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.189s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.820s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.243s (-9.6% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.763s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.244s (+3.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.762s	15	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.020s (+16.5% 🔺)	4.847s (+9.5% 🔺)	1.827s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.275s (+21.6% 🔺)	5.067s (+13.7% 🔺)	1.792s	6	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.314s (+63.0% 🔺)	6.258s (+40.5% 🔺)	1.943s	5	1.43x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.259s (+0.6%)	2.074s (+3.4%)	0.816s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.265s (-3.3%)	2.007s (-3.3%)	0.742s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.308s (+3.1%)	2.008s (~)	0.700s	15	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	1.796s (-11.7% 🟢)	2.314s (-7.7% 🟢)	0.517s	13	1.43x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.014s (-14.1% 🟢)	2.469s (-15.4% 🟢)	0.455s	13	1.60x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.058s (+2.1%)	2.591s (+3.4%)	0.534s	12	1.63x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.921s (+23.1% 🔺)	5.887s (+14.8% 🔺)	1.966s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.109s (+65.2% 🔺)	5.700s (+40.5% 🔺)	1.591s	6	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.425s (+56.1% 🔺)	6.297s (+37.1% 🔺)	1.872s	5	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.405s (-15.2% 🟢)	3.454s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.049s	9	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.446s (~)	3.568s (-3.0%)	2.122s	9	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.467s (-1.0%)	3.760s (-3.2%)	2.293s	8	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	4.382s (-24.1% 🟢)	5.013s (-21.9% 🟢)	0.630s	6	3.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.669s (+26.5% 🔺)	6.015s (+20.0% 🔺)	0.345s	5	4.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.837s (-12.7% 🟢)	6.614s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.777s	5	4.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.719s (+53.6% 🔺)	7.181s (+45.6% 🔺)	2.463s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.884s (+58.9% 🔺)	6.856s (+39.5% 🔺)	1.972s	5	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.796s (+65.5% 🔺)	8.234s (+51.5% 🔺)	2.438s	4	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.163s (-0.9%)	2.007s (~)	0.845s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.191s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.816s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.198s (-2.6%)	2.005s (~)	0.807s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.209s (+0.8%)	2.008s (~)	0.799s	15	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.223s (-0.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.783s	15	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.313s (-2.8%)	2.006s (~)	0.692s	15	1.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.813s (+39.0% 🔺)	4.802s (+23.0% 🔺)	1.989s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.887s (+33.2% 🔺)	4.537s (+17.0% 🔺)	1.650s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.010s (+40.7% 🔺)	4.819s (+18.8% 🔺)	1.809s	7	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.250s (-1.1%)	2.151s (+3.7%)	0.900s	14	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.268s (-2.1%)	2.008s (~)	0.740s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.293s (+1.4%)	2.009s (~)	0.716s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.870s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.314s (-15.5% 🟢)	0.444s	13	1.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.975s (-1.8%)	2.507s (+8.3% 🔺)	0.533s	12	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.395s (-1.0%)	2.917s (~)	0.522s	11	1.92x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.741s (+36.4% 🔺)	5.523s (+28.6% 🔺)	1.782s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.906s (+46.6% 🔺)	6.065s (+45.7% 🔺)	2.160s	5	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.995s (+54.8% 🔺)	5.596s (+28.7% 🔺)	1.600s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.456s (+1.8%)	3.761s (~)	2.304s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.457s (-0.8%)	3.885s (~)	2.428s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.474s (+1.2%)	4.012s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.538s	8	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	4.406s (-26.1% 🟢)	5.012s (-26.4% 🟢)	0.607s	6	3.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.626s (+13.8% 🔺)	6.016s (+9.1% 🔺)	0.390s	5	3.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.780s (-14.9% 🟢)	6.416s (-14.6% 🟢)	0.636s	5	3.97x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.355s (-1.1%)	6.703s (+2.0%)	2.348s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.383s (+32.6% 🔺)	6.950s (+32.2% 🔺)	2.568s	5	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.440s (+4.4%)	6.274s (+3.0%)	1.834s	5	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.450s (-26.3% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.554s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.525s (-8.9% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.7%)	0.481s	60	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.533s (-5.7% 🟢)	1.023s (~)	0.490s	59	1.19x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.568s (-7.1% 🟢)	1.005s (-1.7%)	0.437s	60	1.26x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.578s (+1.3%)	1.022s (~)	0.444s	59	1.28x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.601s (+7.0% 🔺)	1.023s (~)	0.422s	59	1.34x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.639s (+20.8% 🔺)	5.508s (+9.1% 🔺)	1.868s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.121s (+20.1% 🔺)	6.085s (+12.1% 🔺)	1.964s	11	1.13x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.246s (+2.8%)	5.798s (-7.1% 🟢)	1.551s	11	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.213s (-22.2% 🟢)	2.007s (-1.1%)	0.794s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.219s (-8.0% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.788s	45	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.257s (-1.4%)	2.007s (~)	0.750s	45	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.368s (+7.3% 🔺)	2.030s (+1.1%)	0.662s	45	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.427s (-3.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.579s	45	1.18x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.451s (+4.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.554s	45	1.20x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	8.825s (+2.9%)	10.801s (+3.6%)	1.976s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	9.255s (+21.3% 🔺)	11.296s (+18.9% 🔺)	2.040s	9	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.495s (+16.0% 🔺)	11.458s (+14.6% 🔺)	1.963s	8	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.456s (-6.8% 🟢)	3.059s (~)	0.602s	40	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.511s (-1.5%)	3.008s (~)	0.497s	40	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	2.580s (-20.7% 🟢)	3.007s (-25.0% 🟢)	0.427s	40	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.682s (+1.1%)	3.059s (-2.5%)	0.377s	40	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.146s (+4.9%)	3.913s (+13.8% 🔺)	0.767s	31	1.28x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.181s (-0.7%)	3.821s (-3.9%)	0.640s	32	1.30x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	18.298s (+9.6% 🔺)	20.700s (+8.8% 🔺)	2.402s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	18.547s (+23.3% 🔺)	20.731s (+20.4% 🔺)	2.183s	6	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	21.415s (+32.2% 🔺)	24.113s (+31.0% 🔺)	2.698s	5	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.165s (-8.1% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.841s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.205s (-6.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.801s	60	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.220s (+3.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.787s	60	1.34x
💻 Local	Express	0.295s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.709s	60	1.79x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.332s (-1.5%)	1.004s (~)	0.672s	60	2.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.600s (-0.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.405s	60	3.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.468s (+16.0% 🔺)	3.359s (+13.6% 🔺)	1.891s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.658s (+26.0% 🔺)	3.432s (+15.4% 🔺)	1.774s	18	1.13x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.727s (+26.3% 🔺)	3.547s (+13.7% 🔺)	1.820s	17	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.264s (-1.5%)	1.017s (+1.1%)	0.753s	89	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.306s (-4.8%)	1.006s (~)	0.700s	90	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.353s (+9.4% 🔺)	1.018s (+1.2%)	0.665s	89	1.34x
💻 Local	Express	1.565s (-20.0% 🟢)	2.052s (-16.9% 🟢)	0.487s	44	5.93x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.940s (-4.2%)	2.377s (-3.7%)	0.437s	38	7.35x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.602s (-2.4%)	3.182s (+3.5%)	0.580s	29	9.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.670s (+57.5% 🔺)	4.768s (+32.8% 🔺)	2.098s	19	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.934s (+72.9% 🔺)	4.752s (+34.4% 🔺)	1.818s	20	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.500s (+56.1% 🔺)	5.412s (+29.2% 🔺)	1.912s	17	1.31x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.480s (~)	3.087s (+1.7%)	2.607s	39	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.531s (+7.7% 🔺)	1.078s (+6.3% 🔺)	0.547s	112	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.536s (+2.2%)	1.050s (~)	0.514s	115	1.12x
💻 Local	Express	7.925s (-19.0% 🟢)	8.491s (-20.0% 🟢)	0.567s	15	16.52x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.793s (-2.7%)	10.863s (-2.3%)	1.071s	12	20.41x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.117s (+8.1% 🔺)	10.697s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.581s	12	21.09x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.208s (+45.6% 🔺)	5.334s (+29.8% 🔺)	2.126s	23	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.762s (+55.1% 🔺)	6.147s (+40.5% 🔺)	2.385s	20	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.437s (+53.4% 🔺)	7.705s (+42.2% 🔺)	2.268s	16	1.69x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.131s (-3.6%)	2.003s (~)	0.008s (-31.7% 🟢)	2.014s (~)	0.883s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.142s (-1.0%)	2.003s (~)	0.010s (-16.9% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.875s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.151s (-1.7%)	2.000s (~)	0.001s (-16.7% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.859s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.158s (-1.7%)	2.000s (~)	0.001s (-28.6% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.852s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.168s (+1.6%)	2.005s (~)	0.012s (+33.7% 🔺)	2.019s (~)	0.852s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.168s (~)	1.995s (~)	0.002s (-15.8% 🟢)	2.011s (~)	0.843s	10	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.276s (+7.9% 🔺)	3.426s (+1.3%)	2.068s (+24.6% 🔺)	5.982s (+8.0% 🔺)	3.706s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.372s (+5.0% 🔺)	3.631s (+6.5% 🔺)	2.161s (-20.2% 🟢)	6.302s (-7.5% 🟢)	3.930s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.420s (+12.3% 🔺)	3.510s (+2.9%)	3.165s (+98.9% 🔺)	7.139s (+27.9% 🔺)	4.719s	10	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.459s (-7.9% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.011s (-13.7% 🟢)	2.020s (~)	0.560s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.582s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.011s (-9.6% 🟢)	2.025s (~)	0.443s	30	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.593s (~)	2.013s (~)	0.005s (+8.1% 🔺)	2.028s (~)	0.435s	30	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.595s (-1.5%)	2.009s (~)	0.012s (-2.9%)	2.026s (~)	0.432s	30	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.611s (+1.6%)	2.005s (~)	0.005s (+6.0% 🔺)	2.028s (~)	0.417s	30	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.655s (+0.8%)	2.005s (-1.6%)	0.005s (+4.7%)	2.028s (-1.5%)	0.373s	30	1.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.263s (+2.1%)	7.880s (~)	0.262s (-7.7% 🟢)	8.596s (-0.9%)	2.333s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.325s (+10.5% 🔺)	7.847s (+3.6%)	0.214s (-30.8% 🟢)	8.567s (+1.7%)	2.242s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.740s (+13.5% 🔺)	8.110s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.308s (-6.6% 🟢)	8.894s (+5.1% 🔺)	2.154s	7	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.725s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.009s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.037s (-3.9%)	0.313s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.788s (+3.5%)	1.111s (+2.1%)	0.000s (+322.2% 🔺)	1.127s (+2.8%)	0.339s	54	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.793s (+3.2%)	1.104s (~)	0.000s (~)	1.119s (~)	0.326s	54	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	1.127s (-14.8% 🟢)	1.859s (-7.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-66.9% 🟢)	1.862s (-7.6% 🟢)	0.735s	33	1.56x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.346s (-1.4%)	2.013s (~)	0.001s (+25.0% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.669s	30	1.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.497s (+3.4%)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (-33.3% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.520s	30	2.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.755s (-21.0% 🟢)	5.013s (-24.0% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	5.479s (-23.1% 🟢)	1.725s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.952s (-6.6% 🟢)	5.373s (-13.5% 🟢)	0.000s (-90.4% 🟢)	5.881s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.929s	11	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.994s (+18.3% 🔺)	5.243s (+3.9%)	0.007s (+3850.0% 🔺)	5.806s (+4.4%)	1.812s	11	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.611s (+5.3% 🔺)	2.175s (+3.5%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	2.189s (+1.7%)	0.578s	28	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.834s (-3.9%)	2.440s (-4.1%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.448s (-4.0%)	0.615s	25	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.886s (+14.0% 🔺)	2.381s (+7.5% 🔺)	0.000s (+107.7% 🔺)	2.396s (+7.4% 🔺)	0.509s	26	1.17x
💻 Local	Express	2.611s (-28.3% 🟢)	3.024s (-28.5% 🟢)	0.001s (-25.0% 🟢)	3.030s (-28.4% 🟢)	0.419s	20	1.62x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.451s (-1.4%)	4.162s (+5.1% 🔺)	0.001s (-11.1% 🟢)	4.166s (+4.8%)	0.715s	15	2.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.281s (+3.9%)	4.721s (+2.6%)	0.001s (-40.2% 🟢)	4.725s (+2.5%)	0.445s	13	2.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.794s (-15.8% 🟢)	6.293s (-11.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	6.815s (-11.7% 🟢)	2.021s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.566s (+5.1% 🔺)	7.160s (+5.5% 🔺)	0.000s (NaN%)	7.700s (+5.2% 🔺)	2.134s	8	1.16x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	21/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	11/21
▲ Vercel	Nitro	9/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	11/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	15/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	13/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1442	0	230	1672
✅ 💻 Local Development	1605	0	219	1824
✅ 📦 Local Production	1605	0	219	1824
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1593	0	231	1824
✅ 🪟 Windows	152	0	0	152
✅ 📋 Other	885	0	179	1064
Total	7282	0	1078	8360

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	125	0	27
✅ example	125	0	27
✅ express	125	0	27
✅ fastify	125	0	27
✅ hono	125	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack	149	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack	149	0	3
✅ nitro	125	0	27
✅ nuxt	125	0	27
✅ sveltekit	144	0	8
✅ vite	125	0	27

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	127	0	25
✅ express-stable	127	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	127	0	25
✅ hono-stable	127	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	127	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	127	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	146	0	6
✅ vite-stable	127	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	127	0	25
✅ express-stable	127	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	127	0	25
✅ hono-stable	127	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	127	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	127	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	146	0	6
✅ vite-stable	127	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	26
✅ express-stable	126	0	26
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	26
✅ hono-stable	126	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	20
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	151	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	20
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	151	0	1
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	26
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	26
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	7
✅ vite-stable	126	0	26

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	152	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	127	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	127	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	126	0	26
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	126	0	26
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	127	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	127	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	125	0	27

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

No backport to stable for 57cccaf (AI decision).

This is a major-bumped breaking change that removes the public workflows.lazyDiscovery option, the entire deferred/lazy-discovery builder path, the socket-server plumbing, and WORKFLOW_NEXT_LAZY_DISCOVERY handling — all of which still exist and are maintained on stable. Removing this functionality is intended for the next major release, so backporting it would be a disruptive breaking change to the GA channel. The small Windows atomic-rename fallback fix bundled in base-builder.ts is not worth backporting on its own and can't be cleanly separated from the removal.

To override, re-run the Backport to stable workflow manually via workflow_dispatch and paste this commit SHA into the ref input:

57cccaf3734f4afa8218e1ea729a9bb886c691f3

[github-actions]

Backport PR opened against stable: #2557. Merge conflicts were resolved by AI — please review carefully. (backport job run)

[rovo89]

@ijjk I haven't followed the SDK developement as closely as I initially did, but this change caught my eye. Wasn't lazy discovery the game changer for bigger projects, saving many seconds and lots of RAM during build and dev server usage? Has the the eager build become so much better that this is no longer necessary?

[ijjk]

@rovo89 correct the goal here is to make eager mode faster than lazy approach. The wins in #2546 look very promising as we now get rid of esbuild for discovery which was causing the biggest slowdown there.

Let me know how the performance is looking on that version for your project! There's definitely more improvements for eager we can do still as well.

[ijjk]

Summary

Remove lazy discovery from workflow/next so the integration has one build mode to optimize and maintain.

The remaining eager build path does not depend on Next.js deferred entries, which means workflow/next no longer needs a minimum Next.js version for lazy discovery support.

Changes

• Remove the deferred/lazy discovery builder path.
• Remove workflows.lazyDiscovery and WORKFLOW_NEXT_LAZY_DISCOVERY handling.
• Remove socket-based loader discovery plumbing.
• Update tests, CI matrix wiring, and docs for the single build mode.

Testing

• pnpm --filter @workflow/next build
• pnpm vitest run packages/core/e2e/utils.test.ts packages/next/src/index.test.ts
• node scripts/create-test-matrix.mjs > /tmp/workflow-test-matrix.json

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 0984752

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/next	Major
@workflow/builders	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-docs	Building	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.031s (-23.8% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.973s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.042s (+3.2%)	1.007s (~)	0.964s	10	1.35x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.046s (-3.3%)	1.006s (~)	0.959s	10	1.48x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.053s (-7.9% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.959s	10	1.70x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.058s (-6.8% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.954s	10	1.83x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.061s (-3.9%)	1.011s (~)	0.951s	10	1.94x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.290s (-27.0% 🟢)	2.711s (+11.2% 🔺)	2.421s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.340s (-12.8% 🟢)	2.699s (+6.8% 🔺)	2.359s	10	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.373s (+15.2% 🔺)	2.800s (~)	2.428s	10	1.28x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.083s (-1.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.923s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.087s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.919s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.091s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.915s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.099s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.911s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.106s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.904s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.107s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.903s	10	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.669s (+9.7% 🔺)	3.386s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.717s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.781s (+12.8% 🔺)	3.900s (+5.0%)	2.119s	10	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.904s (+23.6% 🔺)	3.856s (+9.8% 🔺)	1.952s	10	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	10.403s (-1.1%)	11.021s (~)	0.618s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.506s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.517s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.515s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.508s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.524s (~)	11.020s (~)	0.496s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.528s (~)	11.017s (~)	0.489s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.557s (~)	11.019s (~)	0.462s	3	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.212s (+7.8% 🔺)	16.056s (+4.4%)	1.844s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	14.501s (+13.0% 🔺)	16.588s (+8.7% 🔺)	2.087s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.664s (+12.0% 🔺)	16.394s (+7.8% 🔺)	1.730s	2	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	13.524s (-3.4%)	14.027s (-1.4%)	0.503s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.708s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.319s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.726s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.301s	5	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.799s (-0.8%)	14.021s (~)	0.221s	5	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.859s (~)	14.019s (~)	0.160s	5	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.911s (+0.9%)	14.020s (~)	0.109s	5	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	23.106s (+7.5% 🔺)	25.551s (+8.8% 🔺)	2.445s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	23.222s (+15.2% 🔺)	25.508s (+13.8% 🔺)	2.286s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	23.433s (+17.5% 🔺)	25.535s (+15.0% 🔺)	2.101s	3	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	11.815s (-6.2% 🟢)	12.021s (-7.7% 🟢)	0.206s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.262s (-1.6%)	13.025s (~)	0.763s	7	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.322s (~)	13.024s (~)	0.703s	7	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.426s (~)	13.019s (~)	0.592s	7	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.515s (~)	13.016s (~)	0.501s	7	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Express	12.542s (+0.7%)	13.305s (+2.2%)	0.762s	7	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	28.923s (+25.7% 🔺)	31.583s (+25.5% 🔺)	2.660s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	28.975s (+15.2% 🔺)	31.599s (+15.1% 🔺)	2.624s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	30.866s (+24.8% 🔺)	33.336s (+24.9% 🔺)	2.470s	3	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.166s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.005s (~)	0.839s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.173s (+1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.836s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.187s (-0.7%)	2.007s (~)	0.821s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.189s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.820s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.243s (-9.6% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.763s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.244s (+3.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.762s	15	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.020s (+16.5% 🔺)	4.847s (+9.5% 🔺)	1.827s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.275s (+21.6% 🔺)	5.067s (+13.7% 🔺)	1.792s	6	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.314s (+63.0% 🔺)	6.258s (+40.5% 🔺)	1.943s	5	1.43x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.259s (+0.6%)	2.074s (+3.4%)	0.816s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.265s (-3.3%)	2.007s (-3.3%)	0.742s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.308s (+3.1%)	2.008s (~)	0.700s	15	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	1.796s (-11.7% 🟢)	2.314s (-7.7% 🟢)	0.517s	13	1.43x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.014s (-14.1% 🟢)	2.469s (-15.4% 🟢)	0.455s	13	1.60x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.058s (+2.1%)	2.591s (+3.4%)	0.534s	12	1.63x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.921s (+23.1% 🔺)	5.887s (+14.8% 🔺)	1.966s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.109s (+65.2% 🔺)	5.700s (+40.5% 🔺)	1.591s	6	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.425s (+56.1% 🔺)	6.297s (+37.1% 🔺)	1.872s	5	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.405s (-15.2% 🟢)	3.454s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.049s	9	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.446s (~)	3.568s (-3.0%)	2.122s	9	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.467s (-1.0%)	3.760s (-3.2%)	2.293s	8	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	4.382s (-24.1% 🟢)	5.013s (-21.9% 🟢)	0.630s	6	3.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.669s (+26.5% 🔺)	6.015s (+20.0% 🔺)	0.345s	5	4.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.837s (-12.7% 🟢)	6.614s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.777s	5	4.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.719s (+53.6% 🔺)	7.181s (+45.6% 🔺)	2.463s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.884s (+58.9% 🔺)	6.856s (+39.5% 🔺)	1.972s	5	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.796s (+65.5% 🔺)	8.234s (+51.5% 🔺)	2.438s	4	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.163s (-0.9%)	2.007s (~)	0.845s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.191s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.816s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.198s (-2.6%)	2.005s (~)	0.807s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.209s (+0.8%)	2.008s (~)	0.799s	15	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.223s (-0.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.783s	15	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.313s (-2.8%)	2.006s (~)	0.692s	15	1.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.813s (+39.0% 🔺)	4.802s (+23.0% 🔺)	1.989s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.887s (+33.2% 🔺)	4.537s (+17.0% 🔺)	1.650s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.010s (+40.7% 🔺)	4.819s (+18.8% 🔺)	1.809s	7	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.250s (-1.1%)	2.151s (+3.7%)	0.900s	14	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.268s (-2.1%)	2.008s (~)	0.740s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.293s (+1.4%)	2.009s (~)	0.716s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.870s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.314s (-15.5% 🟢)	0.444s	13	1.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.975s (-1.8%)	2.507s (+8.3% 🔺)	0.533s	12	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.395s (-1.0%)	2.917s (~)	0.522s	11	1.92x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.741s (+36.4% 🔺)	5.523s (+28.6% 🔺)	1.782s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.906s (+46.6% 🔺)	6.065s (+45.7% 🔺)	2.160s	5	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.995s (+54.8% 🔺)	5.596s (+28.7% 🔺)	1.600s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.456s (+1.8%)	3.761s (~)	2.304s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.457s (-0.8%)	3.885s (~)	2.428s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.474s (+1.2%)	4.012s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.538s	8	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	4.406s (-26.1% 🟢)	5.012s (-26.4% 🟢)	0.607s	6	3.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.626s (+13.8% 🔺)	6.016s (+9.1% 🔺)	0.390s	5	3.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.780s (-14.9% 🟢)	6.416s (-14.6% 🟢)	0.636s	5	3.97x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.355s (-1.1%)	6.703s (+2.0%)	2.348s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.383s (+32.6% 🔺)	6.950s (+32.2% 🔺)	2.568s	5	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.440s (+4.4%)	6.274s (+3.0%)	1.834s	5	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.450s (-26.3% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.554s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.525s (-8.9% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.7%)	0.481s	60	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.533s (-5.7% 🟢)	1.023s (~)	0.490s	59	1.19x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.568s (-7.1% 🟢)	1.005s (-1.7%)	0.437s	60	1.26x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.578s (+1.3%)	1.022s (~)	0.444s	59	1.28x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.601s (+7.0% 🔺)	1.023s (~)	0.422s	59	1.34x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.639s (+20.8% 🔺)	5.508s (+9.1% 🔺)	1.868s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.121s (+20.1% 🔺)	6.085s (+12.1% 🔺)	1.964s	11	1.13x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.246s (+2.8%)	5.798s (-7.1% 🟢)	1.551s	11	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.213s (-22.2% 🟢)	2.007s (-1.1%)	0.794s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.219s (-8.0% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.788s	45	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.257s (-1.4%)	2.007s (~)	0.750s	45	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.368s (+7.3% 🔺)	2.030s (+1.1%)	0.662s	45	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.427s (-3.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.579s	45	1.18x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.451s (+4.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.554s	45	1.20x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	8.825s (+2.9%)	10.801s (+3.6%)	1.976s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	9.255s (+21.3% 🔺)	11.296s (+18.9% 🔺)	2.040s	9	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.495s (+16.0% 🔺)	11.458s (+14.6% 🔺)	1.963s	8	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.456s (-6.8% 🟢)	3.059s (~)	0.602s	40	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.511s (-1.5%)	3.008s (~)	0.497s	40	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	2.580s (-20.7% 🟢)	3.007s (-25.0% 🟢)	0.427s	40	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.682s (+1.1%)	3.059s (-2.5%)	0.377s	40	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.146s (+4.9%)	3.913s (+13.8% 🔺)	0.767s	31	1.28x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.181s (-0.7%)	3.821s (-3.9%)	0.640s	32	1.30x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	18.298s (+9.6% 🔺)	20.700s (+8.8% 🔺)	2.402s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	18.547s (+23.3% 🔺)	20.731s (+20.4% 🔺)	2.183s	6	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	21.415s (+32.2% 🔺)	24.113s (+31.0% 🔺)	2.698s	5	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.165s (-8.1% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.841s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.205s (-6.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.801s	60	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.220s (+3.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.787s	60	1.34x
💻 Local	Express	0.295s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.709s	60	1.79x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.332s (-1.5%)	1.004s (~)	0.672s	60	2.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.600s (-0.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.405s	60	3.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.468s (+16.0% 🔺)	3.359s (+13.6% 🔺)	1.891s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.658s (+26.0% 🔺)	3.432s (+15.4% 🔺)	1.774s	18	1.13x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.727s (+26.3% 🔺)	3.547s (+13.7% 🔺)	1.820s	17	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.264s (-1.5%)	1.017s (+1.1%)	0.753s	89	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.306s (-4.8%)	1.006s (~)	0.700s	90	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.353s (+9.4% 🔺)	1.018s (+1.2%)	0.665s	89	1.34x
💻 Local	Express	1.565s (-20.0% 🟢)	2.052s (-16.9% 🟢)	0.487s	44	5.93x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.940s (-4.2%)	2.377s (-3.7%)	0.437s	38	7.35x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.602s (-2.4%)	3.182s (+3.5%)	0.580s	29	9.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.670s (+57.5% 🔺)	4.768s (+32.8% 🔺)	2.098s	19	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.934s (+72.9% 🔺)	4.752s (+34.4% 🔺)	1.818s	20	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.500s (+56.1% 🔺)	5.412s (+29.2% 🔺)	1.912s	17	1.31x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.480s (~)	3.087s (+1.7%)	2.607s	39	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.531s (+7.7% 🔺)	1.078s (+6.3% 🔺)	0.547s	112	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.536s (+2.2%)	1.050s (~)	0.514s	115	1.12x
💻 Local	Express	7.925s (-19.0% 🟢)	8.491s (-20.0% 🟢)	0.567s	15	16.52x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.793s (-2.7%)	10.863s (-2.3%)	1.071s	12	20.41x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.117s (+8.1% 🔺)	10.697s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.581s	12	21.09x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.208s (+45.6% 🔺)	5.334s (+29.8% 🔺)	2.126s	23	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.762s (+55.1% 🔺)	6.147s (+40.5% 🔺)	2.385s	20	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.437s (+53.4% 🔺)	7.705s (+42.2% 🔺)	2.268s	16	1.69x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.131s (-3.6%)	2.003s (~)	0.008s (-31.7% 🟢)	2.014s (~)	0.883s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.142s (-1.0%)	2.003s (~)	0.010s (-16.9% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.875s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.151s (-1.7%)	2.000s (~)	0.001s (-16.7% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.859s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.158s (-1.7%)	2.000s (~)	0.001s (-28.6% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.852s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.168s (+1.6%)	2.005s (~)	0.012s (+33.7% 🔺)	2.019s (~)	0.852s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.168s (~)	1.995s (~)	0.002s (-15.8% 🟢)	2.011s (~)	0.843s	10	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.276s (+7.9% 🔺)	3.426s (+1.3%)	2.068s (+24.6% 🔺)	5.982s (+8.0% 🔺)	3.706s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.372s (+5.0% 🔺)	3.631s (+6.5% 🔺)	2.161s (-20.2% 🟢)	6.302s (-7.5% 🟢)	3.930s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.420s (+12.3% 🔺)	3.510s (+2.9%)	3.165s (+98.9% 🔺)	7.139s (+27.9% 🔺)	4.719s	10	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.459s (-7.9% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.011s (-13.7% 🟢)	2.020s (~)	0.560s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.582s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.011s (-9.6% 🟢)	2.025s (~)	0.443s	30	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.593s (~)	2.013s (~)	0.005s (+8.1% 🔺)	2.028s (~)	0.435s	30	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.595s (-1.5%)	2.009s (~)	0.012s (-2.9%)	2.026s (~)	0.432s	30	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.611s (+1.6%)	2.005s (~)	0.005s (+6.0% 🔺)	2.028s (~)	0.417s	30	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.655s (+0.8%)	2.005s (-1.6%)	0.005s (+4.7%)	2.028s (-1.5%)	0.373s	30	1.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.263s (+2.1%)	7.880s (~)	0.262s (-7.7% 🟢)	8.596s (-0.9%)	2.333s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.325s (+10.5% 🔺)	7.847s (+3.6%)	0.214s (-30.8% 🟢)	8.567s (+1.7%)	2.242s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.740s (+13.5% 🔺)	8.110s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.308s (-6.6% 🟢)	8.894s (+5.1% 🔺)	2.154s	7	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.725s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.009s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.037s (-3.9%)	0.313s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.788s (+3.5%)	1.111s (+2.1%)	0.000s (+322.2% 🔺)	1.127s (+2.8%)	0.339s	54	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.793s (+3.2%)	1.104s (~)	0.000s (~)	1.119s (~)	0.326s	54	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	1.127s (-14.8% 🟢)	1.859s (-7.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-66.9% 🟢)	1.862s (-7.6% 🟢)	0.735s	33	1.56x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.346s (-1.4%)	2.013s (~)	0.001s (+25.0% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.669s	30	1.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.497s (+3.4%)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (-33.3% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.520s	30	2.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.755s (-21.0% 🟢)	5.013s (-24.0% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	5.479s (-23.1% 🟢)	1.725s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.952s (-6.6% 🟢)	5.373s (-13.5% 🟢)	0.000s (-90.4% 🟢)	5.881s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.929s	11	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.994s (+18.3% 🔺)	5.243s (+3.9%)	0.007s (+3850.0% 🔺)	5.806s (+4.4%)	1.812s	11	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.611s (+5.3% 🔺)	2.175s (+3.5%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	2.189s (+1.7%)	0.578s	28	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.834s (-3.9%)	2.440s (-4.1%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.448s (-4.0%)	0.615s	25	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.886s (+14.0% 🔺)	2.381s (+7.5% 🔺)	0.000s (+107.7% 🔺)	2.396s (+7.4% 🔺)	0.509s	26	1.17x
💻 Local	Express	2.611s (-28.3% 🟢)	3.024s (-28.5% 🟢)	0.001s (-25.0% 🟢)	3.030s (-28.4% 🟢)	0.419s	20	1.62x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.451s (-1.4%)	4.162s (+5.1% 🔺)	0.001s (-11.1% 🟢)	4.166s (+4.8%)	0.715s	15	2.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.281s (+3.9%)	4.721s (+2.6%)	0.001s (-40.2% 🟢)	4.725s (+2.5%)	0.445s	13	2.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.794s (-15.8% 🟢)	6.293s (-11.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	6.815s (-11.7% 🟢)	2.021s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.566s (+5.1% 🔺)	7.160s (+5.5% 🔺)	0.000s (NaN%)	7.700s (+5.2% 🔺)	2.134s	8	1.16x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	21/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	11/21
▲ Vercel	Nitro	9/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	11/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	15/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	13/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1442	0	230	1672
✅ 💻 Local Development	1605	0	219	1824
✅ 📦 Local Production	1605	0	219	1824
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1593	0	231	1824
✅ 🪟 Windows	152	0	0	152
✅ 📋 Other	885	0	179	1064
Total	7282	0	1078	8360

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	125	0	27
✅ example	125	0	27
✅ express	125	0	27
✅ fastify	125	0	27
✅ hono	125	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack	149	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack	149	0	3
✅ nitro	125	0	27
✅ nuxt	125	0	27
✅ sveltekit	144	0	8
✅ vite	125	0	27

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	127	0	25
✅ express-stable	127	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	127	0	25
✅ hono-stable	127	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	127	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	127	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	146	0	6
✅ vite-stable	127	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	127	0	25
✅ express-stable	127	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	127	0	25
✅ hono-stable	127	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	127	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	127	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	146	0	6
✅ vite-stable	127	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	26
✅ express-stable	126	0	26
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	26
✅ hono-stable	126	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	20
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	151	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	20
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	151	0	1
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	26
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	26
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	7
✅ vite-stable	126	0	26

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	152	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	127	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	127	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	126	0	26
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	126	0	26
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	127	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	127	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	125	0	27

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

No backport to stable for 57cccaf (AI decision).

This is a major-bumped breaking change that removes the public workflows.lazyDiscovery option, the entire deferred/lazy-discovery builder path, the socket-server plumbing, and WORKFLOW_NEXT_LAZY_DISCOVERY handling — all of which still exist and are maintained on stable. Removing this functionality is intended for the next major release, so backporting it would be a disruptive breaking change to the GA channel. The small Windows atomic-rename fallback fix bundled in base-builder.ts is not worth backporting on its own and can't be cleanly separated from the removal.

To override, re-run the Backport to stable workflow manually via workflow_dispatch and paste this commit SHA into the ref input:

57cccaf3734f4afa8218e1ea729a9bb886c691f3

[github-actions]

Backport PR opened against stable: #2557. Merge conflicts were resolved by AI — please review carefully. (backport job run)

[rovo89]

@ijjk I haven't followed the SDK developement as closely as I initially did, but this change caught my eye. Wasn't lazy discovery the game changer for bigger projects, saving many seconds and lots of RAM during build and dev server usage? Has the the eager build become so much better that this is no longer necessary?

[ijjk]

@rovo89 correct the goal here is to make eager mode faster than lazy approach. The wins in #2546 look very promising as we now get rid of esbuild for discovery which was causing the biggest slowdown there.

Let me know how the performance is looking on that version for your project! There's definitely more improvements for eager we can do still as well.

[ijjk]

Summary

Remove lazy discovery from workflow/next so the integration has one build mode to optimize and maintain.

The remaining eager build path does not depend on Next.js deferred entries, which means workflow/next no longer needs a minimum Next.js version for lazy discovery support.

Changes

• Remove the deferred/lazy discovery builder path.
• Remove workflows.lazyDiscovery and WORKFLOW_NEXT_LAZY_DISCOVERY handling.
• Remove socket-based loader discovery plumbing.
• Update tests, CI matrix wiring, and docs for the single build mode.

Testing

• pnpm --filter @workflow/next build
• pnpm vitest run packages/core/e2e/utils.test.ts packages/next/src/index.test.ts
• node scripts/create-test-matrix.mjs > /tmp/workflow-test-matrix.json

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 0984752

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/next	Major
@workflow/builders	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-docs	Building	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.031s (-23.8% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.973s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.042s (+3.2%)	1.007s (~)	0.964s	10	1.35x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.046s (-3.3%)	1.006s (~)	0.959s	10	1.48x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.053s (-7.9% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.959s	10	1.70x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.058s (-6.8% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.954s	10	1.83x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.061s (-3.9%)	1.011s (~)	0.951s	10	1.94x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.290s (-27.0% 🟢)	2.711s (+11.2% 🔺)	2.421s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.340s (-12.8% 🟢)	2.699s (+6.8% 🔺)	2.359s	10	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.373s (+15.2% 🔺)	2.800s (~)	2.428s	10	1.28x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.083s (-1.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.923s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.087s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.919s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.091s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.915s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.099s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.911s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.106s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.904s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.107s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.903s	10	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.669s (+9.7% 🔺)	3.386s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.717s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.781s (+12.8% 🔺)	3.900s (+5.0%)	2.119s	10	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.904s (+23.6% 🔺)	3.856s (+9.8% 🔺)	1.952s	10	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	10.403s (-1.1%)	11.021s (~)	0.618s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.506s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.517s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.515s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.508s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.524s (~)	11.020s (~)	0.496s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.528s (~)	11.017s (~)	0.489s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.557s (~)	11.019s (~)	0.462s	3	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.212s (+7.8% 🔺)	16.056s (+4.4%)	1.844s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	14.501s (+13.0% 🔺)	16.588s (+8.7% 🔺)	2.087s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.664s (+12.0% 🔺)	16.394s (+7.8% 🔺)	1.730s	2	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	13.524s (-3.4%)	14.027s (-1.4%)	0.503s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.708s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.319s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.726s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.301s	5	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.799s (-0.8%)	14.021s (~)	0.221s	5	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.859s (~)	14.019s (~)	0.160s	5	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.911s (+0.9%)	14.020s (~)	0.109s	5	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	23.106s (+7.5% 🔺)	25.551s (+8.8% 🔺)	2.445s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	23.222s (+15.2% 🔺)	25.508s (+13.8% 🔺)	2.286s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	23.433s (+17.5% 🔺)	25.535s (+15.0% 🔺)	2.101s	3	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	11.815s (-6.2% 🟢)	12.021s (-7.7% 🟢)	0.206s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.262s (-1.6%)	13.025s (~)	0.763s	7	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.322s (~)	13.024s (~)	0.703s	7	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.426s (~)	13.019s (~)	0.592s	7	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.515s (~)	13.016s (~)	0.501s	7	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Express	12.542s (+0.7%)	13.305s (+2.2%)	0.762s	7	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	28.923s (+25.7% 🔺)	31.583s (+25.5% 🔺)	2.660s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	28.975s (+15.2% 🔺)	31.599s (+15.1% 🔺)	2.624s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	30.866s (+24.8% 🔺)	33.336s (+24.9% 🔺)	2.470s	3	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.166s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.005s (~)	0.839s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.173s (+1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.836s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.187s (-0.7%)	2.007s (~)	0.821s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.189s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.820s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.243s (-9.6% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.763s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.244s (+3.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.762s	15	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.020s (+16.5% 🔺)	4.847s (+9.5% 🔺)	1.827s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.275s (+21.6% 🔺)	5.067s (+13.7% 🔺)	1.792s	6	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.314s (+63.0% 🔺)	6.258s (+40.5% 🔺)	1.943s	5	1.43x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.259s (+0.6%)	2.074s (+3.4%)	0.816s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.265s (-3.3%)	2.007s (-3.3%)	0.742s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.308s (+3.1%)	2.008s (~)	0.700s	15	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	1.796s (-11.7% 🟢)	2.314s (-7.7% 🟢)	0.517s	13	1.43x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.014s (-14.1% 🟢)	2.469s (-15.4% 🟢)	0.455s	13	1.60x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.058s (+2.1%)	2.591s (+3.4%)	0.534s	12	1.63x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.921s (+23.1% 🔺)	5.887s (+14.8% 🔺)	1.966s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.109s (+65.2% 🔺)	5.700s (+40.5% 🔺)	1.591s	6	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.425s (+56.1% 🔺)	6.297s (+37.1% 🔺)	1.872s	5	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.405s (-15.2% 🟢)	3.454s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.049s	9	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.446s (~)	3.568s (-3.0%)	2.122s	9	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.467s (-1.0%)	3.760s (-3.2%)	2.293s	8	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	4.382s (-24.1% 🟢)	5.013s (-21.9% 🟢)	0.630s	6	3.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.669s (+26.5% 🔺)	6.015s (+20.0% 🔺)	0.345s	5	4.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.837s (-12.7% 🟢)	6.614s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.777s	5	4.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.719s (+53.6% 🔺)	7.181s (+45.6% 🔺)	2.463s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.884s (+58.9% 🔺)	6.856s (+39.5% 🔺)	1.972s	5	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.796s (+65.5% 🔺)	8.234s (+51.5% 🔺)	2.438s	4	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.163s (-0.9%)	2.007s (~)	0.845s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.191s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.816s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.198s (-2.6%)	2.005s (~)	0.807s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.209s (+0.8%)	2.008s (~)	0.799s	15	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.223s (-0.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.783s	15	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.313s (-2.8%)	2.006s (~)	0.692s	15	1.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.813s (+39.0% 🔺)	4.802s (+23.0% 🔺)	1.989s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.887s (+33.2% 🔺)	4.537s (+17.0% 🔺)	1.650s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.010s (+40.7% 🔺)	4.819s (+18.8% 🔺)	1.809s	7	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.250s (-1.1%)	2.151s (+3.7%)	0.900s	14	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.268s (-2.1%)	2.008s (~)	0.740s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.293s (+1.4%)	2.009s (~)	0.716s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.870s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.314s (-15.5% 🟢)	0.444s	13	1.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.975s (-1.8%)	2.507s (+8.3% 🔺)	0.533s	12	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.395s (-1.0%)	2.917s (~)	0.522s	11	1.92x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.741s (+36.4% 🔺)	5.523s (+28.6% 🔺)	1.782s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.906s (+46.6% 🔺)	6.065s (+45.7% 🔺)	2.160s	5	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.995s (+54.8% 🔺)	5.596s (+28.7% 🔺)	1.600s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.456s (+1.8%)	3.761s (~)	2.304s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.457s (-0.8%)	3.885s (~)	2.428s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.474s (+1.2%)	4.012s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.538s	8	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	4.406s (-26.1% 🟢)	5.012s (-26.4% 🟢)	0.607s	6	3.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.626s (+13.8% 🔺)	6.016s (+9.1% 🔺)	0.390s	5	3.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.780s (-14.9% 🟢)	6.416s (-14.6% 🟢)	0.636s	5	3.97x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.355s (-1.1%)	6.703s (+2.0%)	2.348s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.383s (+32.6% 🔺)	6.950s (+32.2% 🔺)	2.568s	5	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.440s (+4.4%)	6.274s (+3.0%)	1.834s	5	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.450s (-26.3% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.554s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.525s (-8.9% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.7%)	0.481s	60	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.533s (-5.7% 🟢)	1.023s (~)	0.490s	59	1.19x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.568s (-7.1% 🟢)	1.005s (-1.7%)	0.437s	60	1.26x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.578s (+1.3%)	1.022s (~)	0.444s	59	1.28x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.601s (+7.0% 🔺)	1.023s (~)	0.422s	59	1.34x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.639s (+20.8% 🔺)	5.508s (+9.1% 🔺)	1.868s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.121s (+20.1% 🔺)	6.085s (+12.1% 🔺)	1.964s	11	1.13x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.246s (+2.8%)	5.798s (-7.1% 🟢)	1.551s	11	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.213s (-22.2% 🟢)	2.007s (-1.1%)	0.794s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.219s (-8.0% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.788s	45	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.257s (-1.4%)	2.007s (~)	0.750s	45	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.368s (+7.3% 🔺)	2.030s (+1.1%)	0.662s	45	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.427s (-3.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.579s	45	1.18x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.451s (+4.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.554s	45	1.20x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	8.825s (+2.9%)	10.801s (+3.6%)	1.976s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	9.255s (+21.3% 🔺)	11.296s (+18.9% 🔺)	2.040s	9	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.495s (+16.0% 🔺)	11.458s (+14.6% 🔺)	1.963s	8	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.456s (-6.8% 🟢)	3.059s (~)	0.602s	40	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.511s (-1.5%)	3.008s (~)	0.497s	40	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	2.580s (-20.7% 🟢)	3.007s (-25.0% 🟢)	0.427s	40	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.682s (+1.1%)	3.059s (-2.5%)	0.377s	40	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.146s (+4.9%)	3.913s (+13.8% 🔺)	0.767s	31	1.28x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.181s (-0.7%)	3.821s (-3.9%)	0.640s	32	1.30x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	18.298s (+9.6% 🔺)	20.700s (+8.8% 🔺)	2.402s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	18.547s (+23.3% 🔺)	20.731s (+20.4% 🔺)	2.183s	6	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	21.415s (+32.2% 🔺)	24.113s (+31.0% 🔺)	2.698s	5	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.165s (-8.1% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.841s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.205s (-6.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.801s	60	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.220s (+3.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.787s	60	1.34x
💻 Local	Express	0.295s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.709s	60	1.79x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.332s (-1.5%)	1.004s (~)	0.672s	60	2.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.600s (-0.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.405s	60	3.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.468s (+16.0% 🔺)	3.359s (+13.6% 🔺)	1.891s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.658s (+26.0% 🔺)	3.432s (+15.4% 🔺)	1.774s	18	1.13x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.727s (+26.3% 🔺)	3.547s (+13.7% 🔺)	1.820s	17	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.264s (-1.5%)	1.017s (+1.1%)	0.753s	89	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.306s (-4.8%)	1.006s (~)	0.700s	90	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.353s (+9.4% 🔺)	1.018s (+1.2%)	0.665s	89	1.34x
💻 Local	Express	1.565s (-20.0% 🟢)	2.052s (-16.9% 🟢)	0.487s	44	5.93x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.940s (-4.2%)	2.377s (-3.7%)	0.437s	38	7.35x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.602s (-2.4%)	3.182s (+3.5%)	0.580s	29	9.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.670s (+57.5% 🔺)	4.768s (+32.8% 🔺)	2.098s	19	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.934s (+72.9% 🔺)	4.752s (+34.4% 🔺)	1.818s	20	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.500s (+56.1% 🔺)	5.412s (+29.2% 🔺)	1.912s	17	1.31x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.480s (~)	3.087s (+1.7%)	2.607s	39	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.531s (+7.7% 🔺)	1.078s (+6.3% 🔺)	0.547s	112	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.536s (+2.2%)	1.050s (~)	0.514s	115	1.12x
💻 Local	Express	7.925s (-19.0% 🟢)	8.491s (-20.0% 🟢)	0.567s	15	16.52x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.793s (-2.7%)	10.863s (-2.3%)	1.071s	12	20.41x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.117s (+8.1% 🔺)	10.697s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.581s	12	21.09x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.208s (+45.6% 🔺)	5.334s (+29.8% 🔺)	2.126s	23	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.762s (+55.1% 🔺)	6.147s (+40.5% 🔺)	2.385s	20	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.437s (+53.4% 🔺)	7.705s (+42.2% 🔺)	2.268s	16	1.69x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.131s (-3.6%)	2.003s (~)	0.008s (-31.7% 🟢)	2.014s (~)	0.883s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.142s (-1.0%)	2.003s (~)	0.010s (-16.9% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.875s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.151s (-1.7%)	2.000s (~)	0.001s (-16.7% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.859s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.158s (-1.7%)	2.000s (~)	0.001s (-28.6% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.852s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.168s (+1.6%)	2.005s (~)	0.012s (+33.7% 🔺)	2.019s (~)	0.852s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.168s (~)	1.995s (~)	0.002s (-15.8% 🟢)	2.011s (~)	0.843s	10	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.276s (+7.9% 🔺)	3.426s (+1.3%)	2.068s (+24.6% 🔺)	5.982s (+8.0% 🔺)	3.706s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.372s (+5.0% 🔺)	3.631s (+6.5% 🔺)	2.161s (-20.2% 🟢)	6.302s (-7.5% 🟢)	3.930s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.420s (+12.3% 🔺)	3.510s (+2.9%)	3.165s (+98.9% 🔺)	7.139s (+27.9% 🔺)	4.719s	10	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.459s (-7.9% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.011s (-13.7% 🟢)	2.020s (~)	0.560s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.582s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.011s (-9.6% 🟢)	2.025s (~)	0.443s	30	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.593s (~)	2.013s (~)	0.005s (+8.1% 🔺)	2.028s (~)	0.435s	30	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.595s (-1.5%)	2.009s (~)	0.012s (-2.9%)	2.026s (~)	0.432s	30	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.611s (+1.6%)	2.005s (~)	0.005s (+6.0% 🔺)	2.028s (~)	0.417s	30	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.655s (+0.8%)	2.005s (-1.6%)	0.005s (+4.7%)	2.028s (-1.5%)	0.373s	30	1.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.263s (+2.1%)	7.880s (~)	0.262s (-7.7% 🟢)	8.596s (-0.9%)	2.333s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.325s (+10.5% 🔺)	7.847s (+3.6%)	0.214s (-30.8% 🟢)	8.567s (+1.7%)	2.242s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.740s (+13.5% 🔺)	8.110s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.308s (-6.6% 🟢)	8.894s (+5.1% 🔺)	2.154s	7	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.725s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.009s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.037s (-3.9%)	0.313s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.788s (+3.5%)	1.111s (+2.1%)	0.000s (+322.2% 🔺)	1.127s (+2.8%)	0.339s	54	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.793s (+3.2%)	1.104s (~)	0.000s (~)	1.119s (~)	0.326s	54	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	1.127s (-14.8% 🟢)	1.859s (-7.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-66.9% 🟢)	1.862s (-7.6% 🟢)	0.735s	33	1.56x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.346s (-1.4%)	2.013s (~)	0.001s (+25.0% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.669s	30	1.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.497s (+3.4%)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (-33.3% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.520s	30	2.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.755s (-21.0% 🟢)	5.013s (-24.0% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	5.479s (-23.1% 🟢)	1.725s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.952s (-6.6% 🟢)	5.373s (-13.5% 🟢)	0.000s (-90.4% 🟢)	5.881s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.929s	11	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.994s (+18.3% 🔺)	5.243s (+3.9%)	0.007s (+3850.0% 🔺)	5.806s (+4.4%)	1.812s	11	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.611s (+5.3% 🔺)	2.175s (+3.5%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	2.189s (+1.7%)	0.578s	28	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.834s (-3.9%)	2.440s (-4.1%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.448s (-4.0%)	0.615s	25	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.886s (+14.0% 🔺)	2.381s (+7.5% 🔺)	0.000s (+107.7% 🔺)	2.396s (+7.4% 🔺)	0.509s	26	1.17x
💻 Local	Express	2.611s (-28.3% 🟢)	3.024s (-28.5% 🟢)	0.001s (-25.0% 🟢)	3.030s (-28.4% 🟢)	0.419s	20	1.62x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.451s (-1.4%)	4.162s (+5.1% 🔺)	0.001s (-11.1% 🟢)	4.166s (+4.8%)	0.715s	15	2.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.281s (+3.9%)	4.721s (+2.6%)	0.001s (-40.2% 🟢)	4.725s (+2.5%)	0.445s	13	2.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.794s (-15.8% 🟢)	6.293s (-11.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	6.815s (-11.7% 🟢)	2.021s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.566s (+5.1% 🔺)	7.160s (+5.5% 🔺)	0.000s (NaN%)	7.700s (+5.2% 🔺)	2.134s	8	1.16x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	21/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	11/21
▲ Vercel	Nitro	9/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	11/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	15/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	13/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1442	0	230	1672
✅ 💻 Local Development	1605	0	219	1824
✅ 📦 Local Production	1605	0	219	1824
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1593	0	231	1824
✅ 🪟 Windows	152	0	0	152
✅ 📋 Other	885	0	179	1064
Total	7282	0	1078	8360

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	125	0	27
✅ example	125	0	27
✅ express	125	0	27
✅ fastify	125	0	27
✅ hono	125	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack	149	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack	149	0	3
✅ nitro	125	0	27
✅ nuxt	125	0	27
✅ sveltekit	144	0	8
✅ vite	125	0	27

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	127	0	25
✅ express-stable	127	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	127	0	25
✅ hono-stable	127	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	127	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	127	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	146	0	6
✅ vite-stable	127	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	127	0	25
✅ express-stable	127	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	127	0	25
✅ hono-stable	127	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	127	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	127	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	146	0	6
✅ vite-stable	127	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	26
✅ express-stable	126	0	26
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	26
✅ hono-stable	126	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	20
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	151	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	20
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	151	0	1
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	26
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	26
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	7
✅ vite-stable	126	0	26

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	152	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	127	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	127	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	126	0	26
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	126	0	26
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	127	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	127	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	125	0	27

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

No backport to stable for 57cccaf (AI decision).

This is a major-bumped breaking change that removes the public workflows.lazyDiscovery option, the entire deferred/lazy-discovery builder path, the socket-server plumbing, and WORKFLOW_NEXT_LAZY_DISCOVERY handling — all of which still exist and are maintained on stable. Removing this functionality is intended for the next major release, so backporting it would be a disruptive breaking change to the GA channel. The small Windows atomic-rename fallback fix bundled in base-builder.ts is not worth backporting on its own and can't be cleanly separated from the removal.

To override, re-run the Backport to stable workflow manually via workflow_dispatch and paste this commit SHA into the ref input:

57cccaf3734f4afa8218e1ea729a9bb886c691f3

[github-actions]

Backport PR opened against stable: #2557. Merge conflicts were resolved by AI — please review carefully. (backport job run)

[rovo89]

@ijjk I haven't followed the SDK developement as closely as I initially did, but this change caught my eye. Wasn't lazy discovery the game changer for bigger projects, saving many seconds and lots of RAM during build and dev server usage? Has the the eager build become so much better that this is no longer necessary?

[ijjk]

@rovo89 correct the goal here is to make eager mode faster than lazy approach. The wins in #2546 look very promising as we now get rid of esbuild for discovery which was causing the biggest slowdown there.

Let me know how the performance is looking on that version for your project! There's definitely more improvements for eager we can do still as well.

[ijjk]

Summary

Remove lazy discovery from workflow/next so the integration has one build mode to optimize and maintain.

The remaining eager build path does not depend on Next.js deferred entries, which means workflow/next no longer needs a minimum Next.js version for lazy discovery support.

Changes

• Remove the deferred/lazy discovery builder path.
• Remove workflows.lazyDiscovery and WORKFLOW_NEXT_LAZY_DISCOVERY handling.
• Remove socket-based loader discovery plumbing.
• Update tests, CI matrix wiring, and docs for the single build mode.

Testing

• pnpm --filter @workflow/next build
• pnpm vitest run packages/core/e2e/utils.test.ts packages/next/src/index.test.ts
• node scripts/create-test-matrix.mjs > /tmp/workflow-test-matrix.json

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 0984752

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/next	Major
@workflow/builders	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-docs	Building	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.031s (-23.8% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.973s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.042s (+3.2%)	1.007s (~)	0.964s	10	1.35x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.046s (-3.3%)	1.006s (~)	0.959s	10	1.48x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.053s (-7.9% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.959s	10	1.70x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.058s (-6.8% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.954s	10	1.83x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.061s (-3.9%)	1.011s (~)	0.951s	10	1.94x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.290s (-27.0% 🟢)	2.711s (+11.2% 🔺)	2.421s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.340s (-12.8% 🟢)	2.699s (+6.8% 🔺)	2.359s	10	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.373s (+15.2% 🔺)	2.800s (~)	2.428s	10	1.28x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.083s (-1.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.923s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.087s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.919s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.091s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.915s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.099s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.911s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.106s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.904s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.107s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.903s	10	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.669s (+9.7% 🔺)	3.386s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.717s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.781s (+12.8% 🔺)	3.900s (+5.0%)	2.119s	10	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.904s (+23.6% 🔺)	3.856s (+9.8% 🔺)	1.952s	10	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	10.403s (-1.1%)	11.021s (~)	0.618s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.506s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.517s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.515s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.508s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.524s (~)	11.020s (~)	0.496s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.528s (~)	11.017s (~)	0.489s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.557s (~)	11.019s (~)	0.462s	3	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.212s (+7.8% 🔺)	16.056s (+4.4%)	1.844s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	14.501s (+13.0% 🔺)	16.588s (+8.7% 🔺)	2.087s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.664s (+12.0% 🔺)	16.394s (+7.8% 🔺)	1.730s	2	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	13.524s (-3.4%)	14.027s (-1.4%)	0.503s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.708s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.319s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.726s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.301s	5	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.799s (-0.8%)	14.021s (~)	0.221s	5	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.859s (~)	14.019s (~)	0.160s	5	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.911s (+0.9%)	14.020s (~)	0.109s	5	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	23.106s (+7.5% 🔺)	25.551s (+8.8% 🔺)	2.445s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	23.222s (+15.2% 🔺)	25.508s (+13.8% 🔺)	2.286s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	23.433s (+17.5% 🔺)	25.535s (+15.0% 🔺)	2.101s	3	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	11.815s (-6.2% 🟢)	12.021s (-7.7% 🟢)	0.206s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.262s (-1.6%)	13.025s (~)	0.763s	7	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.322s (~)	13.024s (~)	0.703s	7	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.426s (~)	13.019s (~)	0.592s	7	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.515s (~)	13.016s (~)	0.501s	7	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Express	12.542s (+0.7%)	13.305s (+2.2%)	0.762s	7	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	28.923s (+25.7% 🔺)	31.583s (+25.5% 🔺)	2.660s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	28.975s (+15.2% 🔺)	31.599s (+15.1% 🔺)	2.624s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	30.866s (+24.8% 🔺)	33.336s (+24.9% 🔺)	2.470s	3	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.166s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.005s (~)	0.839s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.173s (+1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.836s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.187s (-0.7%)	2.007s (~)	0.821s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.189s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.820s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.243s (-9.6% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.763s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.244s (+3.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.762s	15	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.020s (+16.5% 🔺)	4.847s (+9.5% 🔺)	1.827s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.275s (+21.6% 🔺)	5.067s (+13.7% 🔺)	1.792s	6	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.314s (+63.0% 🔺)	6.258s (+40.5% 🔺)	1.943s	5	1.43x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.259s (+0.6%)	2.074s (+3.4%)	0.816s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.265s (-3.3%)	2.007s (-3.3%)	0.742s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.308s (+3.1%)	2.008s (~)	0.700s	15	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	1.796s (-11.7% 🟢)	2.314s (-7.7% 🟢)	0.517s	13	1.43x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.014s (-14.1% 🟢)	2.469s (-15.4% 🟢)	0.455s	13	1.60x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.058s (+2.1%)	2.591s (+3.4%)	0.534s	12	1.63x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.921s (+23.1% 🔺)	5.887s (+14.8% 🔺)	1.966s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.109s (+65.2% 🔺)	5.700s (+40.5% 🔺)	1.591s	6	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.425s (+56.1% 🔺)	6.297s (+37.1% 🔺)	1.872s	5	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.405s (-15.2% 🟢)	3.454s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.049s	9	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.446s (~)	3.568s (-3.0%)	2.122s	9	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.467s (-1.0%)	3.760s (-3.2%)	2.293s	8	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	4.382s (-24.1% 🟢)	5.013s (-21.9% 🟢)	0.630s	6	3.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.669s (+26.5% 🔺)	6.015s (+20.0% 🔺)	0.345s	5	4.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.837s (-12.7% 🟢)	6.614s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.777s	5	4.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.719s (+53.6% 🔺)	7.181s (+45.6% 🔺)	2.463s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.884s (+58.9% 🔺)	6.856s (+39.5% 🔺)	1.972s	5	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.796s (+65.5% 🔺)	8.234s (+51.5% 🔺)	2.438s	4	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.163s (-0.9%)	2.007s (~)	0.845s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.191s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.816s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.198s (-2.6%)	2.005s (~)	0.807s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.209s (+0.8%)	2.008s (~)	0.799s	15	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.223s (-0.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.783s	15	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.313s (-2.8%)	2.006s (~)	0.692s	15	1.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.813s (+39.0% 🔺)	4.802s (+23.0% 🔺)	1.989s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.887s (+33.2% 🔺)	4.537s (+17.0% 🔺)	1.650s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.010s (+40.7% 🔺)	4.819s (+18.8% 🔺)	1.809s	7	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.250s (-1.1%)	2.151s (+3.7%)	0.900s	14	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.268s (-2.1%)	2.008s (~)	0.740s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.293s (+1.4%)	2.009s (~)	0.716s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.870s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.314s (-15.5% 🟢)	0.444s	13	1.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.975s (-1.8%)	2.507s (+8.3% 🔺)	0.533s	12	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.395s (-1.0%)	2.917s (~)	0.522s	11	1.92x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.741s (+36.4% 🔺)	5.523s (+28.6% 🔺)	1.782s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.906s (+46.6% 🔺)	6.065s (+45.7% 🔺)	2.160s	5	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.995s (+54.8% 🔺)	5.596s (+28.7% 🔺)	1.600s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.456s (+1.8%)	3.761s (~)	2.304s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.457s (-0.8%)	3.885s (~)	2.428s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.474s (+1.2%)	4.012s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.538s	8	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	4.406s (-26.1% 🟢)	5.012s (-26.4% 🟢)	0.607s	6	3.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.626s (+13.8% 🔺)	6.016s (+9.1% 🔺)	0.390s	5	3.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.780s (-14.9% 🟢)	6.416s (-14.6% 🟢)	0.636s	5	3.97x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.355s (-1.1%)	6.703s (+2.0%)	2.348s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.383s (+32.6% 🔺)	6.950s (+32.2% 🔺)	2.568s	5	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.440s (+4.4%)	6.274s (+3.0%)	1.834s	5	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.450s (-26.3% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.554s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.525s (-8.9% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.7%)	0.481s	60	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.533s (-5.7% 🟢)	1.023s (~)	0.490s	59	1.19x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.568s (-7.1% 🟢)	1.005s (-1.7%)	0.437s	60	1.26x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.578s (+1.3%)	1.022s (~)	0.444s	59	1.28x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.601s (+7.0% 🔺)	1.023s (~)	0.422s	59	1.34x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.639s (+20.8% 🔺)	5.508s (+9.1% 🔺)	1.868s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.121s (+20.1% 🔺)	6.085s (+12.1% 🔺)	1.964s	11	1.13x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.246s (+2.8%)	5.798s (-7.1% 🟢)	1.551s	11	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.213s (-22.2% 🟢)	2.007s (-1.1%)	0.794s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.219s (-8.0% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.788s	45	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.257s (-1.4%)	2.007s (~)	0.750s	45	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.368s (+7.3% 🔺)	2.030s (+1.1%)	0.662s	45	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.427s (-3.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.579s	45	1.18x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.451s (+4.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.554s	45	1.20x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	8.825s (+2.9%)	10.801s (+3.6%)	1.976s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	9.255s (+21.3% 🔺)	11.296s (+18.9% 🔺)	2.040s	9	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.495s (+16.0% 🔺)	11.458s (+14.6% 🔺)	1.963s	8	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.456s (-6.8% 🟢)	3.059s (~)	0.602s	40	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.511s (-1.5%)	3.008s (~)	0.497s	40	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	2.580s (-20.7% 🟢)	3.007s (-25.0% 🟢)	0.427s	40	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.682s (+1.1%)	3.059s (-2.5%)	0.377s	40	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.146s (+4.9%)	3.913s (+13.8% 🔺)	0.767s	31	1.28x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.181s (-0.7%)	3.821s (-3.9%)	0.640s	32	1.30x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	18.298s (+9.6% 🔺)	20.700s (+8.8% 🔺)	2.402s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	18.547s (+23.3% 🔺)	20.731s (+20.4% 🔺)	2.183s	6	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	21.415s (+32.2% 🔺)	24.113s (+31.0% 🔺)	2.698s	5	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.165s (-8.1% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.841s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.205s (-6.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.801s	60	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.220s (+3.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.787s	60	1.34x
💻 Local	Express	0.295s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.709s	60	1.79x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.332s (-1.5%)	1.004s (~)	0.672s	60	2.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.600s (-0.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.405s	60	3.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.468s (+16.0% 🔺)	3.359s (+13.6% 🔺)	1.891s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.658s (+26.0% 🔺)	3.432s (+15.4% 🔺)	1.774s	18	1.13x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.727s (+26.3% 🔺)	3.547s (+13.7% 🔺)	1.820s	17	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.264s (-1.5%)	1.017s (+1.1%)	0.753s	89	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.306s (-4.8%)	1.006s (~)	0.700s	90	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.353s (+9.4% 🔺)	1.018s (+1.2%)	0.665s	89	1.34x
💻 Local	Express	1.565s (-20.0% 🟢)	2.052s (-16.9% 🟢)	0.487s	44	5.93x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.940s (-4.2%)	2.377s (-3.7%)	0.437s	38	7.35x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.602s (-2.4%)	3.182s (+3.5%)	0.580s	29	9.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.670s (+57.5% 🔺)	4.768s (+32.8% 🔺)	2.098s	19	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.934s (+72.9% 🔺)	4.752s (+34.4% 🔺)	1.818s	20	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.500s (+56.1% 🔺)	5.412s (+29.2% 🔺)	1.912s	17	1.31x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.480s (~)	3.087s (+1.7%)	2.607s	39	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.531s (+7.7% 🔺)	1.078s (+6.3% 🔺)	0.547s	112	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.536s (+2.2%)	1.050s (~)	0.514s	115	1.12x
💻 Local	Express	7.925s (-19.0% 🟢)	8.491s (-20.0% 🟢)	0.567s	15	16.52x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.793s (-2.7%)	10.863s (-2.3%)	1.071s	12	20.41x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.117s (+8.1% 🔺)	10.697s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.581s	12	21.09x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.208s (+45.6% 🔺)	5.334s (+29.8% 🔺)	2.126s	23	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.762s (+55.1% 🔺)	6.147s (+40.5% 🔺)	2.385s	20	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.437s (+53.4% 🔺)	7.705s (+42.2% 🔺)	2.268s	16	1.69x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.131s (-3.6%)	2.003s (~)	0.008s (-31.7% 🟢)	2.014s (~)	0.883s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.142s (-1.0%)	2.003s (~)	0.010s (-16.9% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.875s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.151s (-1.7%)	2.000s (~)	0.001s (-16.7% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.859s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.158s (-1.7%)	2.000s (~)	0.001s (-28.6% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.852s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.168s (+1.6%)	2.005s (~)	0.012s (+33.7% 🔺)	2.019s (~)	0.852s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.168s (~)	1.995s (~)	0.002s (-15.8% 🟢)	2.011s (~)	0.843s	10	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.276s (+7.9% 🔺)	3.426s (+1.3%)	2.068s (+24.6% 🔺)	5.982s (+8.0% 🔺)	3.706s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.372s (+5.0% 🔺)	3.631s (+6.5% 🔺)	2.161s (-20.2% 🟢)	6.302s (-7.5% 🟢)	3.930s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.420s (+12.3% 🔺)	3.510s (+2.9%)	3.165s (+98.9% 🔺)	7.139s (+27.9% 🔺)	4.719s	10	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.459s (-7.9% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.011s (-13.7% 🟢)	2.020s (~)	0.560s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.582s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.011s (-9.6% 🟢)	2.025s (~)	0.443s	30	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.593s (~)	2.013s (~)	0.005s (+8.1% 🔺)	2.028s (~)	0.435s	30	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.595s (-1.5%)	2.009s (~)	0.012s (-2.9%)	2.026s (~)	0.432s	30	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.611s (+1.6%)	2.005s (~)	0.005s (+6.0% 🔺)	2.028s (~)	0.417s	30	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.655s (+0.8%)	2.005s (-1.6%)	0.005s (+4.7%)	2.028s (-1.5%)	0.373s	30	1.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.263s (+2.1%)	7.880s (~)	0.262s (-7.7% 🟢)	8.596s (-0.9%)	2.333s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.325s (+10.5% 🔺)	7.847s (+3.6%)	0.214s (-30.8% 🟢)	8.567s (+1.7%)	2.242s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.740s (+13.5% 🔺)	8.110s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.308s (-6.6% 🟢)	8.894s (+5.1% 🔺)	2.154s	7	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.725s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.009s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.037s (-3.9%)	0.313s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.788s (+3.5%)	1.111s (+2.1%)	0.000s (+322.2% 🔺)	1.127s (+2.8%)	0.339s	54	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.793s (+3.2%)	1.104s (~)	0.000s (~)	1.119s (~)	0.326s	54	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	1.127s (-14.8% 🟢)	1.859s (-7.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-66.9% 🟢)	1.862s (-7.6% 🟢)	0.735s	33	1.56x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.346s (-1.4%)	2.013s (~)	0.001s (+25.0% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.669s	30	1.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.497s (+3.4%)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (-33.3% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.520s	30	2.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.755s (-21.0% 🟢)	5.013s (-24.0% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	5.479s (-23.1% 🟢)	1.725s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.952s (-6.6% 🟢)	5.373s (-13.5% 🟢)	0.000s (-90.4% 🟢)	5.881s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.929s	11	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.994s (+18.3% 🔺)	5.243s (+3.9%)	0.007s (+3850.0% 🔺)	5.806s (+4.4%)	1.812s	11	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.611s (+5.3% 🔺)	2.175s (+3.5%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	2.189s (+1.7%)	0.578s	28	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.834s (-3.9%)	2.440s (-4.1%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.448s (-4.0%)	0.615s	25	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.886s (+14.0% 🔺)	2.381s (+7.5% 🔺)	0.000s (+107.7% 🔺)	2.396s (+7.4% 🔺)	0.509s	26	1.17x
💻 Local	Express	2.611s (-28.3% 🟢)	3.024s (-28.5% 🟢)	0.001s (-25.0% 🟢)	3.030s (-28.4% 🟢)	0.419s	20	1.62x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.451s (-1.4%)	4.162s (+5.1% 🔺)	0.001s (-11.1% 🟢)	4.166s (+4.8%)	0.715s	15	2.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.281s (+3.9%)	4.721s (+2.6%)	0.001s (-40.2% 🟢)	4.725s (+2.5%)	0.445s	13	2.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.794s (-15.8% 🟢)	6.293s (-11.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	6.815s (-11.7% 🟢)	2.021s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.566s (+5.1% 🔺)	7.160s (+5.5% 🔺)	0.000s (NaN%)	7.700s (+5.2% 🔺)	2.134s	8	1.16x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	21/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	11/21
▲ Vercel	Nitro	9/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	11/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	15/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	13/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1442	0	230	1672
✅ 💻 Local Development	1605	0	219	1824
✅ 📦 Local Production	1605	0	219	1824
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1593	0	231	1824
✅ 🪟 Windows	152	0	0	152
✅ 📋 Other	885	0	179	1064
Total	7282	0	1078	8360

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	125	0	27
✅ example	125	0	27
✅ express	125	0	27
✅ fastify	125	0	27
✅ hono	125	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack	149	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack	149	0	3
✅ nitro	125	0	27
✅ nuxt	125	0	27
✅ sveltekit	144	0	8
✅ vite	125	0	27

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	127	0	25
✅ express-stable	127	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	127	0	25
✅ hono-stable	127	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	127	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	127	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	146	0	6
✅ vite-stable	127	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	127	0	25
✅ express-stable	127	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	127	0	25
✅ hono-stable	127	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	127	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	127	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	146	0	6
✅ vite-stable	127	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	26
✅ express-stable	126	0	26
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	26
✅ hono-stable	126	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	20
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	151	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	20
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	151	0	1
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	26
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	26
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	7
✅ vite-stable	126	0	26

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	152	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	127	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	127	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	126	0	26
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	126	0	26
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	127	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	127	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	125	0	27

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

No backport to stable for 57cccaf (AI decision).

This is a major-bumped breaking change that removes the public workflows.lazyDiscovery option, the entire deferred/lazy-discovery builder path, the socket-server plumbing, and WORKFLOW_NEXT_LAZY_DISCOVERY handling — all of which still exist and are maintained on stable. Removing this functionality is intended for the next major release, so backporting it would be a disruptive breaking change to the GA channel. The small Windows atomic-rename fallback fix bundled in base-builder.ts is not worth backporting on its own and can't be cleanly separated from the removal.

To override, re-run the Backport to stable workflow manually via workflow_dispatch and paste this commit SHA into the ref input:

57cccaf3734f4afa8218e1ea729a9bb886c691f3

[github-actions]

Backport PR opened against stable: #2557. Merge conflicts were resolved by AI — please review carefully. (backport job run)

[rovo89]

@ijjk I haven't followed the SDK developement as closely as I initially did, but this change caught my eye. Wasn't lazy discovery the game changer for bigger projects, saving many seconds and lots of RAM during build and dev server usage? Has the the eager build become so much better that this is no longer necessary?

[ijjk]

@rovo89 correct the goal here is to make eager mode faster than lazy approach. The wins in #2546 look very promising as we now get rid of esbuild for discovery which was causing the biggest slowdown there.

Let me know how the performance is looking on that version for your project! There's definitely more improvements for eager we can do still as well.

[ijjk]

Summary

Remove lazy discovery from workflow/next so the integration has one build mode to optimize and maintain.

The remaining eager build path does not depend on Next.js deferred entries, which means workflow/next no longer needs a minimum Next.js version for lazy discovery support.

Changes

• Remove the deferred/lazy discovery builder path.
• Remove workflows.lazyDiscovery and WORKFLOW_NEXT_LAZY_DISCOVERY handling.
• Remove socket-based loader discovery plumbing.
• Update tests, CI matrix wiring, and docs for the single build mode.

Testing

• pnpm --filter @workflow/next build
• pnpm vitest run packages/core/e2e/utils.test.ts packages/next/src/index.test.ts
• node scripts/create-test-matrix.mjs > /tmp/workflow-test-matrix.json

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 0984752

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/next	Major
@workflow/builders	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-docs	Building	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.031s (-23.8% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.973s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.042s (+3.2%)	1.007s (~)	0.964s	10	1.35x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.046s (-3.3%)	1.006s (~)	0.959s	10	1.48x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.053s (-7.9% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.959s	10	1.70x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.058s (-6.8% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.954s	10	1.83x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.061s (-3.9%)	1.011s (~)	0.951s	10	1.94x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.290s (-27.0% 🟢)	2.711s (+11.2% 🔺)	2.421s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.340s (-12.8% 🟢)	2.699s (+6.8% 🔺)	2.359s	10	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.373s (+15.2% 🔺)	2.800s (~)	2.428s	10	1.28x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.083s (-1.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.923s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.087s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.919s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.091s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.915s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.099s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.911s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.106s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.904s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.107s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.903s	10	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.669s (+9.7% 🔺)	3.386s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.717s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.781s (+12.8% 🔺)	3.900s (+5.0%)	2.119s	10	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.904s (+23.6% 🔺)	3.856s (+9.8% 🔺)	1.952s	10	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	10.403s (-1.1%)	11.021s (~)	0.618s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.506s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.517s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.515s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.508s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.524s (~)	11.020s (~)	0.496s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.528s (~)	11.017s (~)	0.489s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.557s (~)	11.019s (~)	0.462s	3	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.212s (+7.8% 🔺)	16.056s (+4.4%)	1.844s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	14.501s (+13.0% 🔺)	16.588s (+8.7% 🔺)	2.087s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.664s (+12.0% 🔺)	16.394s (+7.8% 🔺)	1.730s	2	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	13.524s (-3.4%)	14.027s (-1.4%)	0.503s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.708s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.319s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.726s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.301s	5	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.799s (-0.8%)	14.021s (~)	0.221s	5	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.859s (~)	14.019s (~)	0.160s	5	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.911s (+0.9%)	14.020s (~)	0.109s	5	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	23.106s (+7.5% 🔺)	25.551s (+8.8% 🔺)	2.445s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	23.222s (+15.2% 🔺)	25.508s (+13.8% 🔺)	2.286s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	23.433s (+17.5% 🔺)	25.535s (+15.0% 🔺)	2.101s	3	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	11.815s (-6.2% 🟢)	12.021s (-7.7% 🟢)	0.206s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.262s (-1.6%)	13.025s (~)	0.763s	7	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.322s (~)	13.024s (~)	0.703s	7	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.426s (~)	13.019s (~)	0.592s	7	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.515s (~)	13.016s (~)	0.501s	7	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Express	12.542s (+0.7%)	13.305s (+2.2%)	0.762s	7	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	28.923s (+25.7% 🔺)	31.583s (+25.5% 🔺)	2.660s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	28.975s (+15.2% 🔺)	31.599s (+15.1% 🔺)	2.624s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	30.866s (+24.8% 🔺)	33.336s (+24.9% 🔺)	2.470s	3	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.166s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.005s (~)	0.839s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.173s (+1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.836s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.187s (-0.7%)	2.007s (~)	0.821s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.189s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.820s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.243s (-9.6% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.763s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.244s (+3.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.762s	15	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.020s (+16.5% 🔺)	4.847s (+9.5% 🔺)	1.827s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.275s (+21.6% 🔺)	5.067s (+13.7% 🔺)	1.792s	6	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.314s (+63.0% 🔺)	6.258s (+40.5% 🔺)	1.943s	5	1.43x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.259s (+0.6%)	2.074s (+3.4%)	0.816s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.265s (-3.3%)	2.007s (-3.3%)	0.742s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.308s (+3.1%)	2.008s (~)	0.700s	15	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	1.796s (-11.7% 🟢)	2.314s (-7.7% 🟢)	0.517s	13	1.43x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.014s (-14.1% 🟢)	2.469s (-15.4% 🟢)	0.455s	13	1.60x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.058s (+2.1%)	2.591s (+3.4%)	0.534s	12	1.63x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.921s (+23.1% 🔺)	5.887s (+14.8% 🔺)	1.966s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.109s (+65.2% 🔺)	5.700s (+40.5% 🔺)	1.591s	6	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.425s (+56.1% 🔺)	6.297s (+37.1% 🔺)	1.872s	5	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.405s (-15.2% 🟢)	3.454s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.049s	9	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.446s (~)	3.568s (-3.0%)	2.122s	9	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.467s (-1.0%)	3.760s (-3.2%)	2.293s	8	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	4.382s (-24.1% 🟢)	5.013s (-21.9% 🟢)	0.630s	6	3.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.669s (+26.5% 🔺)	6.015s (+20.0% 🔺)	0.345s	5	4.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.837s (-12.7% 🟢)	6.614s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.777s	5	4.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.719s (+53.6% 🔺)	7.181s (+45.6% 🔺)	2.463s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.884s (+58.9% 🔺)	6.856s (+39.5% 🔺)	1.972s	5	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.796s (+65.5% 🔺)	8.234s (+51.5% 🔺)	2.438s	4	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.163s (-0.9%)	2.007s (~)	0.845s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.191s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.816s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.198s (-2.6%)	2.005s (~)	0.807s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.209s (+0.8%)	2.008s (~)	0.799s	15	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.223s (-0.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.783s	15	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.313s (-2.8%)	2.006s (~)	0.692s	15	1.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.813s (+39.0% 🔺)	4.802s (+23.0% 🔺)	1.989s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.887s (+33.2% 🔺)	4.537s (+17.0% 🔺)	1.650s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.010s (+40.7% 🔺)	4.819s (+18.8% 🔺)	1.809s	7	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.250s (-1.1%)	2.151s (+3.7%)	0.900s	14	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.268s (-2.1%)	2.008s (~)	0.740s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.293s (+1.4%)	2.009s (~)	0.716s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.870s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.314s (-15.5% 🟢)	0.444s	13	1.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.975s (-1.8%)	2.507s (+8.3% 🔺)	0.533s	12	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.395s (-1.0%)	2.917s (~)	0.522s	11	1.92x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.741s (+36.4% 🔺)	5.523s (+28.6% 🔺)	1.782s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.906s (+46.6% 🔺)	6.065s (+45.7% 🔺)	2.160s	5	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.995s (+54.8% 🔺)	5.596s (+28.7% 🔺)	1.600s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.456s (+1.8%)	3.761s (~)	2.304s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.457s (-0.8%)	3.885s (~)	2.428s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.474s (+1.2%)	4.012s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.538s	8	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	4.406s (-26.1% 🟢)	5.012s (-26.4% 🟢)	0.607s	6	3.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.626s (+13.8% 🔺)	6.016s (+9.1% 🔺)	0.390s	5	3.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.780s (-14.9% 🟢)	6.416s (-14.6% 🟢)	0.636s	5	3.97x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.355s (-1.1%)	6.703s (+2.0%)	2.348s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.383s (+32.6% 🔺)	6.950s (+32.2% 🔺)	2.568s	5	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.440s (+4.4%)	6.274s (+3.0%)	1.834s	5	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.450s (-26.3% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.554s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.525s (-8.9% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.7%)	0.481s	60	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.533s (-5.7% 🟢)	1.023s (~)	0.490s	59	1.19x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.568s (-7.1% 🟢)	1.005s (-1.7%)	0.437s	60	1.26x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.578s (+1.3%)	1.022s (~)	0.444s	59	1.28x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.601s (+7.0% 🔺)	1.023s (~)	0.422s	59	1.34x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.639s (+20.8% 🔺)	5.508s (+9.1% 🔺)	1.868s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.121s (+20.1% 🔺)	6.085s (+12.1% 🔺)	1.964s	11	1.13x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.246s (+2.8%)	5.798s (-7.1% 🟢)	1.551s	11	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.213s (-22.2% 🟢)	2.007s (-1.1%)	0.794s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.219s (-8.0% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.788s	45	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.257s (-1.4%)	2.007s (~)	0.750s	45	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.368s (+7.3% 🔺)	2.030s (+1.1%)	0.662s	45	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.427s (-3.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.579s	45	1.18x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.451s (+4.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.554s	45	1.20x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	8.825s (+2.9%)	10.801s (+3.6%)	1.976s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	9.255s (+21.3% 🔺)	11.296s (+18.9% 🔺)	2.040s	9	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.495s (+16.0% 🔺)	11.458s (+14.6% 🔺)	1.963s	8	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.456s (-6.8% 🟢)	3.059s (~)	0.602s	40	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.511s (-1.5%)	3.008s (~)	0.497s	40	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	2.580s (-20.7% 🟢)	3.007s (-25.0% 🟢)	0.427s	40	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.682s (+1.1%)	3.059s (-2.5%)	0.377s	40	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.146s (+4.9%)	3.913s (+13.8% 🔺)	0.767s	31	1.28x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.181s (-0.7%)	3.821s (-3.9%)	0.640s	32	1.30x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	18.298s (+9.6% 🔺)	20.700s (+8.8% 🔺)	2.402s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	18.547s (+23.3% 🔺)	20.731s (+20.4% 🔺)	2.183s	6	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	21.415s (+32.2% 🔺)	24.113s (+31.0% 🔺)	2.698s	5	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.165s (-8.1% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.841s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.205s (-6.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.801s	60	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.220s (+3.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.787s	60	1.34x
💻 Local	Express	0.295s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.709s	60	1.79x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.332s (-1.5%)	1.004s (~)	0.672s	60	2.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.600s (-0.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.405s	60	3.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.468s (+16.0% 🔺)	3.359s (+13.6% 🔺)	1.891s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.658s (+26.0% 🔺)	3.432s (+15.4% 🔺)	1.774s	18	1.13x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.727s (+26.3% 🔺)	3.547s (+13.7% 🔺)	1.820s	17	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.264s (-1.5%)	1.017s (+1.1%)	0.753s	89	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.306s (-4.8%)	1.006s (~)	0.700s	90	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.353s (+9.4% 🔺)	1.018s (+1.2%)	0.665s	89	1.34x
💻 Local	Express	1.565s (-20.0% 🟢)	2.052s (-16.9% 🟢)	0.487s	44	5.93x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.940s (-4.2%)	2.377s (-3.7%)	0.437s	38	7.35x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.602s (-2.4%)	3.182s (+3.5%)	0.580s	29	9.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.670s (+57.5% 🔺)	4.768s (+32.8% 🔺)	2.098s	19	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.934s (+72.9% 🔺)	4.752s (+34.4% 🔺)	1.818s	20	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.500s (+56.1% 🔺)	5.412s (+29.2% 🔺)	1.912s	17	1.31x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.480s (~)	3.087s (+1.7%)	2.607s	39	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.531s (+7.7% 🔺)	1.078s (+6.3% 🔺)	0.547s	112	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.536s (+2.2%)	1.050s (~)	0.514s	115	1.12x
💻 Local	Express	7.925s (-19.0% 🟢)	8.491s (-20.0% 🟢)	0.567s	15	16.52x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.793s (-2.7%)	10.863s (-2.3%)	1.071s	12	20.41x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.117s (+8.1% 🔺)	10.697s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.581s	12	21.09x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.208s (+45.6% 🔺)	5.334s (+29.8% 🔺)	2.126s	23	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.762s (+55.1% 🔺)	6.147s (+40.5% 🔺)	2.385s	20	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.437s (+53.4% 🔺)	7.705s (+42.2% 🔺)	2.268s	16	1.69x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.131s (-3.6%)	2.003s (~)	0.008s (-31.7% 🟢)	2.014s (~)	0.883s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.142s (-1.0%)	2.003s (~)	0.010s (-16.9% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.875s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.151s (-1.7%)	2.000s (~)	0.001s (-16.7% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.859s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.158s (-1.7%)	2.000s (~)	0.001s (-28.6% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.852s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.168s (+1.6%)	2.005s (~)	0.012s (+33.7% 🔺)	2.019s (~)	0.852s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.168s (~)	1.995s (~)	0.002s (-15.8% 🟢)	2.011s (~)	0.843s	10	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.276s (+7.9% 🔺)	3.426s (+1.3%)	2.068s (+24.6% 🔺)	5.982s (+8.0% 🔺)	3.706s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.372s (+5.0% 🔺)	3.631s (+6.5% 🔺)	2.161s (-20.2% 🟢)	6.302s (-7.5% 🟢)	3.930s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.420s (+12.3% 🔺)	3.510s (+2.9%)	3.165s (+98.9% 🔺)	7.139s (+27.9% 🔺)	4.719s	10	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.459s (-7.9% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.011s (-13.7% 🟢)	2.020s (~)	0.560s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.582s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.011s (-9.6% 🟢)	2.025s (~)	0.443s	30	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.593s (~)	2.013s (~)	0.005s (+8.1% 🔺)	2.028s (~)	0.435s	30	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.595s (-1.5%)	2.009s (~)	0.012s (-2.9%)	2.026s (~)	0.432s	30	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.611s (+1.6%)	2.005s (~)	0.005s (+6.0% 🔺)	2.028s (~)	0.417s	30	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.655s (+0.8%)	2.005s (-1.6%)	0.005s (+4.7%)	2.028s (-1.5%)	0.373s	30	1.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.263s (+2.1%)	7.880s (~)	0.262s (-7.7% 🟢)	8.596s (-0.9%)	2.333s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.325s (+10.5% 🔺)	7.847s (+3.6%)	0.214s (-30.8% 🟢)	8.567s (+1.7%)	2.242s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.740s (+13.5% 🔺)	8.110s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.308s (-6.6% 🟢)	8.894s (+5.1% 🔺)	2.154s	7	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.725s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.009s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.037s (-3.9%)	0.313s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.788s (+3.5%)	1.111s (+2.1%)	0.000s (+322.2% 🔺)	1.127s (+2.8%)	0.339s	54	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.793s (+3.2%)	1.104s (~)	0.000s (~)	1.119s (~)	0.326s	54	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	1.127s (-14.8% 🟢)	1.859s (-7.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-66.9% 🟢)	1.862s (-7.6% 🟢)	0.735s	33	1.56x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.346s (-1.4%)	2.013s (~)	0.001s (+25.0% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.669s	30	1.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.497s (+3.4%)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (-33.3% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.520s	30	2.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.755s (-21.0% 🟢)	5.013s (-24.0% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	5.479s (-23.1% 🟢)	1.725s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.952s (-6.6% 🟢)	5.373s (-13.5% 🟢)	0.000s (-90.4% 🟢)	5.881s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.929s	11	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.994s (+18.3% 🔺)	5.243s (+3.9%)	0.007s (+3850.0% 🔺)	5.806s (+4.4%)	1.812s	11	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.611s (+5.3% 🔺)	2.175s (+3.5%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	2.189s (+1.7%)	0.578s	28	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.834s (-3.9%)	2.440s (-4.1%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.448s (-4.0%)	0.615s	25	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.886s (+14.0% 🔺)	2.381s (+7.5% 🔺)	0.000s (+107.7% 🔺)	2.396s (+7.4% 🔺)	0.509s	26	1.17x
💻 Local	Express	2.611s (-28.3% 🟢)	3.024s (-28.5% 🟢)	0.001s (-25.0% 🟢)	3.030s (-28.4% 🟢)	0.419s	20	1.62x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.451s (-1.4%)	4.162s (+5.1% 🔺)	0.001s (-11.1% 🟢)	4.166s (+4.8%)	0.715s	15	2.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.281s (+3.9%)	4.721s (+2.6%)	0.001s (-40.2% 🟢)	4.725s (+2.5%)	0.445s	13	2.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.794s (-15.8% 🟢)	6.293s (-11.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	6.815s (-11.7% 🟢)	2.021s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.566s (+5.1% 🔺)	7.160s (+5.5% 🔺)	0.000s (NaN%)	7.700s (+5.2% 🔺)	2.134s	8	1.16x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	21/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	11/21
▲ Vercel	Nitro	9/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	11/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	15/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	13/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1442	0	230	1672
✅ 💻 Local Development	1605	0	219	1824
✅ 📦 Local Production	1605	0	219	1824
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1593	0	231	1824
✅ 🪟 Windows	152	0	0	152
✅ 📋 Other	885	0	179	1064
Total	7282	0	1078	8360

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	125	0	27
✅ example	125	0	27
✅ express	125	0	27
✅ fastify	125	0	27
✅ hono	125	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack	149	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack	149	0	3
✅ nitro	125	0	27
✅ nuxt	125	0	27
✅ sveltekit	144	0	8
✅ vite	125	0	27

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	127	0	25
✅ express-stable	127	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	127	0	25
✅ hono-stable	127	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	127	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	127	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	146	0	6
✅ vite-stable	127	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	127	0	25
✅ express-stable	127	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	127	0	25
✅ hono-stable	127	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	127	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	127	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	146	0	6
✅ vite-stable	127	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	26
✅ express-stable	126	0	26
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	26
✅ hono-stable	126	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	20
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	151	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	20
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	151	0	1
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	26
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	26
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	7
✅ vite-stable	126	0	26

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	152	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	127	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	127	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	126	0	26
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	126	0	26
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	127	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	127	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	125	0	27

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

No backport to stable for 57cccaf (AI decision).

This is a major-bumped breaking change that removes the public workflows.lazyDiscovery option, the entire deferred/lazy-discovery builder path, the socket-server plumbing, and WORKFLOW_NEXT_LAZY_DISCOVERY handling — all of which still exist and are maintained on stable. Removing this functionality is intended for the next major release, so backporting it would be a disruptive breaking change to the GA channel. The small Windows atomic-rename fallback fix bundled in base-builder.ts is not worth backporting on its own and can't be cleanly separated from the removal.

To override, re-run the Backport to stable workflow manually via workflow_dispatch and paste this commit SHA into the ref input:

57cccaf3734f4afa8218e1ea729a9bb886c691f3

[github-actions]

Backport PR opened against stable: #2557. Merge conflicts were resolved by AI — please review carefully. (backport job run)

[rovo89]

@ijjk I haven't followed the SDK developement as closely as I initially did, but this change caught my eye. Wasn't lazy discovery the game changer for bigger projects, saving many seconds and lots of RAM during build and dev server usage? Has the the eager build become so much better that this is no longer necessary?

[ijjk]

@rovo89 correct the goal here is to make eager mode faster than lazy approach. The wins in #2546 look very promising as we now get rid of esbuild for discovery which was causing the biggest slowdown there.

Let me know how the performance is looking on that version for your project! There's definitely more improvements for eager we can do still as well.

[ijjk]

Summary

Remove lazy discovery from workflow/next so the integration has one build mode to optimize and maintain.

The remaining eager build path does not depend on Next.js deferred entries, which means workflow/next no longer needs a minimum Next.js version for lazy discovery support.

Changes

• Remove the deferred/lazy discovery builder path.
• Remove workflows.lazyDiscovery and WORKFLOW_NEXT_LAZY_DISCOVERY handling.
• Remove socket-based loader discovery plumbing.
• Update tests, CI matrix wiring, and docs for the single build mode.

Testing

• pnpm --filter @workflow/next build
• pnpm vitest run packages/core/e2e/utils.test.ts packages/next/src/index.test.ts
• node scripts/create-test-matrix.mjs > /tmp/workflow-test-matrix.json

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 0984752

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/next	Major
@workflow/builders	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-docs	Building	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.031s (-23.8% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.973s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.042s (+3.2%)	1.007s (~)	0.964s	10	1.35x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.046s (-3.3%)	1.006s (~)	0.959s	10	1.48x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.053s (-7.9% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.959s	10	1.70x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.058s (-6.8% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.954s	10	1.83x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.061s (-3.9%)	1.011s (~)	0.951s	10	1.94x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.290s (-27.0% 🟢)	2.711s (+11.2% 🔺)	2.421s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.340s (-12.8% 🟢)	2.699s (+6.8% 🔺)	2.359s	10	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.373s (+15.2% 🔺)	2.800s (~)	2.428s	10	1.28x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.083s (-1.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.923s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.087s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.919s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.091s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.915s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.099s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.911s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.106s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.904s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.107s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.903s	10	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.669s (+9.7% 🔺)	3.386s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.717s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.781s (+12.8% 🔺)	3.900s (+5.0%)	2.119s	10	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.904s (+23.6% 🔺)	3.856s (+9.8% 🔺)	1.952s	10	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	10.403s (-1.1%)	11.021s (~)	0.618s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.506s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.517s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.515s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.508s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.524s (~)	11.020s (~)	0.496s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.528s (~)	11.017s (~)	0.489s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.557s (~)	11.019s (~)	0.462s	3	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.212s (+7.8% 🔺)	16.056s (+4.4%)	1.844s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	14.501s (+13.0% 🔺)	16.588s (+8.7% 🔺)	2.087s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.664s (+12.0% 🔺)	16.394s (+7.8% 🔺)	1.730s	2	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	13.524s (-3.4%)	14.027s (-1.4%)	0.503s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.708s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.319s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.726s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.301s	5	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.799s (-0.8%)	14.021s (~)	0.221s	5	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.859s (~)	14.019s (~)	0.160s	5	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.911s (+0.9%)	14.020s (~)	0.109s	5	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	23.106s (+7.5% 🔺)	25.551s (+8.8% 🔺)	2.445s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	23.222s (+15.2% 🔺)	25.508s (+13.8% 🔺)	2.286s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	23.433s (+17.5% 🔺)	25.535s (+15.0% 🔺)	2.101s	3	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	11.815s (-6.2% 🟢)	12.021s (-7.7% 🟢)	0.206s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.262s (-1.6%)	13.025s (~)	0.763s	7	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.322s (~)	13.024s (~)	0.703s	7	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.426s (~)	13.019s (~)	0.592s	7	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.515s (~)	13.016s (~)	0.501s	7	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Express	12.542s (+0.7%)	13.305s (+2.2%)	0.762s	7	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	28.923s (+25.7% 🔺)	31.583s (+25.5% 🔺)	2.660s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	28.975s (+15.2% 🔺)	31.599s (+15.1% 🔺)	2.624s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	30.866s (+24.8% 🔺)	33.336s (+24.9% 🔺)	2.470s	3	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.166s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.005s (~)	0.839s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.173s (+1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.836s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.187s (-0.7%)	2.007s (~)	0.821s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.189s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.820s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.243s (-9.6% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.763s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.244s (+3.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.762s	15	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.020s (+16.5% 🔺)	4.847s (+9.5% 🔺)	1.827s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.275s (+21.6% 🔺)	5.067s (+13.7% 🔺)	1.792s	6	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.314s (+63.0% 🔺)	6.258s (+40.5% 🔺)	1.943s	5	1.43x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.259s (+0.6%)	2.074s (+3.4%)	0.816s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.265s (-3.3%)	2.007s (-3.3%)	0.742s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.308s (+3.1%)	2.008s (~)	0.700s	15	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	1.796s (-11.7% 🟢)	2.314s (-7.7% 🟢)	0.517s	13	1.43x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.014s (-14.1% 🟢)	2.469s (-15.4% 🟢)	0.455s	13	1.60x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.058s (+2.1%)	2.591s (+3.4%)	0.534s	12	1.63x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.921s (+23.1% 🔺)	5.887s (+14.8% 🔺)	1.966s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.109s (+65.2% 🔺)	5.700s (+40.5% 🔺)	1.591s	6	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.425s (+56.1% 🔺)	6.297s (+37.1% 🔺)	1.872s	5	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.405s (-15.2% 🟢)	3.454s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.049s	9	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.446s (~)	3.568s (-3.0%)	2.122s	9	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.467s (-1.0%)	3.760s (-3.2%)	2.293s	8	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	4.382s (-24.1% 🟢)	5.013s (-21.9% 🟢)	0.630s	6	3.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.669s (+26.5% 🔺)	6.015s (+20.0% 🔺)	0.345s	5	4.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.837s (-12.7% 🟢)	6.614s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.777s	5	4.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.719s (+53.6% 🔺)	7.181s (+45.6% 🔺)	2.463s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.884s (+58.9% 🔺)	6.856s (+39.5% 🔺)	1.972s	5	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.796s (+65.5% 🔺)	8.234s (+51.5% 🔺)	2.438s	4	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.163s (-0.9%)	2.007s (~)	0.845s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.191s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.816s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.198s (-2.6%)	2.005s (~)	0.807s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.209s (+0.8%)	2.008s (~)	0.799s	15	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.223s (-0.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.783s	15	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.313s (-2.8%)	2.006s (~)	0.692s	15	1.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.813s (+39.0% 🔺)	4.802s (+23.0% 🔺)	1.989s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.887s (+33.2% 🔺)	4.537s (+17.0% 🔺)	1.650s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.010s (+40.7% 🔺)	4.819s (+18.8% 🔺)	1.809s	7	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.250s (-1.1%)	2.151s (+3.7%)	0.900s	14	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.268s (-2.1%)	2.008s (~)	0.740s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.293s (+1.4%)	2.009s (~)	0.716s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.870s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.314s (-15.5% 🟢)	0.444s	13	1.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.975s (-1.8%)	2.507s (+8.3% 🔺)	0.533s	12	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.395s (-1.0%)	2.917s (~)	0.522s	11	1.92x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.741s (+36.4% 🔺)	5.523s (+28.6% 🔺)	1.782s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.906s (+46.6% 🔺)	6.065s (+45.7% 🔺)	2.160s	5	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.995s (+54.8% 🔺)	5.596s (+28.7% 🔺)	1.600s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.456s (+1.8%)	3.761s (~)	2.304s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.457s (-0.8%)	3.885s (~)	2.428s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.474s (+1.2%)	4.012s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.538s	8	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	4.406s (-26.1% 🟢)	5.012s (-26.4% 🟢)	0.607s	6	3.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.626s (+13.8% 🔺)	6.016s (+9.1% 🔺)	0.390s	5	3.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.780s (-14.9% 🟢)	6.416s (-14.6% 🟢)	0.636s	5	3.97x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.355s (-1.1%)	6.703s (+2.0%)	2.348s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.383s (+32.6% 🔺)	6.950s (+32.2% 🔺)	2.568s	5	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.440s (+4.4%)	6.274s (+3.0%)	1.834s	5	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.450s (-26.3% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.554s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.525s (-8.9% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.7%)	0.481s	60	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.533s (-5.7% 🟢)	1.023s (~)	0.490s	59	1.19x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.568s (-7.1% 🟢)	1.005s (-1.7%)	0.437s	60	1.26x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.578s (+1.3%)	1.022s (~)	0.444s	59	1.28x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.601s (+7.0% 🔺)	1.023s (~)	0.422s	59	1.34x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.639s (+20.8% 🔺)	5.508s (+9.1% 🔺)	1.868s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.121s (+20.1% 🔺)	6.085s (+12.1% 🔺)	1.964s	11	1.13x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.246s (+2.8%)	5.798s (-7.1% 🟢)	1.551s	11	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.213s (-22.2% 🟢)	2.007s (-1.1%)	0.794s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.219s (-8.0% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.788s	45	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.257s (-1.4%)	2.007s (~)	0.750s	45	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.368s (+7.3% 🔺)	2.030s (+1.1%)	0.662s	45	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.427s (-3.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.579s	45	1.18x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.451s (+4.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.554s	45	1.20x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	8.825s (+2.9%)	10.801s (+3.6%)	1.976s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	9.255s (+21.3% 🔺)	11.296s (+18.9% 🔺)	2.040s	9	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.495s (+16.0% 🔺)	11.458s (+14.6% 🔺)	1.963s	8	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.456s (-6.8% 🟢)	3.059s (~)	0.602s	40	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.511s (-1.5%)	3.008s (~)	0.497s	40	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	2.580s (-20.7% 🟢)	3.007s (-25.0% 🟢)	0.427s	40	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.682s (+1.1%)	3.059s (-2.5%)	0.377s	40	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.146s (+4.9%)	3.913s (+13.8% 🔺)	0.767s	31	1.28x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.181s (-0.7%)	3.821s (-3.9%)	0.640s	32	1.30x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	18.298s (+9.6% 🔺)	20.700s (+8.8% 🔺)	2.402s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	18.547s (+23.3% 🔺)	20.731s (+20.4% 🔺)	2.183s	6	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	21.415s (+32.2% 🔺)	24.113s (+31.0% 🔺)	2.698s	5	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.165s (-8.1% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.841s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.205s (-6.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.801s	60	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.220s (+3.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.787s	60	1.34x
💻 Local	Express	0.295s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.709s	60	1.79x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.332s (-1.5%)	1.004s (~)	0.672s	60	2.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.600s (-0.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.405s	60	3.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.468s (+16.0% 🔺)	3.359s (+13.6% 🔺)	1.891s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.658s (+26.0% 🔺)	3.432s (+15.4% 🔺)	1.774s	18	1.13x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.727s (+26.3% 🔺)	3.547s (+13.7% 🔺)	1.820s	17	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.264s (-1.5%)	1.017s (+1.1%)	0.753s	89	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.306s (-4.8%)	1.006s (~)	0.700s	90	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.353s (+9.4% 🔺)	1.018s (+1.2%)	0.665s	89	1.34x
💻 Local	Express	1.565s (-20.0% 🟢)	2.052s (-16.9% 🟢)	0.487s	44	5.93x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.940s (-4.2%)	2.377s (-3.7%)	0.437s	38	7.35x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.602s (-2.4%)	3.182s (+3.5%)	0.580s	29	9.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.670s (+57.5% 🔺)	4.768s (+32.8% 🔺)	2.098s	19	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.934s (+72.9% 🔺)	4.752s (+34.4% 🔺)	1.818s	20	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.500s (+56.1% 🔺)	5.412s (+29.2% 🔺)	1.912s	17	1.31x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.480s (~)	3.087s (+1.7%)	2.607s	39	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.531s (+7.7% 🔺)	1.078s (+6.3% 🔺)	0.547s	112	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.536s (+2.2%)	1.050s (~)	0.514s	115	1.12x
💻 Local	Express	7.925s (-19.0% 🟢)	8.491s (-20.0% 🟢)	0.567s	15	16.52x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.793s (-2.7%)	10.863s (-2.3%)	1.071s	12	20.41x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.117s (+8.1% 🔺)	10.697s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.581s	12	21.09x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.208s (+45.6% 🔺)	5.334s (+29.8% 🔺)	2.126s	23	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.762s (+55.1% 🔺)	6.147s (+40.5% 🔺)	2.385s	20	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.437s (+53.4% 🔺)	7.705s (+42.2% 🔺)	2.268s	16	1.69x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.131s (-3.6%)	2.003s (~)	0.008s (-31.7% 🟢)	2.014s (~)	0.883s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.142s (-1.0%)	2.003s (~)	0.010s (-16.9% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.875s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.151s (-1.7%)	2.000s (~)	0.001s (-16.7% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.859s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.158s (-1.7%)	2.000s (~)	0.001s (-28.6% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.852s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.168s (+1.6%)	2.005s (~)	0.012s (+33.7% 🔺)	2.019s (~)	0.852s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.168s (~)	1.995s (~)	0.002s (-15.8% 🟢)	2.011s (~)	0.843s	10	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.276s (+7.9% 🔺)	3.426s (+1.3%)	2.068s (+24.6% 🔺)	5.982s (+8.0% 🔺)	3.706s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.372s (+5.0% 🔺)	3.631s (+6.5% 🔺)	2.161s (-20.2% 🟢)	6.302s (-7.5% 🟢)	3.930s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.420s (+12.3% 🔺)	3.510s (+2.9%)	3.165s (+98.9% 🔺)	7.139s (+27.9% 🔺)	4.719s	10	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.459s (-7.9% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.011s (-13.7% 🟢)	2.020s (~)	0.560s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.582s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.011s (-9.6% 🟢)	2.025s (~)	0.443s	30	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.593s (~)	2.013s (~)	0.005s (+8.1% 🔺)	2.028s (~)	0.435s	30	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.595s (-1.5%)	2.009s (~)	0.012s (-2.9%)	2.026s (~)	0.432s	30	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.611s (+1.6%)	2.005s (~)	0.005s (+6.0% 🔺)	2.028s (~)	0.417s	30	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.655s (+0.8%)	2.005s (-1.6%)	0.005s (+4.7%)	2.028s (-1.5%)	0.373s	30	1.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.263s (+2.1%)	7.880s (~)	0.262s (-7.7% 🟢)	8.596s (-0.9%)	2.333s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.325s (+10.5% 🔺)	7.847s (+3.6%)	0.214s (-30.8% 🟢)	8.567s (+1.7%)	2.242s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.740s (+13.5% 🔺)	8.110s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.308s (-6.6% 🟢)	8.894s (+5.1% 🔺)	2.154s	7	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.725s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.009s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.037s (-3.9%)	0.313s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.788s (+3.5%)	1.111s (+2.1%)	0.000s (+322.2% 🔺)	1.127s (+2.8%)	0.339s	54	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.793s (+3.2%)	1.104s (~)	0.000s (~)	1.119s (~)	0.326s	54	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	1.127s (-14.8% 🟢)	1.859s (-7.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-66.9% 🟢)	1.862s (-7.6% 🟢)	0.735s	33	1.56x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.346s (-1.4%)	2.013s (~)	0.001s (+25.0% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.669s	30	1.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.497s (+3.4%)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (-33.3% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.520s	30	2.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.755s (-21.0% 🟢)	5.013s (-24.0% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	5.479s (-23.1% 🟢)	1.725s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.952s (-6.6% 🟢)	5.373s (-13.5% 🟢)	0.000s (-90.4% 🟢)	5.881s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.929s	11	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.994s (+18.3% 🔺)	5.243s (+3.9%)	0.007s (+3850.0% 🔺)	5.806s (+4.4%)	1.812s	11	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.611s (+5.3% 🔺)	2.175s (+3.5%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	2.189s (+1.7%)	0.578s	28	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.834s (-3.9%)	2.440s (-4.1%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.448s (-4.0%)	0.615s	25	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.886s (+14.0% 🔺)	2.381s (+7.5% 🔺)	0.000s (+107.7% 🔺)	2.396s (+7.4% 🔺)	0.509s	26	1.17x
💻 Local	Express	2.611s (-28.3% 🟢)	3.024s (-28.5% 🟢)	0.001s (-25.0% 🟢)	3.030s (-28.4% 🟢)	0.419s	20	1.62x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.451s (-1.4%)	4.162s (+5.1% 🔺)	0.001s (-11.1% 🟢)	4.166s (+4.8%)	0.715s	15	2.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.281s (+3.9%)	4.721s (+2.6%)	0.001s (-40.2% 🟢)	4.725s (+2.5%)	0.445s	13	2.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.794s (-15.8% 🟢)	6.293s (-11.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	6.815s (-11.7% 🟢)	2.021s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.566s (+5.1% 🔺)	7.160s (+5.5% 🔺)	0.000s (NaN%)	7.700s (+5.2% 🔺)	2.134s	8	1.16x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	21/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	11/21
▲ Vercel	Nitro	9/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	11/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	15/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	13/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1442	0	230	1672
✅ 💻 Local Development	1605	0	219	1824
✅ 📦 Local Production	1605	0	219	1824
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1593	0	231	1824
✅ 🪟 Windows	152	0	0	152
✅ 📋 Other	885	0	179	1064
Total	7282	0	1078	8360

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	125	0	27
✅ example	125	0	27
✅ express	125	0	27
✅ fastify	125	0	27
✅ hono	125	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack	149	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack	149	0	3
✅ nitro	125	0	27
✅ nuxt	125	0	27
✅ sveltekit	144	0	8
✅ vite	125	0	27

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	127	0	25
✅ express-stable	127	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	127	0	25
✅ hono-stable	127	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	127	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	127	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	146	0	6
✅ vite-stable	127	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	127	0	25
✅ express-stable	127	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	127	0	25
✅ hono-stable	127	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	127	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	127	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	146	0	6
✅ vite-stable	127	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	26
✅ express-stable	126	0	26
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	26
✅ hono-stable	126	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	20
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	151	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	20
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	151	0	1
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	26
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	26
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	7
✅ vite-stable	126	0	26

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	152	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	127	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	127	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	126	0	26
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	126	0	26
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	127	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	127	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	125	0	27

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

No backport to stable for 57cccaf (AI decision).

This is a major-bumped breaking change that removes the public workflows.lazyDiscovery option, the entire deferred/lazy-discovery builder path, the socket-server plumbing, and WORKFLOW_NEXT_LAZY_DISCOVERY handling — all of which still exist and are maintained on stable. Removing this functionality is intended for the next major release, so backporting it would be a disruptive breaking change to the GA channel. The small Windows atomic-rename fallback fix bundled in base-builder.ts is not worth backporting on its own and can't be cleanly separated from the removal.

To override, re-run the Backport to stable workflow manually via workflow_dispatch and paste this commit SHA into the ref input:

57cccaf3734f4afa8218e1ea729a9bb886c691f3

[github-actions]

Backport PR opened against stable: #2557. Merge conflicts were resolved by AI — please review carefully. (backport job run)

[rovo89]

@ijjk I haven't followed the SDK developement as closely as I initially did, but this change caught my eye. Wasn't lazy discovery the game changer for bigger projects, saving many seconds and lots of RAM during build and dev server usage? Has the the eager build become so much better that this is no longer necessary?

[ijjk]

@rovo89 correct the goal here is to make eager mode faster than lazy approach. The wins in #2546 look very promising as we now get rid of esbuild for discovery which was causing the biggest slowdown there.

Let me know how the performance is looking on that version for your project! There's definitely more improvements for eager we can do still as well.

[ijjk]

Summary

Remove lazy discovery from workflow/next so the integration has one build mode to optimize and maintain.

The remaining eager build path does not depend on Next.js deferred entries, which means workflow/next no longer needs a minimum Next.js version for lazy discovery support.

Changes

• Remove the deferred/lazy discovery builder path.
• Remove workflows.lazyDiscovery and WORKFLOW_NEXT_LAZY_DISCOVERY handling.
• Remove socket-based loader discovery plumbing.
• Update tests, CI matrix wiring, and docs for the single build mode.

Testing

• pnpm --filter @workflow/next build
• pnpm vitest run packages/core/e2e/utils.test.ts packages/next/src/index.test.ts
• node scripts/create-test-matrix.mjs > /tmp/workflow-test-matrix.json

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 0984752

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/next	Major
@workflow/builders	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-docs	Building	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 21, 2026 2:59am

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.031s (-23.8% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.973s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.042s (+3.2%)	1.007s (~)	0.964s	10	1.35x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.046s (-3.3%)	1.006s (~)	0.959s	10	1.48x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.053s (-7.9% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.959s	10	1.70x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.058s (-6.8% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.954s	10	1.83x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.061s (-3.9%)	1.011s (~)	0.951s	10	1.94x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.290s (-27.0% 🟢)	2.711s (+11.2% 🔺)	2.421s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.340s (-12.8% 🟢)	2.699s (+6.8% 🔺)	2.359s	10	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.373s (+15.2% 🔺)	2.800s (~)	2.428s	10	1.28x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.083s (-1.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.923s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.087s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.919s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.091s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.915s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.099s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.911s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.106s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.904s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.107s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.903s	10	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.669s (+9.7% 🔺)	3.386s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.717s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.781s (+12.8% 🔺)	3.900s (+5.0%)	2.119s	10	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.904s (+23.6% 🔺)	3.856s (+9.8% 🔺)	1.952s	10	1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	10.403s (-1.1%)	11.021s (~)	0.618s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.506s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.517s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.515s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.508s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.524s (~)	11.020s (~)	0.496s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.528s (~)	11.017s (~)	0.489s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.557s (~)	11.019s (~)	0.462s	3	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.212s (+7.8% 🔺)	16.056s (+4.4%)	1.844s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	14.501s (+13.0% 🔺)	16.588s (+8.7% 🔺)	2.087s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	14.664s (+12.0% 🔺)	16.394s (+7.8% 🔺)	1.730s	2	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	13.524s (-3.4%)	14.027s (-1.4%)	0.503s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.708s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.319s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	13.726s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.301s	5	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.799s (-0.8%)	14.021s (~)	0.221s	5	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.859s (~)	14.019s (~)	0.160s	5	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.911s (+0.9%)	14.020s (~)	0.109s	5	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	23.106s (+7.5% 🔺)	25.551s (+8.8% 🔺)	2.445s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	23.222s (+15.2% 🔺)	25.508s (+13.8% 🔺)	2.286s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	23.433s (+17.5% 🔺)	25.535s (+15.0% 🔺)	2.101s	3	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	11.815s (-6.2% 🟢)	12.021s (-7.7% 🟢)	0.206s	8	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.262s (-1.6%)	13.025s (~)	0.763s	7	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.322s (~)	13.024s (~)	0.703s	7	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.426s (~)	13.019s (~)	0.592s	7	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.515s (~)	13.016s (~)	0.501s	7	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Express	12.542s (+0.7%)	13.305s (+2.2%)	0.762s	7	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	28.923s (+25.7% 🔺)	31.583s (+25.5% 🔺)	2.660s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	28.975s (+15.2% 🔺)	31.599s (+15.1% 🔺)	2.624s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	30.866s (+24.8% 🔺)	33.336s (+24.9% 🔺)	2.470s	3	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.166s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.005s (~)	0.839s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.173s (+1.3%)	2.009s (~)	0.836s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.187s (-0.7%)	2.007s (~)	0.821s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.189s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.820s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.243s (-9.6% 🟢)	2.006s (~)	0.763s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.244s (+3.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.762s	15	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.020s (+16.5% 🔺)	4.847s (+9.5% 🔺)	1.827s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.275s (+21.6% 🔺)	5.067s (+13.7% 🔺)	1.792s	6	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.314s (+63.0% 🔺)	6.258s (+40.5% 🔺)	1.943s	5	1.43x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.259s (+0.6%)	2.074s (+3.4%)	0.816s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.265s (-3.3%)	2.007s (-3.3%)	0.742s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.308s (+3.1%)	2.008s (~)	0.700s	15	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	1.796s (-11.7% 🟢)	2.314s (-7.7% 🟢)	0.517s	13	1.43x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.014s (-14.1% 🟢)	2.469s (-15.4% 🟢)	0.455s	13	1.60x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.058s (+2.1%)	2.591s (+3.4%)	0.534s	12	1.63x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.921s (+23.1% 🔺)	5.887s (+14.8% 🔺)	1.966s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.109s (+65.2% 🔺)	5.700s (+40.5% 🔺)	1.591s	6	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.425s (+56.1% 🔺)	6.297s (+37.1% 🔺)	1.872s	5	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.405s (-15.2% 🟢)	3.454s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.049s	9	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.446s (~)	3.568s (-3.0%)	2.122s	9	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.467s (-1.0%)	3.760s (-3.2%)	2.293s	8	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	4.382s (-24.1% 🟢)	5.013s (-21.9% 🟢)	0.630s	6	3.12x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.669s (+26.5% 🔺)	6.015s (+20.0% 🔺)	0.345s	5	4.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.837s (-12.7% 🟢)	6.614s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.777s	5	4.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.719s (+53.6% 🔺)	7.181s (+45.6% 🔺)	2.463s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.884s (+58.9% 🔺)	6.856s (+39.5% 🔺)	1.972s	5	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.796s (+65.5% 🔺)	8.234s (+51.5% 🔺)	2.438s	4	1.23x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.163s (-0.9%)	2.007s (~)	0.845s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.191s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.816s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.198s (-2.6%)	2.005s (~)	0.807s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.209s (+0.8%)	2.008s (~)	0.799s	15	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.223s (-0.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.783s	15	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.313s (-2.8%)	2.006s (~)	0.692s	15	1.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.813s (+39.0% 🔺)	4.802s (+23.0% 🔺)	1.989s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.887s (+33.2% 🔺)	4.537s (+17.0% 🔺)	1.650s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.010s (+40.7% 🔺)	4.819s (+18.8% 🔺)	1.809s	7	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.250s (-1.1%)	2.151s (+3.7%)	0.900s	14	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.268s (-2.1%)	2.008s (~)	0.740s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.293s (+1.4%)	2.009s (~)	0.716s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.870s (-8.2% 🟢)	2.314s (-15.5% 🟢)	0.444s	13	1.50x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.975s (-1.8%)	2.507s (+8.3% 🔺)	0.533s	12	1.58x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.395s (-1.0%)	2.917s (~)	0.522s	11	1.92x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.741s (+36.4% 🔺)	5.523s (+28.6% 🔺)	1.782s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.906s (+46.6% 🔺)	6.065s (+45.7% 🔺)	2.160s	5	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.995s (+54.8% 🔺)	5.596s (+28.7% 🔺)	1.600s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.456s (+1.8%)	3.761s (~)	2.304s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.457s (-0.8%)	3.885s (~)	2.428s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.474s (+1.2%)	4.012s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.538s	8	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	4.406s (-26.1% 🟢)	5.012s (-26.4% 🟢)	0.607s	6	3.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.626s (+13.8% 🔺)	6.016s (+9.1% 🔺)	0.390s	5	3.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.780s (-14.9% 🟢)	6.416s (-14.6% 🟢)	0.636s	5	3.97x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.355s (-1.1%)	6.703s (+2.0%)	2.348s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.383s (+32.6% 🔺)	6.950s (+32.2% 🔺)	2.568s	5	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.440s (+4.4%)	6.274s (+3.0%)	1.834s	5	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.450s (-26.3% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.554s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.525s (-8.9% 🟢)	1.006s (-1.7%)	0.481s	60	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.533s (-5.7% 🟢)	1.023s (~)	0.490s	59	1.19x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.568s (-7.1% 🟢)	1.005s (-1.7%)	0.437s	60	1.26x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.578s (+1.3%)	1.022s (~)	0.444s	59	1.28x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.601s (+7.0% 🔺)	1.023s (~)	0.422s	59	1.34x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.639s (+20.8% 🔺)	5.508s (+9.1% 🔺)	1.868s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.121s (+20.1% 🔺)	6.085s (+12.1% 🔺)	1.964s	11	1.13x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.246s (+2.8%)	5.798s (-7.1% 🟢)	1.551s	11	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.213s (-22.2% 🟢)	2.007s (-1.1%)	0.794s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.219s (-8.0% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.788s	45	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.257s (-1.4%)	2.007s (~)	0.750s	45	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.368s (+7.3% 🔺)	2.030s (+1.1%)	0.662s	45	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.427s (-3.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.579s	45	1.18x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.451s (+4.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.554s	45	1.20x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	8.825s (+2.9%)	10.801s (+3.6%)	1.976s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	9.255s (+21.3% 🔺)	11.296s (+18.9% 🔺)	2.040s	9	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.495s (+16.0% 🔺)	11.458s (+14.6% 🔺)	1.963s	8	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	2.456s (-6.8% 🟢)	3.059s (~)	0.602s	40	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.511s (-1.5%)	3.008s (~)	0.497s	40	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	2.580s (-20.7% 🟢)	3.007s (-25.0% 🟢)	0.427s	40	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.682s (+1.1%)	3.059s (-2.5%)	0.377s	40	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.146s (+4.9%)	3.913s (+13.8% 🔺)	0.767s	31	1.28x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.181s (-0.7%)	3.821s (-3.9%)	0.640s	32	1.30x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	18.298s (+9.6% 🔺)	20.700s (+8.8% 🔺)	2.402s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	18.547s (+23.3% 🔺)	20.731s (+20.4% 🔺)	2.183s	6	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	21.415s (+32.2% 🔺)	24.113s (+31.0% 🔺)	2.698s	5	1.17x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.165s (-8.1% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.841s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.205s (-6.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.801s	60	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.220s (+3.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.787s	60	1.34x
💻 Local	Express	0.295s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.004s (~)	0.709s	60	1.79x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.332s (-1.5%)	1.004s (~)	0.672s	60	2.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.600s (-0.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.405s	60	3.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.468s (+16.0% 🔺)	3.359s (+13.6% 🔺)	1.891s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.658s (+26.0% 🔺)	3.432s (+15.4% 🔺)	1.774s	18	1.13x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.727s (+26.3% 🔺)	3.547s (+13.7% 🔺)	1.820s	17	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.264s (-1.5%)	1.017s (+1.1%)	0.753s	89	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.306s (-4.8%)	1.006s (~)	0.700s	90	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.353s (+9.4% 🔺)	1.018s (+1.2%)	0.665s	89	1.34x
💻 Local	Express	1.565s (-20.0% 🟢)	2.052s (-16.9% 🟢)	0.487s	44	5.93x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.940s (-4.2%)	2.377s (-3.7%)	0.437s	38	7.35x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.602s (-2.4%)	3.182s (+3.5%)	0.580s	29	9.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.670s (+57.5% 🔺)	4.768s (+32.8% 🔺)	2.098s	19	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.934s (+72.9% 🔺)	4.752s (+34.4% 🔺)	1.818s	20	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.500s (+56.1% 🔺)	5.412s (+29.2% 🔺)	1.912s	17	1.31x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.480s (~)	3.087s (+1.7%)	2.607s	39	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.531s (+7.7% 🔺)	1.078s (+6.3% 🔺)	0.547s	112	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.536s (+2.2%)	1.050s (~)	0.514s	115	1.12x
💻 Local	Express	7.925s (-19.0% 🟢)	8.491s (-20.0% 🟢)	0.567s	15	16.52x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.793s (-2.7%)	10.863s (-2.3%)	1.071s	12	20.41x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.117s (+8.1% 🔺)	10.697s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.581s	12	21.09x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.208s (+45.6% 🔺)	5.334s (+29.8% 🔺)	2.126s	23	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.762s (+55.1% 🔺)	6.147s (+40.5% 🔺)	2.385s	20	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.437s (+53.4% 🔺)	7.705s (+42.2% 🔺)	2.268s	16	1.69x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.131s (-3.6%)	2.003s (~)	0.008s (-31.7% 🟢)	2.014s (~)	0.883s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.142s (-1.0%)	2.003s (~)	0.010s (-16.9% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.875s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.151s (-1.7%)	2.000s (~)	0.001s (-16.7% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.859s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.158s (-1.7%)	2.000s (~)	0.001s (-28.6% 🟢)	2.010s (~)	0.852s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.168s (+1.6%)	2.005s (~)	0.012s (+33.7% 🔺)	2.019s (~)	0.852s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.168s (~)	1.995s (~)	0.002s (-15.8% 🟢)	2.011s (~)	0.843s	10	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.276s (+7.9% 🔺)	3.426s (+1.3%)	2.068s (+24.6% 🔺)	5.982s (+8.0% 🔺)	3.706s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.372s (+5.0% 🔺)	3.631s (+6.5% 🔺)	2.161s (-20.2% 🟢)	6.302s (-7.5% 🟢)	3.930s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.420s (+12.3% 🔺)	3.510s (+2.9%)	3.165s (+98.9% 🔺)	7.139s (+27.9% 🔺)	4.719s	10	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.459s (-7.9% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.011s (-13.7% 🟢)	2.020s (~)	0.560s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.582s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.011s (-9.6% 🟢)	2.025s (~)	0.443s	30	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.593s (~)	2.013s (~)	0.005s (+8.1% 🔺)	2.028s (~)	0.435s	30	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.595s (-1.5%)	2.009s (~)	0.012s (-2.9%)	2.026s (~)	0.432s	30	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.611s (+1.6%)	2.005s (~)	0.005s (+6.0% 🔺)	2.028s (~)	0.417s	30	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.655s (+0.8%)	2.005s (-1.6%)	0.005s (+4.7%)	2.028s (-1.5%)	0.373s	30	1.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	6.263s (+2.1%)	7.880s (~)	0.262s (-7.7% 🟢)	8.596s (-0.9%)	2.333s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.325s (+10.5% 🔺)	7.847s (+3.6%)	0.214s (-30.8% 🟢)	8.567s (+1.7%)	2.242s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.740s (+13.5% 🔺)	8.110s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.308s (-6.6% 🟢)	8.894s (+5.1% 🔺)	2.154s	7	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.725s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.009s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.037s (-3.9%)	0.313s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.788s (+3.5%)	1.111s (+2.1%)	0.000s (+322.2% 🔺)	1.127s (+2.8%)	0.339s	54	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.793s (+3.2%)	1.104s (~)	0.000s (~)	1.119s (~)	0.326s	54	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	1.127s (-14.8% 🟢)	1.859s (-7.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-66.9% 🟢)	1.862s (-7.6% 🟢)	0.735s	33	1.56x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.346s (-1.4%)	2.013s (~)	0.001s (+25.0% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.669s	30	1.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.497s (+3.4%)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (-33.3% 🟢)	2.017s (~)	0.520s	30	2.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.755s (-21.0% 🟢)	5.013s (-24.0% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	5.479s (-23.1% 🟢)	1.725s	12	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.952s (-6.6% 🟢)	5.373s (-13.5% 🟢)	0.000s (-90.4% 🟢)	5.881s (-13.6% 🟢)	1.929s	11	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.994s (+18.3% 🔺)	5.243s (+3.9%)	0.007s (+3850.0% 🔺)	5.806s (+4.4%)	1.812s	11	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.611s (+5.3% 🔺)	2.175s (+3.5%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	2.189s (+1.7%)	0.578s	28	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.834s (-3.9%)	2.440s (-4.1%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.448s (-4.0%)	0.615s	25	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.886s (+14.0% 🔺)	2.381s (+7.5% 🔺)	0.000s (+107.7% 🔺)	2.396s (+7.4% 🔺)	0.509s	26	1.17x
💻 Local	Express	2.611s (-28.3% 🟢)	3.024s (-28.5% 🟢)	0.001s (-25.0% 🟢)	3.030s (-28.4% 🟢)	0.419s	20	1.62x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.451s (-1.4%)	4.162s (+5.1% 🔺)	0.001s (-11.1% 🟢)	4.166s (+4.8%)	0.715s	15	2.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.281s (+3.9%)	4.721s (+2.6%)	0.001s (-40.2% 🟢)	4.725s (+2.5%)	0.445s	13	2.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.794s (-15.8% 🟢)	6.293s (-11.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	6.815s (-11.7% 🟢)	2.021s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.566s (+5.1% 🔺)	7.160s (+5.5% 🔺)	0.000s (NaN%)	7.700s (+5.2% 🔺)	2.134s	8	1.16x
▲ Vercel	Express	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	21/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	11/21
▲ Vercel	Nitro	9/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	11/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	15/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	13/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1442	0	230	1672
✅ 💻 Local Development	1605	0	219	1824
✅ 📦 Local Production	1605	0	219	1824
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1593	0	231	1824
✅ 🪟 Windows	152	0	0	152
✅ 📋 Other	885	0	179	1064
Total	7282	0	1078	8360

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	125	0	27
✅ example	125	0	27
✅ express	125	0	27
✅ fastify	125	0	27
✅ hono	125	0	27
✅ nextjs-turbopack	149	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack	149	0	3
✅ nitro	125	0	27
✅ nuxt	125	0	27
✅ sveltekit	144	0	8
✅ vite	125	0	27

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	127	0	25
✅ express-stable	127	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	127	0	25
✅ hono-stable	127	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	127	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	127	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	146	0	6
✅ vite-stable	127	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	127	0	25
✅ express-stable	127	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	127	0	25
✅ hono-stable	127	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	133	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	152	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	127	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	127	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	146	0	6
✅ vite-stable	127	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	26
✅ express-stable	126	0	26
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	26
✅ hono-stable	126	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	20
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	151	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	20
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	151	0	1
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	26
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	26
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	7
✅ vite-stable	126	0	26

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	152	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	127	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	127	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	126	0	26
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	126	0	26
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	127	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	127	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	125	0	27

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

No backport to stable for 57cccaf (AI decision).

This is a major-bumped breaking change that removes the public workflows.lazyDiscovery option, the entire deferred/lazy-discovery builder path, the socket-server plumbing, and WORKFLOW_NEXT_LAZY_DISCOVERY handling — all of which still exist and are maintained on stable. Removing this functionality is intended for the next major release, so backporting it would be a disruptive breaking change to the GA channel. The small Windows atomic-rename fallback fix bundled in base-builder.ts is not worth backporting on its own and can't be cleanly separated from the removal.

To override, re-run the Backport to stable workflow manually via workflow_dispatch and paste this commit SHA into the ref input:

57cccaf3734f4afa8218e1ea729a9bb886c691f3

[github-actions]

Backport PR opened against stable: #2557. Merge conflicts were resolved by AI — please review carefully. (backport job run)

[rovo89]

@ijjk I haven't followed the SDK developement as closely as I initially did, but this change caught my eye. Wasn't lazy discovery the game changer for bigger projects, saving many seconds and lots of RAM during build and dev server usage? Has the the eager build become so much better that this is no longer necessary?

[ijjk]

@rovo89 correct the goal here is to make eager mode faster than lazy approach. The wins in #2546 look very promising as we now get rid of esbuild for discovery which was causing the biggest slowdown there.

Let me know how the performance is looking on that version for your project! There's definitely more improvements for eager we can do still as well.