[world-local] Update log message when PORT not set, and make less prominent

[VaguelySerious]

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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: bca5928

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 5 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/cli	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/docs-typecheck	Patch

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Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.030s (-24.0% 🟢)	1.013s (~)	0.983s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.041s (~)	1.018s (~)	0.977s	10	1.36x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.043s (+1.9%)	1.019s (~)	0.976s	10	1.42x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-0.9%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.45x
💻 Local	Express	0.046s (+1.6%)	1.008s (~)	0.962s	10	1.52x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.068s (-42.5% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.949s	10	2.27x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.074s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.014s (~)	0.940s	10	2.46x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.152s (-53.6% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.865s	10	5.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.315s (+7.0% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.699s	10	10.45x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.345s (+42.3% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.667s	10	11.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.737s (+24.1% 🔺)	1.525s (+2.5%)	0.789s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.909s (+30.9% 🔺)	1.607s (+1.2%)	0.697s	10	1.23x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.096s (+58.5% 🔺)	2.243s (+32.8% 🔺)	1.148s	10	1.49x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.064s (-2.6%)	2.010s (~)	0.946s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.099s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.912s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.100s (-0.5%)	2.013s (~)	0.913s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.115s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.891s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	1.116s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.892s	10	1.05x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.289s (-3.3%)	2.013s (~)	0.724s	10	1.21x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.306s (~)	2.018s (~)	0.712s	10	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.735s (-25.7% 🟢)	2.019s (-33.1% 🟢)	0.284s	10	1.63x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.171s (+0.8%)	3.016s (~)	0.845s	10	2.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.209s (+1.0%)	3.012s (~)	0.803s	10	2.08x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.770s (-0.6%)	3.551s (-3.2%)	0.781s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.771s (~)	3.712s (+2.9%)	0.941s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.990s (+9.8% 🔺)	3.794s (+6.3% 🔺)	0.804s	10	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.461s (-1.2%)	11.011s (~)	0.549s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.670s (~)	11.017s (~)	0.347s	5	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.743s (+0.7%)	11.020s (~)	0.276s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.793s (~)	11.013s (~)	0.220s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	10.805s (~)	11.009s (~)	0.204s	5	1.03x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.155s (-0.7%)	12.832s (-1.5%)	0.676s	5	1.16x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.179s (~)	13.026s (~)	0.847s	5	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.019s (-13.9% 🟢)	14.635s (-13.1% 🟢)	0.616s	5	1.34x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.349s (~)	21.031s (~)	0.683s	5	1.95x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.378s (-0.6%)	21.037s (~)	0.658s	5	1.95x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	22.205s (+1.5%)	23.030s (+1.3%)	0.825s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	22.345s (-0.6%)	23.466s (~)	1.120s	5	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	22.358s (+3.4%)	23.213s (+4.1%)	0.856s	5	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.298s (-3.5%)	2.007s (~)	0.709s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.390s (+2.2%)	2.012s (~)	0.622s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.396s (+1.7%)	2.012s (~)	0.616s	15	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.420s (+0.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.585s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	1.427s (+2.2%)	2.007s (~)	0.580s	15	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.890s (-5.0% 🟢)	2.017s (-6.5% 🟢)	0.127s	15	1.46x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.140s (~)	3.018s (~)	0.878s	10	1.65x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.166s (-1.7%)	3.013s (~)	0.848s	10	1.67x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.397s (+2.3%)	3.012s (~)	0.615s	10	1.85x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.409s (+1.2%)	3.011s (~)	0.603s	10	1.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.097s (+4.9%)	3.945s (+2.6%)	0.848s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.768s (+27.0% 🔺)	4.500s (+17.1% 🔺)	0.732s	7	1.22x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.983s (+27.3% 🔺)	4.708s (+19.4% 🔺)	0.725s	7	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.125s (+2.8%)	3.058s (+5.5% 🔺)	0.932s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.239s (+0.7%)	3.188s (+0.7%)	0.949s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.239s (-1.1%)	3.192s (-0.7%)	0.953s	10	1.05x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.367s (-4.4%)	3.009s (~)	0.642s	10	1.11x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.533s (+1.8%)	3.015s (~)	0.482s	10	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.535s (-10.3% 🟢)	3.014s (-0.7%)	0.479s	10	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.812s (-10.0% 🟢)	3.018s (-22.9% 🟢)	0.206s	10	1.32x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.028s (+6.0% 🔺)	3.585s (+14.7% 🔺)	0.557s	9	1.43x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.782s (~)	5.180s (~)	0.397s	6	2.25x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.799s (+3.5%)	5.360s (+3.4%)	0.562s	6	2.26x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.372s (-22.9% 🟢)	4.096s (-20.6% 🟢)	0.724s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.532s (-38.6% 🟢)	4.052s (-36.5% 🟢)	0.520s	8	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.761s (-10.9% 🟢)	4.366s (-11.5% 🟢)	0.605s	7	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.301s (-5.1% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.707s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.383s (+3.1%)	2.011s (~)	0.628s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.391s (+1.8%)	2.011s (~)	0.621s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.409s (-1.2%)	2.006s (~)	0.596s	15	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	1.431s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.575s	15	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.634s (-4.9%)	2.013s (~)	0.379s	15	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.760s (-4.3%)	2.225s (+10.7% 🔺)	0.465s	14	1.35x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.946s (+0.9%)	2.010s (~)	0.064s	15	1.50x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.139s (-0.7%)	3.016s (~)	0.878s	10	1.64x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.191s (-1.9%)	3.014s (~)	0.824s	10	1.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.787s (-3.4%)	3.600s (-1.0%)	0.812s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.808s (-1.0%)	3.764s (+2.4%)	0.956s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.900s (~)	3.732s (-2.6%)	0.833s	9	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.212s (+0.6%)	3.146s (~)	0.934s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.267s (~)	3.217s (~)	0.951s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	2.293s (-4.1%)	3.248s (-1.9%)	0.955s	10	1.04x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.362s (-4.2%)	3.008s (~)	0.646s	10	1.07x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.501s (+1.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.512s	10	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.530s (-1.9%)	3.024s (~)	0.494s	10	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.626s (-6.2% 🟢)	3.012s (~)	0.386s	10	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.881s (+7.6% 🔺)	3.013s (~)	0.132s	10	1.30x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.727s (~)	5.187s (~)	0.460s	6	2.14x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.855s (+4.6%)	5.360s (+3.4%)	0.505s	6	2.19x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.093s (-27.1% 🟢)	3.670s (-23.2% 🟢)	0.577s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.363s (+2.9%)	3.884s (~)	0.522s	8	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.380s (+6.2% 🔺)	4.044s (+12.3% 🔺)	0.664s	8	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.096s (-27.0% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.011s (~)	0.915s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.140s (~)	1.003s (~)	0.020s (+34.2% 🔺)	1.032s (~)	0.892s	10	1.46x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.154s (+9.2% 🔺)	1.005s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.015s (~)	0.860s	10	1.61x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.177s (-0.6%)	0.992s (~)	0.017s (+11.4% 🔺)	1.023s (~)	0.846s	10	1.85x
💻 Local	Express	0.178s (+2.2%)	0.993s (~)	0.017s (+18.5% 🔺)	1.025s (~)	0.846s	10	1.86x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.482s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.969s (+4.4%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.016s (~)	0.534s	10	5.03x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.484s (-9.1% 🟢)	0.974s (+6.0% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.530s	10	5.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.648s (-51.9% 🟢)	0.943s (-44.5% 🟢)	0.000s (~)	1.016s (-49.7% 🟢)	0.367s	10	6.77x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.298s (~)	2.745s (~)	0.000s (-50.0% 🟢)	3.015s (~)	0.716s	10	23.99x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.337s (+4.4%)	2.704s (-3.5%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	3.016s (~)	0.679s	10	24.40x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.469s (+19.3% 🔺)	3.609s (+11.1% 🔺)	1.565s (+186.5% 🔺)	5.678s (+32.7% 🔺)	2.209s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.630s (+26.8% 🔺)	3.895s (+22.9% 🔺)	0.705s (+51.4% 🔺)	5.113s (+23.3% 🔺)	1.483s	10	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.103s (+40.5% 🔺)	4.340s (+35.2% 🔺)	1.065s (+234.8% 🔺)	6.102s (+54.2% 🔺)	1.999s	10	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/8
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/8
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/8

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Starter	6/8
Nitro	💻 Local	8/8

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	435	0	38	473
✅ 💻 Local Development	398	0	32	430
✅ 📦 Local Production	398	0	32	430
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	398	0	32	430
✅ 🪟 Windows	43	0	0	43
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	162	22	0	184
Total	1834	22	134	1990

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (22 failed)

mongodb (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

redis (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

starter (19 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE

turso (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	39	0	4
✅ example	39	0	4
✅ express	39	0	4
✅ fastify	39	0	4
✅ hono	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	42	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	42	0	1
✅ nitro	39	0	4
✅ nuxt	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit	39	0	4
✅ vite	39	0	4

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	39	0	4
✅ express-stable	39	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	39	0	4
✅ hono-stable	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	39	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	39	0	4
✅ vite-stable	39	0	4

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	39	0	4
✅ express-stable	39	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	39	0	4
✅ hono-stable	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	39	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	39	0	4
✅ vite-stable	39	0	4

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	39	0	4
✅ express-stable	39	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	39	0	4
✅ hono-stable	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	39	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	39	0	4
✅ vite-stable	39	0	4

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	43	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	42	1	0
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	42	1	0
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	24	19	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	42	1	0

---

📋 View full workflow run

[TooTallNate]

Should it be .debug() even? If the fallback works usually then the log message is only useful for the case where it does not work, in which case you'd enable debug logs to investigate further.

[VaguelySerious]

@TooTallNate done

[VaguelySerious]

No description provided.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: bca5928

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 5 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/cli	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/docs-typecheck	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.030s (-24.0% 🟢)	1.013s (~)	0.983s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.041s (~)	1.018s (~)	0.977s	10	1.36x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.043s (+1.9%)	1.019s (~)	0.976s	10	1.42x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-0.9%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.45x
💻 Local	Express	0.046s (+1.6%)	1.008s (~)	0.962s	10	1.52x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.068s (-42.5% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.949s	10	2.27x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.074s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.014s (~)	0.940s	10	2.46x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.152s (-53.6% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.865s	10	5.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.315s (+7.0% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.699s	10	10.45x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.345s (+42.3% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.667s	10	11.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.737s (+24.1% 🔺)	1.525s (+2.5%)	0.789s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.909s (+30.9% 🔺)	1.607s (+1.2%)	0.697s	10	1.23x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.096s (+58.5% 🔺)	2.243s (+32.8% 🔺)	1.148s	10	1.49x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.064s (-2.6%)	2.010s (~)	0.946s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.099s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.912s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.100s (-0.5%)	2.013s (~)	0.913s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.115s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.891s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	1.116s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.892s	10	1.05x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.289s (-3.3%)	2.013s (~)	0.724s	10	1.21x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.306s (~)	2.018s (~)	0.712s	10	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.735s (-25.7% 🟢)	2.019s (-33.1% 🟢)	0.284s	10	1.63x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.171s (+0.8%)	3.016s (~)	0.845s	10	2.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.209s (+1.0%)	3.012s (~)	0.803s	10	2.08x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.770s (-0.6%)	3.551s (-3.2%)	0.781s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.771s (~)	3.712s (+2.9%)	0.941s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.990s (+9.8% 🔺)	3.794s (+6.3% 🔺)	0.804s	10	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.461s (-1.2%)	11.011s (~)	0.549s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.670s (~)	11.017s (~)	0.347s	5	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.743s (+0.7%)	11.020s (~)	0.276s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.793s (~)	11.013s (~)	0.220s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	10.805s (~)	11.009s (~)	0.204s	5	1.03x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.155s (-0.7%)	12.832s (-1.5%)	0.676s	5	1.16x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.179s (~)	13.026s (~)	0.847s	5	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.019s (-13.9% 🟢)	14.635s (-13.1% 🟢)	0.616s	5	1.34x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.349s (~)	21.031s (~)	0.683s	5	1.95x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.378s (-0.6%)	21.037s (~)	0.658s	5	1.95x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	22.205s (+1.5%)	23.030s (+1.3%)	0.825s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	22.345s (-0.6%)	23.466s (~)	1.120s	5	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	22.358s (+3.4%)	23.213s (+4.1%)	0.856s	5	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.298s (-3.5%)	2.007s (~)	0.709s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.390s (+2.2%)	2.012s (~)	0.622s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.396s (+1.7%)	2.012s (~)	0.616s	15	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.420s (+0.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.585s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	1.427s (+2.2%)	2.007s (~)	0.580s	15	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.890s (-5.0% 🟢)	2.017s (-6.5% 🟢)	0.127s	15	1.46x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.140s (~)	3.018s (~)	0.878s	10	1.65x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.166s (-1.7%)	3.013s (~)	0.848s	10	1.67x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.397s (+2.3%)	3.012s (~)	0.615s	10	1.85x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.409s (+1.2%)	3.011s (~)	0.603s	10	1.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.097s (+4.9%)	3.945s (+2.6%)	0.848s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.768s (+27.0% 🔺)	4.500s (+17.1% 🔺)	0.732s	7	1.22x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.983s (+27.3% 🔺)	4.708s (+19.4% 🔺)	0.725s	7	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.125s (+2.8%)	3.058s (+5.5% 🔺)	0.932s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.239s (+0.7%)	3.188s (+0.7%)	0.949s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.239s (-1.1%)	3.192s (-0.7%)	0.953s	10	1.05x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.367s (-4.4%)	3.009s (~)	0.642s	10	1.11x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.533s (+1.8%)	3.015s (~)	0.482s	10	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.535s (-10.3% 🟢)	3.014s (-0.7%)	0.479s	10	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.812s (-10.0% 🟢)	3.018s (-22.9% 🟢)	0.206s	10	1.32x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.028s (+6.0% 🔺)	3.585s (+14.7% 🔺)	0.557s	9	1.43x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.782s (~)	5.180s (~)	0.397s	6	2.25x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.799s (+3.5%)	5.360s (+3.4%)	0.562s	6	2.26x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.372s (-22.9% 🟢)	4.096s (-20.6% 🟢)	0.724s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.532s (-38.6% 🟢)	4.052s (-36.5% 🟢)	0.520s	8	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.761s (-10.9% 🟢)	4.366s (-11.5% 🟢)	0.605s	7	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.301s (-5.1% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.707s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.383s (+3.1%)	2.011s (~)	0.628s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.391s (+1.8%)	2.011s (~)	0.621s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.409s (-1.2%)	2.006s (~)	0.596s	15	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	1.431s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.575s	15	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.634s (-4.9%)	2.013s (~)	0.379s	15	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.760s (-4.3%)	2.225s (+10.7% 🔺)	0.465s	14	1.35x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.946s (+0.9%)	2.010s (~)	0.064s	15	1.50x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.139s (-0.7%)	3.016s (~)	0.878s	10	1.64x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.191s (-1.9%)	3.014s (~)	0.824s	10	1.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.787s (-3.4%)	3.600s (-1.0%)	0.812s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.808s (-1.0%)	3.764s (+2.4%)	0.956s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.900s (~)	3.732s (-2.6%)	0.833s	9	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.212s (+0.6%)	3.146s (~)	0.934s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.267s (~)	3.217s (~)	0.951s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	2.293s (-4.1%)	3.248s (-1.9%)	0.955s	10	1.04x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.362s (-4.2%)	3.008s (~)	0.646s	10	1.07x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.501s (+1.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.512s	10	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.530s (-1.9%)	3.024s (~)	0.494s	10	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.626s (-6.2% 🟢)	3.012s (~)	0.386s	10	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.881s (+7.6% 🔺)	3.013s (~)	0.132s	10	1.30x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.727s (~)	5.187s (~)	0.460s	6	2.14x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.855s (+4.6%)	5.360s (+3.4%)	0.505s	6	2.19x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.093s (-27.1% 🟢)	3.670s (-23.2% 🟢)	0.577s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.363s (+2.9%)	3.884s (~)	0.522s	8	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.380s (+6.2% 🔺)	4.044s (+12.3% 🔺)	0.664s	8	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.096s (-27.0% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.011s (~)	0.915s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.140s (~)	1.003s (~)	0.020s (+34.2% 🔺)	1.032s (~)	0.892s	10	1.46x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.154s (+9.2% 🔺)	1.005s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.015s (~)	0.860s	10	1.61x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.177s (-0.6%)	0.992s (~)	0.017s (+11.4% 🔺)	1.023s (~)	0.846s	10	1.85x
💻 Local	Express	0.178s (+2.2%)	0.993s (~)	0.017s (+18.5% 🔺)	1.025s (~)	0.846s	10	1.86x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.482s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.969s (+4.4%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.016s (~)	0.534s	10	5.03x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.484s (-9.1% 🟢)	0.974s (+6.0% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.530s	10	5.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.648s (-51.9% 🟢)	0.943s (-44.5% 🟢)	0.000s (~)	1.016s (-49.7% 🟢)	0.367s	10	6.77x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.298s (~)	2.745s (~)	0.000s (-50.0% 🟢)	3.015s (~)	0.716s	10	23.99x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.337s (+4.4%)	2.704s (-3.5%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	3.016s (~)	0.679s	10	24.40x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.469s (+19.3% 🔺)	3.609s (+11.1% 🔺)	1.565s (+186.5% 🔺)	5.678s (+32.7% 🔺)	2.209s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.630s (+26.8% 🔺)	3.895s (+22.9% 🔺)	0.705s (+51.4% 🔺)	5.113s (+23.3% 🔺)	1.483s	10	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.103s (+40.5% 🔺)	4.340s (+35.2% 🔺)	1.065s (+234.8% 🔺)	6.102s (+54.2% 🔺)	1.999s	10	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/8
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/8
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/8

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Starter	6/8
Nitro	💻 Local	8/8

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	435	0	38	473
✅ 💻 Local Development	398	0	32	430
✅ 📦 Local Production	398	0	32	430
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	398	0	32	430
✅ 🪟 Windows	43	0	0	43
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	162	22	0	184
Total	1834	22	134	1990

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (22 failed)

mongodb (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

redis (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

starter (19 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE

turso (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	39	0	4
✅ example	39	0	4
✅ express	39	0	4
✅ fastify	39	0	4
✅ hono	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	42	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	42	0	1
✅ nitro	39	0	4
✅ nuxt	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit	39	0	4
✅ vite	39	0	4

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	39	0	4
✅ express-stable	39	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	39	0	4
✅ hono-stable	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	39	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	39	0	4
✅ vite-stable	39	0	4

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	39	0	4
✅ express-stable	39	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	39	0	4
✅ hono-stable	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	39	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	39	0	4
✅ vite-stable	39	0	4

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	39	0	4
✅ express-stable	39	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	39	0	4
✅ hono-stable	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	39	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	39	0	4
✅ vite-stable	39	0	4

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	43	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	42	1	0
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	42	1	0
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	24	19	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	42	1	0

---

📋 View full workflow run

[TooTallNate]

Should it be .debug() even? If the fallback works usually then the log message is only useful for the case where it does not work, in which case you'd enable debug logs to investigate further.

[VaguelySerious]

@TooTallNate done

[VaguelySerious]

No description provided.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: bca5928

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 5 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/cli	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/docs-typecheck	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.030s (-24.0% 🟢)	1.013s (~)	0.983s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.041s (~)	1.018s (~)	0.977s	10	1.36x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.043s (+1.9%)	1.019s (~)	0.976s	10	1.42x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-0.9%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.45x
💻 Local	Express	0.046s (+1.6%)	1.008s (~)	0.962s	10	1.52x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.068s (-42.5% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.949s	10	2.27x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.074s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.014s (~)	0.940s	10	2.46x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.152s (-53.6% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.865s	10	5.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.315s (+7.0% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.699s	10	10.45x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.345s (+42.3% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.667s	10	11.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.737s (+24.1% 🔺)	1.525s (+2.5%)	0.789s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.909s (+30.9% 🔺)	1.607s (+1.2%)	0.697s	10	1.23x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.096s (+58.5% 🔺)	2.243s (+32.8% 🔺)	1.148s	10	1.49x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.064s (-2.6%)	2.010s (~)	0.946s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.099s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.912s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.100s (-0.5%)	2.013s (~)	0.913s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.115s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.891s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	1.116s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.892s	10	1.05x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.289s (-3.3%)	2.013s (~)	0.724s	10	1.21x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.306s (~)	2.018s (~)	0.712s	10	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.735s (-25.7% 🟢)	2.019s (-33.1% 🟢)	0.284s	10	1.63x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.171s (+0.8%)	3.016s (~)	0.845s	10	2.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.209s (+1.0%)	3.012s (~)	0.803s	10	2.08x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.770s (-0.6%)	3.551s (-3.2%)	0.781s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.771s (~)	3.712s (+2.9%)	0.941s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.990s (+9.8% 🔺)	3.794s (+6.3% 🔺)	0.804s	10	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.461s (-1.2%)	11.011s (~)	0.549s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.670s (~)	11.017s (~)	0.347s	5	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.743s (+0.7%)	11.020s (~)	0.276s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.793s (~)	11.013s (~)	0.220s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	10.805s (~)	11.009s (~)	0.204s	5	1.03x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.155s (-0.7%)	12.832s (-1.5%)	0.676s	5	1.16x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.179s (~)	13.026s (~)	0.847s	5	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.019s (-13.9% 🟢)	14.635s (-13.1% 🟢)	0.616s	5	1.34x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.349s (~)	21.031s (~)	0.683s	5	1.95x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.378s (-0.6%)	21.037s (~)	0.658s	5	1.95x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	22.205s (+1.5%)	23.030s (+1.3%)	0.825s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	22.345s (-0.6%)	23.466s (~)	1.120s	5	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	22.358s (+3.4%)	23.213s (+4.1%)	0.856s	5	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.298s (-3.5%)	2.007s (~)	0.709s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.390s (+2.2%)	2.012s (~)	0.622s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.396s (+1.7%)	2.012s (~)	0.616s	15	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.420s (+0.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.585s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	1.427s (+2.2%)	2.007s (~)	0.580s	15	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.890s (-5.0% 🟢)	2.017s (-6.5% 🟢)	0.127s	15	1.46x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.140s (~)	3.018s (~)	0.878s	10	1.65x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.166s (-1.7%)	3.013s (~)	0.848s	10	1.67x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.397s (+2.3%)	3.012s (~)	0.615s	10	1.85x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.409s (+1.2%)	3.011s (~)	0.603s	10	1.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.097s (+4.9%)	3.945s (+2.6%)	0.848s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.768s (+27.0% 🔺)	4.500s (+17.1% 🔺)	0.732s	7	1.22x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.983s (+27.3% 🔺)	4.708s (+19.4% 🔺)	0.725s	7	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.125s (+2.8%)	3.058s (+5.5% 🔺)	0.932s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.239s (+0.7%)	3.188s (+0.7%)	0.949s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.239s (-1.1%)	3.192s (-0.7%)	0.953s	10	1.05x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.367s (-4.4%)	3.009s (~)	0.642s	10	1.11x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.533s (+1.8%)	3.015s (~)	0.482s	10	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.535s (-10.3% 🟢)	3.014s (-0.7%)	0.479s	10	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.812s (-10.0% 🟢)	3.018s (-22.9% 🟢)	0.206s	10	1.32x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.028s (+6.0% 🔺)	3.585s (+14.7% 🔺)	0.557s	9	1.43x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.782s (~)	5.180s (~)	0.397s	6	2.25x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.799s (+3.5%)	5.360s (+3.4%)	0.562s	6	2.26x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.372s (-22.9% 🟢)	4.096s (-20.6% 🟢)	0.724s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.532s (-38.6% 🟢)	4.052s (-36.5% 🟢)	0.520s	8	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.761s (-10.9% 🟢)	4.366s (-11.5% 🟢)	0.605s	7	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.301s (-5.1% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.707s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.383s (+3.1%)	2.011s (~)	0.628s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.391s (+1.8%)	2.011s (~)	0.621s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.409s (-1.2%)	2.006s (~)	0.596s	15	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	1.431s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.575s	15	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.634s (-4.9%)	2.013s (~)	0.379s	15	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.760s (-4.3%)	2.225s (+10.7% 🔺)	0.465s	14	1.35x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.946s (+0.9%)	2.010s (~)	0.064s	15	1.50x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.139s (-0.7%)	3.016s (~)	0.878s	10	1.64x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.191s (-1.9%)	3.014s (~)	0.824s	10	1.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.787s (-3.4%)	3.600s (-1.0%)	0.812s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.808s (-1.0%)	3.764s (+2.4%)	0.956s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.900s (~)	3.732s (-2.6%)	0.833s	9	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.212s (+0.6%)	3.146s (~)	0.934s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.267s (~)	3.217s (~)	0.951s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	2.293s (-4.1%)	3.248s (-1.9%)	0.955s	10	1.04x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.362s (-4.2%)	3.008s (~)	0.646s	10	1.07x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.501s (+1.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.512s	10	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.530s (-1.9%)	3.024s (~)	0.494s	10	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.626s (-6.2% 🟢)	3.012s (~)	0.386s	10	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.881s (+7.6% 🔺)	3.013s (~)	0.132s	10	1.30x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.727s (~)	5.187s (~)	0.460s	6	2.14x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.855s (+4.6%)	5.360s (+3.4%)	0.505s	6	2.19x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.093s (-27.1% 🟢)	3.670s (-23.2% 🟢)	0.577s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.363s (+2.9%)	3.884s (~)	0.522s	8	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.380s (+6.2% 🔺)	4.044s (+12.3% 🔺)	0.664s	8	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.096s (-27.0% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.011s (~)	0.915s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.140s (~)	1.003s (~)	0.020s (+34.2% 🔺)	1.032s (~)	0.892s	10	1.46x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.154s (+9.2% 🔺)	1.005s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.015s (~)	0.860s	10	1.61x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.177s (-0.6%)	0.992s (~)	0.017s (+11.4% 🔺)	1.023s (~)	0.846s	10	1.85x
💻 Local	Express	0.178s (+2.2%)	0.993s (~)	0.017s (+18.5% 🔺)	1.025s (~)	0.846s	10	1.86x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.482s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.969s (+4.4%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.016s (~)	0.534s	10	5.03x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.484s (-9.1% 🟢)	0.974s (+6.0% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.530s	10	5.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.648s (-51.9% 🟢)	0.943s (-44.5% 🟢)	0.000s (~)	1.016s (-49.7% 🟢)	0.367s	10	6.77x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.298s (~)	2.745s (~)	0.000s (-50.0% 🟢)	3.015s (~)	0.716s	10	23.99x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.337s (+4.4%)	2.704s (-3.5%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	3.016s (~)	0.679s	10	24.40x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.469s (+19.3% 🔺)	3.609s (+11.1% 🔺)	1.565s (+186.5% 🔺)	5.678s (+32.7% 🔺)	2.209s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.630s (+26.8% 🔺)	3.895s (+22.9% 🔺)	0.705s (+51.4% 🔺)	5.113s (+23.3% 🔺)	1.483s	10	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.103s (+40.5% 🔺)	4.340s (+35.2% 🔺)	1.065s (+234.8% 🔺)	6.102s (+54.2% 🔺)	1.999s	10	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/8
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/8
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/8

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Starter	6/8
Nitro	💻 Local	8/8

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	435	0	38	473
✅ 💻 Local Development	398	0	32	430
✅ 📦 Local Production	398	0	32	430
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	398	0	32	430
✅ 🪟 Windows	43	0	0	43
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	162	22	0	184
Total	1834	22	134	1990

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (22 failed)

mongodb (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

redis (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

starter (19 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE

turso (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	39	0	4
✅ example	39	0	4
✅ express	39	0	4
✅ fastify	39	0	4
✅ hono	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	42	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	42	0	1
✅ nitro	39	0	4
✅ nuxt	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit	39	0	4
✅ vite	39	0	4

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	39	0	4
✅ express-stable	39	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	39	0	4
✅ hono-stable	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	39	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	39	0	4
✅ vite-stable	39	0	4

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	39	0	4
✅ express-stable	39	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	39	0	4
✅ hono-stable	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	39	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	39	0	4
✅ vite-stable	39	0	4

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	39	0	4
✅ express-stable	39	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	39	0	4
✅ hono-stable	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	39	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	39	0	4
✅ vite-stable	39	0	4

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	43	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	42	1	0
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	42	1	0
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	24	19	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	42	1	0

---

📋 View full workflow run

[TooTallNate]

Should it be .debug() even? If the fallback works usually then the log message is only useful for the case where it does not work, in which case you'd enable debug logs to investigate further.

[VaguelySerious]

@TooTallNate done

[VaguelySerious]

No description provided.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: bca5928

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 5 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/cli	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/docs-typecheck	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.030s (-24.0% 🟢)	1.013s (~)	0.983s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.041s (~)	1.018s (~)	0.977s	10	1.36x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.043s (+1.9%)	1.019s (~)	0.976s	10	1.42x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-0.9%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.45x
💻 Local	Express	0.046s (+1.6%)	1.008s (~)	0.962s	10	1.52x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.068s (-42.5% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.949s	10	2.27x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.074s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.014s (~)	0.940s	10	2.46x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.152s (-53.6% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.865s	10	5.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.315s (+7.0% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.699s	10	10.45x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.345s (+42.3% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.667s	10	11.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.737s (+24.1% 🔺)	1.525s (+2.5%)	0.789s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.909s (+30.9% 🔺)	1.607s (+1.2%)	0.697s	10	1.23x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.096s (+58.5% 🔺)	2.243s (+32.8% 🔺)	1.148s	10	1.49x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.064s (-2.6%)	2.010s (~)	0.946s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.099s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.912s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.100s (-0.5%)	2.013s (~)	0.913s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.115s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.891s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	1.116s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.892s	10	1.05x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.289s (-3.3%)	2.013s (~)	0.724s	10	1.21x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.306s (~)	2.018s (~)	0.712s	10	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.735s (-25.7% 🟢)	2.019s (-33.1% 🟢)	0.284s	10	1.63x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.171s (+0.8%)	3.016s (~)	0.845s	10	2.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.209s (+1.0%)	3.012s (~)	0.803s	10	2.08x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.770s (-0.6%)	3.551s (-3.2%)	0.781s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.771s (~)	3.712s (+2.9%)	0.941s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.990s (+9.8% 🔺)	3.794s (+6.3% 🔺)	0.804s	10	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.461s (-1.2%)	11.011s (~)	0.549s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.670s (~)	11.017s (~)	0.347s	5	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.743s (+0.7%)	11.020s (~)	0.276s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.793s (~)	11.013s (~)	0.220s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	10.805s (~)	11.009s (~)	0.204s	5	1.03x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.155s (-0.7%)	12.832s (-1.5%)	0.676s	5	1.16x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.179s (~)	13.026s (~)	0.847s	5	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.019s (-13.9% 🟢)	14.635s (-13.1% 🟢)	0.616s	5	1.34x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.349s (~)	21.031s (~)	0.683s	5	1.95x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.378s (-0.6%)	21.037s (~)	0.658s	5	1.95x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	22.205s (+1.5%)	23.030s (+1.3%)	0.825s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	22.345s (-0.6%)	23.466s (~)	1.120s	5	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	22.358s (+3.4%)	23.213s (+4.1%)	0.856s	5	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.298s (-3.5%)	2.007s (~)	0.709s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.390s (+2.2%)	2.012s (~)	0.622s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.396s (+1.7%)	2.012s (~)	0.616s	15	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.420s (+0.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.585s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	1.427s (+2.2%)	2.007s (~)	0.580s	15	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.890s (-5.0% 🟢)	2.017s (-6.5% 🟢)	0.127s	15	1.46x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.140s (~)	3.018s (~)	0.878s	10	1.65x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.166s (-1.7%)	3.013s (~)	0.848s	10	1.67x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.397s (+2.3%)	3.012s (~)	0.615s	10	1.85x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.409s (+1.2%)	3.011s (~)	0.603s	10	1.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.097s (+4.9%)	3.945s (+2.6%)	0.848s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.768s (+27.0% 🔺)	4.500s (+17.1% 🔺)	0.732s	7	1.22x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.983s (+27.3% 🔺)	4.708s (+19.4% 🔺)	0.725s	7	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.125s (+2.8%)	3.058s (+5.5% 🔺)	0.932s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.239s (+0.7%)	3.188s (+0.7%)	0.949s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.239s (-1.1%)	3.192s (-0.7%)	0.953s	10	1.05x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.367s (-4.4%)	3.009s (~)	0.642s	10	1.11x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.533s (+1.8%)	3.015s (~)	0.482s	10	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.535s (-10.3% 🟢)	3.014s (-0.7%)	0.479s	10	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.812s (-10.0% 🟢)	3.018s (-22.9% 🟢)	0.206s	10	1.32x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.028s (+6.0% 🔺)	3.585s (+14.7% 🔺)	0.557s	9	1.43x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.782s (~)	5.180s (~)	0.397s	6	2.25x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.799s (+3.5%)	5.360s (+3.4%)	0.562s	6	2.26x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.372s (-22.9% 🟢)	4.096s (-20.6% 🟢)	0.724s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.532s (-38.6% 🟢)	4.052s (-36.5% 🟢)	0.520s	8	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.761s (-10.9% 🟢)	4.366s (-11.5% 🟢)	0.605s	7	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.301s (-5.1% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.707s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.383s (+3.1%)	2.011s (~)	0.628s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.391s (+1.8%)	2.011s (~)	0.621s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.409s (-1.2%)	2.006s (~)	0.596s	15	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	1.431s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.575s	15	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.634s (-4.9%)	2.013s (~)	0.379s	15	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.760s (-4.3%)	2.225s (+10.7% 🔺)	0.465s	14	1.35x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.946s (+0.9%)	2.010s (~)	0.064s	15	1.50x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.139s (-0.7%)	3.016s (~)	0.878s	10	1.64x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.191s (-1.9%)	3.014s (~)	0.824s	10	1.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.787s (-3.4%)	3.600s (-1.0%)	0.812s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.808s (-1.0%)	3.764s (+2.4%)	0.956s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.900s (~)	3.732s (-2.6%)	0.833s	9	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.212s (+0.6%)	3.146s (~)	0.934s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.267s (~)	3.217s (~)	0.951s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	2.293s (-4.1%)	3.248s (-1.9%)	0.955s	10	1.04x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.362s (-4.2%)	3.008s (~)	0.646s	10	1.07x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.501s (+1.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.512s	10	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.530s (-1.9%)	3.024s (~)	0.494s	10	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.626s (-6.2% 🟢)	3.012s (~)	0.386s	10	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.881s (+7.6% 🔺)	3.013s (~)	0.132s	10	1.30x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.727s (~)	5.187s (~)	0.460s	6	2.14x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.855s (+4.6%)	5.360s (+3.4%)	0.505s	6	2.19x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.093s (-27.1% 🟢)	3.670s (-23.2% 🟢)	0.577s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.363s (+2.9%)	3.884s (~)	0.522s	8	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.380s (+6.2% 🔺)	4.044s (+12.3% 🔺)	0.664s	8	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.096s (-27.0% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.011s (~)	0.915s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.140s (~)	1.003s (~)	0.020s (+34.2% 🔺)	1.032s (~)	0.892s	10	1.46x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.154s (+9.2% 🔺)	1.005s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.015s (~)	0.860s	10	1.61x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.177s (-0.6%)	0.992s (~)	0.017s (+11.4% 🔺)	1.023s (~)	0.846s	10	1.85x
💻 Local	Express	0.178s (+2.2%)	0.993s (~)	0.017s (+18.5% 🔺)	1.025s (~)	0.846s	10	1.86x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.482s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.969s (+4.4%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.016s (~)	0.534s	10	5.03x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.484s (-9.1% 🟢)	0.974s (+6.0% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.530s	10	5.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.648s (-51.9% 🟢)	0.943s (-44.5% 🟢)	0.000s (~)	1.016s (-49.7% 🟢)	0.367s	10	6.77x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.298s (~)	2.745s (~)	0.000s (-50.0% 🟢)	3.015s (~)	0.716s	10	23.99x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.337s (+4.4%)	2.704s (-3.5%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	3.016s (~)	0.679s	10	24.40x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.469s (+19.3% 🔺)	3.609s (+11.1% 🔺)	1.565s (+186.5% 🔺)	5.678s (+32.7% 🔺)	2.209s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.630s (+26.8% 🔺)	3.895s (+22.9% 🔺)	0.705s (+51.4% 🔺)	5.113s (+23.3% 🔺)	1.483s	10	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.103s (+40.5% 🔺)	4.340s (+35.2% 🔺)	1.065s (+234.8% 🔺)	6.102s (+54.2% 🔺)	1.999s	10	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/8
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/8
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/8

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Starter	6/8
Nitro	💻 Local	8/8

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	435	0	38	473
✅ 💻 Local Development	398	0	32	430
✅ 📦 Local Production	398	0	32	430
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	398	0	32	430
✅ 🪟 Windows	43	0	0	43
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	162	22	0	184
Total	1834	22	134	1990

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (22 failed)

mongodb (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

redis (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

starter (19 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE

turso (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	39	0	4
✅ example	39	0	4
✅ express	39	0	4
✅ fastify	39	0	4
✅ hono	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	42	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	42	0	1
✅ nitro	39	0	4
✅ nuxt	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit	39	0	4
✅ vite	39	0	4

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	39	0	4
✅ express-stable	39	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	39	0	4
✅ hono-stable	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	39	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	39	0	4
✅ vite-stable	39	0	4

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	39	0	4
✅ express-stable	39	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	39	0	4
✅ hono-stable	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	39	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	39	0	4
✅ vite-stable	39	0	4

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	39	0	4
✅ express-stable	39	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	39	0	4
✅ hono-stable	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	39	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	39	0	4
✅ vite-stable	39	0	4

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	43	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	42	1	0
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	42	1	0
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	24	19	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	42	1	0

---

📋 View full workflow run

[TooTallNate]

Should it be .debug() even? If the fallback works usually then the log message is only useful for the case where it does not work, in which case you'd enable debug logs to investigate further.

[VaguelySerious]

@TooTallNate done

[VaguelySerious]

No description provided.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: bca5928

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 5 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/cli	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/docs-typecheck	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.030s (-24.0% 🟢)	1.013s (~)	0.983s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.041s (~)	1.018s (~)	0.977s	10	1.36x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.043s (+1.9%)	1.019s (~)	0.976s	10	1.42x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-0.9%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.45x
💻 Local	Express	0.046s (+1.6%)	1.008s (~)	0.962s	10	1.52x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.068s (-42.5% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.949s	10	2.27x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.074s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.014s (~)	0.940s	10	2.46x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.152s (-53.6% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.865s	10	5.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.315s (+7.0% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.699s	10	10.45x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.345s (+42.3% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.667s	10	11.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.737s (+24.1% 🔺)	1.525s (+2.5%)	0.789s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.909s (+30.9% 🔺)	1.607s (+1.2%)	0.697s	10	1.23x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.096s (+58.5% 🔺)	2.243s (+32.8% 🔺)	1.148s	10	1.49x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.064s (-2.6%)	2.010s (~)	0.946s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.099s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.912s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.100s (-0.5%)	2.013s (~)	0.913s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.115s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.891s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	1.116s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.892s	10	1.05x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.289s (-3.3%)	2.013s (~)	0.724s	10	1.21x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.306s (~)	2.018s (~)	0.712s	10	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.735s (-25.7% 🟢)	2.019s (-33.1% 🟢)	0.284s	10	1.63x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.171s (+0.8%)	3.016s (~)	0.845s	10	2.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.209s (+1.0%)	3.012s (~)	0.803s	10	2.08x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.770s (-0.6%)	3.551s (-3.2%)	0.781s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.771s (~)	3.712s (+2.9%)	0.941s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.990s (+9.8% 🔺)	3.794s (+6.3% 🔺)	0.804s	10	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.461s (-1.2%)	11.011s (~)	0.549s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.670s (~)	11.017s (~)	0.347s	5	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.743s (+0.7%)	11.020s (~)	0.276s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.793s (~)	11.013s (~)	0.220s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	10.805s (~)	11.009s (~)	0.204s	5	1.03x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.155s (-0.7%)	12.832s (-1.5%)	0.676s	5	1.16x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.179s (~)	13.026s (~)	0.847s	5	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.019s (-13.9% 🟢)	14.635s (-13.1% 🟢)	0.616s	5	1.34x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.349s (~)	21.031s (~)	0.683s	5	1.95x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.378s (-0.6%)	21.037s (~)	0.658s	5	1.95x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	22.205s (+1.5%)	23.030s (+1.3%)	0.825s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	22.345s (-0.6%)	23.466s (~)	1.120s	5	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	22.358s (+3.4%)	23.213s (+4.1%)	0.856s	5	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.298s (-3.5%)	2.007s (~)	0.709s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.390s (+2.2%)	2.012s (~)	0.622s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.396s (+1.7%)	2.012s (~)	0.616s	15	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.420s (+0.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.585s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	1.427s (+2.2%)	2.007s (~)	0.580s	15	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.890s (-5.0% 🟢)	2.017s (-6.5% 🟢)	0.127s	15	1.46x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.140s (~)	3.018s (~)	0.878s	10	1.65x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.166s (-1.7%)	3.013s (~)	0.848s	10	1.67x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.397s (+2.3%)	3.012s (~)	0.615s	10	1.85x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.409s (+1.2%)	3.011s (~)	0.603s	10	1.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.097s (+4.9%)	3.945s (+2.6%)	0.848s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.768s (+27.0% 🔺)	4.500s (+17.1% 🔺)	0.732s	7	1.22x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.983s (+27.3% 🔺)	4.708s (+19.4% 🔺)	0.725s	7	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.125s (+2.8%)	3.058s (+5.5% 🔺)	0.932s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.239s (+0.7%)	3.188s (+0.7%)	0.949s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.239s (-1.1%)	3.192s (-0.7%)	0.953s	10	1.05x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.367s (-4.4%)	3.009s (~)	0.642s	10	1.11x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.533s (+1.8%)	3.015s (~)	0.482s	10	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.535s (-10.3% 🟢)	3.014s (-0.7%)	0.479s	10	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.812s (-10.0% 🟢)	3.018s (-22.9% 🟢)	0.206s	10	1.32x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.028s (+6.0% 🔺)	3.585s (+14.7% 🔺)	0.557s	9	1.43x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.782s (~)	5.180s (~)	0.397s	6	2.25x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.799s (+3.5%)	5.360s (+3.4%)	0.562s	6	2.26x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.372s (-22.9% 🟢)	4.096s (-20.6% 🟢)	0.724s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.532s (-38.6% 🟢)	4.052s (-36.5% 🟢)	0.520s	8	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.761s (-10.9% 🟢)	4.366s (-11.5% 🟢)	0.605s	7	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.301s (-5.1% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.707s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.383s (+3.1%)	2.011s (~)	0.628s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.391s (+1.8%)	2.011s (~)	0.621s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.409s (-1.2%)	2.006s (~)	0.596s	15	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	1.431s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.575s	15	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.634s (-4.9%)	2.013s (~)	0.379s	15	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.760s (-4.3%)	2.225s (+10.7% 🔺)	0.465s	14	1.35x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.946s (+0.9%)	2.010s (~)	0.064s	15	1.50x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.139s (-0.7%)	3.016s (~)	0.878s	10	1.64x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.191s (-1.9%)	3.014s (~)	0.824s	10	1.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.787s (-3.4%)	3.600s (-1.0%)	0.812s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.808s (-1.0%)	3.764s (+2.4%)	0.956s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.900s (~)	3.732s (-2.6%)	0.833s	9	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.212s (+0.6%)	3.146s (~)	0.934s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.267s (~)	3.217s (~)	0.951s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	2.293s (-4.1%)	3.248s (-1.9%)	0.955s	10	1.04x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.362s (-4.2%)	3.008s (~)	0.646s	10	1.07x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.501s (+1.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.512s	10	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.530s (-1.9%)	3.024s (~)	0.494s	10	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.626s (-6.2% 🟢)	3.012s (~)	0.386s	10	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.881s (+7.6% 🔺)	3.013s (~)	0.132s	10	1.30x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.727s (~)	5.187s (~)	0.460s	6	2.14x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.855s (+4.6%)	5.360s (+3.4%)	0.505s	6	2.19x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.093s (-27.1% 🟢)	3.670s (-23.2% 🟢)	0.577s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.363s (+2.9%)	3.884s (~)	0.522s	8	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.380s (+6.2% 🔺)	4.044s (+12.3% 🔺)	0.664s	8	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.096s (-27.0% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.011s (~)	0.915s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.140s (~)	1.003s (~)	0.020s (+34.2% 🔺)	1.032s (~)	0.892s	10	1.46x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.154s (+9.2% 🔺)	1.005s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.015s (~)	0.860s	10	1.61x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.177s (-0.6%)	0.992s (~)	0.017s (+11.4% 🔺)	1.023s (~)	0.846s	10	1.85x
💻 Local	Express	0.178s (+2.2%)	0.993s (~)	0.017s (+18.5% 🔺)	1.025s (~)	0.846s	10	1.86x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.482s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.969s (+4.4%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.016s (~)	0.534s	10	5.03x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.484s (-9.1% 🟢)	0.974s (+6.0% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.530s	10	5.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.648s (-51.9% 🟢)	0.943s (-44.5% 🟢)	0.000s (~)	1.016s (-49.7% 🟢)	0.367s	10	6.77x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.298s (~)	2.745s (~)	0.000s (-50.0% 🟢)	3.015s (~)	0.716s	10	23.99x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.337s (+4.4%)	2.704s (-3.5%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	3.016s (~)	0.679s	10	24.40x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.469s (+19.3% 🔺)	3.609s (+11.1% 🔺)	1.565s (+186.5% 🔺)	5.678s (+32.7% 🔺)	2.209s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.630s (+26.8% 🔺)	3.895s (+22.9% 🔺)	0.705s (+51.4% 🔺)	5.113s (+23.3% 🔺)	1.483s	10	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.103s (+40.5% 🔺)	4.340s (+35.2% 🔺)	1.065s (+234.8% 🔺)	6.102s (+54.2% 🔺)	1.999s	10	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/8
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/8
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/8

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Starter	6/8
Nitro	💻 Local	8/8

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	435	0	38	473
✅ 💻 Local Development	398	0	32	430
✅ 📦 Local Production	398	0	32	430
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	398	0	32	430
✅ 🪟 Windows	43	0	0	43
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	162	22	0	184
Total	1834	22	134	1990

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (22 failed)

mongodb (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

redis (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

starter (19 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE

turso (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	39	0	4
✅ example	39	0	4
✅ express	39	0	4
✅ fastify	39	0	4
✅ hono	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	42	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	42	0	1
✅ nitro	39	0	4
✅ nuxt	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit	39	0	4
✅ vite	39	0	4

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	39	0	4
✅ express-stable	39	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	39	0	4
✅ hono-stable	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	39	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	39	0	4
✅ vite-stable	39	0	4

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	39	0	4
✅ express-stable	39	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	39	0	4
✅ hono-stable	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	39	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	39	0	4
✅ vite-stable	39	0	4

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	39	0	4
✅ express-stable	39	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	39	0	4
✅ hono-stable	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	39	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	39	0	4
✅ vite-stable	39	0	4

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	43	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	42	1	0
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	42	1	0
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	24	19	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	42	1	0

---

📋 View full workflow run

[TooTallNate]

Should it be .debug() even? If the fallback works usually then the log message is only useful for the case where it does not work, in which case you'd enable debug logs to investigate further.

[VaguelySerious]

@TooTallNate done

[VaguelySerious]

No description provided.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: bca5928

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 5 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/cli	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/docs-typecheck	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.030s (-24.0% 🟢)	1.013s (~)	0.983s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.041s (~)	1.018s (~)	0.977s	10	1.36x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.043s (+1.9%)	1.019s (~)	0.976s	10	1.42x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-0.9%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.45x
💻 Local	Express	0.046s (+1.6%)	1.008s (~)	0.962s	10	1.52x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.068s (-42.5% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.949s	10	2.27x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.074s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.014s (~)	0.940s	10	2.46x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.152s (-53.6% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.865s	10	5.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.315s (+7.0% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.699s	10	10.45x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.345s (+42.3% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.667s	10	11.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.737s (+24.1% 🔺)	1.525s (+2.5%)	0.789s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.909s (+30.9% 🔺)	1.607s (+1.2%)	0.697s	10	1.23x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.096s (+58.5% 🔺)	2.243s (+32.8% 🔺)	1.148s	10	1.49x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.064s (-2.6%)	2.010s (~)	0.946s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.099s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.912s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.100s (-0.5%)	2.013s (~)	0.913s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.115s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.891s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	1.116s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.892s	10	1.05x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.289s (-3.3%)	2.013s (~)	0.724s	10	1.21x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.306s (~)	2.018s (~)	0.712s	10	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.735s (-25.7% 🟢)	2.019s (-33.1% 🟢)	0.284s	10	1.63x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.171s (+0.8%)	3.016s (~)	0.845s	10	2.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.209s (+1.0%)	3.012s (~)	0.803s	10	2.08x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.770s (-0.6%)	3.551s (-3.2%)	0.781s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.771s (~)	3.712s (+2.9%)	0.941s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.990s (+9.8% 🔺)	3.794s (+6.3% 🔺)	0.804s	10	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.461s (-1.2%)	11.011s (~)	0.549s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.670s (~)	11.017s (~)	0.347s	5	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.743s (+0.7%)	11.020s (~)	0.276s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.793s (~)	11.013s (~)	0.220s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	10.805s (~)	11.009s (~)	0.204s	5	1.03x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.155s (-0.7%)	12.832s (-1.5%)	0.676s	5	1.16x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.179s (~)	13.026s (~)	0.847s	5	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.019s (-13.9% 🟢)	14.635s (-13.1% 🟢)	0.616s	5	1.34x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.349s (~)	21.031s (~)	0.683s	5	1.95x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.378s (-0.6%)	21.037s (~)	0.658s	5	1.95x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	22.205s (+1.5%)	23.030s (+1.3%)	0.825s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	22.345s (-0.6%)	23.466s (~)	1.120s	5	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	22.358s (+3.4%)	23.213s (+4.1%)	0.856s	5	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.298s (-3.5%)	2.007s (~)	0.709s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.390s (+2.2%)	2.012s (~)	0.622s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.396s (+1.7%)	2.012s (~)	0.616s	15	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.420s (+0.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.585s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	1.427s (+2.2%)	2.007s (~)	0.580s	15	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.890s (-5.0% 🟢)	2.017s (-6.5% 🟢)	0.127s	15	1.46x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.140s (~)	3.018s (~)	0.878s	10	1.65x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.166s (-1.7%)	3.013s (~)	0.848s	10	1.67x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.397s (+2.3%)	3.012s (~)	0.615s	10	1.85x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.409s (+1.2%)	3.011s (~)	0.603s	10	1.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.097s (+4.9%)	3.945s (+2.6%)	0.848s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.768s (+27.0% 🔺)	4.500s (+17.1% 🔺)	0.732s	7	1.22x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.983s (+27.3% 🔺)	4.708s (+19.4% 🔺)	0.725s	7	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.125s (+2.8%)	3.058s (+5.5% 🔺)	0.932s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.239s (+0.7%)	3.188s (+0.7%)	0.949s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.239s (-1.1%)	3.192s (-0.7%)	0.953s	10	1.05x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.367s (-4.4%)	3.009s (~)	0.642s	10	1.11x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.533s (+1.8%)	3.015s (~)	0.482s	10	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.535s (-10.3% 🟢)	3.014s (-0.7%)	0.479s	10	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.812s (-10.0% 🟢)	3.018s (-22.9% 🟢)	0.206s	10	1.32x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.028s (+6.0% 🔺)	3.585s (+14.7% 🔺)	0.557s	9	1.43x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.782s (~)	5.180s (~)	0.397s	6	2.25x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.799s (+3.5%)	5.360s (+3.4%)	0.562s	6	2.26x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.372s (-22.9% 🟢)	4.096s (-20.6% 🟢)	0.724s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.532s (-38.6% 🟢)	4.052s (-36.5% 🟢)	0.520s	8	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.761s (-10.9% 🟢)	4.366s (-11.5% 🟢)	0.605s	7	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.301s (-5.1% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.707s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.383s (+3.1%)	2.011s (~)	0.628s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.391s (+1.8%)	2.011s (~)	0.621s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.409s (-1.2%)	2.006s (~)	0.596s	15	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	1.431s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.575s	15	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.634s (-4.9%)	2.013s (~)	0.379s	15	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.760s (-4.3%)	2.225s (+10.7% 🔺)	0.465s	14	1.35x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.946s (+0.9%)	2.010s (~)	0.064s	15	1.50x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.139s (-0.7%)	3.016s (~)	0.878s	10	1.64x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.191s (-1.9%)	3.014s (~)	0.824s	10	1.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.787s (-3.4%)	3.600s (-1.0%)	0.812s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.808s (-1.0%)	3.764s (+2.4%)	0.956s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.900s (~)	3.732s (-2.6%)	0.833s	9	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.212s (+0.6%)	3.146s (~)	0.934s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.267s (~)	3.217s (~)	0.951s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	2.293s (-4.1%)	3.248s (-1.9%)	0.955s	10	1.04x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.362s (-4.2%)	3.008s (~)	0.646s	10	1.07x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.501s (+1.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.512s	10	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.530s (-1.9%)	3.024s (~)	0.494s	10	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.626s (-6.2% 🟢)	3.012s (~)	0.386s	10	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.881s (+7.6% 🔺)	3.013s (~)	0.132s	10	1.30x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.727s (~)	5.187s (~)	0.460s	6	2.14x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.855s (+4.6%)	5.360s (+3.4%)	0.505s	6	2.19x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.093s (-27.1% 🟢)	3.670s (-23.2% 🟢)	0.577s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.363s (+2.9%)	3.884s (~)	0.522s	8	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.380s (+6.2% 🔺)	4.044s (+12.3% 🔺)	0.664s	8	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.096s (-27.0% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.011s (~)	0.915s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.140s (~)	1.003s (~)	0.020s (+34.2% 🔺)	1.032s (~)	0.892s	10	1.46x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.154s (+9.2% 🔺)	1.005s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.015s (~)	0.860s	10	1.61x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.177s (-0.6%)	0.992s (~)	0.017s (+11.4% 🔺)	1.023s (~)	0.846s	10	1.85x
💻 Local	Express	0.178s (+2.2%)	0.993s (~)	0.017s (+18.5% 🔺)	1.025s (~)	0.846s	10	1.86x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.482s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.969s (+4.4%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.016s (~)	0.534s	10	5.03x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.484s (-9.1% 🟢)	0.974s (+6.0% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.530s	10	5.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.648s (-51.9% 🟢)	0.943s (-44.5% 🟢)	0.000s (~)	1.016s (-49.7% 🟢)	0.367s	10	6.77x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.298s (~)	2.745s (~)	0.000s (-50.0% 🟢)	3.015s (~)	0.716s	10	23.99x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.337s (+4.4%)	2.704s (-3.5%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	3.016s (~)	0.679s	10	24.40x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.469s (+19.3% 🔺)	3.609s (+11.1% 🔺)	1.565s (+186.5% 🔺)	5.678s (+32.7% 🔺)	2.209s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.630s (+26.8% 🔺)	3.895s (+22.9% 🔺)	0.705s (+51.4% 🔺)	5.113s (+23.3% 🔺)	1.483s	10	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.103s (+40.5% 🔺)	4.340s (+35.2% 🔺)	1.065s (+234.8% 🔺)	6.102s (+54.2% 🔺)	1.999s	10	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/8
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/8
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/8

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Starter	6/8
Nitro	💻 Local	8/8

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	435	0	38	473
✅ 💻 Local Development	398	0	32	430
✅ 📦 Local Production	398	0	32	430
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	398	0	32	430
✅ 🪟 Windows	43	0	0	43
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	162	22	0	184
Total	1834	22	134	1990

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (22 failed)

mongodb (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

redis (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

starter (19 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE

turso (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	39	0	4
✅ example	39	0	4
✅ express	39	0	4
✅ fastify	39	0	4
✅ hono	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	42	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	42	0	1
✅ nitro	39	0	4
✅ nuxt	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit	39	0	4
✅ vite	39	0	4

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	39	0	4
✅ express-stable	39	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	39	0	4
✅ hono-stable	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	39	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	39	0	4
✅ vite-stable	39	0	4

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	39	0	4
✅ express-stable	39	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	39	0	4
✅ hono-stable	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	39	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	39	0	4
✅ vite-stable	39	0	4

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	39	0	4
✅ express-stable	39	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	39	0	4
✅ hono-stable	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	39	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	39	0	4
✅ vite-stable	39	0	4

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	43	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	42	1	0
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	42	1	0
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	24	19	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	42	1	0

---

📋 View full workflow run

[TooTallNate]

Should it be .debug() even? If the fallback works usually then the log message is only useful for the case where it does not work, in which case you'd enable debug logs to investigate further.

[VaguelySerious]

@TooTallNate done

[VaguelySerious]

No description provided.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: bca5928

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 5 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/cli	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/docs-typecheck	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.030s (-24.0% 🟢)	1.013s (~)	0.983s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.041s (~)	1.018s (~)	0.977s	10	1.36x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.043s (+1.9%)	1.019s (~)	0.976s	10	1.42x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-0.9%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.45x
💻 Local	Express	0.046s (+1.6%)	1.008s (~)	0.962s	10	1.52x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.068s (-42.5% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.949s	10	2.27x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.074s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.014s (~)	0.940s	10	2.46x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.152s (-53.6% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.865s	10	5.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.315s (+7.0% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.699s	10	10.45x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.345s (+42.3% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.667s	10	11.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.737s (+24.1% 🔺)	1.525s (+2.5%)	0.789s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.909s (+30.9% 🔺)	1.607s (+1.2%)	0.697s	10	1.23x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.096s (+58.5% 🔺)	2.243s (+32.8% 🔺)	1.148s	10	1.49x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.064s (-2.6%)	2.010s (~)	0.946s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.099s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.912s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.100s (-0.5%)	2.013s (~)	0.913s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.115s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.891s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	1.116s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.892s	10	1.05x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.289s (-3.3%)	2.013s (~)	0.724s	10	1.21x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.306s (~)	2.018s (~)	0.712s	10	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.735s (-25.7% 🟢)	2.019s (-33.1% 🟢)	0.284s	10	1.63x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.171s (+0.8%)	3.016s (~)	0.845s	10	2.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.209s (+1.0%)	3.012s (~)	0.803s	10	2.08x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.770s (-0.6%)	3.551s (-3.2%)	0.781s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.771s (~)	3.712s (+2.9%)	0.941s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.990s (+9.8% 🔺)	3.794s (+6.3% 🔺)	0.804s	10	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.461s (-1.2%)	11.011s (~)	0.549s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.670s (~)	11.017s (~)	0.347s	5	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.743s (+0.7%)	11.020s (~)	0.276s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.793s (~)	11.013s (~)	0.220s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	10.805s (~)	11.009s (~)	0.204s	5	1.03x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.155s (-0.7%)	12.832s (-1.5%)	0.676s	5	1.16x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.179s (~)	13.026s (~)	0.847s	5	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.019s (-13.9% 🟢)	14.635s (-13.1% 🟢)	0.616s	5	1.34x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.349s (~)	21.031s (~)	0.683s	5	1.95x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.378s (-0.6%)	21.037s (~)	0.658s	5	1.95x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	22.205s (+1.5%)	23.030s (+1.3%)	0.825s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	22.345s (-0.6%)	23.466s (~)	1.120s	5	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	22.358s (+3.4%)	23.213s (+4.1%)	0.856s	5	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.298s (-3.5%)	2.007s (~)	0.709s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.390s (+2.2%)	2.012s (~)	0.622s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.396s (+1.7%)	2.012s (~)	0.616s	15	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.420s (+0.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.585s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	1.427s (+2.2%)	2.007s (~)	0.580s	15	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.890s (-5.0% 🟢)	2.017s (-6.5% 🟢)	0.127s	15	1.46x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.140s (~)	3.018s (~)	0.878s	10	1.65x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.166s (-1.7%)	3.013s (~)	0.848s	10	1.67x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.397s (+2.3%)	3.012s (~)	0.615s	10	1.85x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.409s (+1.2%)	3.011s (~)	0.603s	10	1.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.097s (+4.9%)	3.945s (+2.6%)	0.848s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.768s (+27.0% 🔺)	4.500s (+17.1% 🔺)	0.732s	7	1.22x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.983s (+27.3% 🔺)	4.708s (+19.4% 🔺)	0.725s	7	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.125s (+2.8%)	3.058s (+5.5% 🔺)	0.932s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.239s (+0.7%)	3.188s (+0.7%)	0.949s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.239s (-1.1%)	3.192s (-0.7%)	0.953s	10	1.05x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.367s (-4.4%)	3.009s (~)	0.642s	10	1.11x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.533s (+1.8%)	3.015s (~)	0.482s	10	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.535s (-10.3% 🟢)	3.014s (-0.7%)	0.479s	10	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.812s (-10.0% 🟢)	3.018s (-22.9% 🟢)	0.206s	10	1.32x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.028s (+6.0% 🔺)	3.585s (+14.7% 🔺)	0.557s	9	1.43x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.782s (~)	5.180s (~)	0.397s	6	2.25x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.799s (+3.5%)	5.360s (+3.4%)	0.562s	6	2.26x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.372s (-22.9% 🟢)	4.096s (-20.6% 🟢)	0.724s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.532s (-38.6% 🟢)	4.052s (-36.5% 🟢)	0.520s	8	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.761s (-10.9% 🟢)	4.366s (-11.5% 🟢)	0.605s	7	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.301s (-5.1% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.707s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.383s (+3.1%)	2.011s (~)	0.628s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.391s (+1.8%)	2.011s (~)	0.621s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.409s (-1.2%)	2.006s (~)	0.596s	15	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	1.431s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.575s	15	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.634s (-4.9%)	2.013s (~)	0.379s	15	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.760s (-4.3%)	2.225s (+10.7% 🔺)	0.465s	14	1.35x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.946s (+0.9%)	2.010s (~)	0.064s	15	1.50x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.139s (-0.7%)	3.016s (~)	0.878s	10	1.64x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.191s (-1.9%)	3.014s (~)	0.824s	10	1.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.787s (-3.4%)	3.600s (-1.0%)	0.812s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.808s (-1.0%)	3.764s (+2.4%)	0.956s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.900s (~)	3.732s (-2.6%)	0.833s	9	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.212s (+0.6%)	3.146s (~)	0.934s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.267s (~)	3.217s (~)	0.951s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	2.293s (-4.1%)	3.248s (-1.9%)	0.955s	10	1.04x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.362s (-4.2%)	3.008s (~)	0.646s	10	1.07x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.501s (+1.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.512s	10	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.530s (-1.9%)	3.024s (~)	0.494s	10	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.626s (-6.2% 🟢)	3.012s (~)	0.386s	10	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.881s (+7.6% 🔺)	3.013s (~)	0.132s	10	1.30x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.727s (~)	5.187s (~)	0.460s	6	2.14x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.855s (+4.6%)	5.360s (+3.4%)	0.505s	6	2.19x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.093s (-27.1% 🟢)	3.670s (-23.2% 🟢)	0.577s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.363s (+2.9%)	3.884s (~)	0.522s	8	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.380s (+6.2% 🔺)	4.044s (+12.3% 🔺)	0.664s	8	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.096s (-27.0% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.011s (~)	0.915s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.140s (~)	1.003s (~)	0.020s (+34.2% 🔺)	1.032s (~)	0.892s	10	1.46x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.154s (+9.2% 🔺)	1.005s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.015s (~)	0.860s	10	1.61x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.177s (-0.6%)	0.992s (~)	0.017s (+11.4% 🔺)	1.023s (~)	0.846s	10	1.85x
💻 Local	Express	0.178s (+2.2%)	0.993s (~)	0.017s (+18.5% 🔺)	1.025s (~)	0.846s	10	1.86x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.482s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.969s (+4.4%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.016s (~)	0.534s	10	5.03x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.484s (-9.1% 🟢)	0.974s (+6.0% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.530s	10	5.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.648s (-51.9% 🟢)	0.943s (-44.5% 🟢)	0.000s (~)	1.016s (-49.7% 🟢)	0.367s	10	6.77x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.298s (~)	2.745s (~)	0.000s (-50.0% 🟢)	3.015s (~)	0.716s	10	23.99x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.337s (+4.4%)	2.704s (-3.5%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	3.016s (~)	0.679s	10	24.40x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.469s (+19.3% 🔺)	3.609s (+11.1% 🔺)	1.565s (+186.5% 🔺)	5.678s (+32.7% 🔺)	2.209s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.630s (+26.8% 🔺)	3.895s (+22.9% 🔺)	0.705s (+51.4% 🔺)	5.113s (+23.3% 🔺)	1.483s	10	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.103s (+40.5% 🔺)	4.340s (+35.2% 🔺)	1.065s (+234.8% 🔺)	6.102s (+54.2% 🔺)	1.999s	10	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/8
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/8
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/8

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Starter	6/8
Nitro	💻 Local	8/8

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	435	0	38	473
✅ 💻 Local Development	398	0	32	430
✅ 📦 Local Production	398	0	32	430
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	398	0	32	430
✅ 🪟 Windows	43	0	0	43
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	162	22	0	184
Total	1834	22	134	1990

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (22 failed)

mongodb (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

redis (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

starter (19 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE

turso (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	39	0	4
✅ example	39	0	4
✅ express	39	0	4
✅ fastify	39	0	4
✅ hono	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	42	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	42	0	1
✅ nitro	39	0	4
✅ nuxt	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit	39	0	4
✅ vite	39	0	4

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	39	0	4
✅ express-stable	39	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	39	0	4
✅ hono-stable	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	39	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	39	0	4
✅ vite-stable	39	0	4

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	39	0	4
✅ express-stable	39	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	39	0	4
✅ hono-stable	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	39	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	39	0	4
✅ vite-stable	39	0	4

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	39	0	4
✅ express-stable	39	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	39	0	4
✅ hono-stable	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	39	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	39	0	4
✅ vite-stable	39	0	4

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	43	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	42	1	0
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	42	1	0
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	24	19	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	42	1	0

---

📋 View full workflow run

[TooTallNate]

Should it be .debug() even? If the fallback works usually then the log message is only useful for the case where it does not work, in which case you'd enable debug logs to investigate further.

[VaguelySerious]

@TooTallNate done

[VaguelySerious]

No description provided.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: bca5928

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 5 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/cli	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/docs-typecheck	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 20, 2026 9:56am

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.030s (-24.0% 🟢)	1.013s (~)	0.983s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.041s (~)	1.018s (~)	0.977s	10	1.36x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.043s (+1.9%)	1.019s (~)	0.976s	10	1.42x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-0.9%)	1.006s (~)	0.963s	10	1.45x
💻 Local	Express	0.046s (+1.6%)	1.008s (~)	0.962s	10	1.52x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.068s (-42.5% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.949s	10	2.27x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.074s (-11.2% 🟢)	1.014s (~)	0.940s	10	2.46x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.152s (-53.6% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.865s	10	5.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.315s (+7.0% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.699s	10	10.45x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.345s (+42.3% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.667s	10	11.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.737s (+24.1% 🔺)	1.525s (+2.5%)	0.789s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.909s (+30.9% 🔺)	1.607s (+1.2%)	0.697s	10	1.23x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.096s (+58.5% 🔺)	2.243s (+32.8% 🔺)	1.148s	10	1.49x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.064s (-2.6%)	2.010s (~)	0.946s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.099s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.912s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.100s (-0.5%)	2.013s (~)	0.913s	10	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.115s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.891s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	1.116s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.892s	10	1.05x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.289s (-3.3%)	2.013s (~)	0.724s	10	1.21x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.306s (~)	2.018s (~)	0.712s	10	1.23x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.735s (-25.7% 🟢)	2.019s (-33.1% 🟢)	0.284s	10	1.63x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.171s (+0.8%)	3.016s (~)	0.845s	10	2.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.209s (+1.0%)	3.012s (~)	0.803s	10	2.08x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.770s (-0.6%)	3.551s (-3.2%)	0.781s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.771s (~)	3.712s (+2.9%)	0.941s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.990s (+9.8% 🔺)	3.794s (+6.3% 🔺)	0.804s	10	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.461s (-1.2%)	11.011s (~)	0.549s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.670s (~)	11.017s (~)	0.347s	5	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.743s (+0.7%)	11.020s (~)	0.276s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.793s (~)	11.013s (~)	0.220s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	10.805s (~)	11.009s (~)	0.204s	5	1.03x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.155s (-0.7%)	12.832s (-1.5%)	0.676s	5	1.16x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.179s (~)	13.026s (~)	0.847s	5	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.019s (-13.9% 🟢)	14.635s (-13.1% 🟢)	0.616s	5	1.34x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.349s (~)	21.031s (~)	0.683s	5	1.95x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.378s (-0.6%)	21.037s (~)	0.658s	5	1.95x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	22.205s (+1.5%)	23.030s (+1.3%)	0.825s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	22.345s (-0.6%)	23.466s (~)	1.120s	5	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	22.358s (+3.4%)	23.213s (+4.1%)	0.856s	5	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.298s (-3.5%)	2.007s (~)	0.709s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.390s (+2.2%)	2.012s (~)	0.622s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.396s (+1.7%)	2.012s (~)	0.616s	15	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.420s (+0.5%)	2.006s (~)	0.585s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	1.427s (+2.2%)	2.007s (~)	0.580s	15	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.890s (-5.0% 🟢)	2.017s (-6.5% 🟢)	0.127s	15	1.46x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.140s (~)	3.018s (~)	0.878s	10	1.65x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.166s (-1.7%)	3.013s (~)	0.848s	10	1.67x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.397s (+2.3%)	3.012s (~)	0.615s	10	1.85x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.409s (+1.2%)	3.011s (~)	0.603s	10	1.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.097s (+4.9%)	3.945s (+2.6%)	0.848s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.768s (+27.0% 🔺)	4.500s (+17.1% 🔺)	0.732s	7	1.22x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.983s (+27.3% 🔺)	4.708s (+19.4% 🔺)	0.725s	7	1.29x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.125s (+2.8%)	3.058s (+5.5% 🔺)	0.932s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.239s (+0.7%)	3.188s (+0.7%)	0.949s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.239s (-1.1%)	3.192s (-0.7%)	0.953s	10	1.05x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.367s (-4.4%)	3.009s (~)	0.642s	10	1.11x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.533s (+1.8%)	3.015s (~)	0.482s	10	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.535s (-10.3% 🟢)	3.014s (-0.7%)	0.479s	10	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.812s (-10.0% 🟢)	3.018s (-22.9% 🟢)	0.206s	10	1.32x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.028s (+6.0% 🔺)	3.585s (+14.7% 🔺)	0.557s	9	1.43x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.782s (~)	5.180s (~)	0.397s	6	2.25x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.799s (+3.5%)	5.360s (+3.4%)	0.562s	6	2.26x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.372s (-22.9% 🟢)	4.096s (-20.6% 🟢)	0.724s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.532s (-38.6% 🟢)	4.052s (-36.5% 🟢)	0.520s	8	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.761s (-10.9% 🟢)	4.366s (-11.5% 🟢)	0.605s	7	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.301s (-5.1% 🟢)	2.008s (~)	0.707s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.383s (+3.1%)	2.011s (~)	0.628s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.391s (+1.8%)	2.011s (~)	0.621s	15	1.07x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.409s (-1.2%)	2.006s (~)	0.596s	15	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	1.431s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.575s	15	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.634s (-4.9%)	2.013s (~)	0.379s	15	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.760s (-4.3%)	2.225s (+10.7% 🔺)	0.465s	14	1.35x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.946s (+0.9%)	2.010s (~)	0.064s	15	1.50x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.139s (-0.7%)	3.016s (~)	0.878s	10	1.64x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.191s (-1.9%)	3.014s (~)	0.824s	10	1.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.787s (-3.4%)	3.600s (-1.0%)	0.812s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.808s (-1.0%)	3.764s (+2.4%)	0.956s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.900s (~)	3.732s (-2.6%)	0.833s	9	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.212s (+0.6%)	3.146s (~)	0.934s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.267s (~)	3.217s (~)	0.951s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	2.293s (-4.1%)	3.248s (-1.9%)	0.955s	10	1.04x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.362s (-4.2%)	3.008s (~)	0.646s	10	1.07x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.501s (+1.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.512s	10	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.530s (-1.9%)	3.024s (~)	0.494s	10	1.14x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.626s (-6.2% 🟢)	3.012s (~)	0.386s	10	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.881s (+7.6% 🔺)	3.013s (~)	0.132s	10	1.30x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.727s (~)	5.187s (~)	0.460s	6	2.14x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.855s (+4.6%)	5.360s (+3.4%)	0.505s	6	2.19x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.093s (-27.1% 🟢)	3.670s (-23.2% 🟢)	0.577s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.363s (+2.9%)	3.884s (~)	0.522s	8	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.380s (+6.2% 🔺)	4.044s (+12.3% 🔺)	0.664s	8	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.096s (-27.0% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.011s (~)	0.915s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.140s (~)	1.003s (~)	0.020s (+34.2% 🔺)	1.032s (~)	0.892s	10	1.46x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.154s (+9.2% 🔺)	1.005s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.015s (~)	0.860s	10	1.61x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.177s (-0.6%)	0.992s (~)	0.017s (+11.4% 🔺)	1.023s (~)	0.846s	10	1.85x
💻 Local	Express	0.178s (+2.2%)	0.993s (~)	0.017s (+18.5% 🔺)	1.025s (~)	0.846s	10	1.86x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.482s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.969s (+4.4%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.016s (~)	0.534s	10	5.03x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.484s (-9.1% 🟢)	0.974s (+6.0% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.530s	10	5.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.648s (-51.9% 🟢)	0.943s (-44.5% 🟢)	0.000s (~)	1.016s (-49.7% 🟢)	0.367s	10	6.77x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.298s (~)	2.745s (~)	0.000s (-50.0% 🟢)	3.015s (~)	0.716s	10	23.99x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.337s (+4.4%)	2.704s (-3.5%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	3.016s (~)	0.679s	10	24.40x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.469s (+19.3% 🔺)	3.609s (+11.1% 🔺)	1.565s (+186.5% 🔺)	5.678s (+32.7% 🔺)	2.209s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.630s (+26.8% 🔺)	3.895s (+22.9% 🔺)	0.705s (+51.4% 🔺)	5.113s (+23.3% 🔺)	1.483s	10	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.103s (+40.5% 🔺)	4.340s (+35.2% 🔺)	1.065s (+234.8% 🔺)	6.102s (+54.2% 🔺)	1.999s	10	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/8
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/8
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/8

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Starter	6/8
Nitro	💻 Local	8/8

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	435	0	38	473
✅ 💻 Local Development	398	0	32	430
✅ 📦 Local Production	398	0	32	430
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	398	0	32	430
✅ 🪟 Windows	43	0	0	43
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	162	22	0	184
Total	1834	22	134	1990

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (22 failed)

mongodb (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

redis (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

starter (19 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE

turso (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	39	0	4
✅ example	39	0	4
✅ express	39	0	4
✅ fastify	39	0	4
✅ hono	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	42	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	42	0	1
✅ nitro	39	0	4
✅ nuxt	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit	39	0	4
✅ vite	39	0	4

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	39	0	4
✅ express-stable	39	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	39	0	4
✅ hono-stable	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	39	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	39	0	4
✅ vite-stable	39	0	4

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	39	0	4
✅ express-stable	39	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	39	0	4
✅ hono-stable	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	39	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	39	0	4
✅ vite-stable	39	0	4

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	39	0	4
✅ express-stable	39	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	39	0	4
✅ hono-stable	39	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	43	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	39	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	39	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	39	0	4
✅ vite-stable	39	0	4

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	43	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	42	1	0
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	42	1	0
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	24	19	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	42	1	0

---

📋 View full workflow run

[TooTallNate]

Should it be .debug() even? If the fallback works usually then the log message is only useful for the case where it does not work, in which case you'd enable debug logs to investigate further.

[VaguelySerious]

@TooTallNate done