Fix Nest workbench app build

[TooTallNate]

Fixes errors:

Error: ../example/workflows/5_hooks.ts(36,22): error TS2351: This expression is not constructable.
Type 'typeof import("/vercel/path0/node_modules/.pnpm/openai@6.1.0_ws@8.18.3_zod@4.1.11/node_modules/openai/index")' has no construct signatures.

Error: ../example/workflows/97_bench.ts(38,19): error TS2345: Argument of type 'Promise<number>' is not assignable to parameter of type 'never'.

This gets the app to build properly. Fails at runtime, but at least this could get current CI green.

[changeset-bot]

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Latest commit: 7f87c82

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[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	457	0	38	495
❌ 💻 Local Development	416	2	32	450
✅ 📦 Local Production	418	0	32	450
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	418	0	32	450
✅ 🪟 Windows	45	0	0	45
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	31	161	0	192
✅ 📋 Other	123	0	12	135
Total	1908	163	146	2217

❌ Failed Tests

💻 Local Development (2 failed)

astro-stable (2 failed):

• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace

🌍 Community Worlds (161 failed)

mongodb (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

redis (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

starter (41 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

turso (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	41	0	4
✅ example	41	0	4
✅ express	41	0	4
✅ fastify	41	0	4
✅ hono	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	44	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	44	0	1
✅ nitro	41	0	4
✅ nuxt	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit	41	0	4
✅ vite	41	0	4

❌ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
❌ astro-stable	39	2	4
✅ express-stable	41	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	4
✅ hono-stable	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	4
✅ vite-stable	41	0	4

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	4
✅ express-stable	41	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	4
✅ hono-stable	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	4
✅ vite-stable	41	0	4

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	4
✅ express-stable	41	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	4
✅ hono-stable	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	4
✅ vite-stable	41	0	4

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	45	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	5	40	0
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	5	40	0
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	4	41	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	5	40	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	41	0	4
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	41	0	4
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	41	0	4

---

📋 View full workflow run

---

❌ Some E2E test jobs failed:

• Vercel Prod: success
• Local Dev: failure
• Local Prod: success
• Local Postgres: success
• Windows: success

Check the workflow run for details.

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.040s (-9.1% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.977s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.964s	10	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	0.044s (-1.6%)	1.008s (~)	0.964s	10	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.132s (-33.4% 🟢)	1.021s (~)	0.889s	10	3.29x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.245s (+11.9% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.768s	10	6.11x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.266s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.014s (~)	0.749s	10	6.62x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.640s (-19.8% 🟢)	1.793s (+4.7%)	1.153s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.707s (-4.6%)	1.719s (-1.9%)	1.012s	10	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.883s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.805s (+0.6%)	0.921s	10	1.38x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.102s (+0.8%)	2.011s (~)	0.910s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.111s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.895s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.117s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.891s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.928s (-13.7% 🟢)	2.016s (-28.5% 🟢)	0.088s	10	1.75x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.128s (-4.2%)	3.015s (~)	0.887s	10	1.93x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.195s (-2.5%)	3.015s (~)	0.820s	10	1.99x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.862s (-3.2%)	3.680s (+0.8%)	0.818s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.924s (+2.8%)	3.775s (+1.5%)	0.851s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.970s (+5.5% 🔺)	3.837s (-1.2%)	0.867s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.714s (~)	11.018s (~)	0.304s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.827s (~)	11.014s (~)	0.187s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.838s (~)	11.016s (~)	0.177s	5	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.924s (-2.6%)	15.232s (-5.0% 🟢)	0.308s	5	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.435s (~)	21.034s (~)	0.599s	5	1.91x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.526s (~)	21.036s (~)	0.510s	5	1.92x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	22.518s (-1.8%)	23.412s (-0.9%)	0.894s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	23.046s (-3.2%)	23.861s (-2.6%)	0.815s	5	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	23.046s (-1.9%)	24.003s (~)	0.957s	5	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.355s (-2.5%)	2.012s (~)	0.657s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.402s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.604s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.403s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.604s	15	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.834s (-19.7% 🟢)	2.016s (-29.2% 🟢)	0.182s	15	1.35x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.254s (-9.2% 🟢)	3.014s (~)	0.760s	10	1.66x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.393s (+5.1% 🔺)	3.014s (~)	0.621s	10	1.77x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.109s (-26.1% 🟢)	3.909s (-22.4% 🟢)	0.800s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.142s (-11.9% 🟢)	4.039s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.897s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.269s (+6.3% 🔺)	4.144s (+4.1%)	0.875s	8	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.419s (-1.6%)	3.194s (+2.0%)	0.776s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.515s (+2.2%)	3.023s (~)	0.507s	10	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.531s (~)	3.026s (~)	0.495s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	7.871s (-11.0% 🟢)	8.303s (-10.7% 🟢)	0.432s	4	3.25x
🐘 Postgres	Express	9.321s (+16.9% 🔺)	10.093s (+17.9% 🔺)	0.772s	3	3.85x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.346s (-8.6% 🟢)	11.025s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.679s	3	4.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.459s (-6.6% 🟢)	4.145s (-7.7% 🟢)	0.686s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.565s (-13.0% 🟢)	4.348s (-8.1% 🟢)	0.783s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.574s (+7.4% 🔺)	4.453s (~)	0.879s	7	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.401s (-0.7%)	2.011s (~)	0.609s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.423s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.583s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.425s (+0.7%)	2.006s (~)	0.581s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.955s (-6.5% 🟢)	2.513s (-6.2% 🟢)	0.558s	12	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.097s (+11.1% 🔺)	2.515s (+4.8%)	0.418s	12	1.50x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.128s (+3.6%)	2.511s (~)	0.383s	12	1.52x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.824s (-4.6%)	3.715s (-1.8%)	0.892s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.856s (+2.8%)	3.777s (-0.7%)	0.921s	9	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.938s (-5.4% 🟢)	3.790s (-4.2%)	0.852s	8	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	2.519s (-0.5%)	3.015s (~)	0.496s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.543s (~)	3.045s (~)	0.503s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.650s (-0.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.363s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.261s (-12.2% 🟢)	10.705s (-13.6% 🟢)	0.444s	3	4.07x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	11.185s (-4.7%)	11.690s (-3.1%)	0.505s	3	4.44x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.295s (+7.4% 🔺)	13.050s (+4.7%)	0.755s	3	4.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.000s (-12.4% 🟢)	3.820s (-8.8% 🟢)	0.820s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.092s (-10.1% 🟢)	3.808s (-8.7% 🟢)	0.716s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.097s (-2.1%)	3.840s (~)	0.743s	8	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.140s (-3.3%)	1.003s (~)	0.017s (+1.2%)	1.027s (~)	0.887s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.181s (-1.8%)	0.993s (~)	0.016s (+3.1%)	1.024s (~)	0.843s	10	1.29x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.182s (+0.7%)	0.992s (~)	0.017s (+20.4% 🔺)	1.022s (~)	0.841s	10	1.30x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.728s (-36.7% 🟢)	1.052s (-44.4% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.115s (-44.8% 🟢)	0.386s	10	5.21x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.229s (+3.5%)	2.814s (-2.7%)	0.000s (NaN%)	3.015s (~)	0.786s	10	15.93x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.360s (+5.8% 🔺)	2.681s (-4.7%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	3.016s (~)	0.656s	10	16.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.000s (-5.0% 🟢)	3.370s (+1.4%)	0.422s (-56.6% 🟢)	4.274s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.274s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.082s (-2.6%)	3.404s (-2.7%)	0.537s (-48.3% 🟢)	4.415s (-13.5% 🟢)	1.334s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.103s (+2.9%)	3.165s (-2.8%)	0.534s (-24.3% 🟢)	4.387s (-2.5%)	1.283s	10	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7/8
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/8
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3/8

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)	💻 Local	8/8
Nitro	💻 Local	8/8

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workflow-nest	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am

1 Skipped Deployment

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
workflow-docs	Skipped		Jan 27, 2026 8:05am

[TooTallNate]

• Fix Nest workbench app build #865 👈 (View in Graphite)
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR fixes TypeScript compilation errors in the workbench example workflows that were preventing the Nest workbench app from building. The changes address two specific TypeScript errors by updating an import statement and adding a type annotation.

Changes:

• Updated OpenAI import from default to named export to match OpenAI SDK v6.x API
• Added explicit type annotation for promises array to fix TypeScript type inference issue

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 2 out of 2 changed files in this pull request and generated no comments.

File	Description
workbench/example/workflows/5_hooks.ts	Changed OpenAI import from default to named export to fix constructability error
workbench/example/workflows/97_bench.ts	Added explicit Promise<number>[] type annotation to promises array to fix type inference error

---

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[TooTallNate]

Fixes errors:

Error: ../example/workflows/5_hooks.ts(36,22): error TS2351: This expression is not constructable.
Type 'typeof import("/vercel/path0/node_modules/.pnpm/openai@6.1.0_ws@8.18.3_zod@4.1.11/node_modules/openai/index")' has no construct signatures.

Error: ../example/workflows/97_bench.ts(38,19): error TS2345: Argument of type 'Promise<number>' is not assignable to parameter of type 'never'.

This gets the app to build properly. Fails at runtime, but at least this could get current CI green.

[changeset-bot]

⚠️ No Changeset found

Latest commit: 7f87c82

Merging this PR will not cause a version bump for any packages. If these changes should not result in a new version, you're good to go. If these changes should result in a version bump, you need to add a changeset.

This PR includes no changesets

When changesets are added to this PR, you'll see the packages that this PR includes changesets for and the associated semver types

Click here to learn what changesets are, and how to add one.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add a changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	457	0	38	495
❌ 💻 Local Development	416	2	32	450
✅ 📦 Local Production	418	0	32	450
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	418	0	32	450
✅ 🪟 Windows	45	0	0	45
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	31	161	0	192
✅ 📋 Other	123	0	12	135
Total	1908	163	146	2217

❌ Failed Tests

💻 Local Development (2 failed)

astro-stable (2 failed):

• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace

🌍 Community Worlds (161 failed)

mongodb (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

redis (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

starter (41 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

turso (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	41	0	4
✅ example	41	0	4
✅ express	41	0	4
✅ fastify	41	0	4
✅ hono	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	44	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	44	0	1
✅ nitro	41	0	4
✅ nuxt	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit	41	0	4
✅ vite	41	0	4

❌ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
❌ astro-stable	39	2	4
✅ express-stable	41	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	4
✅ hono-stable	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	4
✅ vite-stable	41	0	4

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	4
✅ express-stable	41	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	4
✅ hono-stable	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	4
✅ vite-stable	41	0	4

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	4
✅ express-stable	41	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	4
✅ hono-stable	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	4
✅ vite-stable	41	0	4

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	45	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	5	40	0
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	5	40	0
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	4	41	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	5	40	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	41	0	4
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	41	0	4
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	41	0	4

---

📋 View full workflow run

---

❌ Some E2E test jobs failed:

• Vercel Prod: success
• Local Dev: failure
• Local Prod: success
• Local Postgres: success
• Windows: success

Check the workflow run for details.

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.040s (-9.1% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.977s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.964s	10	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	0.044s (-1.6%)	1.008s (~)	0.964s	10	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.132s (-33.4% 🟢)	1.021s (~)	0.889s	10	3.29x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.245s (+11.9% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.768s	10	6.11x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.266s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.014s (~)	0.749s	10	6.62x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.640s (-19.8% 🟢)	1.793s (+4.7%)	1.153s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.707s (-4.6%)	1.719s (-1.9%)	1.012s	10	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.883s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.805s (+0.6%)	0.921s	10	1.38x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.102s (+0.8%)	2.011s (~)	0.910s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.111s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.895s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.117s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.891s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.928s (-13.7% 🟢)	2.016s (-28.5% 🟢)	0.088s	10	1.75x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.128s (-4.2%)	3.015s (~)	0.887s	10	1.93x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.195s (-2.5%)	3.015s (~)	0.820s	10	1.99x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.862s (-3.2%)	3.680s (+0.8%)	0.818s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.924s (+2.8%)	3.775s (+1.5%)	0.851s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.970s (+5.5% 🔺)	3.837s (-1.2%)	0.867s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.714s (~)	11.018s (~)	0.304s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.827s (~)	11.014s (~)	0.187s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.838s (~)	11.016s (~)	0.177s	5	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.924s (-2.6%)	15.232s (-5.0% 🟢)	0.308s	5	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.435s (~)	21.034s (~)	0.599s	5	1.91x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.526s (~)	21.036s (~)	0.510s	5	1.92x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	22.518s (-1.8%)	23.412s (-0.9%)	0.894s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	23.046s (-3.2%)	23.861s (-2.6%)	0.815s	5	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	23.046s (-1.9%)	24.003s (~)	0.957s	5	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.355s (-2.5%)	2.012s (~)	0.657s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.402s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.604s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.403s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.604s	15	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.834s (-19.7% 🟢)	2.016s (-29.2% 🟢)	0.182s	15	1.35x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.254s (-9.2% 🟢)	3.014s (~)	0.760s	10	1.66x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.393s (+5.1% 🔺)	3.014s (~)	0.621s	10	1.77x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.109s (-26.1% 🟢)	3.909s (-22.4% 🟢)	0.800s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.142s (-11.9% 🟢)	4.039s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.897s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.269s (+6.3% 🔺)	4.144s (+4.1%)	0.875s	8	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.419s (-1.6%)	3.194s (+2.0%)	0.776s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.515s (+2.2%)	3.023s (~)	0.507s	10	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.531s (~)	3.026s (~)	0.495s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	7.871s (-11.0% 🟢)	8.303s (-10.7% 🟢)	0.432s	4	3.25x
🐘 Postgres	Express	9.321s (+16.9% 🔺)	10.093s (+17.9% 🔺)	0.772s	3	3.85x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.346s (-8.6% 🟢)	11.025s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.679s	3	4.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.459s (-6.6% 🟢)	4.145s (-7.7% 🟢)	0.686s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.565s (-13.0% 🟢)	4.348s (-8.1% 🟢)	0.783s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.574s (+7.4% 🔺)	4.453s (~)	0.879s	7	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.401s (-0.7%)	2.011s (~)	0.609s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.423s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.583s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.425s (+0.7%)	2.006s (~)	0.581s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.955s (-6.5% 🟢)	2.513s (-6.2% 🟢)	0.558s	12	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.097s (+11.1% 🔺)	2.515s (+4.8%)	0.418s	12	1.50x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.128s (+3.6%)	2.511s (~)	0.383s	12	1.52x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.824s (-4.6%)	3.715s (-1.8%)	0.892s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.856s (+2.8%)	3.777s (-0.7%)	0.921s	9	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.938s (-5.4% 🟢)	3.790s (-4.2%)	0.852s	8	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	2.519s (-0.5%)	3.015s (~)	0.496s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.543s (~)	3.045s (~)	0.503s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.650s (-0.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.363s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.261s (-12.2% 🟢)	10.705s (-13.6% 🟢)	0.444s	3	4.07x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	11.185s (-4.7%)	11.690s (-3.1%)	0.505s	3	4.44x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.295s (+7.4% 🔺)	13.050s (+4.7%)	0.755s	3	4.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.000s (-12.4% 🟢)	3.820s (-8.8% 🟢)	0.820s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.092s (-10.1% 🟢)	3.808s (-8.7% 🟢)	0.716s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.097s (-2.1%)	3.840s (~)	0.743s	8	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.140s (-3.3%)	1.003s (~)	0.017s (+1.2%)	1.027s (~)	0.887s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.181s (-1.8%)	0.993s (~)	0.016s (+3.1%)	1.024s (~)	0.843s	10	1.29x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.182s (+0.7%)	0.992s (~)	0.017s (+20.4% 🔺)	1.022s (~)	0.841s	10	1.30x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.728s (-36.7% 🟢)	1.052s (-44.4% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.115s (-44.8% 🟢)	0.386s	10	5.21x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.229s (+3.5%)	2.814s (-2.7%)	0.000s (NaN%)	3.015s (~)	0.786s	10	15.93x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.360s (+5.8% 🔺)	2.681s (-4.7%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	3.016s (~)	0.656s	10	16.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.000s (-5.0% 🟢)	3.370s (+1.4%)	0.422s (-56.6% 🟢)	4.274s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.274s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.082s (-2.6%)	3.404s (-2.7%)	0.537s (-48.3% 🟢)	4.415s (-13.5% 🟢)	1.334s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.103s (+2.9%)	3.165s (-2.8%)	0.534s (-24.3% 🟢)	4.387s (-2.5%)	1.283s	10	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7/8
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/8
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3/8

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)	💻 Local	8/8
Nitro	💻 Local	8/8

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workflow-nest	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am

1 Skipped Deployment

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
workflow-docs	Skipped		Jan 27, 2026 8:05am

[TooTallNate]

• Fix Nest workbench app build #865 👈 (View in Graphite)
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR fixes TypeScript compilation errors in the workbench example workflows that were preventing the Nest workbench app from building. The changes address two specific TypeScript errors by updating an import statement and adding a type annotation.

Changes:

• Updated OpenAI import from default to named export to match OpenAI SDK v6.x API
• Added explicit type annotation for promises array to fix TypeScript type inference issue

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 2 out of 2 changed files in this pull request and generated no comments.

File	Description
workbench/example/workflows/5_hooks.ts	Changed OpenAI import from default to named export to fix constructability error
workbench/example/workflows/97_bench.ts	Added explicit Promise<number>[] type annotation to promises array to fix type inference error

---

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[TooTallNate]

Fixes errors:

Error: ../example/workflows/5_hooks.ts(36,22): error TS2351: This expression is not constructable.
Type 'typeof import("/vercel/path0/node_modules/.pnpm/openai@6.1.0_ws@8.18.3_zod@4.1.11/node_modules/openai/index")' has no construct signatures.

Error: ../example/workflows/97_bench.ts(38,19): error TS2345: Argument of type 'Promise<number>' is not assignable to parameter of type 'never'.

This gets the app to build properly. Fails at runtime, but at least this could get current CI green.

[changeset-bot]

⚠️ No Changeset found

Latest commit: 7f87c82

Merging this PR will not cause a version bump for any packages. If these changes should not result in a new version, you're good to go. If these changes should result in a version bump, you need to add a changeset.

This PR includes no changesets

When changesets are added to this PR, you'll see the packages that this PR includes changesets for and the associated semver types

Click here to learn what changesets are, and how to add one.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add a changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	457	0	38	495
❌ 💻 Local Development	416	2	32	450
✅ 📦 Local Production	418	0	32	450
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	418	0	32	450
✅ 🪟 Windows	45	0	0	45
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	31	161	0	192
✅ 📋 Other	123	0	12	135
Total	1908	163	146	2217

❌ Failed Tests

💻 Local Development (2 failed)

astro-stable (2 failed):

• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace

🌍 Community Worlds (161 failed)

mongodb (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

redis (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

starter (41 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

turso (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	41	0	4
✅ example	41	0	4
✅ express	41	0	4
✅ fastify	41	0	4
✅ hono	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	44	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	44	0	1
✅ nitro	41	0	4
✅ nuxt	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit	41	0	4
✅ vite	41	0	4

❌ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
❌ astro-stable	39	2	4
✅ express-stable	41	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	4
✅ hono-stable	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	4
✅ vite-stable	41	0	4

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	4
✅ express-stable	41	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	4
✅ hono-stable	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	4
✅ vite-stable	41	0	4

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	4
✅ express-stable	41	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	4
✅ hono-stable	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	4
✅ vite-stable	41	0	4

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	45	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	5	40	0
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	5	40	0
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	4	41	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	5	40	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	41	0	4
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	41	0	4
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	41	0	4

---

📋 View full workflow run

---

❌ Some E2E test jobs failed:

• Vercel Prod: success
• Local Dev: failure
• Local Prod: success
• Local Postgres: success
• Windows: success

Check the workflow run for details.

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.040s (-9.1% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.977s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.964s	10	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	0.044s (-1.6%)	1.008s (~)	0.964s	10	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.132s (-33.4% 🟢)	1.021s (~)	0.889s	10	3.29x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.245s (+11.9% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.768s	10	6.11x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.266s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.014s (~)	0.749s	10	6.62x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.640s (-19.8% 🟢)	1.793s (+4.7%)	1.153s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.707s (-4.6%)	1.719s (-1.9%)	1.012s	10	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.883s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.805s (+0.6%)	0.921s	10	1.38x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.102s (+0.8%)	2.011s (~)	0.910s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.111s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.895s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.117s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.891s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.928s (-13.7% 🟢)	2.016s (-28.5% 🟢)	0.088s	10	1.75x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.128s (-4.2%)	3.015s (~)	0.887s	10	1.93x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.195s (-2.5%)	3.015s (~)	0.820s	10	1.99x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.862s (-3.2%)	3.680s (+0.8%)	0.818s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.924s (+2.8%)	3.775s (+1.5%)	0.851s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.970s (+5.5% 🔺)	3.837s (-1.2%)	0.867s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.714s (~)	11.018s (~)	0.304s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.827s (~)	11.014s (~)	0.187s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.838s (~)	11.016s (~)	0.177s	5	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.924s (-2.6%)	15.232s (-5.0% 🟢)	0.308s	5	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.435s (~)	21.034s (~)	0.599s	5	1.91x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.526s (~)	21.036s (~)	0.510s	5	1.92x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	22.518s (-1.8%)	23.412s (-0.9%)	0.894s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	23.046s (-3.2%)	23.861s (-2.6%)	0.815s	5	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	23.046s (-1.9%)	24.003s (~)	0.957s	5	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.355s (-2.5%)	2.012s (~)	0.657s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.402s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.604s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.403s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.604s	15	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.834s (-19.7% 🟢)	2.016s (-29.2% 🟢)	0.182s	15	1.35x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.254s (-9.2% 🟢)	3.014s (~)	0.760s	10	1.66x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.393s (+5.1% 🔺)	3.014s (~)	0.621s	10	1.77x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.109s (-26.1% 🟢)	3.909s (-22.4% 🟢)	0.800s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.142s (-11.9% 🟢)	4.039s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.897s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.269s (+6.3% 🔺)	4.144s (+4.1%)	0.875s	8	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.419s (-1.6%)	3.194s (+2.0%)	0.776s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.515s (+2.2%)	3.023s (~)	0.507s	10	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.531s (~)	3.026s (~)	0.495s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	7.871s (-11.0% 🟢)	8.303s (-10.7% 🟢)	0.432s	4	3.25x
🐘 Postgres	Express	9.321s (+16.9% 🔺)	10.093s (+17.9% 🔺)	0.772s	3	3.85x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.346s (-8.6% 🟢)	11.025s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.679s	3	4.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.459s (-6.6% 🟢)	4.145s (-7.7% 🟢)	0.686s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.565s (-13.0% 🟢)	4.348s (-8.1% 🟢)	0.783s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.574s (+7.4% 🔺)	4.453s (~)	0.879s	7	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.401s (-0.7%)	2.011s (~)	0.609s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.423s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.583s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.425s (+0.7%)	2.006s (~)	0.581s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.955s (-6.5% 🟢)	2.513s (-6.2% 🟢)	0.558s	12	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.097s (+11.1% 🔺)	2.515s (+4.8%)	0.418s	12	1.50x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.128s (+3.6%)	2.511s (~)	0.383s	12	1.52x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.824s (-4.6%)	3.715s (-1.8%)	0.892s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.856s (+2.8%)	3.777s (-0.7%)	0.921s	9	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.938s (-5.4% 🟢)	3.790s (-4.2%)	0.852s	8	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	2.519s (-0.5%)	3.015s (~)	0.496s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.543s (~)	3.045s (~)	0.503s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.650s (-0.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.363s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.261s (-12.2% 🟢)	10.705s (-13.6% 🟢)	0.444s	3	4.07x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	11.185s (-4.7%)	11.690s (-3.1%)	0.505s	3	4.44x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.295s (+7.4% 🔺)	13.050s (+4.7%)	0.755s	3	4.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.000s (-12.4% 🟢)	3.820s (-8.8% 🟢)	0.820s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.092s (-10.1% 🟢)	3.808s (-8.7% 🟢)	0.716s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.097s (-2.1%)	3.840s (~)	0.743s	8	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.140s (-3.3%)	1.003s (~)	0.017s (+1.2%)	1.027s (~)	0.887s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.181s (-1.8%)	0.993s (~)	0.016s (+3.1%)	1.024s (~)	0.843s	10	1.29x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.182s (+0.7%)	0.992s (~)	0.017s (+20.4% 🔺)	1.022s (~)	0.841s	10	1.30x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.728s (-36.7% 🟢)	1.052s (-44.4% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.115s (-44.8% 🟢)	0.386s	10	5.21x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.229s (+3.5%)	2.814s (-2.7%)	0.000s (NaN%)	3.015s (~)	0.786s	10	15.93x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.360s (+5.8% 🔺)	2.681s (-4.7%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	3.016s (~)	0.656s	10	16.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.000s (-5.0% 🟢)	3.370s (+1.4%)	0.422s (-56.6% 🟢)	4.274s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.274s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.082s (-2.6%)	3.404s (-2.7%)	0.537s (-48.3% 🟢)	4.415s (-13.5% 🟢)	1.334s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.103s (+2.9%)	3.165s (-2.8%)	0.534s (-24.3% 🟢)	4.387s (-2.5%)	1.283s	10	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7/8
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/8
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3/8

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)	💻 Local	8/8
Nitro	💻 Local	8/8

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workflow-nest	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am

1 Skipped Deployment

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
workflow-docs	Skipped		Jan 27, 2026 8:05am

[TooTallNate]

• Fix Nest workbench app build #865 👈 (View in Graphite)
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR fixes TypeScript compilation errors in the workbench example workflows that were preventing the Nest workbench app from building. The changes address two specific TypeScript errors by updating an import statement and adding a type annotation.

Changes:

• Updated OpenAI import from default to named export to match OpenAI SDK v6.x API
• Added explicit type annotation for promises array to fix TypeScript type inference issue

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 2 out of 2 changed files in this pull request and generated no comments.

File	Description
workbench/example/workflows/5_hooks.ts	Changed OpenAI import from default to named export to fix constructability error
workbench/example/workflows/97_bench.ts	Added explicit Promise<number>[] type annotation to promises array to fix type inference error

---

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[TooTallNate]

Fixes errors:

Error: ../example/workflows/5_hooks.ts(36,22): error TS2351: This expression is not constructable.
Type 'typeof import("/vercel/path0/node_modules/.pnpm/openai@6.1.0_ws@8.18.3_zod@4.1.11/node_modules/openai/index")' has no construct signatures.

Error: ../example/workflows/97_bench.ts(38,19): error TS2345: Argument of type 'Promise<number>' is not assignable to parameter of type 'never'.

This gets the app to build properly. Fails at runtime, but at least this could get current CI green.

[changeset-bot]

⚠️ No Changeset found

Latest commit: 7f87c82

Merging this PR will not cause a version bump for any packages. If these changes should not result in a new version, you're good to go. If these changes should result in a version bump, you need to add a changeset.

This PR includes no changesets

When changesets are added to this PR, you'll see the packages that this PR includes changesets for and the associated semver types

Click here to learn what changesets are, and how to add one.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add a changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	457	0	38	495
❌ 💻 Local Development	416	2	32	450
✅ 📦 Local Production	418	0	32	450
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	418	0	32	450
✅ 🪟 Windows	45	0	0	45
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	31	161	0	192
✅ 📋 Other	123	0	12	135
Total	1908	163	146	2217

❌ Failed Tests

💻 Local Development (2 failed)

astro-stable (2 failed):

• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace

🌍 Community Worlds (161 failed)

mongodb (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

redis (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

starter (41 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

turso (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	41	0	4
✅ example	41	0	4
✅ express	41	0	4
✅ fastify	41	0	4
✅ hono	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	44	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	44	0	1
✅ nitro	41	0	4
✅ nuxt	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit	41	0	4
✅ vite	41	0	4

❌ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
❌ astro-stable	39	2	4
✅ express-stable	41	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	4
✅ hono-stable	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	4
✅ vite-stable	41	0	4

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	4
✅ express-stable	41	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	4
✅ hono-stable	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	4
✅ vite-stable	41	0	4

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	4
✅ express-stable	41	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	4
✅ hono-stable	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	4
✅ vite-stable	41	0	4

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	45	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	5	40	0
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	5	40	0
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	4	41	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	5	40	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	41	0	4
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	41	0	4
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	41	0	4

---

📋 View full workflow run

---

❌ Some E2E test jobs failed:

• Vercel Prod: success
• Local Dev: failure
• Local Prod: success
• Local Postgres: success
• Windows: success

Check the workflow run for details.

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.040s (-9.1% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.977s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.964s	10	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	0.044s (-1.6%)	1.008s (~)	0.964s	10	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.132s (-33.4% 🟢)	1.021s (~)	0.889s	10	3.29x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.245s (+11.9% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.768s	10	6.11x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.266s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.014s (~)	0.749s	10	6.62x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.640s (-19.8% 🟢)	1.793s (+4.7%)	1.153s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.707s (-4.6%)	1.719s (-1.9%)	1.012s	10	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.883s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.805s (+0.6%)	0.921s	10	1.38x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.102s (+0.8%)	2.011s (~)	0.910s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.111s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.895s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.117s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.891s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.928s (-13.7% 🟢)	2.016s (-28.5% 🟢)	0.088s	10	1.75x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.128s (-4.2%)	3.015s (~)	0.887s	10	1.93x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.195s (-2.5%)	3.015s (~)	0.820s	10	1.99x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.862s (-3.2%)	3.680s (+0.8%)	0.818s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.924s (+2.8%)	3.775s (+1.5%)	0.851s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.970s (+5.5% 🔺)	3.837s (-1.2%)	0.867s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.714s (~)	11.018s (~)	0.304s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.827s (~)	11.014s (~)	0.187s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.838s (~)	11.016s (~)	0.177s	5	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.924s (-2.6%)	15.232s (-5.0% 🟢)	0.308s	5	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.435s (~)	21.034s (~)	0.599s	5	1.91x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.526s (~)	21.036s (~)	0.510s	5	1.92x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	22.518s (-1.8%)	23.412s (-0.9%)	0.894s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	23.046s (-3.2%)	23.861s (-2.6%)	0.815s	5	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	23.046s (-1.9%)	24.003s (~)	0.957s	5	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.355s (-2.5%)	2.012s (~)	0.657s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.402s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.604s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.403s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.604s	15	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.834s (-19.7% 🟢)	2.016s (-29.2% 🟢)	0.182s	15	1.35x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.254s (-9.2% 🟢)	3.014s (~)	0.760s	10	1.66x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.393s (+5.1% 🔺)	3.014s (~)	0.621s	10	1.77x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.109s (-26.1% 🟢)	3.909s (-22.4% 🟢)	0.800s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.142s (-11.9% 🟢)	4.039s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.897s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.269s (+6.3% 🔺)	4.144s (+4.1%)	0.875s	8	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.419s (-1.6%)	3.194s (+2.0%)	0.776s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.515s (+2.2%)	3.023s (~)	0.507s	10	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.531s (~)	3.026s (~)	0.495s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	7.871s (-11.0% 🟢)	8.303s (-10.7% 🟢)	0.432s	4	3.25x
🐘 Postgres	Express	9.321s (+16.9% 🔺)	10.093s (+17.9% 🔺)	0.772s	3	3.85x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.346s (-8.6% 🟢)	11.025s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.679s	3	4.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.459s (-6.6% 🟢)	4.145s (-7.7% 🟢)	0.686s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.565s (-13.0% 🟢)	4.348s (-8.1% 🟢)	0.783s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.574s (+7.4% 🔺)	4.453s (~)	0.879s	7	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.401s (-0.7%)	2.011s (~)	0.609s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.423s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.583s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.425s (+0.7%)	2.006s (~)	0.581s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.955s (-6.5% 🟢)	2.513s (-6.2% 🟢)	0.558s	12	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.097s (+11.1% 🔺)	2.515s (+4.8%)	0.418s	12	1.50x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.128s (+3.6%)	2.511s (~)	0.383s	12	1.52x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.824s (-4.6%)	3.715s (-1.8%)	0.892s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.856s (+2.8%)	3.777s (-0.7%)	0.921s	9	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.938s (-5.4% 🟢)	3.790s (-4.2%)	0.852s	8	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	2.519s (-0.5%)	3.015s (~)	0.496s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.543s (~)	3.045s (~)	0.503s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.650s (-0.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.363s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.261s (-12.2% 🟢)	10.705s (-13.6% 🟢)	0.444s	3	4.07x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	11.185s (-4.7%)	11.690s (-3.1%)	0.505s	3	4.44x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.295s (+7.4% 🔺)	13.050s (+4.7%)	0.755s	3	4.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.000s (-12.4% 🟢)	3.820s (-8.8% 🟢)	0.820s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.092s (-10.1% 🟢)	3.808s (-8.7% 🟢)	0.716s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.097s (-2.1%)	3.840s (~)	0.743s	8	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.140s (-3.3%)	1.003s (~)	0.017s (+1.2%)	1.027s (~)	0.887s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.181s (-1.8%)	0.993s (~)	0.016s (+3.1%)	1.024s (~)	0.843s	10	1.29x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.182s (+0.7%)	0.992s (~)	0.017s (+20.4% 🔺)	1.022s (~)	0.841s	10	1.30x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.728s (-36.7% 🟢)	1.052s (-44.4% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.115s (-44.8% 🟢)	0.386s	10	5.21x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.229s (+3.5%)	2.814s (-2.7%)	0.000s (NaN%)	3.015s (~)	0.786s	10	15.93x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.360s (+5.8% 🔺)	2.681s (-4.7%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	3.016s (~)	0.656s	10	16.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.000s (-5.0% 🟢)	3.370s (+1.4%)	0.422s (-56.6% 🟢)	4.274s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.274s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.082s (-2.6%)	3.404s (-2.7%)	0.537s (-48.3% 🟢)	4.415s (-13.5% 🟢)	1.334s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.103s (+2.9%)	3.165s (-2.8%)	0.534s (-24.3% 🟢)	4.387s (-2.5%)	1.283s	10	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7/8
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/8
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3/8

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)	💻 Local	8/8
Nitro	💻 Local	8/8

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[vercel]

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Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workflow-nest	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am

1 Skipped Deployment

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
workflow-docs	Skipped		Jan 27, 2026 8:05am

[TooTallNate]

• Fix Nest workbench app build #865 👈 (View in Graphite)
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR fixes TypeScript compilation errors in the workbench example workflows that were preventing the Nest workbench app from building. The changes address two specific TypeScript errors by updating an import statement and adding a type annotation.

Changes:

• Updated OpenAI import from default to named export to match OpenAI SDK v6.x API
• Added explicit type annotation for promises array to fix TypeScript type inference issue

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 2 out of 2 changed files in this pull request and generated no comments.

File	Description
workbench/example/workflows/5_hooks.ts	Changed OpenAI import from default to named export to fix constructability error
workbench/example/workflows/97_bench.ts	Added explicit Promise<number>[] type annotation to promises array to fix type inference error

---

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[TooTallNate]

Fixes errors:

Error: ../example/workflows/5_hooks.ts(36,22): error TS2351: This expression is not constructable.
Type 'typeof import("/vercel/path0/node_modules/.pnpm/openai@6.1.0_ws@8.18.3_zod@4.1.11/node_modules/openai/index")' has no construct signatures.

Error: ../example/workflows/97_bench.ts(38,19): error TS2345: Argument of type 'Promise<number>' is not assignable to parameter of type 'never'.

This gets the app to build properly. Fails at runtime, but at least this could get current CI green.

[changeset-bot]

⚠️ No Changeset found

Latest commit: 7f87c82

Merging this PR will not cause a version bump for any packages. If these changes should not result in a new version, you're good to go. If these changes should result in a version bump, you need to add a changeset.

This PR includes no changesets

When changesets are added to this PR, you'll see the packages that this PR includes changesets for and the associated semver types

Click here to learn what changesets are, and how to add one.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add a changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	457	0	38	495
❌ 💻 Local Development	416	2	32	450
✅ 📦 Local Production	418	0	32	450
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	418	0	32	450
✅ 🪟 Windows	45	0	0	45
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	31	161	0	192
✅ 📋 Other	123	0	12	135
Total	1908	163	146	2217

❌ Failed Tests

💻 Local Development (2 failed)

astro-stable (2 failed):

• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace

🌍 Community Worlds (161 failed)

mongodb (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

redis (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

starter (41 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

turso (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	41	0	4
✅ example	41	0	4
✅ express	41	0	4
✅ fastify	41	0	4
✅ hono	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	44	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	44	0	1
✅ nitro	41	0	4
✅ nuxt	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit	41	0	4
✅ vite	41	0	4

❌ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
❌ astro-stable	39	2	4
✅ express-stable	41	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	4
✅ hono-stable	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	4
✅ vite-stable	41	0	4

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	4
✅ express-stable	41	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	4
✅ hono-stable	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	4
✅ vite-stable	41	0	4

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	4
✅ express-stable	41	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	4
✅ hono-stable	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	4
✅ vite-stable	41	0	4

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	45	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	5	40	0
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	5	40	0
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	4	41	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	5	40	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	41	0	4
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	41	0	4
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	41	0	4

---

📋 View full workflow run

---

❌ Some E2E test jobs failed:

• Vercel Prod: success
• Local Dev: failure
• Local Prod: success
• Local Postgres: success
• Windows: success

Check the workflow run for details.

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.040s (-9.1% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.977s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.964s	10	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	0.044s (-1.6%)	1.008s (~)	0.964s	10	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.132s (-33.4% 🟢)	1.021s (~)	0.889s	10	3.29x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.245s (+11.9% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.768s	10	6.11x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.266s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.014s (~)	0.749s	10	6.62x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.640s (-19.8% 🟢)	1.793s (+4.7%)	1.153s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.707s (-4.6%)	1.719s (-1.9%)	1.012s	10	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.883s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.805s (+0.6%)	0.921s	10	1.38x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.102s (+0.8%)	2.011s (~)	0.910s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.111s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.895s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.117s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.891s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.928s (-13.7% 🟢)	2.016s (-28.5% 🟢)	0.088s	10	1.75x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.128s (-4.2%)	3.015s (~)	0.887s	10	1.93x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.195s (-2.5%)	3.015s (~)	0.820s	10	1.99x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.862s (-3.2%)	3.680s (+0.8%)	0.818s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.924s (+2.8%)	3.775s (+1.5%)	0.851s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.970s (+5.5% 🔺)	3.837s (-1.2%)	0.867s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.714s (~)	11.018s (~)	0.304s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.827s (~)	11.014s (~)	0.187s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.838s (~)	11.016s (~)	0.177s	5	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.924s (-2.6%)	15.232s (-5.0% 🟢)	0.308s	5	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.435s (~)	21.034s (~)	0.599s	5	1.91x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.526s (~)	21.036s (~)	0.510s	5	1.92x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	22.518s (-1.8%)	23.412s (-0.9%)	0.894s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	23.046s (-3.2%)	23.861s (-2.6%)	0.815s	5	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	23.046s (-1.9%)	24.003s (~)	0.957s	5	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.355s (-2.5%)	2.012s (~)	0.657s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.402s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.604s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.403s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.604s	15	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.834s (-19.7% 🟢)	2.016s (-29.2% 🟢)	0.182s	15	1.35x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.254s (-9.2% 🟢)	3.014s (~)	0.760s	10	1.66x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.393s (+5.1% 🔺)	3.014s (~)	0.621s	10	1.77x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.109s (-26.1% 🟢)	3.909s (-22.4% 🟢)	0.800s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.142s (-11.9% 🟢)	4.039s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.897s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.269s (+6.3% 🔺)	4.144s (+4.1%)	0.875s	8	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.419s (-1.6%)	3.194s (+2.0%)	0.776s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.515s (+2.2%)	3.023s (~)	0.507s	10	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.531s (~)	3.026s (~)	0.495s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	7.871s (-11.0% 🟢)	8.303s (-10.7% 🟢)	0.432s	4	3.25x
🐘 Postgres	Express	9.321s (+16.9% 🔺)	10.093s (+17.9% 🔺)	0.772s	3	3.85x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.346s (-8.6% 🟢)	11.025s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.679s	3	4.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.459s (-6.6% 🟢)	4.145s (-7.7% 🟢)	0.686s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.565s (-13.0% 🟢)	4.348s (-8.1% 🟢)	0.783s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.574s (+7.4% 🔺)	4.453s (~)	0.879s	7	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.401s (-0.7%)	2.011s (~)	0.609s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.423s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.583s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.425s (+0.7%)	2.006s (~)	0.581s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.955s (-6.5% 🟢)	2.513s (-6.2% 🟢)	0.558s	12	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.097s (+11.1% 🔺)	2.515s (+4.8%)	0.418s	12	1.50x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.128s (+3.6%)	2.511s (~)	0.383s	12	1.52x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.824s (-4.6%)	3.715s (-1.8%)	0.892s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.856s (+2.8%)	3.777s (-0.7%)	0.921s	9	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.938s (-5.4% 🟢)	3.790s (-4.2%)	0.852s	8	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	2.519s (-0.5%)	3.015s (~)	0.496s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.543s (~)	3.045s (~)	0.503s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.650s (-0.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.363s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.261s (-12.2% 🟢)	10.705s (-13.6% 🟢)	0.444s	3	4.07x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	11.185s (-4.7%)	11.690s (-3.1%)	0.505s	3	4.44x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.295s (+7.4% 🔺)	13.050s (+4.7%)	0.755s	3	4.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.000s (-12.4% 🟢)	3.820s (-8.8% 🟢)	0.820s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.092s (-10.1% 🟢)	3.808s (-8.7% 🟢)	0.716s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.097s (-2.1%)	3.840s (~)	0.743s	8	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.140s (-3.3%)	1.003s (~)	0.017s (+1.2%)	1.027s (~)	0.887s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.181s (-1.8%)	0.993s (~)	0.016s (+3.1%)	1.024s (~)	0.843s	10	1.29x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.182s (+0.7%)	0.992s (~)	0.017s (+20.4% 🔺)	1.022s (~)	0.841s	10	1.30x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.728s (-36.7% 🟢)	1.052s (-44.4% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.115s (-44.8% 🟢)	0.386s	10	5.21x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.229s (+3.5%)	2.814s (-2.7%)	0.000s (NaN%)	3.015s (~)	0.786s	10	15.93x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.360s (+5.8% 🔺)	2.681s (-4.7%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	3.016s (~)	0.656s	10	16.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.000s (-5.0% 🟢)	3.370s (+1.4%)	0.422s (-56.6% 🟢)	4.274s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.274s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.082s (-2.6%)	3.404s (-2.7%)	0.537s (-48.3% 🟢)	4.415s (-13.5% 🟢)	1.334s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.103s (+2.9%)	3.165s (-2.8%)	0.534s (-24.3% 🟢)	4.387s (-2.5%)	1.283s	10	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7/8
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/8
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3/8

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)	💻 Local	8/8
Nitro	💻 Local	8/8

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workflow-nest	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am

1 Skipped Deployment

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
workflow-docs	Skipped		Jan 27, 2026 8:05am

[TooTallNate]

• Fix Nest workbench app build #865 👈 (View in Graphite)
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR fixes TypeScript compilation errors in the workbench example workflows that were preventing the Nest workbench app from building. The changes address two specific TypeScript errors by updating an import statement and adding a type annotation.

Changes:

• Updated OpenAI import from default to named export to match OpenAI SDK v6.x API
• Added explicit type annotation for promises array to fix TypeScript type inference issue

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 2 out of 2 changed files in this pull request and generated no comments.

File	Description
workbench/example/workflows/5_hooks.ts	Changed OpenAI import from default to named export to fix constructability error
workbench/example/workflows/97_bench.ts	Added explicit Promise<number>[] type annotation to promises array to fix type inference error

---

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[TooTallNate]

Fixes errors:

Error: ../example/workflows/5_hooks.ts(36,22): error TS2351: This expression is not constructable.
Type 'typeof import("/vercel/path0/node_modules/.pnpm/openai@6.1.0_ws@8.18.3_zod@4.1.11/node_modules/openai/index")' has no construct signatures.

Error: ../example/workflows/97_bench.ts(38,19): error TS2345: Argument of type 'Promise<number>' is not assignable to parameter of type 'never'.

This gets the app to build properly. Fails at runtime, but at least this could get current CI green.

[changeset-bot]

⚠️ No Changeset found

Latest commit: 7f87c82

Merging this PR will not cause a version bump for any packages. If these changes should not result in a new version, you're good to go. If these changes should result in a version bump, you need to add a changeset.

This PR includes no changesets

When changesets are added to this PR, you'll see the packages that this PR includes changesets for and the associated semver types

Click here to learn what changesets are, and how to add one.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add a changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	457	0	38	495
❌ 💻 Local Development	416	2	32	450
✅ 📦 Local Production	418	0	32	450
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	418	0	32	450
✅ 🪟 Windows	45	0	0	45
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	31	161	0	192
✅ 📋 Other	123	0	12	135
Total	1908	163	146	2217

❌ Failed Tests

💻 Local Development (2 failed)

astro-stable (2 failed):

• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace

🌍 Community Worlds (161 failed)

mongodb (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

redis (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

starter (41 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

turso (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	41	0	4
✅ example	41	0	4
✅ express	41	0	4
✅ fastify	41	0	4
✅ hono	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	44	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	44	0	1
✅ nitro	41	0	4
✅ nuxt	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit	41	0	4
✅ vite	41	0	4

❌ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
❌ astro-stable	39	2	4
✅ express-stable	41	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	4
✅ hono-stable	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	4
✅ vite-stable	41	0	4

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	4
✅ express-stable	41	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	4
✅ hono-stable	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	4
✅ vite-stable	41	0	4

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	4
✅ express-stable	41	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	4
✅ hono-stable	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	4
✅ vite-stable	41	0	4

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	45	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	5	40	0
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	5	40	0
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	4	41	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	5	40	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	41	0	4
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	41	0	4
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	41	0	4

---

📋 View full workflow run

---

❌ Some E2E test jobs failed:

• Vercel Prod: success
• Local Dev: failure
• Local Prod: success
• Local Postgres: success
• Windows: success

Check the workflow run for details.

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.040s (-9.1% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.977s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.964s	10	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	0.044s (-1.6%)	1.008s (~)	0.964s	10	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.132s (-33.4% 🟢)	1.021s (~)	0.889s	10	3.29x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.245s (+11.9% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.768s	10	6.11x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.266s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.014s (~)	0.749s	10	6.62x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.640s (-19.8% 🟢)	1.793s (+4.7%)	1.153s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.707s (-4.6%)	1.719s (-1.9%)	1.012s	10	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.883s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.805s (+0.6%)	0.921s	10	1.38x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.102s (+0.8%)	2.011s (~)	0.910s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.111s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.895s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.117s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.891s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.928s (-13.7% 🟢)	2.016s (-28.5% 🟢)	0.088s	10	1.75x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.128s (-4.2%)	3.015s (~)	0.887s	10	1.93x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.195s (-2.5%)	3.015s (~)	0.820s	10	1.99x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.862s (-3.2%)	3.680s (+0.8%)	0.818s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.924s (+2.8%)	3.775s (+1.5%)	0.851s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.970s (+5.5% 🔺)	3.837s (-1.2%)	0.867s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.714s (~)	11.018s (~)	0.304s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.827s (~)	11.014s (~)	0.187s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.838s (~)	11.016s (~)	0.177s	5	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.924s (-2.6%)	15.232s (-5.0% 🟢)	0.308s	5	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.435s (~)	21.034s (~)	0.599s	5	1.91x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.526s (~)	21.036s (~)	0.510s	5	1.92x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	22.518s (-1.8%)	23.412s (-0.9%)	0.894s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	23.046s (-3.2%)	23.861s (-2.6%)	0.815s	5	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	23.046s (-1.9%)	24.003s (~)	0.957s	5	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.355s (-2.5%)	2.012s (~)	0.657s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.402s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.604s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.403s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.604s	15	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.834s (-19.7% 🟢)	2.016s (-29.2% 🟢)	0.182s	15	1.35x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.254s (-9.2% 🟢)	3.014s (~)	0.760s	10	1.66x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.393s (+5.1% 🔺)	3.014s (~)	0.621s	10	1.77x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.109s (-26.1% 🟢)	3.909s (-22.4% 🟢)	0.800s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.142s (-11.9% 🟢)	4.039s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.897s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.269s (+6.3% 🔺)	4.144s (+4.1%)	0.875s	8	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.419s (-1.6%)	3.194s (+2.0%)	0.776s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.515s (+2.2%)	3.023s (~)	0.507s	10	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.531s (~)	3.026s (~)	0.495s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	7.871s (-11.0% 🟢)	8.303s (-10.7% 🟢)	0.432s	4	3.25x
🐘 Postgres	Express	9.321s (+16.9% 🔺)	10.093s (+17.9% 🔺)	0.772s	3	3.85x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.346s (-8.6% 🟢)	11.025s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.679s	3	4.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.459s (-6.6% 🟢)	4.145s (-7.7% 🟢)	0.686s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.565s (-13.0% 🟢)	4.348s (-8.1% 🟢)	0.783s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.574s (+7.4% 🔺)	4.453s (~)	0.879s	7	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.401s (-0.7%)	2.011s (~)	0.609s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.423s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.583s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.425s (+0.7%)	2.006s (~)	0.581s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.955s (-6.5% 🟢)	2.513s (-6.2% 🟢)	0.558s	12	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.097s (+11.1% 🔺)	2.515s (+4.8%)	0.418s	12	1.50x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.128s (+3.6%)	2.511s (~)	0.383s	12	1.52x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.824s (-4.6%)	3.715s (-1.8%)	0.892s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.856s (+2.8%)	3.777s (-0.7%)	0.921s	9	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.938s (-5.4% 🟢)	3.790s (-4.2%)	0.852s	8	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	2.519s (-0.5%)	3.015s (~)	0.496s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.543s (~)	3.045s (~)	0.503s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.650s (-0.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.363s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.261s (-12.2% 🟢)	10.705s (-13.6% 🟢)	0.444s	3	4.07x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	11.185s (-4.7%)	11.690s (-3.1%)	0.505s	3	4.44x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.295s (+7.4% 🔺)	13.050s (+4.7%)	0.755s	3	4.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.000s (-12.4% 🟢)	3.820s (-8.8% 🟢)	0.820s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.092s (-10.1% 🟢)	3.808s (-8.7% 🟢)	0.716s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.097s (-2.1%)	3.840s (~)	0.743s	8	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.140s (-3.3%)	1.003s (~)	0.017s (+1.2%)	1.027s (~)	0.887s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.181s (-1.8%)	0.993s (~)	0.016s (+3.1%)	1.024s (~)	0.843s	10	1.29x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.182s (+0.7%)	0.992s (~)	0.017s (+20.4% 🔺)	1.022s (~)	0.841s	10	1.30x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.728s (-36.7% 🟢)	1.052s (-44.4% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.115s (-44.8% 🟢)	0.386s	10	5.21x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.229s (+3.5%)	2.814s (-2.7%)	0.000s (NaN%)	3.015s (~)	0.786s	10	15.93x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.360s (+5.8% 🔺)	2.681s (-4.7%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	3.016s (~)	0.656s	10	16.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.000s (-5.0% 🟢)	3.370s (+1.4%)	0.422s (-56.6% 🟢)	4.274s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.274s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.082s (-2.6%)	3.404s (-2.7%)	0.537s (-48.3% 🟢)	4.415s (-13.5% 🟢)	1.334s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.103s (+2.9%)	3.165s (-2.8%)	0.534s (-24.3% 🟢)	4.387s (-2.5%)	1.283s	10	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7/8
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/8
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3/8

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)	💻 Local	8/8
Nitro	💻 Local	8/8

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workflow-nest	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am

1 Skipped Deployment

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
workflow-docs	Skipped		Jan 27, 2026 8:05am

[TooTallNate]

• Fix Nest workbench app build #865 👈 (View in Graphite)
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR fixes TypeScript compilation errors in the workbench example workflows that were preventing the Nest workbench app from building. The changes address two specific TypeScript errors by updating an import statement and adding a type annotation.

Changes:

• Updated OpenAI import from default to named export to match OpenAI SDK v6.x API
• Added explicit type annotation for promises array to fix TypeScript type inference issue

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 2 out of 2 changed files in this pull request and generated no comments.

File	Description
workbench/example/workflows/5_hooks.ts	Changed OpenAI import from default to named export to fix constructability error
workbench/example/workflows/97_bench.ts	Added explicit Promise<number>[] type annotation to promises array to fix type inference error

---

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[TooTallNate]

Fixes errors:

Error: ../example/workflows/5_hooks.ts(36,22): error TS2351: This expression is not constructable.
Type 'typeof import("/vercel/path0/node_modules/.pnpm/openai@6.1.0_ws@8.18.3_zod@4.1.11/node_modules/openai/index")' has no construct signatures.

Error: ../example/workflows/97_bench.ts(38,19): error TS2345: Argument of type 'Promise<number>' is not assignable to parameter of type 'never'.

This gets the app to build properly. Fails at runtime, but at least this could get current CI green.

[changeset-bot]

⚠️ No Changeset found

Latest commit: 7f87c82

Merging this PR will not cause a version bump for any packages. If these changes should not result in a new version, you're good to go. If these changes should result in a version bump, you need to add a changeset.

This PR includes no changesets

When changesets are added to this PR, you'll see the packages that this PR includes changesets for and the associated semver types

Click here to learn what changesets are, and how to add one.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add a changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	457	0	38	495
❌ 💻 Local Development	416	2	32	450
✅ 📦 Local Production	418	0	32	450
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	418	0	32	450
✅ 🪟 Windows	45	0	0	45
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	31	161	0	192
✅ 📋 Other	123	0	12	135
Total	1908	163	146	2217

❌ Failed Tests

💻 Local Development (2 failed)

astro-stable (2 failed):

• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace

🌍 Community Worlds (161 failed)

mongodb (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

redis (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

starter (41 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

turso (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	41	0	4
✅ example	41	0	4
✅ express	41	0	4
✅ fastify	41	0	4
✅ hono	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	44	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	44	0	1
✅ nitro	41	0	4
✅ nuxt	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit	41	0	4
✅ vite	41	0	4

❌ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
❌ astro-stable	39	2	4
✅ express-stable	41	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	4
✅ hono-stable	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	4
✅ vite-stable	41	0	4

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	4
✅ express-stable	41	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	4
✅ hono-stable	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	4
✅ vite-stable	41	0	4

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	4
✅ express-stable	41	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	4
✅ hono-stable	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	4
✅ vite-stable	41	0	4

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	45	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	5	40	0
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	5	40	0
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	4	41	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	5	40	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	41	0	4
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	41	0	4
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	41	0	4

---

📋 View full workflow run

---

❌ Some E2E test jobs failed:

• Vercel Prod: success
• Local Dev: failure
• Local Prod: success
• Local Postgres: success
• Windows: success

Check the workflow run for details.

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.040s (-9.1% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.977s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.964s	10	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	0.044s (-1.6%)	1.008s (~)	0.964s	10	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.132s (-33.4% 🟢)	1.021s (~)	0.889s	10	3.29x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.245s (+11.9% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.768s	10	6.11x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.266s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.014s (~)	0.749s	10	6.62x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.640s (-19.8% 🟢)	1.793s (+4.7%)	1.153s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.707s (-4.6%)	1.719s (-1.9%)	1.012s	10	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.883s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.805s (+0.6%)	0.921s	10	1.38x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.102s (+0.8%)	2.011s (~)	0.910s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.111s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.895s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.117s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.891s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.928s (-13.7% 🟢)	2.016s (-28.5% 🟢)	0.088s	10	1.75x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.128s (-4.2%)	3.015s (~)	0.887s	10	1.93x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.195s (-2.5%)	3.015s (~)	0.820s	10	1.99x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.862s (-3.2%)	3.680s (+0.8%)	0.818s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.924s (+2.8%)	3.775s (+1.5%)	0.851s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.970s (+5.5% 🔺)	3.837s (-1.2%)	0.867s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.714s (~)	11.018s (~)	0.304s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.827s (~)	11.014s (~)	0.187s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.838s (~)	11.016s (~)	0.177s	5	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.924s (-2.6%)	15.232s (-5.0% 🟢)	0.308s	5	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.435s (~)	21.034s (~)	0.599s	5	1.91x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.526s (~)	21.036s (~)	0.510s	5	1.92x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	22.518s (-1.8%)	23.412s (-0.9%)	0.894s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	23.046s (-3.2%)	23.861s (-2.6%)	0.815s	5	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	23.046s (-1.9%)	24.003s (~)	0.957s	5	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.355s (-2.5%)	2.012s (~)	0.657s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.402s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.604s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.403s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.604s	15	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.834s (-19.7% 🟢)	2.016s (-29.2% 🟢)	0.182s	15	1.35x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.254s (-9.2% 🟢)	3.014s (~)	0.760s	10	1.66x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.393s (+5.1% 🔺)	3.014s (~)	0.621s	10	1.77x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.109s (-26.1% 🟢)	3.909s (-22.4% 🟢)	0.800s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.142s (-11.9% 🟢)	4.039s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.897s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.269s (+6.3% 🔺)	4.144s (+4.1%)	0.875s	8	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.419s (-1.6%)	3.194s (+2.0%)	0.776s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.515s (+2.2%)	3.023s (~)	0.507s	10	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.531s (~)	3.026s (~)	0.495s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	7.871s (-11.0% 🟢)	8.303s (-10.7% 🟢)	0.432s	4	3.25x
🐘 Postgres	Express	9.321s (+16.9% 🔺)	10.093s (+17.9% 🔺)	0.772s	3	3.85x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.346s (-8.6% 🟢)	11.025s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.679s	3	4.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.459s (-6.6% 🟢)	4.145s (-7.7% 🟢)	0.686s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.565s (-13.0% 🟢)	4.348s (-8.1% 🟢)	0.783s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.574s (+7.4% 🔺)	4.453s (~)	0.879s	7	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.401s (-0.7%)	2.011s (~)	0.609s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.423s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.583s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.425s (+0.7%)	2.006s (~)	0.581s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.955s (-6.5% 🟢)	2.513s (-6.2% 🟢)	0.558s	12	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.097s (+11.1% 🔺)	2.515s (+4.8%)	0.418s	12	1.50x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.128s (+3.6%)	2.511s (~)	0.383s	12	1.52x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.824s (-4.6%)	3.715s (-1.8%)	0.892s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.856s (+2.8%)	3.777s (-0.7%)	0.921s	9	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.938s (-5.4% 🟢)	3.790s (-4.2%)	0.852s	8	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	2.519s (-0.5%)	3.015s (~)	0.496s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.543s (~)	3.045s (~)	0.503s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.650s (-0.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.363s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.261s (-12.2% 🟢)	10.705s (-13.6% 🟢)	0.444s	3	4.07x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	11.185s (-4.7%)	11.690s (-3.1%)	0.505s	3	4.44x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.295s (+7.4% 🔺)	13.050s (+4.7%)	0.755s	3	4.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.000s (-12.4% 🟢)	3.820s (-8.8% 🟢)	0.820s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.092s (-10.1% 🟢)	3.808s (-8.7% 🟢)	0.716s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.097s (-2.1%)	3.840s (~)	0.743s	8	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.140s (-3.3%)	1.003s (~)	0.017s (+1.2%)	1.027s (~)	0.887s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.181s (-1.8%)	0.993s (~)	0.016s (+3.1%)	1.024s (~)	0.843s	10	1.29x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.182s (+0.7%)	0.992s (~)	0.017s (+20.4% 🔺)	1.022s (~)	0.841s	10	1.30x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.728s (-36.7% 🟢)	1.052s (-44.4% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.115s (-44.8% 🟢)	0.386s	10	5.21x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.229s (+3.5%)	2.814s (-2.7%)	0.000s (NaN%)	3.015s (~)	0.786s	10	15.93x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.360s (+5.8% 🔺)	2.681s (-4.7%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	3.016s (~)	0.656s	10	16.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.000s (-5.0% 🟢)	3.370s (+1.4%)	0.422s (-56.6% 🟢)	4.274s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.274s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.082s (-2.6%)	3.404s (-2.7%)	0.537s (-48.3% 🟢)	4.415s (-13.5% 🟢)	1.334s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.103s (+2.9%)	3.165s (-2.8%)	0.534s (-24.3% 🟢)	4.387s (-2.5%)	1.283s	10	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7/8
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/8
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3/8

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)	💻 Local	8/8
Nitro	💻 Local	8/8

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workflow-nest	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am

1 Skipped Deployment

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
workflow-docs	Skipped		Jan 27, 2026 8:05am

[TooTallNate]

• Fix Nest workbench app build #865 👈 (View in Graphite)
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR fixes TypeScript compilation errors in the workbench example workflows that were preventing the Nest workbench app from building. The changes address two specific TypeScript errors by updating an import statement and adding a type annotation.

Changes:

• Updated OpenAI import from default to named export to match OpenAI SDK v6.x API
• Added explicit type annotation for promises array to fix TypeScript type inference issue

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 2 out of 2 changed files in this pull request and generated no comments.

File	Description
workbench/example/workflows/5_hooks.ts	Changed OpenAI import from default to named export to fix constructability error
workbench/example/workflows/97_bench.ts	Added explicit Promise<number>[] type annotation to promises array to fix type inference error

---

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[TooTallNate]

Fixes errors:

Error: ../example/workflows/5_hooks.ts(36,22): error TS2351: This expression is not constructable.
Type 'typeof import("/vercel/path0/node_modules/.pnpm/openai@6.1.0_ws@8.18.3_zod@4.1.11/node_modules/openai/index")' has no construct signatures.

Error: ../example/workflows/97_bench.ts(38,19): error TS2345: Argument of type 'Promise<number>' is not assignable to parameter of type 'never'.

This gets the app to build properly. Fails at runtime, but at least this could get current CI green.

[changeset-bot]

⚠️ No Changeset found

Latest commit: 7f87c82

Merging this PR will not cause a version bump for any packages. If these changes should not result in a new version, you're good to go. If these changes should result in a version bump, you need to add a changeset.

This PR includes no changesets

When changesets are added to this PR, you'll see the packages that this PR includes changesets for and the associated semver types

Click here to learn what changesets are, and how to add one.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add a changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	457	0	38	495
❌ 💻 Local Development	416	2	32	450
✅ 📦 Local Production	418	0	32	450
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	418	0	32	450
✅ 🪟 Windows	45	0	0	45
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	31	161	0	192
✅ 📋 Other	123	0	12	135
Total	1908	163	146	2217

❌ Failed Tests

💻 Local Development (2 failed)

astro-stable (2 failed):

• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace

🌍 Community Worlds (161 failed)

mongodb (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

redis (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

starter (41 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

turso (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• readableStreamWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• outputStreamWorkflow
• outputStreamInsideStepWorkflow - getWritable() called inside step functions
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	41	0	4
✅ example	41	0	4
✅ express	41	0	4
✅ fastify	41	0	4
✅ hono	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	44	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	44	0	1
✅ nitro	41	0	4
✅ nuxt	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit	41	0	4
✅ vite	41	0	4

❌ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
❌ astro-stable	39	2	4
✅ express-stable	41	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	4
✅ hono-stable	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	4
✅ vite-stable	41	0	4

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	4
✅ express-stable	41	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	4
✅ hono-stable	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	4
✅ vite-stable	41	0	4

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	4
✅ express-stable	41	0	4
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	4
✅ hono-stable	41	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	4
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	4
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	4
✅ vite-stable	41	0	4

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	45	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	5	40	0
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	5	40	0
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	4	41	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	5	40	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	41	0	4
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	41	0	4
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	41	0	4

---

📋 View full workflow run

---

❌ Some E2E test jobs failed:

• Vercel Prod: success
• Local Dev: failure
• Local Prod: success
• Local Postgres: success
• Windows: success

Check the workflow run for details.

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.040s (-9.1% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.977s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.964s	10	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	0.044s (-1.6%)	1.008s (~)	0.964s	10	1.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.132s (-33.4% 🟢)	1.021s (~)	0.889s	10	3.29x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.245s (+11.9% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.768s	10	6.11x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.266s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.014s (~)	0.749s	10	6.62x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.640s (-19.8% 🟢)	1.793s (+4.7%)	1.153s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.707s (-4.6%)	1.719s (-1.9%)	1.012s	10	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.883s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.805s (+0.6%)	0.921s	10	1.38x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.102s (+0.8%)	2.011s (~)	0.910s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.111s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.895s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.117s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.891s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.928s (-13.7% 🟢)	2.016s (-28.5% 🟢)	0.088s	10	1.75x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.128s (-4.2%)	3.015s (~)	0.887s	10	1.93x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.195s (-2.5%)	3.015s (~)	0.820s	10	1.99x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.862s (-3.2%)	3.680s (+0.8%)	0.818s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.924s (+2.8%)	3.775s (+1.5%)	0.851s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.970s (+5.5% 🔺)	3.837s (-1.2%)	0.867s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.714s (~)	11.018s (~)	0.304s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.827s (~)	11.014s (~)	0.187s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.838s (~)	11.016s (~)	0.177s	5	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.924s (-2.6%)	15.232s (-5.0% 🟢)	0.308s	5	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.435s (~)	21.034s (~)	0.599s	5	1.91x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.526s (~)	21.036s (~)	0.510s	5	1.92x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	22.518s (-1.8%)	23.412s (-0.9%)	0.894s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	23.046s (-3.2%)	23.861s (-2.6%)	0.815s	5	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	23.046s (-1.9%)	24.003s (~)	0.957s	5	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.355s (-2.5%)	2.012s (~)	0.657s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.402s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.604s	15	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.403s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.604s	15	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.834s (-19.7% 🟢)	2.016s (-29.2% 🟢)	0.182s	15	1.35x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.254s (-9.2% 🟢)	3.014s (~)	0.760s	10	1.66x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.393s (+5.1% 🔺)	3.014s (~)	0.621s	10	1.77x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.109s (-26.1% 🟢)	3.909s (-22.4% 🟢)	0.800s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.142s (-11.9% 🟢)	4.039s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.897s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.269s (+6.3% 🔺)	4.144s (+4.1%)	0.875s	8	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.419s (-1.6%)	3.194s (+2.0%)	0.776s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.515s (+2.2%)	3.023s (~)	0.507s	10	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.531s (~)	3.026s (~)	0.495s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	7.871s (-11.0% 🟢)	8.303s (-10.7% 🟢)	0.432s	4	3.25x
🐘 Postgres	Express	9.321s (+16.9% 🔺)	10.093s (+17.9% 🔺)	0.772s	3	3.85x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.346s (-8.6% 🟢)	11.025s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.679s	3	4.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.459s (-6.6% 🟢)	4.145s (-7.7% 🟢)	0.686s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.565s (-13.0% 🟢)	4.348s (-8.1% 🟢)	0.783s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.574s (+7.4% 🔺)	4.453s (~)	0.879s	7	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.401s (-0.7%)	2.011s (~)	0.609s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.423s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.583s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.425s (+0.7%)	2.006s (~)	0.581s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.955s (-6.5% 🟢)	2.513s (-6.2% 🟢)	0.558s	12	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.097s (+11.1% 🔺)	2.515s (+4.8%)	0.418s	12	1.50x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.128s (+3.6%)	2.511s (~)	0.383s	12	1.52x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.824s (-4.6%)	3.715s (-1.8%)	0.892s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.856s (+2.8%)	3.777s (-0.7%)	0.921s	9	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.938s (-5.4% 🟢)	3.790s (-4.2%)	0.852s	8	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	2.519s (-0.5%)	3.015s (~)	0.496s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.543s (~)	3.045s (~)	0.503s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.650s (-0.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.363s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.261s (-12.2% 🟢)	10.705s (-13.6% 🟢)	0.444s	3	4.07x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	11.185s (-4.7%)	11.690s (-3.1%)	0.505s	3	4.44x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.295s (+7.4% 🔺)	13.050s (+4.7%)	0.755s	3	4.88x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.000s (-12.4% 🟢)	3.820s (-8.8% 🟢)	0.820s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.092s (-10.1% 🟢)	3.808s (-8.7% 🟢)	0.716s	8	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.097s (-2.1%)	3.840s (~)	0.743s	8	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.140s (-3.3%)	1.003s (~)	0.017s (+1.2%)	1.027s (~)	0.887s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.181s (-1.8%)	0.993s (~)	0.016s (+3.1%)	1.024s (~)	0.843s	10	1.29x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.182s (+0.7%)	0.992s (~)	0.017s (+20.4% 🔺)	1.022s (~)	0.841s	10	1.30x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.728s (-36.7% 🟢)	1.052s (-44.4% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.115s (-44.8% 🟢)	0.386s	10	5.21x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.229s (+3.5%)	2.814s (-2.7%)	0.000s (NaN%)	3.015s (~)	0.786s	10	15.93x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.360s (+5.8% 🔺)	2.681s (-4.7%)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	3.016s (~)	0.656s	10	16.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.000s (-5.0% 🟢)	3.370s (+1.4%)	0.422s (-56.6% 🟢)	4.274s (-13.2% 🟢)	1.274s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.082s (-2.6%)	3.404s (-2.7%)	0.537s (-48.3% 🟢)	4.415s (-13.5% 🟢)	1.334s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.103s (+2.9%)	3.165s (-2.8%)	0.534s (-24.3% 🟢)	4.387s (-2.5%)	1.283s	10	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7/8
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/8
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3/8

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)	💻 Local	8/8
Nitro	💻 Local	8/8

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am
workflow-nest	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 27, 2026 8:05am

1 Skipped Deployment

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
workflow-docs	Skipped		Jan 27, 2026 8:05am

[TooTallNate]

• Fix Nest workbench app build #865 👈 (View in Graphite)
• main

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[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR fixes TypeScript compilation errors in the workbench example workflows that were preventing the Nest workbench app from building. The changes address two specific TypeScript errors by updating an import statement and adding a type annotation.

Changes:

• Updated OpenAI import from default to named export to match OpenAI SDK v6.x API
• Added explicit type annotation for promises array to fix TypeScript type inference issue

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 2 out of 2 changed files in this pull request and generated no comments.

File	Description
workbench/example/workflows/5_hooks.ts	Changed OpenAI import from default to named export to fix constructability error
workbench/example/workflows/97_bench.ts	Added explicit Promise<number>[] type annotation to promises array to fix type inference error

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