Add lazy workflow/step discovery via deferredEntries in next

[ijjk]

This is a revival of #640 which hooks into a new experimental feature I added in Next.js called deferredEntries and onBeforeDeferredEntries (vercel/next.js#88347).

That feature allows us to bring back lazy discovery as it avoids the race conditions and hacky promise locking in the loader approach we previously tried.

In a follow-up PR we will also update to no longer use esbuild for stepsbundling at all which will fix cases like this #766.

The eager discovery approach is still needed for older Next.js versions that don't have the deferredEntries feature.

x-ref: #523
x-ref: #469
x-ref: #691

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: f651f1b

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 14 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workflow-nest	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	490	0	38	528
✅ 💻 Local Development	418	0	62	480
✅ 📦 Local Production	418	0	62	480
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	418	0	62	480
✅ 🪟 Windows	45	0	3	48
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	106	41	9	156
✅ 📋 Other	123	0	21	144
Total	2018	41	257	2316

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (41 failed)

turso (41 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	44	0	4
✅ example	44	0	4
✅ express	44	0	4
✅ fastify	44	0	4
✅ hono	44	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	47	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	47	0	1
✅ nitro	44	0	4
✅ nuxt	44	0	4
✅ sveltekit	44	0	4
✅ vite	44	0	4

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	45	0	3

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
✅ mongodb	45	0	3
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
✅ redis	45	0	3
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	4	41	3

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	41	0	7

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.033s (-11.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.973s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.034s (+5.2% 🔺)	1.005s (~)	0.971s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.046s	1.005s	0.959s	10	1.41x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.049s	1.005s	0.956s	10	1.49x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.093s	1.007s	0.914s	10	2.86x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.136s (-57.7% 🟢)	1.009s (~)	0.873s	10	4.18x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.159s (+49.4% 🔺)	1.011s (~)	0.851s	10	4.88x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.367s	1.009s	0.642s	10	11.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.910s (-12.8% 🟢)	2.569s (-9.1% 🟢)	1.659s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.943s (+9.1% 🔺)	2.639s (+15.2% 🔺)	1.696s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.959s (+15.4% 🔺)	2.736s (+16.5% 🔺)	1.776s	10	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.100s	2.006s	0.906s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.105s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.901s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.106s	2.005s	0.899s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.112s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.893s	10	1.01x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.320s	2.008s	0.688s	10	1.20x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.095s	2.713s	0.618s	10	1.90x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.328s (-6.5% 🟢)	3.014s (~)	0.686s	10	2.12x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.363s (-2.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.650s	10	2.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.755s (+4.1%)	4.176s (+8.4% 🔺)	1.421s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.805s (+1.7%)	3.921s (+4.9%)	1.115s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.817s (~)	4.149s (+3.1%)	1.332s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.707s	11.023s	0.316s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.749s	11.023s	0.274s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.831s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.191s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.875s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.149s	3	1.02x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.278s	13.021s	0.743s	3	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.382s	16.043s	0.661s	2	1.44x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.372s (~)	21.056s (~)	0.684s	2	1.90x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.416s (~)	21.056s (~)	0.640s	2	1.91x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	20.990s (+6.8% 🔺)	22.238s (+5.5% 🔺)	1.248s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	21.200s (+6.3% 🔺)	22.482s (+7.9% 🔺)	1.282s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	21.593s (+10.1% 🔺)	23.061s (+7.8% 🔺)	1.467s	2	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	26.897s	27.051s	0.154s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	27.222s	28.054s	0.833s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	27.441s (~)	28.052s (~)	0.611s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	27.617s (~)	28.054s (~)	0.437s	3	1.03x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	30.499s	31.040s	0.541s	2	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	38.181s (-24.1% 🟢)	38.592s (-24.5% 🟢)	0.411s	2	1.42x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	41.733s	42.105s	0.372s	2	1.55x
🐘 Postgres	Express	50.181s (~)	51.129s (+1.0%)	0.948s	2	1.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	55.943s (+10.2% 🔺)	56.818s (+8.5% 🔺)	0.875s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	58.693s (+14.5% 🔺)	60.851s (+15.8% 🔺)	2.158s	1	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	59.361s (+21.8% 🔺)	60.562s (+21.8% 🔺)	1.201s	1	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	54.388s	55.098s	0.711s	2	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	56.733s	57.105s	0.372s	2	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	57.111s (~)	57.601s (+0.9%)	0.490s	2	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	57.432s (+0.5%)	58.106s (~)	0.673s	2	1.06x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	61.467s	62.084s	0.617s	2	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	75.350s (-24.8% 🟢)	76.169s (-24.0% 🟢)	0.819s	2	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	100.193s	100.232s	0.039s	1	1.84x
🐘 Postgres	Express	100.327s (+33.2% 🔺)	101.242s (+32.9% 🔺)	0.915s	1	1.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	115.101s (+11.6% 🔺)	116.281s (+11.0% 🔺)	1.180s	1	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	115.237s (+9.2% 🔺)	117.235s (+9.9% 🔺)	1.998s	1	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	118.912s (+9.6% 🔺)	119.670s (+8.2% 🔺)	0.758s	1	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.273s	2.006s	0.733s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.396s	2.005s	0.610s	15	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.400s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.605s	15	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.412s (+1.2%)	2.006s (~)	0.594s	15	1.11x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.167s	3.009s	0.842s	10	1.70x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.312s	3.013s	0.702s	10	1.82x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.363s (+20.3% 🔺)	3.013s (+31.2% 🔺)	0.650s	10	1.86x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.375s (+4.5%)	2.921s (-3.1%)	0.546s	11	1.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.358s (+19.0% 🔺)	4.902s (+26.6% 🔺)	1.544s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.375s (+11.6% 🔺)	4.896s (+15.2% 🔺)	1.521s	7	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.960s (+50.1% 🔺)	6.334s (+35.8% 🔺)	1.373s	5	1.48x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.439s	3.009s	0.569s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.485s	3.008s	0.523s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.566s (+3.2%)	3.007s (~)	0.442s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	2.611s (+4.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.398s	10	1.07x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.784s	5.179s	0.395s	6	1.96x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	8.777s (-2.0%)	9.280s (-2.7%)	0.502s	4	3.60x
🐘 Postgres	Express	9.033s (-9.1% 🟢)	9.528s (-7.3% 🟢)	0.495s	4	3.70x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.976s	12.370s	0.394s	3	4.91x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.035s (+10.6% 🔺)	6.061s (+27.6% 🔺)	2.026s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.049s (+76.9% 🔺)	7.180s (+45.8% 🔺)	1.131s	5	1.50x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	11.916s (-23.0% 🟢)	13.328s (-19.4% 🟢)	1.413s	5	2.95x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.047s	4.582s	0.535s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.150s (+2.5%)	8.023s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.873s	4	1.77x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.273s	7.766s	0.493s	4	1.80x
💻 Local	Express	7.335s (+1.2%)	8.020s (~)	0.685s	4	1.81x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.922s	10.351s	0.429s	3	2.45x
🐘 Postgres	Express	49.130s (-4.4%)	50.130s (-3.8%)	1.000s	1	12.14x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	51.672s (+12.7% 🔺)	52.142s (+13.0% 🔺)	0.470s	1	12.77x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	53.529s	54.133s	0.604s	1	13.23x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.102s (+55.6% 🔺)	6.417s (+48.8% 🔺)	1.315s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.971s (+32.8% 🔺)	7.046s (+11.6% 🔺)	1.075s	5	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.645s (+64.8% 🔺)	8.284s (+48.9% 🔺)	1.639s	4	1.30x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.274s	2.006s	0.732s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.417s	2.005s	0.588s	15	1.11x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.424s (-1.4%)	2.005s (~)	0.581s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Express	1.437s (+0.7%)	2.005s (~)	0.568s	15	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.081s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.833s (+12.8% 🔺)	0.752s	11	1.63x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.104s (-1.6%)	2.831s (+12.7% 🔺)	0.726s	11	1.65x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.146s	2.743s	0.597s	11	1.68x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.147s	3.008s	0.861s	10	1.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.288s (+2.7%)	5.009s (+15.8% 🔺)	1.721s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.551s (+74.2% 🔺)	7.000s (+50.4% 🔺)	1.449s	5	1.69x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.537s (+104.4% 🔺)	8.017s (+79.6% 🔺)	1.480s	4	1.99x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.498s	3.008s	0.509s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.662s (+0.9%)	3.007s (~)	0.346s	10	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.727s	3.110s	0.384s	10	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	2.742s (+3.1%)	3.008s (~)	0.266s	10	1.10x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.785s	5.177s	0.392s	6	1.92x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.405s (-7.5% 🟢)	11.032s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.627s	3	4.16x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.466s (-13.4% 🟢)	11.029s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.563s	3	4.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.867s	13.369s	0.502s	3	5.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.120s (+2.1%)	4.434s (+3.3%)	1.314s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.188s (-2.3%)	4.402s (-1.6%)	1.213s	7	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.371s (+42.1% 🔺)	6.065s (+40.4% 🔺)	1.695s	5	1.40x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.081s	4.726s	0.645s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.864s (+2.4%)	8.019s (~)	0.155s	4	1.93x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.450s	9.021s	0.571s	4	2.07x
💻 Local	Express	8.467s (+10.3% 🔺)	9.025s (+12.6% 🔺)	0.558s	4	2.07x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.945s	10.686s	0.741s	3	2.44x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	51.506s (+1.7%)	52.117s (+1.9%)	0.611s	1	12.62x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	51.819s	52.123s	0.304s	1	12.70x
🐘 Postgres	Express	52.330s (~)	53.118s (~)	0.788s	1	12.82x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.906s (+12.3% 🔺)	5.790s (+18.9% 🔺)	1.884s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.247s (-2.4%)	5.769s (~)	1.521s	6	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.724s (+54.5% 🔺)	7.023s (+39.4% 🔺)	1.298s	5	1.47x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.143s	1.000s	0.001s	1.007s	0.864s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.155s	1.000s	0.010s	1.014s	0.859s	10	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.172s (+2.8%)	1.003s (~)	0.010s (+1.0%)	1.015s (~)	0.843s	10	1.20x
💻 Local	Express	0.180s (+4.2%)	1.003s (~)	0.010s (-3.8%)	1.016s (~)	0.836s	10	1.26x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.506s	0.945s	0.001s	1.009s	0.503s	10	3.53x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.321s	1.723s	0.001s	2.012s	0.691s	10	9.22x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.401s (-39.9% 🟢)	1.639s (-39.5% 🟢)	0.001s (~)	2.013s (-33.2% 🟢)	0.612s	10	9.78x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.434s (+67.3% 🔺)	2.607s (+56.8% 🔺)	0.001s (~)	3.013s (+49.8% 🔺)	0.579s	10	17.00x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.106s (+15.8% 🔺)	3.562s (+9.4% 🔺)	0.297s (+11.5% 🔺)	4.689s (+8.1% 🔺)	1.582s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.368s (+27.1% 🔺)	4.238s (+36.8% 🔺)	0.290s (+72.7% 🔺)	5.515s (+35.3% 🔺)	2.147s	10	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.522s (+15.4% 🔺)	4.198s (+16.3% 🔺)	0.311s (+95.0% 🔺)	5.505s (+22.9% 🔺)	1.983s	10	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7/12
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	6/12
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/12

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	10/12
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	10/12
Nitro	💻 Local	10/12

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[pranaygp]

Review: Add lazy workflow/step discovery via deferredEntries in next (#976)

This PR splits the existing NextBuilder into two strategies:

• Eager builder (builder-eager.ts): The original pre-discovery approach (watchpack-based file watching)
• Deferred builder (builder-deferred.ts): New lazy discovery via Next.js deferredEntries experimental API + TCP socket communication between loader and builder

The version gate is 16.2.0-canary.30. Overall the architecture is sound - the socket-based discovery channel is well-authenticated and the deferred build queue properly serializes concurrent invocations. Several observations and questions below.

Architecture Observations

1. Builder refactoring is clean: The eager builder is a direct extract of the original code. The deferred builder introduces a fundamentally different lifecycle where build() only writes stubs and starts the socket server, and actual compilation happens lazily via onBeforeDeferredEntries().

2. Socket security is reasonable: localhost-only binding + random auth token + message preamble is adequate for local IPC.

3. Build signature deduplication is smart: Using file size + mtime hash to avoid redundant builds is a good optimization.

Issues & Questions

See inline comments for specifics.

[ijjk]

This is a revival of #640 which hooks into a new experimental feature I added in Next.js called deferredEntries and onBeforeDeferredEntries (vercel/next.js#88347).

That feature allows us to bring back lazy discovery as it avoids the race conditions and hacky promise locking in the loader approach we previously tried.

In a follow-up PR we will also update to no longer use esbuild for stepsbundling at all which will fix cases like this #766.

The eager discovery approach is still needed for older Next.js versions that don't have the deferredEntries feature.

x-ref: #523
x-ref: #469
x-ref: #691

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: f651f1b

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 14 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workflow-nest	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	490	0	38	528
✅ 💻 Local Development	418	0	62	480
✅ 📦 Local Production	418	0	62	480
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	418	0	62	480
✅ 🪟 Windows	45	0	3	48
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	106	41	9	156
✅ 📋 Other	123	0	21	144
Total	2018	41	257	2316

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (41 failed)

turso (41 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	44	0	4
✅ example	44	0	4
✅ express	44	0	4
✅ fastify	44	0	4
✅ hono	44	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	47	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	47	0	1
✅ nitro	44	0	4
✅ nuxt	44	0	4
✅ sveltekit	44	0	4
✅ vite	44	0	4

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	45	0	3

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
✅ mongodb	45	0	3
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
✅ redis	45	0	3
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	4	41	3

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	41	0	7

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.033s (-11.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.973s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.034s (+5.2% 🔺)	1.005s (~)	0.971s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.046s	1.005s	0.959s	10	1.41x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.049s	1.005s	0.956s	10	1.49x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.093s	1.007s	0.914s	10	2.86x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.136s (-57.7% 🟢)	1.009s (~)	0.873s	10	4.18x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.159s (+49.4% 🔺)	1.011s (~)	0.851s	10	4.88x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.367s	1.009s	0.642s	10	11.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.910s (-12.8% 🟢)	2.569s (-9.1% 🟢)	1.659s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.943s (+9.1% 🔺)	2.639s (+15.2% 🔺)	1.696s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.959s (+15.4% 🔺)	2.736s (+16.5% 🔺)	1.776s	10	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.100s	2.006s	0.906s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.105s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.901s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.106s	2.005s	0.899s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.112s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.893s	10	1.01x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.320s	2.008s	0.688s	10	1.20x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.095s	2.713s	0.618s	10	1.90x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.328s (-6.5% 🟢)	3.014s (~)	0.686s	10	2.12x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.363s (-2.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.650s	10	2.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.755s (+4.1%)	4.176s (+8.4% 🔺)	1.421s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.805s (+1.7%)	3.921s (+4.9%)	1.115s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.817s (~)	4.149s (+3.1%)	1.332s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.707s	11.023s	0.316s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.749s	11.023s	0.274s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.831s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.191s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.875s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.149s	3	1.02x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.278s	13.021s	0.743s	3	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.382s	16.043s	0.661s	2	1.44x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.372s (~)	21.056s (~)	0.684s	2	1.90x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.416s (~)	21.056s (~)	0.640s	2	1.91x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	20.990s (+6.8% 🔺)	22.238s (+5.5% 🔺)	1.248s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	21.200s (+6.3% 🔺)	22.482s (+7.9% 🔺)	1.282s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	21.593s (+10.1% 🔺)	23.061s (+7.8% 🔺)	1.467s	2	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	26.897s	27.051s	0.154s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	27.222s	28.054s	0.833s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	27.441s (~)	28.052s (~)	0.611s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	27.617s (~)	28.054s (~)	0.437s	3	1.03x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	30.499s	31.040s	0.541s	2	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	38.181s (-24.1% 🟢)	38.592s (-24.5% 🟢)	0.411s	2	1.42x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	41.733s	42.105s	0.372s	2	1.55x
🐘 Postgres	Express	50.181s (~)	51.129s (+1.0%)	0.948s	2	1.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	55.943s (+10.2% 🔺)	56.818s (+8.5% 🔺)	0.875s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	58.693s (+14.5% 🔺)	60.851s (+15.8% 🔺)	2.158s	1	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	59.361s (+21.8% 🔺)	60.562s (+21.8% 🔺)	1.201s	1	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	54.388s	55.098s	0.711s	2	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	56.733s	57.105s	0.372s	2	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	57.111s (~)	57.601s (+0.9%)	0.490s	2	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	57.432s (+0.5%)	58.106s (~)	0.673s	2	1.06x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	61.467s	62.084s	0.617s	2	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	75.350s (-24.8% 🟢)	76.169s (-24.0% 🟢)	0.819s	2	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	100.193s	100.232s	0.039s	1	1.84x
🐘 Postgres	Express	100.327s (+33.2% 🔺)	101.242s (+32.9% 🔺)	0.915s	1	1.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	115.101s (+11.6% 🔺)	116.281s (+11.0% 🔺)	1.180s	1	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	115.237s (+9.2% 🔺)	117.235s (+9.9% 🔺)	1.998s	1	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	118.912s (+9.6% 🔺)	119.670s (+8.2% 🔺)	0.758s	1	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.273s	2.006s	0.733s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.396s	2.005s	0.610s	15	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.400s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.605s	15	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.412s (+1.2%)	2.006s (~)	0.594s	15	1.11x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.167s	3.009s	0.842s	10	1.70x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.312s	3.013s	0.702s	10	1.82x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.363s (+20.3% 🔺)	3.013s (+31.2% 🔺)	0.650s	10	1.86x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.375s (+4.5%)	2.921s (-3.1%)	0.546s	11	1.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.358s (+19.0% 🔺)	4.902s (+26.6% 🔺)	1.544s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.375s (+11.6% 🔺)	4.896s (+15.2% 🔺)	1.521s	7	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.960s (+50.1% 🔺)	6.334s (+35.8% 🔺)	1.373s	5	1.48x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.439s	3.009s	0.569s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.485s	3.008s	0.523s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.566s (+3.2%)	3.007s (~)	0.442s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	2.611s (+4.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.398s	10	1.07x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.784s	5.179s	0.395s	6	1.96x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	8.777s (-2.0%)	9.280s (-2.7%)	0.502s	4	3.60x
🐘 Postgres	Express	9.033s (-9.1% 🟢)	9.528s (-7.3% 🟢)	0.495s	4	3.70x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.976s	12.370s	0.394s	3	4.91x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.035s (+10.6% 🔺)	6.061s (+27.6% 🔺)	2.026s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.049s (+76.9% 🔺)	7.180s (+45.8% 🔺)	1.131s	5	1.50x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	11.916s (-23.0% 🟢)	13.328s (-19.4% 🟢)	1.413s	5	2.95x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.047s	4.582s	0.535s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.150s (+2.5%)	8.023s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.873s	4	1.77x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.273s	7.766s	0.493s	4	1.80x
💻 Local	Express	7.335s (+1.2%)	8.020s (~)	0.685s	4	1.81x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.922s	10.351s	0.429s	3	2.45x
🐘 Postgres	Express	49.130s (-4.4%)	50.130s (-3.8%)	1.000s	1	12.14x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	51.672s (+12.7% 🔺)	52.142s (+13.0% 🔺)	0.470s	1	12.77x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	53.529s	54.133s	0.604s	1	13.23x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.102s (+55.6% 🔺)	6.417s (+48.8% 🔺)	1.315s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.971s (+32.8% 🔺)	7.046s (+11.6% 🔺)	1.075s	5	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.645s (+64.8% 🔺)	8.284s (+48.9% 🔺)	1.639s	4	1.30x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.274s	2.006s	0.732s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.417s	2.005s	0.588s	15	1.11x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.424s (-1.4%)	2.005s (~)	0.581s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Express	1.437s (+0.7%)	2.005s (~)	0.568s	15	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.081s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.833s (+12.8% 🔺)	0.752s	11	1.63x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.104s (-1.6%)	2.831s (+12.7% 🔺)	0.726s	11	1.65x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.146s	2.743s	0.597s	11	1.68x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.147s	3.008s	0.861s	10	1.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.288s (+2.7%)	5.009s (+15.8% 🔺)	1.721s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.551s (+74.2% 🔺)	7.000s (+50.4% 🔺)	1.449s	5	1.69x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.537s (+104.4% 🔺)	8.017s (+79.6% 🔺)	1.480s	4	1.99x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.498s	3.008s	0.509s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.662s (+0.9%)	3.007s (~)	0.346s	10	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.727s	3.110s	0.384s	10	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	2.742s (+3.1%)	3.008s (~)	0.266s	10	1.10x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.785s	5.177s	0.392s	6	1.92x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.405s (-7.5% 🟢)	11.032s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.627s	3	4.16x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.466s (-13.4% 🟢)	11.029s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.563s	3	4.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.867s	13.369s	0.502s	3	5.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.120s (+2.1%)	4.434s (+3.3%)	1.314s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.188s (-2.3%)	4.402s (-1.6%)	1.213s	7	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.371s (+42.1% 🔺)	6.065s (+40.4% 🔺)	1.695s	5	1.40x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.081s	4.726s	0.645s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.864s (+2.4%)	8.019s (~)	0.155s	4	1.93x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.450s	9.021s	0.571s	4	2.07x
💻 Local	Express	8.467s (+10.3% 🔺)	9.025s (+12.6% 🔺)	0.558s	4	2.07x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.945s	10.686s	0.741s	3	2.44x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	51.506s (+1.7%)	52.117s (+1.9%)	0.611s	1	12.62x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	51.819s	52.123s	0.304s	1	12.70x
🐘 Postgres	Express	52.330s (~)	53.118s (~)	0.788s	1	12.82x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.906s (+12.3% 🔺)	5.790s (+18.9% 🔺)	1.884s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.247s (-2.4%)	5.769s (~)	1.521s	6	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.724s (+54.5% 🔺)	7.023s (+39.4% 🔺)	1.298s	5	1.47x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.143s	1.000s	0.001s	1.007s	0.864s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.155s	1.000s	0.010s	1.014s	0.859s	10	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.172s (+2.8%)	1.003s (~)	0.010s (+1.0%)	1.015s (~)	0.843s	10	1.20x
💻 Local	Express	0.180s (+4.2%)	1.003s (~)	0.010s (-3.8%)	1.016s (~)	0.836s	10	1.26x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.506s	0.945s	0.001s	1.009s	0.503s	10	3.53x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.321s	1.723s	0.001s	2.012s	0.691s	10	9.22x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.401s (-39.9% 🟢)	1.639s (-39.5% 🟢)	0.001s (~)	2.013s (-33.2% 🟢)	0.612s	10	9.78x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.434s (+67.3% 🔺)	2.607s (+56.8% 🔺)	0.001s (~)	3.013s (+49.8% 🔺)	0.579s	10	17.00x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.106s (+15.8% 🔺)	3.562s (+9.4% 🔺)	0.297s (+11.5% 🔺)	4.689s (+8.1% 🔺)	1.582s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.368s (+27.1% 🔺)	4.238s (+36.8% 🔺)	0.290s (+72.7% 🔺)	5.515s (+35.3% 🔺)	2.147s	10	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.522s (+15.4% 🔺)	4.198s (+16.3% 🔺)	0.311s (+95.0% 🔺)	5.505s (+22.9% 🔺)	1.983s	10	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7/12
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	6/12
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/12

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	10/12
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	10/12
Nitro	💻 Local	10/12

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[pranaygp]

Review: Add lazy workflow/step discovery via deferredEntries in next (#976)

This PR splits the existing NextBuilder into two strategies:

• Eager builder (builder-eager.ts): The original pre-discovery approach (watchpack-based file watching)
• Deferred builder (builder-deferred.ts): New lazy discovery via Next.js deferredEntries experimental API + TCP socket communication between loader and builder

The version gate is 16.2.0-canary.30. Overall the architecture is sound - the socket-based discovery channel is well-authenticated and the deferred build queue properly serializes concurrent invocations. Several observations and questions below.

Architecture Observations

1. Builder refactoring is clean: The eager builder is a direct extract of the original code. The deferred builder introduces a fundamentally different lifecycle where build() only writes stubs and starts the socket server, and actual compilation happens lazily via onBeforeDeferredEntries().

2. Socket security is reasonable: localhost-only binding + random auth token + message preamble is adequate for local IPC.

3. Build signature deduplication is smart: Using file size + mtime hash to avoid redundant builds is a good optimization.

Issues & Questions

See inline comments for specifics.

[ijjk]

This is a revival of #640 which hooks into a new experimental feature I added in Next.js called deferredEntries and onBeforeDeferredEntries (vercel/next.js#88347).

That feature allows us to bring back lazy discovery as it avoids the race conditions and hacky promise locking in the loader approach we previously tried.

In a follow-up PR we will also update to no longer use esbuild for stepsbundling at all which will fix cases like this #766.

The eager discovery approach is still needed for older Next.js versions that don't have the deferredEntries feature.

x-ref: #523
x-ref: #469
x-ref: #691

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: f651f1b

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 14 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workflow-nest	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	490	0	38	528
✅ 💻 Local Development	418	0	62	480
✅ 📦 Local Production	418	0	62	480
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	418	0	62	480
✅ 🪟 Windows	45	0	3	48
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	106	41	9	156
✅ 📋 Other	123	0	21	144
Total	2018	41	257	2316

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (41 failed)

turso (41 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	44	0	4
✅ example	44	0	4
✅ express	44	0	4
✅ fastify	44	0	4
✅ hono	44	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	47	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	47	0	1
✅ nitro	44	0	4
✅ nuxt	44	0	4
✅ sveltekit	44	0	4
✅ vite	44	0	4

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	45	0	3

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
✅ mongodb	45	0	3
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
✅ redis	45	0	3
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	4	41	3

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	41	0	7

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.033s (-11.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.973s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.034s (+5.2% 🔺)	1.005s (~)	0.971s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.046s	1.005s	0.959s	10	1.41x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.049s	1.005s	0.956s	10	1.49x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.093s	1.007s	0.914s	10	2.86x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.136s (-57.7% 🟢)	1.009s (~)	0.873s	10	4.18x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.159s (+49.4% 🔺)	1.011s (~)	0.851s	10	4.88x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.367s	1.009s	0.642s	10	11.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.910s (-12.8% 🟢)	2.569s (-9.1% 🟢)	1.659s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.943s (+9.1% 🔺)	2.639s (+15.2% 🔺)	1.696s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.959s (+15.4% 🔺)	2.736s (+16.5% 🔺)	1.776s	10	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.100s	2.006s	0.906s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.105s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.901s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.106s	2.005s	0.899s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.112s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.893s	10	1.01x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.320s	2.008s	0.688s	10	1.20x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.095s	2.713s	0.618s	10	1.90x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.328s (-6.5% 🟢)	3.014s (~)	0.686s	10	2.12x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.363s (-2.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.650s	10	2.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.755s (+4.1%)	4.176s (+8.4% 🔺)	1.421s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.805s (+1.7%)	3.921s (+4.9%)	1.115s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.817s (~)	4.149s (+3.1%)	1.332s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.707s	11.023s	0.316s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.749s	11.023s	0.274s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.831s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.191s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.875s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.149s	3	1.02x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.278s	13.021s	0.743s	3	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.382s	16.043s	0.661s	2	1.44x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.372s (~)	21.056s (~)	0.684s	2	1.90x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.416s (~)	21.056s (~)	0.640s	2	1.91x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	20.990s (+6.8% 🔺)	22.238s (+5.5% 🔺)	1.248s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	21.200s (+6.3% 🔺)	22.482s (+7.9% 🔺)	1.282s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	21.593s (+10.1% 🔺)	23.061s (+7.8% 🔺)	1.467s	2	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	26.897s	27.051s	0.154s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	27.222s	28.054s	0.833s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	27.441s (~)	28.052s (~)	0.611s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	27.617s (~)	28.054s (~)	0.437s	3	1.03x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	30.499s	31.040s	0.541s	2	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	38.181s (-24.1% 🟢)	38.592s (-24.5% 🟢)	0.411s	2	1.42x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	41.733s	42.105s	0.372s	2	1.55x
🐘 Postgres	Express	50.181s (~)	51.129s (+1.0%)	0.948s	2	1.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	55.943s (+10.2% 🔺)	56.818s (+8.5% 🔺)	0.875s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	58.693s (+14.5% 🔺)	60.851s (+15.8% 🔺)	2.158s	1	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	59.361s (+21.8% 🔺)	60.562s (+21.8% 🔺)	1.201s	1	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	54.388s	55.098s	0.711s	2	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	56.733s	57.105s	0.372s	2	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	57.111s (~)	57.601s (+0.9%)	0.490s	2	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	57.432s (+0.5%)	58.106s (~)	0.673s	2	1.06x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	61.467s	62.084s	0.617s	2	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	75.350s (-24.8% 🟢)	76.169s (-24.0% 🟢)	0.819s	2	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	100.193s	100.232s	0.039s	1	1.84x
🐘 Postgres	Express	100.327s (+33.2% 🔺)	101.242s (+32.9% 🔺)	0.915s	1	1.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	115.101s (+11.6% 🔺)	116.281s (+11.0% 🔺)	1.180s	1	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	115.237s (+9.2% 🔺)	117.235s (+9.9% 🔺)	1.998s	1	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	118.912s (+9.6% 🔺)	119.670s (+8.2% 🔺)	0.758s	1	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.273s	2.006s	0.733s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.396s	2.005s	0.610s	15	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.400s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.605s	15	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.412s (+1.2%)	2.006s (~)	0.594s	15	1.11x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.167s	3.009s	0.842s	10	1.70x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.312s	3.013s	0.702s	10	1.82x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.363s (+20.3% 🔺)	3.013s (+31.2% 🔺)	0.650s	10	1.86x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.375s (+4.5%)	2.921s (-3.1%)	0.546s	11	1.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.358s (+19.0% 🔺)	4.902s (+26.6% 🔺)	1.544s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.375s (+11.6% 🔺)	4.896s (+15.2% 🔺)	1.521s	7	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.960s (+50.1% 🔺)	6.334s (+35.8% 🔺)	1.373s	5	1.48x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.439s	3.009s	0.569s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.485s	3.008s	0.523s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.566s (+3.2%)	3.007s (~)	0.442s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	2.611s (+4.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.398s	10	1.07x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.784s	5.179s	0.395s	6	1.96x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	8.777s (-2.0%)	9.280s (-2.7%)	0.502s	4	3.60x
🐘 Postgres	Express	9.033s (-9.1% 🟢)	9.528s (-7.3% 🟢)	0.495s	4	3.70x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.976s	12.370s	0.394s	3	4.91x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.035s (+10.6% 🔺)	6.061s (+27.6% 🔺)	2.026s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.049s (+76.9% 🔺)	7.180s (+45.8% 🔺)	1.131s	5	1.50x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	11.916s (-23.0% 🟢)	13.328s (-19.4% 🟢)	1.413s	5	2.95x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.047s	4.582s	0.535s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.150s (+2.5%)	8.023s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.873s	4	1.77x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.273s	7.766s	0.493s	4	1.80x
💻 Local	Express	7.335s (+1.2%)	8.020s (~)	0.685s	4	1.81x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.922s	10.351s	0.429s	3	2.45x
🐘 Postgres	Express	49.130s (-4.4%)	50.130s (-3.8%)	1.000s	1	12.14x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	51.672s (+12.7% 🔺)	52.142s (+13.0% 🔺)	0.470s	1	12.77x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	53.529s	54.133s	0.604s	1	13.23x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.102s (+55.6% 🔺)	6.417s (+48.8% 🔺)	1.315s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.971s (+32.8% 🔺)	7.046s (+11.6% 🔺)	1.075s	5	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.645s (+64.8% 🔺)	8.284s (+48.9% 🔺)	1.639s	4	1.30x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.274s	2.006s	0.732s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.417s	2.005s	0.588s	15	1.11x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.424s (-1.4%)	2.005s (~)	0.581s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Express	1.437s (+0.7%)	2.005s (~)	0.568s	15	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.081s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.833s (+12.8% 🔺)	0.752s	11	1.63x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.104s (-1.6%)	2.831s (+12.7% 🔺)	0.726s	11	1.65x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.146s	2.743s	0.597s	11	1.68x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.147s	3.008s	0.861s	10	1.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.288s (+2.7%)	5.009s (+15.8% 🔺)	1.721s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.551s (+74.2% 🔺)	7.000s (+50.4% 🔺)	1.449s	5	1.69x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.537s (+104.4% 🔺)	8.017s (+79.6% 🔺)	1.480s	4	1.99x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.498s	3.008s	0.509s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.662s (+0.9%)	3.007s (~)	0.346s	10	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.727s	3.110s	0.384s	10	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	2.742s (+3.1%)	3.008s (~)	0.266s	10	1.10x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.785s	5.177s	0.392s	6	1.92x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.405s (-7.5% 🟢)	11.032s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.627s	3	4.16x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.466s (-13.4% 🟢)	11.029s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.563s	3	4.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.867s	13.369s	0.502s	3	5.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.120s (+2.1%)	4.434s (+3.3%)	1.314s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.188s (-2.3%)	4.402s (-1.6%)	1.213s	7	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.371s (+42.1% 🔺)	6.065s (+40.4% 🔺)	1.695s	5	1.40x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.081s	4.726s	0.645s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.864s (+2.4%)	8.019s (~)	0.155s	4	1.93x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.450s	9.021s	0.571s	4	2.07x
💻 Local	Express	8.467s (+10.3% 🔺)	9.025s (+12.6% 🔺)	0.558s	4	2.07x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.945s	10.686s	0.741s	3	2.44x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	51.506s (+1.7%)	52.117s (+1.9%)	0.611s	1	12.62x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	51.819s	52.123s	0.304s	1	12.70x
🐘 Postgres	Express	52.330s (~)	53.118s (~)	0.788s	1	12.82x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.906s (+12.3% 🔺)	5.790s (+18.9% 🔺)	1.884s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.247s (-2.4%)	5.769s (~)	1.521s	6	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.724s (+54.5% 🔺)	7.023s (+39.4% 🔺)	1.298s	5	1.47x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.143s	1.000s	0.001s	1.007s	0.864s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.155s	1.000s	0.010s	1.014s	0.859s	10	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.172s (+2.8%)	1.003s (~)	0.010s (+1.0%)	1.015s (~)	0.843s	10	1.20x
💻 Local	Express	0.180s (+4.2%)	1.003s (~)	0.010s (-3.8%)	1.016s (~)	0.836s	10	1.26x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.506s	0.945s	0.001s	1.009s	0.503s	10	3.53x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.321s	1.723s	0.001s	2.012s	0.691s	10	9.22x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.401s (-39.9% 🟢)	1.639s (-39.5% 🟢)	0.001s (~)	2.013s (-33.2% 🟢)	0.612s	10	9.78x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.434s (+67.3% 🔺)	2.607s (+56.8% 🔺)	0.001s (~)	3.013s (+49.8% 🔺)	0.579s	10	17.00x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.106s (+15.8% 🔺)	3.562s (+9.4% 🔺)	0.297s (+11.5% 🔺)	4.689s (+8.1% 🔺)	1.582s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.368s (+27.1% 🔺)	4.238s (+36.8% 🔺)	0.290s (+72.7% 🔺)	5.515s (+35.3% 🔺)	2.147s	10	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.522s (+15.4% 🔺)	4.198s (+16.3% 🔺)	0.311s (+95.0% 🔺)	5.505s (+22.9% 🔺)	1.983s	10	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7/12
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	6/12
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/12

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	10/12
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	10/12
Nitro	💻 Local	10/12

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[pranaygp]

Review: Add lazy workflow/step discovery via deferredEntries in next (#976)

This PR splits the existing NextBuilder into two strategies:

• Eager builder (builder-eager.ts): The original pre-discovery approach (watchpack-based file watching)
• Deferred builder (builder-deferred.ts): New lazy discovery via Next.js deferredEntries experimental API + TCP socket communication between loader and builder

The version gate is 16.2.0-canary.30. Overall the architecture is sound - the socket-based discovery channel is well-authenticated and the deferred build queue properly serializes concurrent invocations. Several observations and questions below.

Architecture Observations

1. Builder refactoring is clean: The eager builder is a direct extract of the original code. The deferred builder introduces a fundamentally different lifecycle where build() only writes stubs and starts the socket server, and actual compilation happens lazily via onBeforeDeferredEntries().

2. Socket security is reasonable: localhost-only binding + random auth token + message preamble is adequate for local IPC.

3. Build signature deduplication is smart: Using file size + mtime hash to avoid redundant builds is a good optimization.

Issues & Questions

See inline comments for specifics.

[ijjk]

This is a revival of #640 which hooks into a new experimental feature I added in Next.js called deferredEntries and onBeforeDeferredEntries (vercel/next.js#88347).

That feature allows us to bring back lazy discovery as it avoids the race conditions and hacky promise locking in the loader approach we previously tried.

In a follow-up PR we will also update to no longer use esbuild for stepsbundling at all which will fix cases like this #766.

The eager discovery approach is still needed for older Next.js versions that don't have the deferredEntries feature.

x-ref: #523
x-ref: #469
x-ref: #691

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: f651f1b

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 14 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workflow-nest	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	490	0	38	528
✅ 💻 Local Development	418	0	62	480
✅ 📦 Local Production	418	0	62	480
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	418	0	62	480
✅ 🪟 Windows	45	0	3	48
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	106	41	9	156
✅ 📋 Other	123	0	21	144
Total	2018	41	257	2316

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (41 failed)

turso (41 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	44	0	4
✅ example	44	0	4
✅ express	44	0	4
✅ fastify	44	0	4
✅ hono	44	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	47	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	47	0	1
✅ nitro	44	0	4
✅ nuxt	44	0	4
✅ sveltekit	44	0	4
✅ vite	44	0	4

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	45	0	3

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
✅ mongodb	45	0	3
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
✅ redis	45	0	3
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	4	41	3

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	41	0	7

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.033s (-11.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.973s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.034s (+5.2% 🔺)	1.005s (~)	0.971s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.046s	1.005s	0.959s	10	1.41x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.049s	1.005s	0.956s	10	1.49x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.093s	1.007s	0.914s	10	2.86x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.136s (-57.7% 🟢)	1.009s (~)	0.873s	10	4.18x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.159s (+49.4% 🔺)	1.011s (~)	0.851s	10	4.88x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.367s	1.009s	0.642s	10	11.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.910s (-12.8% 🟢)	2.569s (-9.1% 🟢)	1.659s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.943s (+9.1% 🔺)	2.639s (+15.2% 🔺)	1.696s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.959s (+15.4% 🔺)	2.736s (+16.5% 🔺)	1.776s	10	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.100s	2.006s	0.906s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.105s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.901s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.106s	2.005s	0.899s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.112s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.893s	10	1.01x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.320s	2.008s	0.688s	10	1.20x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.095s	2.713s	0.618s	10	1.90x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.328s (-6.5% 🟢)	3.014s (~)	0.686s	10	2.12x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.363s (-2.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.650s	10	2.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.755s (+4.1%)	4.176s (+8.4% 🔺)	1.421s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.805s (+1.7%)	3.921s (+4.9%)	1.115s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.817s (~)	4.149s (+3.1%)	1.332s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.707s	11.023s	0.316s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.749s	11.023s	0.274s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.831s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.191s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.875s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.149s	3	1.02x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.278s	13.021s	0.743s	3	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.382s	16.043s	0.661s	2	1.44x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.372s (~)	21.056s (~)	0.684s	2	1.90x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.416s (~)	21.056s (~)	0.640s	2	1.91x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	20.990s (+6.8% 🔺)	22.238s (+5.5% 🔺)	1.248s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	21.200s (+6.3% 🔺)	22.482s (+7.9% 🔺)	1.282s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	21.593s (+10.1% 🔺)	23.061s (+7.8% 🔺)	1.467s	2	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	26.897s	27.051s	0.154s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	27.222s	28.054s	0.833s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	27.441s (~)	28.052s (~)	0.611s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	27.617s (~)	28.054s (~)	0.437s	3	1.03x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	30.499s	31.040s	0.541s	2	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	38.181s (-24.1% 🟢)	38.592s (-24.5% 🟢)	0.411s	2	1.42x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	41.733s	42.105s	0.372s	2	1.55x
🐘 Postgres	Express	50.181s (~)	51.129s (+1.0%)	0.948s	2	1.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	55.943s (+10.2% 🔺)	56.818s (+8.5% 🔺)	0.875s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	58.693s (+14.5% 🔺)	60.851s (+15.8% 🔺)	2.158s	1	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	59.361s (+21.8% 🔺)	60.562s (+21.8% 🔺)	1.201s	1	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	54.388s	55.098s	0.711s	2	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	56.733s	57.105s	0.372s	2	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	57.111s (~)	57.601s (+0.9%)	0.490s	2	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	57.432s (+0.5%)	58.106s (~)	0.673s	2	1.06x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	61.467s	62.084s	0.617s	2	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	75.350s (-24.8% 🟢)	76.169s (-24.0% 🟢)	0.819s	2	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	100.193s	100.232s	0.039s	1	1.84x
🐘 Postgres	Express	100.327s (+33.2% 🔺)	101.242s (+32.9% 🔺)	0.915s	1	1.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	115.101s (+11.6% 🔺)	116.281s (+11.0% 🔺)	1.180s	1	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	115.237s (+9.2% 🔺)	117.235s (+9.9% 🔺)	1.998s	1	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	118.912s (+9.6% 🔺)	119.670s (+8.2% 🔺)	0.758s	1	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.273s	2.006s	0.733s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.396s	2.005s	0.610s	15	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.400s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.605s	15	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.412s (+1.2%)	2.006s (~)	0.594s	15	1.11x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.167s	3.009s	0.842s	10	1.70x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.312s	3.013s	0.702s	10	1.82x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.363s (+20.3% 🔺)	3.013s (+31.2% 🔺)	0.650s	10	1.86x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.375s (+4.5%)	2.921s (-3.1%)	0.546s	11	1.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.358s (+19.0% 🔺)	4.902s (+26.6% 🔺)	1.544s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.375s (+11.6% 🔺)	4.896s (+15.2% 🔺)	1.521s	7	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.960s (+50.1% 🔺)	6.334s (+35.8% 🔺)	1.373s	5	1.48x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.439s	3.009s	0.569s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.485s	3.008s	0.523s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.566s (+3.2%)	3.007s (~)	0.442s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	2.611s (+4.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.398s	10	1.07x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.784s	5.179s	0.395s	6	1.96x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	8.777s (-2.0%)	9.280s (-2.7%)	0.502s	4	3.60x
🐘 Postgres	Express	9.033s (-9.1% 🟢)	9.528s (-7.3% 🟢)	0.495s	4	3.70x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.976s	12.370s	0.394s	3	4.91x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.035s (+10.6% 🔺)	6.061s (+27.6% 🔺)	2.026s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.049s (+76.9% 🔺)	7.180s (+45.8% 🔺)	1.131s	5	1.50x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	11.916s (-23.0% 🟢)	13.328s (-19.4% 🟢)	1.413s	5	2.95x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.047s	4.582s	0.535s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.150s (+2.5%)	8.023s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.873s	4	1.77x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.273s	7.766s	0.493s	4	1.80x
💻 Local	Express	7.335s (+1.2%)	8.020s (~)	0.685s	4	1.81x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.922s	10.351s	0.429s	3	2.45x
🐘 Postgres	Express	49.130s (-4.4%)	50.130s (-3.8%)	1.000s	1	12.14x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	51.672s (+12.7% 🔺)	52.142s (+13.0% 🔺)	0.470s	1	12.77x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	53.529s	54.133s	0.604s	1	13.23x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.102s (+55.6% 🔺)	6.417s (+48.8% 🔺)	1.315s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.971s (+32.8% 🔺)	7.046s (+11.6% 🔺)	1.075s	5	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.645s (+64.8% 🔺)	8.284s (+48.9% 🔺)	1.639s	4	1.30x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.274s	2.006s	0.732s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.417s	2.005s	0.588s	15	1.11x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.424s (-1.4%)	2.005s (~)	0.581s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Express	1.437s (+0.7%)	2.005s (~)	0.568s	15	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.081s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.833s (+12.8% 🔺)	0.752s	11	1.63x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.104s (-1.6%)	2.831s (+12.7% 🔺)	0.726s	11	1.65x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.146s	2.743s	0.597s	11	1.68x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.147s	3.008s	0.861s	10	1.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.288s (+2.7%)	5.009s (+15.8% 🔺)	1.721s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.551s (+74.2% 🔺)	7.000s (+50.4% 🔺)	1.449s	5	1.69x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.537s (+104.4% 🔺)	8.017s (+79.6% 🔺)	1.480s	4	1.99x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.498s	3.008s	0.509s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.662s (+0.9%)	3.007s (~)	0.346s	10	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.727s	3.110s	0.384s	10	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	2.742s (+3.1%)	3.008s (~)	0.266s	10	1.10x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.785s	5.177s	0.392s	6	1.92x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.405s (-7.5% 🟢)	11.032s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.627s	3	4.16x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.466s (-13.4% 🟢)	11.029s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.563s	3	4.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.867s	13.369s	0.502s	3	5.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.120s (+2.1%)	4.434s (+3.3%)	1.314s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.188s (-2.3%)	4.402s (-1.6%)	1.213s	7	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.371s (+42.1% 🔺)	6.065s (+40.4% 🔺)	1.695s	5	1.40x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.081s	4.726s	0.645s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.864s (+2.4%)	8.019s (~)	0.155s	4	1.93x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.450s	9.021s	0.571s	4	2.07x
💻 Local	Express	8.467s (+10.3% 🔺)	9.025s (+12.6% 🔺)	0.558s	4	2.07x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.945s	10.686s	0.741s	3	2.44x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	51.506s (+1.7%)	52.117s (+1.9%)	0.611s	1	12.62x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	51.819s	52.123s	0.304s	1	12.70x
🐘 Postgres	Express	52.330s (~)	53.118s (~)	0.788s	1	12.82x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.906s (+12.3% 🔺)	5.790s (+18.9% 🔺)	1.884s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.247s (-2.4%)	5.769s (~)	1.521s	6	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.724s (+54.5% 🔺)	7.023s (+39.4% 🔺)	1.298s	5	1.47x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.143s	1.000s	0.001s	1.007s	0.864s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.155s	1.000s	0.010s	1.014s	0.859s	10	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.172s (+2.8%)	1.003s (~)	0.010s (+1.0%)	1.015s (~)	0.843s	10	1.20x
💻 Local	Express	0.180s (+4.2%)	1.003s (~)	0.010s (-3.8%)	1.016s (~)	0.836s	10	1.26x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.506s	0.945s	0.001s	1.009s	0.503s	10	3.53x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.321s	1.723s	0.001s	2.012s	0.691s	10	9.22x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.401s (-39.9% 🟢)	1.639s (-39.5% 🟢)	0.001s (~)	2.013s (-33.2% 🟢)	0.612s	10	9.78x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.434s (+67.3% 🔺)	2.607s (+56.8% 🔺)	0.001s (~)	3.013s (+49.8% 🔺)	0.579s	10	17.00x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.106s (+15.8% 🔺)	3.562s (+9.4% 🔺)	0.297s (+11.5% 🔺)	4.689s (+8.1% 🔺)	1.582s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.368s (+27.1% 🔺)	4.238s (+36.8% 🔺)	0.290s (+72.7% 🔺)	5.515s (+35.3% 🔺)	2.147s	10	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.522s (+15.4% 🔺)	4.198s (+16.3% 🔺)	0.311s (+95.0% 🔺)	5.505s (+22.9% 🔺)	1.983s	10	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7/12
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	6/12
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/12

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	10/12
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	10/12
Nitro	💻 Local	10/12

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[pranaygp]

Review: Add lazy workflow/step discovery via deferredEntries in next (#976)

This PR splits the existing NextBuilder into two strategies:

• Eager builder (builder-eager.ts): The original pre-discovery approach (watchpack-based file watching)
• Deferred builder (builder-deferred.ts): New lazy discovery via Next.js deferredEntries experimental API + TCP socket communication between loader and builder

The version gate is 16.2.0-canary.30. Overall the architecture is sound - the socket-based discovery channel is well-authenticated and the deferred build queue properly serializes concurrent invocations. Several observations and questions below.

Architecture Observations

1. Builder refactoring is clean: The eager builder is a direct extract of the original code. The deferred builder introduces a fundamentally different lifecycle where build() only writes stubs and starts the socket server, and actual compilation happens lazily via onBeforeDeferredEntries().

2. Socket security is reasonable: localhost-only binding + random auth token + message preamble is adequate for local IPC.

3. Build signature deduplication is smart: Using file size + mtime hash to avoid redundant builds is a good optimization.

Issues & Questions

See inline comments for specifics.

[ijjk]

This is a revival of #640 which hooks into a new experimental feature I added in Next.js called deferredEntries and onBeforeDeferredEntries (vercel/next.js#88347).

That feature allows us to bring back lazy discovery as it avoids the race conditions and hacky promise locking in the loader approach we previously tried.

In a follow-up PR we will also update to no longer use esbuild for stepsbundling at all which will fix cases like this #766.

The eager discovery approach is still needed for older Next.js versions that don't have the deferredEntries feature.

x-ref: #523
x-ref: #469
x-ref: #691

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: f651f1b

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 14 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workflow-nest	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	490	0	38	528
✅ 💻 Local Development	418	0	62	480
✅ 📦 Local Production	418	0	62	480
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	418	0	62	480
✅ 🪟 Windows	45	0	3	48
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	106	41	9	156
✅ 📋 Other	123	0	21	144
Total	2018	41	257	2316

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (41 failed)

turso (41 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	44	0	4
✅ example	44	0	4
✅ express	44	0	4
✅ fastify	44	0	4
✅ hono	44	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	47	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	47	0	1
✅ nitro	44	0	4
✅ nuxt	44	0	4
✅ sveltekit	44	0	4
✅ vite	44	0	4

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	45	0	3

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
✅ mongodb	45	0	3
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
✅ redis	45	0	3
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	4	41	3

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	41	0	7

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.033s (-11.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.973s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.034s (+5.2% 🔺)	1.005s (~)	0.971s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.046s	1.005s	0.959s	10	1.41x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.049s	1.005s	0.956s	10	1.49x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.093s	1.007s	0.914s	10	2.86x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.136s (-57.7% 🟢)	1.009s (~)	0.873s	10	4.18x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.159s (+49.4% 🔺)	1.011s (~)	0.851s	10	4.88x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.367s	1.009s	0.642s	10	11.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.910s (-12.8% 🟢)	2.569s (-9.1% 🟢)	1.659s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.943s (+9.1% 🔺)	2.639s (+15.2% 🔺)	1.696s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.959s (+15.4% 🔺)	2.736s (+16.5% 🔺)	1.776s	10	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.100s	2.006s	0.906s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.105s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.901s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.106s	2.005s	0.899s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.112s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.893s	10	1.01x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.320s	2.008s	0.688s	10	1.20x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.095s	2.713s	0.618s	10	1.90x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.328s (-6.5% 🟢)	3.014s (~)	0.686s	10	2.12x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.363s (-2.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.650s	10	2.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.755s (+4.1%)	4.176s (+8.4% 🔺)	1.421s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.805s (+1.7%)	3.921s (+4.9%)	1.115s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.817s (~)	4.149s (+3.1%)	1.332s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.707s	11.023s	0.316s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.749s	11.023s	0.274s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.831s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.191s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.875s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.149s	3	1.02x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.278s	13.021s	0.743s	3	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.382s	16.043s	0.661s	2	1.44x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.372s (~)	21.056s (~)	0.684s	2	1.90x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.416s (~)	21.056s (~)	0.640s	2	1.91x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	20.990s (+6.8% 🔺)	22.238s (+5.5% 🔺)	1.248s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	21.200s (+6.3% 🔺)	22.482s (+7.9% 🔺)	1.282s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	21.593s (+10.1% 🔺)	23.061s (+7.8% 🔺)	1.467s	2	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	26.897s	27.051s	0.154s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	27.222s	28.054s	0.833s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	27.441s (~)	28.052s (~)	0.611s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	27.617s (~)	28.054s (~)	0.437s	3	1.03x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	30.499s	31.040s	0.541s	2	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	38.181s (-24.1% 🟢)	38.592s (-24.5% 🟢)	0.411s	2	1.42x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	41.733s	42.105s	0.372s	2	1.55x
🐘 Postgres	Express	50.181s (~)	51.129s (+1.0%)	0.948s	2	1.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	55.943s (+10.2% 🔺)	56.818s (+8.5% 🔺)	0.875s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	58.693s (+14.5% 🔺)	60.851s (+15.8% 🔺)	2.158s	1	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	59.361s (+21.8% 🔺)	60.562s (+21.8% 🔺)	1.201s	1	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	54.388s	55.098s	0.711s	2	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	56.733s	57.105s	0.372s	2	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	57.111s (~)	57.601s (+0.9%)	0.490s	2	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	57.432s (+0.5%)	58.106s (~)	0.673s	2	1.06x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	61.467s	62.084s	0.617s	2	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	75.350s (-24.8% 🟢)	76.169s (-24.0% 🟢)	0.819s	2	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	100.193s	100.232s	0.039s	1	1.84x
🐘 Postgres	Express	100.327s (+33.2% 🔺)	101.242s (+32.9% 🔺)	0.915s	1	1.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	115.101s (+11.6% 🔺)	116.281s (+11.0% 🔺)	1.180s	1	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	115.237s (+9.2% 🔺)	117.235s (+9.9% 🔺)	1.998s	1	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	118.912s (+9.6% 🔺)	119.670s (+8.2% 🔺)	0.758s	1	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.273s	2.006s	0.733s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.396s	2.005s	0.610s	15	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.400s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.605s	15	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.412s (+1.2%)	2.006s (~)	0.594s	15	1.11x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.167s	3.009s	0.842s	10	1.70x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.312s	3.013s	0.702s	10	1.82x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.363s (+20.3% 🔺)	3.013s (+31.2% 🔺)	0.650s	10	1.86x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.375s (+4.5%)	2.921s (-3.1%)	0.546s	11	1.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.358s (+19.0% 🔺)	4.902s (+26.6% 🔺)	1.544s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.375s (+11.6% 🔺)	4.896s (+15.2% 🔺)	1.521s	7	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.960s (+50.1% 🔺)	6.334s (+35.8% 🔺)	1.373s	5	1.48x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.439s	3.009s	0.569s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.485s	3.008s	0.523s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.566s (+3.2%)	3.007s (~)	0.442s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	2.611s (+4.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.398s	10	1.07x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.784s	5.179s	0.395s	6	1.96x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	8.777s (-2.0%)	9.280s (-2.7%)	0.502s	4	3.60x
🐘 Postgres	Express	9.033s (-9.1% 🟢)	9.528s (-7.3% 🟢)	0.495s	4	3.70x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.976s	12.370s	0.394s	3	4.91x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.035s (+10.6% 🔺)	6.061s (+27.6% 🔺)	2.026s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.049s (+76.9% 🔺)	7.180s (+45.8% 🔺)	1.131s	5	1.50x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	11.916s (-23.0% 🟢)	13.328s (-19.4% 🟢)	1.413s	5	2.95x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.047s	4.582s	0.535s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.150s (+2.5%)	8.023s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.873s	4	1.77x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.273s	7.766s	0.493s	4	1.80x
💻 Local	Express	7.335s (+1.2%)	8.020s (~)	0.685s	4	1.81x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.922s	10.351s	0.429s	3	2.45x
🐘 Postgres	Express	49.130s (-4.4%)	50.130s (-3.8%)	1.000s	1	12.14x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	51.672s (+12.7% 🔺)	52.142s (+13.0% 🔺)	0.470s	1	12.77x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	53.529s	54.133s	0.604s	1	13.23x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.102s (+55.6% 🔺)	6.417s (+48.8% 🔺)	1.315s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.971s (+32.8% 🔺)	7.046s (+11.6% 🔺)	1.075s	5	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.645s (+64.8% 🔺)	8.284s (+48.9% 🔺)	1.639s	4	1.30x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.274s	2.006s	0.732s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.417s	2.005s	0.588s	15	1.11x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.424s (-1.4%)	2.005s (~)	0.581s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Express	1.437s (+0.7%)	2.005s (~)	0.568s	15	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.081s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.833s (+12.8% 🔺)	0.752s	11	1.63x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.104s (-1.6%)	2.831s (+12.7% 🔺)	0.726s	11	1.65x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.146s	2.743s	0.597s	11	1.68x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.147s	3.008s	0.861s	10	1.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.288s (+2.7%)	5.009s (+15.8% 🔺)	1.721s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.551s (+74.2% 🔺)	7.000s (+50.4% 🔺)	1.449s	5	1.69x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.537s (+104.4% 🔺)	8.017s (+79.6% 🔺)	1.480s	4	1.99x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.498s	3.008s	0.509s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.662s (+0.9%)	3.007s (~)	0.346s	10	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.727s	3.110s	0.384s	10	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	2.742s (+3.1%)	3.008s (~)	0.266s	10	1.10x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.785s	5.177s	0.392s	6	1.92x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.405s (-7.5% 🟢)	11.032s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.627s	3	4.16x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.466s (-13.4% 🟢)	11.029s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.563s	3	4.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.867s	13.369s	0.502s	3	5.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.120s (+2.1%)	4.434s (+3.3%)	1.314s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.188s (-2.3%)	4.402s (-1.6%)	1.213s	7	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.371s (+42.1% 🔺)	6.065s (+40.4% 🔺)	1.695s	5	1.40x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.081s	4.726s	0.645s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.864s (+2.4%)	8.019s (~)	0.155s	4	1.93x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.450s	9.021s	0.571s	4	2.07x
💻 Local	Express	8.467s (+10.3% 🔺)	9.025s (+12.6% 🔺)	0.558s	4	2.07x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.945s	10.686s	0.741s	3	2.44x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	51.506s (+1.7%)	52.117s (+1.9%)	0.611s	1	12.62x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	51.819s	52.123s	0.304s	1	12.70x
🐘 Postgres	Express	52.330s (~)	53.118s (~)	0.788s	1	12.82x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.906s (+12.3% 🔺)	5.790s (+18.9% 🔺)	1.884s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.247s (-2.4%)	5.769s (~)	1.521s	6	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.724s (+54.5% 🔺)	7.023s (+39.4% 🔺)	1.298s	5	1.47x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.143s	1.000s	0.001s	1.007s	0.864s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.155s	1.000s	0.010s	1.014s	0.859s	10	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.172s (+2.8%)	1.003s (~)	0.010s (+1.0%)	1.015s (~)	0.843s	10	1.20x
💻 Local	Express	0.180s (+4.2%)	1.003s (~)	0.010s (-3.8%)	1.016s (~)	0.836s	10	1.26x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.506s	0.945s	0.001s	1.009s	0.503s	10	3.53x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.321s	1.723s	0.001s	2.012s	0.691s	10	9.22x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.401s (-39.9% 🟢)	1.639s (-39.5% 🟢)	0.001s (~)	2.013s (-33.2% 🟢)	0.612s	10	9.78x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.434s (+67.3% 🔺)	2.607s (+56.8% 🔺)	0.001s (~)	3.013s (+49.8% 🔺)	0.579s	10	17.00x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.106s (+15.8% 🔺)	3.562s (+9.4% 🔺)	0.297s (+11.5% 🔺)	4.689s (+8.1% 🔺)	1.582s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.368s (+27.1% 🔺)	4.238s (+36.8% 🔺)	0.290s (+72.7% 🔺)	5.515s (+35.3% 🔺)	2.147s	10	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.522s (+15.4% 🔺)	4.198s (+16.3% 🔺)	0.311s (+95.0% 🔺)	5.505s (+22.9% 🔺)	1.983s	10	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7/12
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	6/12
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/12

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	10/12
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	10/12
Nitro	💻 Local	10/12

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[pranaygp]

Review: Add lazy workflow/step discovery via deferredEntries in next (#976)

This PR splits the existing NextBuilder into two strategies:

• Eager builder (builder-eager.ts): The original pre-discovery approach (watchpack-based file watching)
• Deferred builder (builder-deferred.ts): New lazy discovery via Next.js deferredEntries experimental API + TCP socket communication between loader and builder

The version gate is 16.2.0-canary.30. Overall the architecture is sound - the socket-based discovery channel is well-authenticated and the deferred build queue properly serializes concurrent invocations. Several observations and questions below.

Architecture Observations

1. Builder refactoring is clean: The eager builder is a direct extract of the original code. The deferred builder introduces a fundamentally different lifecycle where build() only writes stubs and starts the socket server, and actual compilation happens lazily via onBeforeDeferredEntries().

2. Socket security is reasonable: localhost-only binding + random auth token + message preamble is adequate for local IPC.

3. Build signature deduplication is smart: Using file size + mtime hash to avoid redundant builds is a good optimization.

Issues & Questions

See inline comments for specifics.

[ijjk]

This is a revival of #640 which hooks into a new experimental feature I added in Next.js called deferredEntries and onBeforeDeferredEntries (vercel/next.js#88347).

That feature allows us to bring back lazy discovery as it avoids the race conditions and hacky promise locking in the loader approach we previously tried.

In a follow-up PR we will also update to no longer use esbuild for stepsbundling at all which will fix cases like this #766.

The eager discovery approach is still needed for older Next.js versions that don't have the deferredEntries feature.

x-ref: #523
x-ref: #469
x-ref: #691

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: f651f1b

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 14 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workflow-nest	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	490	0	38	528
✅ 💻 Local Development	418	0	62	480
✅ 📦 Local Production	418	0	62	480
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	418	0	62	480
✅ 🪟 Windows	45	0	3	48
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	106	41	9	156
✅ 📋 Other	123	0	21	144
Total	2018	41	257	2316

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (41 failed)

turso (41 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	44	0	4
✅ example	44	0	4
✅ express	44	0	4
✅ fastify	44	0	4
✅ hono	44	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	47	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	47	0	1
✅ nitro	44	0	4
✅ nuxt	44	0	4
✅ sveltekit	44	0	4
✅ vite	44	0	4

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	45	0	3

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
✅ mongodb	45	0	3
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
✅ redis	45	0	3
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	4	41	3

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	41	0	7

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.033s (-11.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.973s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.034s (+5.2% 🔺)	1.005s (~)	0.971s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.046s	1.005s	0.959s	10	1.41x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.049s	1.005s	0.956s	10	1.49x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.093s	1.007s	0.914s	10	2.86x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.136s (-57.7% 🟢)	1.009s (~)	0.873s	10	4.18x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.159s (+49.4% 🔺)	1.011s (~)	0.851s	10	4.88x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.367s	1.009s	0.642s	10	11.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.910s (-12.8% 🟢)	2.569s (-9.1% 🟢)	1.659s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.943s (+9.1% 🔺)	2.639s (+15.2% 🔺)	1.696s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.959s (+15.4% 🔺)	2.736s (+16.5% 🔺)	1.776s	10	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.100s	2.006s	0.906s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.105s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.901s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.106s	2.005s	0.899s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.112s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.893s	10	1.01x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.320s	2.008s	0.688s	10	1.20x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.095s	2.713s	0.618s	10	1.90x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.328s (-6.5% 🟢)	3.014s (~)	0.686s	10	2.12x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.363s (-2.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.650s	10	2.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.755s (+4.1%)	4.176s (+8.4% 🔺)	1.421s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.805s (+1.7%)	3.921s (+4.9%)	1.115s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.817s (~)	4.149s (+3.1%)	1.332s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.707s	11.023s	0.316s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.749s	11.023s	0.274s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.831s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.191s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.875s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.149s	3	1.02x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.278s	13.021s	0.743s	3	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.382s	16.043s	0.661s	2	1.44x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.372s (~)	21.056s (~)	0.684s	2	1.90x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.416s (~)	21.056s (~)	0.640s	2	1.91x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	20.990s (+6.8% 🔺)	22.238s (+5.5% 🔺)	1.248s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	21.200s (+6.3% 🔺)	22.482s (+7.9% 🔺)	1.282s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	21.593s (+10.1% 🔺)	23.061s (+7.8% 🔺)	1.467s	2	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	26.897s	27.051s	0.154s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	27.222s	28.054s	0.833s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	27.441s (~)	28.052s (~)	0.611s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	27.617s (~)	28.054s (~)	0.437s	3	1.03x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	30.499s	31.040s	0.541s	2	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	38.181s (-24.1% 🟢)	38.592s (-24.5% 🟢)	0.411s	2	1.42x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	41.733s	42.105s	0.372s	2	1.55x
🐘 Postgres	Express	50.181s (~)	51.129s (+1.0%)	0.948s	2	1.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	55.943s (+10.2% 🔺)	56.818s (+8.5% 🔺)	0.875s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	58.693s (+14.5% 🔺)	60.851s (+15.8% 🔺)	2.158s	1	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	59.361s (+21.8% 🔺)	60.562s (+21.8% 🔺)	1.201s	1	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	54.388s	55.098s	0.711s	2	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	56.733s	57.105s	0.372s	2	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	57.111s (~)	57.601s (+0.9%)	0.490s	2	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	57.432s (+0.5%)	58.106s (~)	0.673s	2	1.06x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	61.467s	62.084s	0.617s	2	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	75.350s (-24.8% 🟢)	76.169s (-24.0% 🟢)	0.819s	2	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	100.193s	100.232s	0.039s	1	1.84x
🐘 Postgres	Express	100.327s (+33.2% 🔺)	101.242s (+32.9% 🔺)	0.915s	1	1.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	115.101s (+11.6% 🔺)	116.281s (+11.0% 🔺)	1.180s	1	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	115.237s (+9.2% 🔺)	117.235s (+9.9% 🔺)	1.998s	1	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	118.912s (+9.6% 🔺)	119.670s (+8.2% 🔺)	0.758s	1	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.273s	2.006s	0.733s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.396s	2.005s	0.610s	15	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.400s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.605s	15	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.412s (+1.2%)	2.006s (~)	0.594s	15	1.11x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.167s	3.009s	0.842s	10	1.70x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.312s	3.013s	0.702s	10	1.82x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.363s (+20.3% 🔺)	3.013s (+31.2% 🔺)	0.650s	10	1.86x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.375s (+4.5%)	2.921s (-3.1%)	0.546s	11	1.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.358s (+19.0% 🔺)	4.902s (+26.6% 🔺)	1.544s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.375s (+11.6% 🔺)	4.896s (+15.2% 🔺)	1.521s	7	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.960s (+50.1% 🔺)	6.334s (+35.8% 🔺)	1.373s	5	1.48x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.439s	3.009s	0.569s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.485s	3.008s	0.523s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.566s (+3.2%)	3.007s (~)	0.442s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	2.611s (+4.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.398s	10	1.07x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.784s	5.179s	0.395s	6	1.96x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	8.777s (-2.0%)	9.280s (-2.7%)	0.502s	4	3.60x
🐘 Postgres	Express	9.033s (-9.1% 🟢)	9.528s (-7.3% 🟢)	0.495s	4	3.70x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.976s	12.370s	0.394s	3	4.91x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.035s (+10.6% 🔺)	6.061s (+27.6% 🔺)	2.026s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.049s (+76.9% 🔺)	7.180s (+45.8% 🔺)	1.131s	5	1.50x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	11.916s (-23.0% 🟢)	13.328s (-19.4% 🟢)	1.413s	5	2.95x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.047s	4.582s	0.535s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.150s (+2.5%)	8.023s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.873s	4	1.77x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.273s	7.766s	0.493s	4	1.80x
💻 Local	Express	7.335s (+1.2%)	8.020s (~)	0.685s	4	1.81x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.922s	10.351s	0.429s	3	2.45x
🐘 Postgres	Express	49.130s (-4.4%)	50.130s (-3.8%)	1.000s	1	12.14x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	51.672s (+12.7% 🔺)	52.142s (+13.0% 🔺)	0.470s	1	12.77x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	53.529s	54.133s	0.604s	1	13.23x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.102s (+55.6% 🔺)	6.417s (+48.8% 🔺)	1.315s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.971s (+32.8% 🔺)	7.046s (+11.6% 🔺)	1.075s	5	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.645s (+64.8% 🔺)	8.284s (+48.9% 🔺)	1.639s	4	1.30x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.274s	2.006s	0.732s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.417s	2.005s	0.588s	15	1.11x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.424s (-1.4%)	2.005s (~)	0.581s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Express	1.437s (+0.7%)	2.005s (~)	0.568s	15	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.081s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.833s (+12.8% 🔺)	0.752s	11	1.63x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.104s (-1.6%)	2.831s (+12.7% 🔺)	0.726s	11	1.65x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.146s	2.743s	0.597s	11	1.68x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.147s	3.008s	0.861s	10	1.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.288s (+2.7%)	5.009s (+15.8% 🔺)	1.721s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.551s (+74.2% 🔺)	7.000s (+50.4% 🔺)	1.449s	5	1.69x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.537s (+104.4% 🔺)	8.017s (+79.6% 🔺)	1.480s	4	1.99x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.498s	3.008s	0.509s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.662s (+0.9%)	3.007s (~)	0.346s	10	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.727s	3.110s	0.384s	10	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	2.742s (+3.1%)	3.008s (~)	0.266s	10	1.10x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.785s	5.177s	0.392s	6	1.92x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.405s (-7.5% 🟢)	11.032s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.627s	3	4.16x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.466s (-13.4% 🟢)	11.029s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.563s	3	4.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.867s	13.369s	0.502s	3	5.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.120s (+2.1%)	4.434s (+3.3%)	1.314s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.188s (-2.3%)	4.402s (-1.6%)	1.213s	7	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.371s (+42.1% 🔺)	6.065s (+40.4% 🔺)	1.695s	5	1.40x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.081s	4.726s	0.645s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.864s (+2.4%)	8.019s (~)	0.155s	4	1.93x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.450s	9.021s	0.571s	4	2.07x
💻 Local	Express	8.467s (+10.3% 🔺)	9.025s (+12.6% 🔺)	0.558s	4	2.07x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.945s	10.686s	0.741s	3	2.44x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	51.506s (+1.7%)	52.117s (+1.9%)	0.611s	1	12.62x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	51.819s	52.123s	0.304s	1	12.70x
🐘 Postgres	Express	52.330s (~)	53.118s (~)	0.788s	1	12.82x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.906s (+12.3% 🔺)	5.790s (+18.9% 🔺)	1.884s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.247s (-2.4%)	5.769s (~)	1.521s	6	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.724s (+54.5% 🔺)	7.023s (+39.4% 🔺)	1.298s	5	1.47x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.143s	1.000s	0.001s	1.007s	0.864s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.155s	1.000s	0.010s	1.014s	0.859s	10	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.172s (+2.8%)	1.003s (~)	0.010s (+1.0%)	1.015s (~)	0.843s	10	1.20x
💻 Local	Express	0.180s (+4.2%)	1.003s (~)	0.010s (-3.8%)	1.016s (~)	0.836s	10	1.26x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.506s	0.945s	0.001s	1.009s	0.503s	10	3.53x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.321s	1.723s	0.001s	2.012s	0.691s	10	9.22x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.401s (-39.9% 🟢)	1.639s (-39.5% 🟢)	0.001s (~)	2.013s (-33.2% 🟢)	0.612s	10	9.78x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.434s (+67.3% 🔺)	2.607s (+56.8% 🔺)	0.001s (~)	3.013s (+49.8% 🔺)	0.579s	10	17.00x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.106s (+15.8% 🔺)	3.562s (+9.4% 🔺)	0.297s (+11.5% 🔺)	4.689s (+8.1% 🔺)	1.582s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.368s (+27.1% 🔺)	4.238s (+36.8% 🔺)	0.290s (+72.7% 🔺)	5.515s (+35.3% 🔺)	2.147s	10	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.522s (+15.4% 🔺)	4.198s (+16.3% 🔺)	0.311s (+95.0% 🔺)	5.505s (+22.9% 🔺)	1.983s	10	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7/12
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	6/12
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/12

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	10/12
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	10/12
Nitro	💻 Local	10/12

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[pranaygp]

Review: Add lazy workflow/step discovery via deferredEntries in next (#976)

This PR splits the existing NextBuilder into two strategies:

• Eager builder (builder-eager.ts): The original pre-discovery approach (watchpack-based file watching)
• Deferred builder (builder-deferred.ts): New lazy discovery via Next.js deferredEntries experimental API + TCP socket communication between loader and builder

The version gate is 16.2.0-canary.30. Overall the architecture is sound - the socket-based discovery channel is well-authenticated and the deferred build queue properly serializes concurrent invocations. Several observations and questions below.

Architecture Observations

1. Builder refactoring is clean: The eager builder is a direct extract of the original code. The deferred builder introduces a fundamentally different lifecycle where build() only writes stubs and starts the socket server, and actual compilation happens lazily via onBeforeDeferredEntries().

2. Socket security is reasonable: localhost-only binding + random auth token + message preamble is adequate for local IPC.

3. Build signature deduplication is smart: Using file size + mtime hash to avoid redundant builds is a good optimization.

Issues & Questions

See inline comments for specifics.

[ijjk]

This is a revival of #640 which hooks into a new experimental feature I added in Next.js called deferredEntries and onBeforeDeferredEntries (vercel/next.js#88347).

That feature allows us to bring back lazy discovery as it avoids the race conditions and hacky promise locking in the loader approach we previously tried.

In a follow-up PR we will also update to no longer use esbuild for stepsbundling at all which will fix cases like this #766.

The eager discovery approach is still needed for older Next.js versions that don't have the deferredEntries feature.

x-ref: #523
x-ref: #469
x-ref: #691

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: f651f1b

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 14 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workflow-nest	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	490	0	38	528
✅ 💻 Local Development	418	0	62	480
✅ 📦 Local Production	418	0	62	480
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	418	0	62	480
✅ 🪟 Windows	45	0	3	48
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	106	41	9	156
✅ 📋 Other	123	0	21	144
Total	2018	41	257	2316

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (41 failed)

turso (41 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	44	0	4
✅ example	44	0	4
✅ express	44	0	4
✅ fastify	44	0	4
✅ hono	44	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	47	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	47	0	1
✅ nitro	44	0	4
✅ nuxt	44	0	4
✅ sveltekit	44	0	4
✅ vite	44	0	4

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	45	0	3

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
✅ mongodb	45	0	3
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
✅ redis	45	0	3
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	4	41	3

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	41	0	7

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.033s (-11.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.973s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.034s (+5.2% 🔺)	1.005s (~)	0.971s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.046s	1.005s	0.959s	10	1.41x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.049s	1.005s	0.956s	10	1.49x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.093s	1.007s	0.914s	10	2.86x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.136s (-57.7% 🟢)	1.009s (~)	0.873s	10	4.18x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.159s (+49.4% 🔺)	1.011s (~)	0.851s	10	4.88x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.367s	1.009s	0.642s	10	11.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.910s (-12.8% 🟢)	2.569s (-9.1% 🟢)	1.659s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.943s (+9.1% 🔺)	2.639s (+15.2% 🔺)	1.696s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.959s (+15.4% 🔺)	2.736s (+16.5% 🔺)	1.776s	10	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.100s	2.006s	0.906s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.105s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.901s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.106s	2.005s	0.899s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.112s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.893s	10	1.01x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.320s	2.008s	0.688s	10	1.20x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.095s	2.713s	0.618s	10	1.90x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.328s (-6.5% 🟢)	3.014s (~)	0.686s	10	2.12x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.363s (-2.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.650s	10	2.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.755s (+4.1%)	4.176s (+8.4% 🔺)	1.421s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.805s (+1.7%)	3.921s (+4.9%)	1.115s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.817s (~)	4.149s (+3.1%)	1.332s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.707s	11.023s	0.316s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.749s	11.023s	0.274s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.831s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.191s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.875s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.149s	3	1.02x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.278s	13.021s	0.743s	3	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.382s	16.043s	0.661s	2	1.44x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.372s (~)	21.056s (~)	0.684s	2	1.90x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.416s (~)	21.056s (~)	0.640s	2	1.91x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	20.990s (+6.8% 🔺)	22.238s (+5.5% 🔺)	1.248s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	21.200s (+6.3% 🔺)	22.482s (+7.9% 🔺)	1.282s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	21.593s (+10.1% 🔺)	23.061s (+7.8% 🔺)	1.467s	2	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	26.897s	27.051s	0.154s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	27.222s	28.054s	0.833s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	27.441s (~)	28.052s (~)	0.611s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	27.617s (~)	28.054s (~)	0.437s	3	1.03x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	30.499s	31.040s	0.541s	2	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	38.181s (-24.1% 🟢)	38.592s (-24.5% 🟢)	0.411s	2	1.42x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	41.733s	42.105s	0.372s	2	1.55x
🐘 Postgres	Express	50.181s (~)	51.129s (+1.0%)	0.948s	2	1.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	55.943s (+10.2% 🔺)	56.818s (+8.5% 🔺)	0.875s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	58.693s (+14.5% 🔺)	60.851s (+15.8% 🔺)	2.158s	1	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	59.361s (+21.8% 🔺)	60.562s (+21.8% 🔺)	1.201s	1	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	54.388s	55.098s	0.711s	2	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	56.733s	57.105s	0.372s	2	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	57.111s (~)	57.601s (+0.9%)	0.490s	2	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	57.432s (+0.5%)	58.106s (~)	0.673s	2	1.06x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	61.467s	62.084s	0.617s	2	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	75.350s (-24.8% 🟢)	76.169s (-24.0% 🟢)	0.819s	2	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	100.193s	100.232s	0.039s	1	1.84x
🐘 Postgres	Express	100.327s (+33.2% 🔺)	101.242s (+32.9% 🔺)	0.915s	1	1.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	115.101s (+11.6% 🔺)	116.281s (+11.0% 🔺)	1.180s	1	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	115.237s (+9.2% 🔺)	117.235s (+9.9% 🔺)	1.998s	1	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	118.912s (+9.6% 🔺)	119.670s (+8.2% 🔺)	0.758s	1	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.273s	2.006s	0.733s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.396s	2.005s	0.610s	15	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.400s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.605s	15	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.412s (+1.2%)	2.006s (~)	0.594s	15	1.11x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.167s	3.009s	0.842s	10	1.70x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.312s	3.013s	0.702s	10	1.82x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.363s (+20.3% 🔺)	3.013s (+31.2% 🔺)	0.650s	10	1.86x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.375s (+4.5%)	2.921s (-3.1%)	0.546s	11	1.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.358s (+19.0% 🔺)	4.902s (+26.6% 🔺)	1.544s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.375s (+11.6% 🔺)	4.896s (+15.2% 🔺)	1.521s	7	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.960s (+50.1% 🔺)	6.334s (+35.8% 🔺)	1.373s	5	1.48x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.439s	3.009s	0.569s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.485s	3.008s	0.523s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.566s (+3.2%)	3.007s (~)	0.442s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	2.611s (+4.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.398s	10	1.07x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.784s	5.179s	0.395s	6	1.96x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	8.777s (-2.0%)	9.280s (-2.7%)	0.502s	4	3.60x
🐘 Postgres	Express	9.033s (-9.1% 🟢)	9.528s (-7.3% 🟢)	0.495s	4	3.70x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.976s	12.370s	0.394s	3	4.91x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.035s (+10.6% 🔺)	6.061s (+27.6% 🔺)	2.026s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.049s (+76.9% 🔺)	7.180s (+45.8% 🔺)	1.131s	5	1.50x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	11.916s (-23.0% 🟢)	13.328s (-19.4% 🟢)	1.413s	5	2.95x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.047s	4.582s	0.535s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.150s (+2.5%)	8.023s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.873s	4	1.77x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.273s	7.766s	0.493s	4	1.80x
💻 Local	Express	7.335s (+1.2%)	8.020s (~)	0.685s	4	1.81x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.922s	10.351s	0.429s	3	2.45x
🐘 Postgres	Express	49.130s (-4.4%)	50.130s (-3.8%)	1.000s	1	12.14x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	51.672s (+12.7% 🔺)	52.142s (+13.0% 🔺)	0.470s	1	12.77x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	53.529s	54.133s	0.604s	1	13.23x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.102s (+55.6% 🔺)	6.417s (+48.8% 🔺)	1.315s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.971s (+32.8% 🔺)	7.046s (+11.6% 🔺)	1.075s	5	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.645s (+64.8% 🔺)	8.284s (+48.9% 🔺)	1.639s	4	1.30x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.274s	2.006s	0.732s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.417s	2.005s	0.588s	15	1.11x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.424s (-1.4%)	2.005s (~)	0.581s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Express	1.437s (+0.7%)	2.005s (~)	0.568s	15	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.081s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.833s (+12.8% 🔺)	0.752s	11	1.63x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.104s (-1.6%)	2.831s (+12.7% 🔺)	0.726s	11	1.65x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.146s	2.743s	0.597s	11	1.68x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.147s	3.008s	0.861s	10	1.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.288s (+2.7%)	5.009s (+15.8% 🔺)	1.721s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.551s (+74.2% 🔺)	7.000s (+50.4% 🔺)	1.449s	5	1.69x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.537s (+104.4% 🔺)	8.017s (+79.6% 🔺)	1.480s	4	1.99x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.498s	3.008s	0.509s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.662s (+0.9%)	3.007s (~)	0.346s	10	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.727s	3.110s	0.384s	10	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	2.742s (+3.1%)	3.008s (~)	0.266s	10	1.10x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.785s	5.177s	0.392s	6	1.92x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.405s (-7.5% 🟢)	11.032s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.627s	3	4.16x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.466s (-13.4% 🟢)	11.029s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.563s	3	4.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.867s	13.369s	0.502s	3	5.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.120s (+2.1%)	4.434s (+3.3%)	1.314s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.188s (-2.3%)	4.402s (-1.6%)	1.213s	7	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.371s (+42.1% 🔺)	6.065s (+40.4% 🔺)	1.695s	5	1.40x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.081s	4.726s	0.645s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.864s (+2.4%)	8.019s (~)	0.155s	4	1.93x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.450s	9.021s	0.571s	4	2.07x
💻 Local	Express	8.467s (+10.3% 🔺)	9.025s (+12.6% 🔺)	0.558s	4	2.07x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.945s	10.686s	0.741s	3	2.44x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	51.506s (+1.7%)	52.117s (+1.9%)	0.611s	1	12.62x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	51.819s	52.123s	0.304s	1	12.70x
🐘 Postgres	Express	52.330s (~)	53.118s (~)	0.788s	1	12.82x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.906s (+12.3% 🔺)	5.790s (+18.9% 🔺)	1.884s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.247s (-2.4%)	5.769s (~)	1.521s	6	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.724s (+54.5% 🔺)	7.023s (+39.4% 🔺)	1.298s	5	1.47x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.143s	1.000s	0.001s	1.007s	0.864s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.155s	1.000s	0.010s	1.014s	0.859s	10	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.172s (+2.8%)	1.003s (~)	0.010s (+1.0%)	1.015s (~)	0.843s	10	1.20x
💻 Local	Express	0.180s (+4.2%)	1.003s (~)	0.010s (-3.8%)	1.016s (~)	0.836s	10	1.26x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.506s	0.945s	0.001s	1.009s	0.503s	10	3.53x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.321s	1.723s	0.001s	2.012s	0.691s	10	9.22x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.401s (-39.9% 🟢)	1.639s (-39.5% 🟢)	0.001s (~)	2.013s (-33.2% 🟢)	0.612s	10	9.78x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.434s (+67.3% 🔺)	2.607s (+56.8% 🔺)	0.001s (~)	3.013s (+49.8% 🔺)	0.579s	10	17.00x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.106s (+15.8% 🔺)	3.562s (+9.4% 🔺)	0.297s (+11.5% 🔺)	4.689s (+8.1% 🔺)	1.582s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.368s (+27.1% 🔺)	4.238s (+36.8% 🔺)	0.290s (+72.7% 🔺)	5.515s (+35.3% 🔺)	2.147s	10	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.522s (+15.4% 🔺)	4.198s (+16.3% 🔺)	0.311s (+95.0% 🔺)	5.505s (+22.9% 🔺)	1.983s	10	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7/12
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	6/12
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/12

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	10/12
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	10/12
Nitro	💻 Local	10/12

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[pranaygp]

Review: Add lazy workflow/step discovery via deferredEntries in next (#976)

This PR splits the existing NextBuilder into two strategies:

• Eager builder (builder-eager.ts): The original pre-discovery approach (watchpack-based file watching)
• Deferred builder (builder-deferred.ts): New lazy discovery via Next.js deferredEntries experimental API + TCP socket communication between loader and builder

The version gate is 16.2.0-canary.30. Overall the architecture is sound - the socket-based discovery channel is well-authenticated and the deferred build queue properly serializes concurrent invocations. Several observations and questions below.

Architecture Observations

1. Builder refactoring is clean: The eager builder is a direct extract of the original code. The deferred builder introduces a fundamentally different lifecycle where build() only writes stubs and starts the socket server, and actual compilation happens lazily via onBeforeDeferredEntries().

2. Socket security is reasonable: localhost-only binding + random auth token + message preamble is adequate for local IPC.

3. Build signature deduplication is smart: Using file size + mtime hash to avoid redundant builds is a good optimization.

Issues & Questions

See inline comments for specifics.

[ijjk]

This is a revival of #640 which hooks into a new experimental feature I added in Next.js called deferredEntries and onBeforeDeferredEntries (vercel/next.js#88347).

That feature allows us to bring back lazy discovery as it avoids the race conditions and hacky promise locking in the loader approach we previously tried.

In a follow-up PR we will also update to no longer use esbuild for stepsbundling at all which will fix cases like this #766.

The eager discovery approach is still needed for older Next.js versions that don't have the deferredEntries feature.

x-ref: #523
x-ref: #469
x-ref: #691

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: f651f1b

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 14 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workflow-nest	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 10, 2026 6:54pm

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	490	0	38	528
✅ 💻 Local Development	418	0	62	480
✅ 📦 Local Production	418	0	62	480
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	418	0	62	480
✅ 🪟 Windows	45	0	3	48
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	106	41	9	156
✅ 📋 Other	123	0	21	144
Total	2018	41	257	2316

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (41 failed)

turso (41 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	44	0	4
✅ example	44	0	4
✅ express	44	0	4
✅ fastify	44	0	4
✅ hono	44	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	47	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	47	0	1
✅ nitro	44	0	4
✅ nuxt	44	0	4
✅ sveltekit	44	0	4
✅ vite	44	0	4

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	45	0	3

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
✅ mongodb	45	0	3
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
✅ redis	45	0	3
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	4	41	3

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	41	0	7

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.033s (-11.9% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.973s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.034s (+5.2% 🔺)	1.005s (~)	0.971s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.046s	1.005s	0.959s	10	1.41x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.049s	1.005s	0.956s	10	1.49x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.093s	1.007s	0.914s	10	2.86x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.136s (-57.7% 🟢)	1.009s (~)	0.873s	10	4.18x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.159s (+49.4% 🔺)	1.011s (~)	0.851s	10	4.88x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.367s	1.009s	0.642s	10	11.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.910s (-12.8% 🟢)	2.569s (-9.1% 🟢)	1.659s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.943s (+9.1% 🔺)	2.639s (+15.2% 🔺)	1.696s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.959s (+15.4% 🔺)	2.736s (+16.5% 🔺)	1.776s	10	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.100s	2.006s	0.906s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.105s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.901s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.106s	2.005s	0.899s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	1.112s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.893s	10	1.01x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.320s	2.008s	0.688s	10	1.20x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.095s	2.713s	0.618s	10	1.90x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.328s (-6.5% 🟢)	3.014s (~)	0.686s	10	2.12x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.363s (-2.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.650s	10	2.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.755s (+4.1%)	4.176s (+8.4% 🔺)	1.421s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.805s (+1.7%)	3.921s (+4.9%)	1.115s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.817s (~)	4.149s (+3.1%)	1.332s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.707s	11.023s	0.316s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.749s	11.023s	0.274s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.831s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.191s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.875s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.149s	3	1.02x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.278s	13.021s	0.743s	3	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.382s	16.043s	0.661s	2	1.44x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.372s (~)	21.056s (~)	0.684s	2	1.90x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.416s (~)	21.056s (~)	0.640s	2	1.91x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	20.990s (+6.8% 🔺)	22.238s (+5.5% 🔺)	1.248s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	21.200s (+6.3% 🔺)	22.482s (+7.9% 🔺)	1.282s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	21.593s (+10.1% 🔺)	23.061s (+7.8% 🔺)	1.467s	2	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	26.897s	27.051s	0.154s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	27.222s	28.054s	0.833s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	27.441s (~)	28.052s (~)	0.611s	3	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	27.617s (~)	28.054s (~)	0.437s	3	1.03x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	30.499s	31.040s	0.541s	2	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	38.181s (-24.1% 🟢)	38.592s (-24.5% 🟢)	0.411s	2	1.42x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	41.733s	42.105s	0.372s	2	1.55x
🐘 Postgres	Express	50.181s (~)	51.129s (+1.0%)	0.948s	2	1.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	55.943s (+10.2% 🔺)	56.818s (+8.5% 🔺)	0.875s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	58.693s (+14.5% 🔺)	60.851s (+15.8% 🔺)	2.158s	1	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	59.361s (+21.8% 🔺)	60.562s (+21.8% 🔺)	1.201s	1	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	54.388s	55.098s	0.711s	2	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	56.733s	57.105s	0.372s	2	1.04x
💻 Local	Nitro	57.111s (~)	57.601s (+0.9%)	0.490s	2	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	57.432s (+0.5%)	58.106s (~)	0.673s	2	1.06x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	61.467s	62.084s	0.617s	2	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	75.350s (-24.8% 🟢)	76.169s (-24.0% 🟢)	0.819s	2	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	100.193s	100.232s	0.039s	1	1.84x
🐘 Postgres	Express	100.327s (+33.2% 🔺)	101.242s (+32.9% 🔺)	0.915s	1	1.84x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	115.101s (+11.6% 🔺)	116.281s (+11.0% 🔺)	1.180s	1	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	115.237s (+9.2% 🔺)	117.235s (+9.9% 🔺)	1.998s	1	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	118.912s (+9.6% 🔺)	119.670s (+8.2% 🔺)	0.758s	1	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.273s	2.006s	0.733s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.396s	2.005s	0.610s	15	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.400s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.605s	15	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.412s (+1.2%)	2.006s (~)	0.594s	15	1.11x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.167s	3.009s	0.842s	10	1.70x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.312s	3.013s	0.702s	10	1.82x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.363s (+20.3% 🔺)	3.013s (+31.2% 🔺)	0.650s	10	1.86x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.375s (+4.5%)	2.921s (-3.1%)	0.546s	11	1.87x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.358s (+19.0% 🔺)	4.902s (+26.6% 🔺)	1.544s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.375s (+11.6% 🔺)	4.896s (+15.2% 🔺)	1.521s	7	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.960s (+50.1% 🔺)	6.334s (+35.8% 🔺)	1.373s	5	1.48x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.439s	3.009s	0.569s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.485s	3.008s	0.523s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.566s (+3.2%)	3.007s (~)	0.442s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Express	2.611s (+4.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.398s	10	1.07x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.784s	5.179s	0.395s	6	1.96x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	8.777s (-2.0%)	9.280s (-2.7%)	0.502s	4	3.60x
🐘 Postgres	Express	9.033s (-9.1% 🟢)	9.528s (-7.3% 🟢)	0.495s	4	3.70x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.976s	12.370s	0.394s	3	4.91x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.035s (+10.6% 🔺)	6.061s (+27.6% 🔺)	2.026s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	6.049s (+76.9% 🔺)	7.180s (+45.8% 🔺)	1.131s	5	1.50x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	11.916s (-23.0% 🟢)	13.328s (-19.4% 🟢)	1.413s	5	2.95x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.047s	4.582s	0.535s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.150s (+2.5%)	8.023s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.873s	4	1.77x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.273s	7.766s	0.493s	4	1.80x
💻 Local	Express	7.335s (+1.2%)	8.020s (~)	0.685s	4	1.81x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.922s	10.351s	0.429s	3	2.45x
🐘 Postgres	Express	49.130s (-4.4%)	50.130s (-3.8%)	1.000s	1	12.14x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	51.672s (+12.7% 🔺)	52.142s (+13.0% 🔺)	0.470s	1	12.77x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	53.529s	54.133s	0.604s	1	13.23x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.102s (+55.6% 🔺)	6.417s (+48.8% 🔺)	1.315s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.971s (+32.8% 🔺)	7.046s (+11.6% 🔺)	1.075s	5	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.645s (+64.8% 🔺)	8.284s (+48.9% 🔺)	1.639s	4	1.30x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.274s	2.006s	0.732s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.417s	2.005s	0.588s	15	1.11x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.424s (-1.4%)	2.005s (~)	0.581s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Express	1.437s (+0.7%)	2.005s (~)	0.568s	15	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.081s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.833s (+12.8% 🔺)	0.752s	11	1.63x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.104s (-1.6%)	2.831s (+12.7% 🔺)	0.726s	11	1.65x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.146s	2.743s	0.597s	11	1.68x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.147s	3.008s	0.861s	10	1.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.288s (+2.7%)	5.009s (+15.8% 🔺)	1.721s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.551s (+74.2% 🔺)	7.000s (+50.4% 🔺)	1.449s	5	1.69x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.537s (+104.4% 🔺)	8.017s (+79.6% 🔺)	1.480s	4	1.99x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.498s	3.008s	0.509s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.662s (+0.9%)	3.007s (~)	0.346s	10	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.727s	3.110s	0.384s	10	1.09x
💻 Local	Express	2.742s (+3.1%)	3.008s (~)	0.266s	10	1.10x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.785s	5.177s	0.392s	6	1.92x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.405s (-7.5% 🟢)	11.032s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.627s	3	4.16x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.466s (-13.4% 🟢)	11.029s (-10.8% 🟢)	0.563s	3	4.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.867s	13.369s	0.502s	3	5.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.120s (+2.1%)	4.434s (+3.3%)	1.314s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.188s (-2.3%)	4.402s (-1.6%)	1.213s	7	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.371s (+42.1% 🔺)	6.065s (+40.4% 🔺)	1.695s	5	1.40x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.081s	4.726s	0.645s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.864s (+2.4%)	8.019s (~)	0.155s	4	1.93x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.450s	9.021s	0.571s	4	2.07x
💻 Local	Express	8.467s (+10.3% 🔺)	9.025s (+12.6% 🔺)	0.558s	4	2.07x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.945s	10.686s	0.741s	3	2.44x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	51.506s (+1.7%)	52.117s (+1.9%)	0.611s	1	12.62x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	51.819s	52.123s	0.304s	1	12.70x
🐘 Postgres	Express	52.330s (~)	53.118s (~)	0.788s	1	12.82x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.906s (+12.3% 🔺)	5.790s (+18.9% 🔺)	1.884s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.247s (-2.4%)	5.769s (~)	1.521s	6	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.724s (+54.5% 🔺)	7.023s (+39.4% 🔺)	1.298s	5	1.47x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.143s	1.000s	0.001s	1.007s	0.864s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.155s	1.000s	0.010s	1.014s	0.859s	10	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.172s (+2.8%)	1.003s (~)	0.010s (+1.0%)	1.015s (~)	0.843s	10	1.20x
💻 Local	Express	0.180s (+4.2%)	1.003s (~)	0.010s (-3.8%)	1.016s (~)	0.836s	10	1.26x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.506s	0.945s	0.001s	1.009s	0.503s	10	3.53x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.321s	1.723s	0.001s	2.012s	0.691s	10	9.22x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.401s (-39.9% 🟢)	1.639s (-39.5% 🟢)	0.001s (~)	2.013s (-33.2% 🟢)	0.612s	10	9.78x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.434s (+67.3% 🔺)	2.607s (+56.8% 🔺)	0.001s (~)	3.013s (+49.8% 🔺)	0.579s	10	17.00x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.106s (+15.8% 🔺)	3.562s (+9.4% 🔺)	0.297s (+11.5% 🔺)	4.689s (+8.1% 🔺)	1.582s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.368s (+27.1% 🔺)	4.238s (+36.8% 🔺)	0.290s (+72.7% 🔺)	5.515s (+35.3% 🔺)	2.147s	10	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.522s (+15.4% 🔺)	4.198s (+16.3% 🔺)	0.311s (+95.0% 🔺)	5.505s (+22.9% 🔺)	1.983s	10	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7/12
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	6/12
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/12

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	10/12
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	10/12
Nitro	💻 Local	10/12

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[pranaygp]

Review: Add lazy workflow/step discovery via deferredEntries in next (#976)

This PR splits the existing NextBuilder into two strategies:

• Eager builder (builder-eager.ts): The original pre-discovery approach (watchpack-based file watching)
• Deferred builder (builder-deferred.ts): New lazy discovery via Next.js deferredEntries experimental API + TCP socket communication between loader and builder

The version gate is 16.2.0-canary.30. Overall the architecture is sound - the socket-based discovery channel is well-authenticated and the deferred build queue properly serializes concurrent invocations. Several observations and questions below.

Architecture Observations

1. Builder refactoring is clean: The eager builder is a direct extract of the original code. The deferred builder introduces a fundamentally different lifecycle where build() only writes stubs and starts the socket server, and actual compilation happens lazily via onBeforeDeferredEntries().

2. Socket security is reasonable: localhost-only binding + random auth token + message preamble is adequate for local IPC.

3. Build signature deduplication is smart: Using file size + mtime hash to avoid redundant builds is a good optimization.

Issues & Questions

See inline comments for specifics.