Introduction

The VisiumIO package provides a set of functions to import 10X Genomics Visium experiment data into a SpatialExperiment object. The package makes use of the SpatialExperiment data structure, which provides a set of classes and methods to handle spatially resolved transcriptomics data.

TENxIO Supported Formats

Extension	Class	Imported as
.h5	TENxH5	SingleCellExperiment w/ TENxMatrix
.mtx / .mtx.gz	TENxMTX	SummarizedExperiment w/ dgCMatrix
.tar.gz	TENxFileList	SingleCellExperiment w/ dgCMatrix
peak_annotation.tsv	TENxPeaks	GRanges
fragments.tsv.gz	TENxFragments	RaggedExperiment
.tsv / .tsv.gz	TENxTSV	tibble

VisiumIO Supported Formats

Extension	Class	Imported as
spatial.tar.gz	TENxSpatialList	DataFrame list *
.parquet	TENxSpatialParquet	tibble *

Note. (*) Intermediate format

Installation

if (!require("BiocManager", quietly=TRUE))
install.packages("BiocManager")
BiocManager::install("VisiumIO")

Loading package

library(VisiumIO)

TENxVisium

The TENxVisium class is used to import a single sample of 10X Visium data. The TENxVisium constructor function takes the following arguments:

TENxVisium(
resources="path/to/10x/visium/file.tar.gz",
spatialResource="path/to/10x/visium/spatial/file.spatial.tar.gz",
spacerangerOut="path/to/10x/visium/sample/folder",
sample_id="sample01",
images= c("lowres", "hires", "detected", "aligned"),
jsonFile="scalefactors_json.json",
tissuePattern="tissue_positions.*\\.csv",
spatialCoordsNames= c("pxl_col_in_fullres", "pxl_row_in_fullres")
)

The resource argument is the path to the 10X Visium file. The spatialResource argument is the path to the 10X Visium spatial file. It usually ends in spatial.tar.gz.

Example from SpatialExperiment

Note that we use the images = "lowres" and processing = "raw" arguments based on the name of the tissue_*_image.png file and *_feature_bc_matrix folder in the spaceranger output. The directory structure for a single sample is shown below:

 section1
└── outs
├── spatial
│ ├── tissue_lowres_image.png
│ └── tissue_positions_list.csv
└── raw_feature_bc_matrix
├── barcodes.tsv
├── features.tsv
└── matrix.mtx

Creating a TENxVisium instance

Using the example data in SpatialExperiment, we can load the section1 sample using TENxVisium.

sample_dir<- system.file(
file.path("extdata", "10xVisium", "section1"),
package="SpatialExperiment"
)
vis<- TENxVisium(
spacerangerOut=sample_dir, processing="raw", images="lowres"
)
vis#> An object of class "TENxVisium"#> Slot "resources":#> TENxFileList of length 3#> names(3): barcodes.tsv features.tsv matrix.mtx#> #> Slot "spatialList":#> TENxSpatialList of length 3#> names(3): scalefactors_json.json tissue_lowres_image.png tissue_positions_list.csv#> #> Slot "coordNames":#> [1] "pxl_col_in_fullres" "pxl_row_in_fullres"#> #> Slot "sampleId":#> [1] "sample01"

The show method of the TENxVisium class displays the object’s metadata.

Importing into SpatialExperiment

The TEnxVisium object can be imported into a SpatialExperiment object using the import function.

import(vis)
#> class: SpatialExperiment #> dim: 50 50 #> metadata(0):#> assays(1): counts#> rownames: NULL#> rowData names(1): Symbol#> colnames(50): AAACAACGAATAGTTC-1 AAACAAGTATCTCCCA-1 ...#> AAAGTCGACCCTCAGT-1 AAAGTGCCATCAATTA-1#> colData names(4): in_tissue array_row array_col sample_id#> reducedDimNames(0):#> mainExpName: NULL#> altExpNames(0):#> spatialCoords names(2) : pxl_col_in_fullres pxl_row_in_fullres#> imgData names(4): sample_id image_id data scaleFactor

TENxVisiumList

The TENxVisiumList class is used to import multiple samples of 10X Visium. The interface is a bit more simple in that you only need to provide the space ranger output folder as input to the function.

TENxVisiumList(
sampleFolders="path/to/10x/visium/sample/folder",
sample_ids= c("sample01", "sample02"),
...
)

The sampleFolders argument is a character vector of paths to the spaceranger output folder. Note that each folder must contain an outs directory. The sample_ids argument is a character vector of sample ids.

Example from SpatialExperiment

The directory structure for multiple samples (section1 and section2) is shown below:

 section1
└── outs
| ├── spatial
| └── raw_feature_bc_matrix
section2
└── outs
├── spatial
└── raw_feature_bc_matrix

Creating a TENxVisiumList

The main inputs to TENxVisiumList are the sampleFolders and sample_ids. These correspond to the spaceranger output sample folders and a vector of sample identifiers, respectively.

sample_dirs<- list.dirs(
system.file(
file.path("extdata", "10xVisium"), package="VisiumIO"
),
recursive=FALSE, full.names=TRUE
)
vlist<- TENxVisiumList(
sampleFolders=sample_dirs,
sample_ids= basename(sample_dirs),
processing="raw",
images="lowres"
)
vlist#> An object of class "TENxVisiumList"#> Slot "VisiumList":#> List of length 2

Importing into SpatialExperiment

The import method combines both SingleCellExperiment objects along with the spatial information into a single SpatialExperiment object. The number of columns in the SpatialExperiment object is equal to the number of cells across both samples (section1 and section2).

import(vlist)
#> class: SpatialExperiment #> dim: 50 99 #> metadata(0):#> assays(1): counts#> rownames: NULL#> rowData names(1): Symbol#> colnames(99): AAACAACGAATAGTTC-1 AAACAAGTATCTCCCA-1 ...#> AAAGTCGACCCTCAGT-1 AAAGTGCCATCAATTA-1#> colData names(4): in_tissue array_row array_col sample_id#> reducedDimNames(0):#> mainExpName: NULL#> altExpNames(0):#> spatialCoords names(2) : pxl_col_in_fullres pxl_row_in_fullres#> imgData names(4): sample_id image_id data scaleFactor

Visium HD folder structure

The directory structure for a single bin size is shown below.

 Visium_HD
└── binned_outputs
└─── square_002um
│ └── filtered_feature_bc_matrix
│ │ └── barcodes.tsv.gz
│ │ └── features.tsv.gz
│ │ └── matrix.mtx.gz
│ └── filtered_feature_bc_matrix.h5
│ └── raw_feature_bc_matrix/
│ └── raw_feature_bc_matrix.h5
│ └── spatial
│ └── [ ... ]
│ └── tissue_positions.parquet
└── square_*

Import Visium HD into SpatialExperiment

TENxVisiumHD(
spacerangerOut="./Visium_HD/",
sample_id="sample01",
processing= c("filtered", "raw"),
images= c("lowres", "hires", "detected", "aligned_fiducials"),
bin_size= c("002", "008", "016"),
jsonFile=.SCALE_JSON_FILE,
tissuePattern="tissue_positions\\.parquet",
spatialCoordsNames= c("pxl_col_in_fullres", "pxl_row_in_fullres"),
...
)

In-package example

By default, the MatrixMarket format is read in (format = "mtx").

visfold<- system.file(
package="VisiumIO", "extdata", mustWork=TRUE
)
TENxVisiumHD(
spacerangerOut=visfold, images="lowres", bin_size="002"
) |> import()
#> class: SpatialExperiment #> dim: 10 10 #> metadata(2): resources spatialList#> assays(1): counts#> rownames(10): ENSMUSG00000051951 ENSMUSG00000025900 ... ENSMUSG00000033774 ENSMUSG00000025907#> rowData names(3): ID Symbol Type#> colnames(10): s_002um_02448_01644-1 s_002um_00700_02130-1 ... s_002um_01016_02194-1 s_002um_00775_02414-1#> colData names(6): barcode in_tissue ... bin_size sample_id#> reducedDimNames(0):#> mainExpName: Gene Expression#> altExpNames(0):#> spatialCoords names(2) : pxl_col_in_fullres pxl_row_in_fullres#> imgData names(4): sample_id image_id data scaleFactor

H5 files are supported via the format = "h5" argument input.

TENxVisiumHD(
spacerangerOut=visfold, images="lowres", bin_size="002",
format="h5"
) |> import()
#> class: SpatialExperiment #> dim: 10 10 #> metadata(2): resources spatialList#> assays(1): counts#> rownames(10): ENSMUSG00000051951 ENSMUSG00000025900 ... ENSMUSG00000033774 ENSMUSG00000025907#> rowData names(3): ID Symbol Type#> colnames(10): s_002um_02448_01644-1 s_002um_00700_02130-1 ... s_002um_01016_02194-1 s_002um_00775_02414-1#> colData names(6): barcode in_tissue ... bin_size sample_id#> reducedDimNames(0):#> mainExpName: Gene Expression#> altExpNames(0):#> spatialCoords names(2) : pxl_col_in_fullres pxl_row_in_fullres#> imgData names(4): sample_id image_id data scaleFactor

Click to expand sessionInfo()

Session Info

sessionInfo()
#> R version 4.5.0 Patched (2025-04-15 r88148)#> Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu#> Running under: Ubuntu 24.04.2 LTS#> #> Matrix products: default#> BLAS/LAPACK: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/openblas-pthread/libopenblasp-r0.3.26.so; LAPACK version 3.12.0#> #> locale:#> [1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NUMERIC=C LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8 LC_COLLATE=en_US.UTF-8 #> [5] LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8 LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8 LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NAME=C #> [9] LC_ADDRESS=C LC_TELEPHONE=C LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C #> #> time zone: America/New_York#> tzcode source: system (glibc)#> #> attached base packages:#> [1] stats4 stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base #> #> other attached packages:#> [1] VisiumIO_1.5.1 TENxIO_1.11.1 SingleCellExperiment_1.31.0 SummarizedExperiment_1.39.0#> [5] Biobase_2.69.0 GenomicRanges_1.61.0 GenomeInfoDb_1.45.3 IRanges_2.43.0 #> [9] S4Vectors_0.47.0 BiocGenerics_0.55.0 generics_0.1.3 MatrixGenerics_1.21.0 #> [13] matrixStats_1.5.0 colorout_1.3-2 #> #> loaded via a namespace (and not attached):#> [1] rjson_0.2.23 xfun_0.52 rhdf5_2.53.0 lattice_0.22-7 tzdb_0.5.0 #> [6] rhdf5filters_1.21.0 vctrs_0.6.5 tools_4.5.0 parallel_4.5.0 tibble_3.2.1 #> [11] pkgconfig_2.0.3 BiocBaseUtils_1.11.0 R.oo_1.27.0 Matrix_1.7-3 assertthat_0.2.1 #> [16] lifecycle_1.0.4 compiler_4.5.0 codetools_0.2-20 htmltools_0.5.8.1 yaml_2.3.10 #> [21] pillar_1.10.2 crayon_1.5.3 R.utils_2.13.0 rsconnect_1.3.4 DelayedArray_0.35.1 #> [26] magick_2.8.6 abind_1.4-8 tidyselect_1.2.1 digest_0.6.37 purrr_1.0.4 #> [31] arrow_19.0.1.1 fastmap_1.2.0 grid_4.5.0 archive_1.1.12 cli_3.6.5 #> [36] SparseArray_1.9.0 magrittr_2.0.3 S4Arrays_1.9.0 h5mread_1.1.0 readr_2.1.5 #> [41] UCSC.utils_1.5.0 bit64_4.6.0-1 rmarkdown_2.29 XVector_0.49.0 httr_1.4.7 #> [46] bit_4.6.0 R.methodsS3_1.8.2 hms_1.1.3 SpatialExperiment_1.19.0 HDF5Array_1.37.0 #> [51] evaluate_1.0.3 knitr_1.50 BiocIO_1.19.0 rlang_1.1.6 Rcpp_1.0.14 #> [56] glue_1.8.0 rstudioapi_0.17.1 vroom_1.6.5 jsonlite_2.0.0 R6_2.6.1 #> [61] Rhdf5lib_1.31.0