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Adept

A blazing fast language for general purpose programming.

Download Adept v2.7 for Windows

Download Adept v2.7 for MacOS

Download Adept v2.7 Cross-Compilation Extensions

Resources

Adept v2.7 Documentation

Adept v2.7 Language Server

Adept v2.7 Standard Library

Adept v2.7 Working with Domestic and Foreign Libraries

Adept v2.7 MacOS Homebrew Tap

Adept v2.7 Vim Plugin

Adept v2.7 Vim Bare-Bones Syntax Highlighting

Adept v2.7 VSCode Syntax Highlighting

Adept v2.7 VSCode Language Server

Adept v2.7 Sublime Text Syntax Highlighting

Adept v2.7 Geany Syntax Highlighting

Command-Line Usage

adept [filename] [options]

  • filename - default is 'main.adept'
  • options - secondary compiler options

You can optionally use adept2-7 instead of adept if you have multiple versions installed.

Basic Functionality

Hello World

import basics
func main {
print("Hello World!")
}

Variables

import basics
func main {
name String = "Alan"
age int = 36
height uint = 189
print("Name is " + name)
print("Age is " + age)
print("Height is " + height + " cm")
}

Functions

import basics
func main {
greet("Alice")
}
func greet(name String) {
print("Hello " + name)
}

Records

import basics
record Person (name String, age int) {
func print {
print(this.name + " is " + this.age + " years old")
}
}
func main {
Person("John Smith", 36).print()
}

Structs

import basics
struct Configuration (
filename String,
numBatteries int,
numPorts int,
){
constructor(filename String) {
this.filename = filename.commit()
this.numBatteries = 4
this.numPorts = 10
}
}
func toString(config Configuration) String {
return config.filename + ":" + config.numBatteries + ":" + config.numPorts
}
func main {
print(Configuration("settings.config"))
}

Pointers

import basics
func main {
x, y int = 0
x++
y++
addOneTo(&x)
print("x = " + x)
print("y = " + y)
}
func addOneTo(pointerToNumber *$T~__number__) {
(*pointerToNumber)++
}

Conditionals and Loops

import basics
func main {
name String = scan("What is your name? ")
age int = scanInt("How old are you? ")
// If conditional
if name == "Isaac" {
print("Hello Isaac :)")
} else {
print("Nice to meet you " + name)
}
// Unless conditional
unless age > 21 {
print("You are too young to drink")
}
// While loops
while age < 18 {
print("**birthday**")
age += 1
}
print("You are now old enough to smoke")
// Until loops
until age >= 21 {
print("**birthday**")
age += 1
}
print("You are now old enough to drink")
}

Lists

import basics
record Invitation (to, from String, priority int)
func main {
invites <Invitation> List
invites.add(Invitation("Isaac", "Peter", 4))
invites.add(Invitation("Mr. Smith", "Mrs. Smith", 12))
invites.add(Invitation("James", "Paul", 3))
each Invitation in invites {
printf("invites[%zu] = %S\n", idx, toString(it))
}
}
func toString(invite Invitation) String {
return invite.to + " invited " + invite.from + " with priority " + invite.priority
}

Ownership

/*
For values that use ownership-based memory management
(e.g. String, List, Grid)
we must transfer ownership if we want to keep them
alive for longer than their owner's scope
*/
import basics
func main {
everyone <String> List = getEveryoneAttending()
each fullname String in everyone {
print("=> " + fullname)
}
}
func getEveryoneAttending() <String> List {
everyone <String> List
person1 String = getFullnameReturnImmediately("Alice", "Golden")
person2 String = getFullnameStoreAndThenLaterReturn("Bob", "Johnson")
// Commit ownership of strings held by 'person1' and 'person2'
// to be managed by the list
everyone.add(person1.commit())
everyone.add(person2.commit())
// Commit ownership of the list to the caller
return everyone.commit()
}
func getFullnameReturnImmediately(firstname, lastname String) String {
// '.commit()' is not necessary here
return firstname + " " + lastname
}
func getFullnameStoreAndThenLaterReturn(firstname, lastname String) String {
fullname String = firstname + " " + lastname
// Ownership of the result is held by 'fullname',
// so we must transfer ownership to the caller in order
// to keep it alive after this function returns
// '.commit()' is necessary here
return fullname.commit()
}

Loop Labels

import basics
func main {
print(makeNumericSkewer())
print(makeAlphabetSkewer())
}
func makeNumericSkewer String {
// Example output: `0-2-4-6-8-10-13-16-19-22-25-28`
skewer String
while continue preparing {
skewer.append(skewer.length)
if skewer.length < 30 {
skewer.append("-")
continue preparing
}
}
return skewer.commit()
}
func makeAlphabetSkewer String {
// Example output: `a-c-e-g-i-k-m-o-q-s-u-w-y`
skewer String
while still_making_skewer : skewer.length < 30 {
skewer.append('a'ub + skewer.length as ubyte)
if skewer[skewer.length - 1] == 'y'ub {
break still_making_skewer
}
skewer.append("-")
}
return skewer.commit()
}

Named Expressions and Global Variables

import basics
// Will be re-evaluated with each use
define GREETING = "Welcome"
define STRANGER_NAME = "guest"
define WELCOME_MESSAGE = GREETING + " " + STRANGER_NAME + "!"
// Will only be evaluated once when the program starts
ARCH_STRING String = #get __arm64__ ? "arm64" : #get __x86_64__ ? "x86_64" : "other"
func main {
print(WELCOME_MESSAGE)
print("You are using architecture: " + ARCH_STRING)
}

Low-Level Dynamic Allocation

import 'sys/cstdio.adept'
import 'sys/cstdlib.adept'
import 'sys/cstring.adept'
func main int {
withMallocAndFree('Will', 'Johnson')
withNewAndDelete('John', 'Wilson')
return 0
}
func withMallocAndFree(firstname, lastname *ubyte) void {
// Manual C-String manipulation using malloc, free, and sprintf
fullname *ubyte = malloc(strlen(firstname) + strlen(lastname) + 2)
defer free(fullname)
sprintf(fullname, '%s %s', firstname, lastname)
printf('Fullname is: %s\n', fullname)
}
func withNewAndDelete(firstname, lastname *ubyte) void {
// Manual C-String manipulation using new, delete, and sprintf
fullname *ubyte = new ubyte * (strlen(firstname) + strlen(lastname) + 2)
defer delete fullname
sprintf(fullname, '%s %s', firstname, lastname)
printf('Fullname is: %s\n', fullname)
}

Command-Line Arguments

import basics
func main(argc int, argv **ubyte) {
// C-Style
// Print out each argument specified
each *ubyte in [argv, argc] {
printf("args[%zu] = %s\n", idx, argv[idx])
}
// Collect arguments into string list
args <String> List = Array(argv, argc).map(func &stringConstant)
// Adept-style
// Print out arguments again, except in cleaner way
each String in args {
printf("args[%zu] = %S\n", idx, it)
}
if args.contains("-h") || args.contains("--help") {
print("You asked for help, but I have no help to show you")
}
}

Function Pointers

import basics
import random
func sum(a, b int) int = a + b
func mul(a, b int) int = a * b
func main {
randomize()
doCalculation func(int, int) int = null
if normalizedRandom() < 0.5 {
doCalculation = func &sum
} else {
doCalculation = func &mul
}
print("Result of 8 and 13 is " + doCalculation(8, 13))
}

Defer Statements

import basics
func main {
defer print("I will be printed last")
defer print("I will be printed second")
defer print("I will be printed first")
print("I will be printed before anyone else")
}

Undef Keyword

import 'sys/cstdio.adept'
func main(argc int, argv **ubyte) int {
// Will be initialized to 0
zero_value int
// Will be initialized to null
null_pointer *ulong
// Will be undefined (left uninitialized)
undefined_value int = undef
undefined_pointer *ulong = undef
printf('%d == 0, %d == ?\n', zero_value, undefined_value)
printf('%p == null, %p == ?\n', null_pointer, undefined_pointer)
return 0
}

Pragma Directives

pragma compiler_version '2.7'
pragma project_name 'my_cool_project'
pragma optimization aggressive
import basics
func main {
print("Hello World")
}

Primitive Types

func main {
// 8-bit Types
a_bool bool = false
a_byte byte = 0sb
a_ubyte ubyte = 0ub
// 16-bit Types
a_short short = 0ss
a_ushort ushort = 0us
// 32-bit Types
an_int int = 0si
a_uint uint = 0ui
a_float float = 0.0f
// 64-bit Types
a_long long = 0sl
a_ulong ulong = 0ul
a_double double = 0.0d
a_usize usize = 0uz
// 64-bit or 32-bit depending on the system
a_ptr ptr = null
int_ptr *int = null
return 0
}

Type Casting

import basics
func main {
value int = 1234
// x as Type is equivalent to cast Type x
// Primitive value casting
result1 double = value as double
result2 double = cast double value
// Arbitrary pointer casting
result3 *uint = &value as *uint
result4 *uint = cast *uint &value
// Expression result casting
result5 usize = (value + 1) as usize
result6 usize = cast usize (value + 1)
}

Runtime Type Information

import basics
func main {
print("Every type used in this program: ")
each *AnyType in [__types__, __types_length__] {
print(" => " + stringConstant(it.name))
}
print("...")
print("Each member of type 'String':")
string_type *AnyStructType = typeinfo String as *AnyStructType
repeat string_type.length {
field_name String = stringConstant(string_type.member_names[idx])
field_type String = stringConstant(string_type.members[idx].name)
print(" => " + field_name + " " + field_type)
}
}

Conditional Compilation

#default should_fake_windows false
#default should_fake_macos false
#default enable_secret_feature false
#if enable_secret_feature
#print "Doing super secret feature stuff..."
#set should_fake_windows true
#set should_fake_macos true
#end
import basics
func main {
#if should_fake_windows && should_fake_macos
print("Hello from Windows and MacOS???")
#elif __windows__ || should_fake_windows
print("Hello on Windows!")
#elif __macos__ || should_fake_macos
print("Hello on MacOS!")
#end
}

Polymorphism

import basics
func sum(a, b $T) $T = a + b
func main {
print(sum(8, 13))
print(sum(3.14159, 0.57721))
print(sum(' 'ub, '!'ub))
print(sum(true, false))
print(sum("Hello", " World"))
}

Polymorphic Structures

import basics
record <$T> Couple (first, second $T)
func main {
coord <int> Couple
coord.first = 3
coord.second = 4
print("Distance is: " + coord.distance())
socks <String> Couple = Couple("Left Sock", "Right Sock")
print(socks)
}
func toString(couple <$T> Couple) String {
return toString(couple.first) + " " + toString(couple.second)
}
func distance(this *<$T~__number__> Couple) $T {
const x double = cast double this.first
const y double = cast double this.second
return sqrt(x * x + y * y) as $T
}

Delayed Method Declaration

import basics
record Unit (hp int) {
func damage(atk int) {
this.hp -= atk
}
}
func heal(this *Unit, pts int) {
this.hp += pts
}
func main {
unit Unit = Unit(10)
unit.damage(7)
unit.heal(4)
print("Remaining HP: " + unit.hp)
}

Intrinsic Loop Variables

import basics
func main {
my_integers <int> List
// Add numbers 0..9 inclusive to list
repeat 10, my_integers.add(idx)
// Square each number in the list
each int in my_integers, it = it * it
// Print each number
each int in my_integers {
printf("my_integers[%zu] = %d\n", idx, it)
}
}

Classes and Virtual Dispatch

import basics
class Shape () {
constructor {}
virtual func draw {}
}
class Rectangle extends Shape (w, h float) {
constructor(w, h float) {
this.w = w
this.h = h
}
override func draw {
printf("Rectangle %f by %f\n", this.w, this.h)
}
}
class Circle extends Shape (radius float) {
constructor(radius float) {
this.radius = radius
}
override func draw {
printf("Circle with radius %f\n", this.radius)
}
}
func main {
shapes <*Shape> List
defer {
each *Shape in shapes, delete it
}
shapes.add(new Rectangle(4.0, 5.0) as *Shape)
shapes.add(new Circle(9.0) as *Shape)
each *Shape in shapes {
it.draw()
}
}

Applications in Adept 2.0

Popular Libraries and Ports

Additional Syntax Examples

See examples folder

Thank you for sponsoring Adept ❤️

  • Fernando Dantas

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