[C++][Compute] Add remainder and quotient compute::Function

[asfimport]

In addition to divide which returns only the quotient, it'd be useful to have a function which returns both quotient and remainder (these are efficient to compute simultaneously), probably as a struct<quotient: T, remainder: T>.

Reporter: Ben Kietzman / @bkietz

Related issues:

• [C++] Arithmetic kernels for numeric arrays (is a child of)
• [C++][Compute] Add quotient and modulo kernels (relates to)

PRs and other links:

• GitHub Pull Request #11115

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-12084. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[asfimport]

Neal Richardson / @nealrichardson:
We have a bit of hackery in R to effect these with the existing compute kernel: https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/master/r/R/expression.R#L71-L90

Would be great to delete that.

[asfimport]

Ian Cook / @ianmcook:
We should also expose quotient and modulo compute functions that would presumably use the same code as this but would return only the quotient or only the remainder (ARROW-12755)

[asfimport]

Apache Arrow JIRA Bot:
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[github-actions]

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