GH-28497: [C++][Compute] Add quotient and modulo kernels

[edponce]

This PR adds compute functions "floor_divide" and "remainder".

• Closes: [C++][Compute] Add quotient and modulo kernels #28497

[github-actions]

https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-12755

[pitrou]

@edponce Are you willing to pursue this?

[edponce]

@pitrou I will complete this PR in the next couple of days. Basically, plan on finishing divmod PR first and then make these individual kernels call divmod.

I got a stuck when needed to output a struct for div and mod pairs, but I think I can solve it now.

[ianmcook]

@edponce could you please make it a priority to complete this PR, or see if someone else can take it over? Thanks.

[jgehrcke]

Modulo (to me) seems like a rather important operator to be implemented. I'd love to help, if I can!

[jgehrcke]

Update: priorities shifted. I'd love to get back to this, but reality is that I won't be able to in the coming 1 month, at least.

[github-actions]

• Closes: [C++][Compute] Add quotient and modulo kernels #28497

[github-actions]

⚠️ GitHub issue #28497has been automatically assigned in GitHub to PR creator.

[mike-jn]

would be great to have this implemented. what is the reason the PR stalled?

[github-actions]

Thank you for your contribution. Unfortunately, this pull request has been marked as stale because it has had no activity in the past 365 days. Please remove the stale label or comment below, or this PR will be closed in 14 days. Feel free to re-open this if it has been closed in error. If you do not have repository permissions to reopen the PR, please tag a maintainer.