feat(node-core): Add processSegmentSpan to node context integration

[chargome]

Adds processSegmentSpan to the nodeContextIntegration for span streaming support.

Node equivalent to #20613
closes https://linear.app/getsentry/issue/JS-2219

[linear-code]

JS-2219 Event processor migration: Node Contexts

[github-actions]

size-limit report 📦

Path	Size	% Change	Change
@sentry/browser	26.3 kB	-	-
@sentry/browser - with treeshaking flags	24.78 kB	-	-
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing)	44.17 kB	-	-
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing + Span Streaming)	46.39 kB	-	-
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Profiling)	49.14 kB	-	-
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay)	83.63 kB	-	-
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay) - with treeshaking flags	73.08 kB	-	-
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay with Canvas)	88.32 kB	-	-
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay, Feedback)	100.93 kB	-	-
@sentry/browser (incl. Feedback)	43.44 kB	-	-
@sentry/browser (incl. sendFeedback)	31.11 kB	-	-
@sentry/browser (incl. FeedbackAsync)	36.19 kB	-	-
@sentry/browser (incl. Metrics)	27.6 kB	-	-
@sentry/browser (incl. Logs)	27.73 kB	-	-
@sentry/browser (incl. Metrics & Logs)	28.43 kB	-	-
@sentry/react	28.04 kB	-	-
@sentry/react (incl. Tracing)	46.4 kB	-	-
@sentry/vue	31.18 kB	-	-
@sentry/vue (incl. Tracing)	46.02 kB	-	-
@sentry/svelte	26.32 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle	28.91 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing)	46.94 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Logs, Metrics)	30.34 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Logs, Metrics)	48.04 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Replay, Logs, Metrics)	69.46 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay)	84.13 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay, Logs, Metrics)	85.2 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay, Feedback)	89.94 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay, Feedback, Logs, Metrics)	91.02 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle - uncompressed	84.88 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing) - uncompressed	140.44 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Logs, Metrics) - uncompressed	89.08 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Logs, Metrics) - uncompressed	143.9 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Replay, Logs, Metrics) - uncompressed	213.29 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay) - uncompressed	258.54 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay, Logs, Metrics) - uncompressed	261.99 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay, Feedback) - uncompressed	272.24 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay, Feedback, Logs, Metrics) - uncompressed	275.68 kB	-	-
@sentry/nextjs (client)	48.9 kB	-	-
@sentry/sveltekit (client)	44.64 kB	-	-
@sentry/node-core	60.48 kB	+0.68%	+405 B 🔺
@sentry/node	165.51 kB	+0.25%	+401 B 🔺
@sentry/node - without tracing	73.49 kB	+0.58%	+422 B 🔺
@sentry/aws-serverless	107.64 kB	+0.38%	+403 B 🔺
@sentry/cloudflare (withSentry) - minified	169.35 kB	-	-
@sentry/cloudflare (withSentry)	427.5 kB	-	-

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