Rust: Disambiguate types inferred from trait bounds

[hvitved]

Preliminary work needed for #21206.

In certain cases where a type implements the same trait but with different type arguments, we may infer overlapping types from trait bounds (see examples in first commit).

In order to disambiguate, this PR takes the same approach as #21420, but lifting the idea from that PR (implemented inside the getPathConcreteAssocTypeAt prediate in TypeMention.qll) into the shared type inference library, so it applies to both resolution of <Foo as Bar<...>> paths as well as constraints on type parameters inside functions. In order to do this, the existing SatisfiesConstraint module is generalized from constraints being Types to being HasTypeTreeSigs, for example in

foo<T1, T2 : Trait<T1, i32>(...) -> T2::Output { ... }

we will now restrict applicable traits to only those that are compatible with a second type argument being i32.

The old SatisfiesConstraint module is replaced with a new SatisfiesType module, which is a simple wrapper around SatisfiesConstraint.

Moreover, since we may actually know the instantiation of T1 at a given call to foo above, we can restrict further based on that type, which means a further generalization of SatisfiesConstraint to a new SatisfiesConstraintWithTypeMatching module. SatisfiesConstraint is then itself also a simple wrapper (around SatisfiesConstraintWithTypeMatching).

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR improves Rust type inference in cases where multiple trait impls overlap on the same receiver type but differ in trait type arguments, by lifting disambiguation logic into the shared type inference library so it applies both to <Foo as Bar<...>>::Assoc path resolution and to trait-bound constraints on function type parameters.

Changes:

• Generalize constraint satisfaction in the shared type inference library to support non-Type constraints and optional type-parameter matching for disambiguation.
• Extend Rust’s internal type inference to use the generalized shared machinery (including sibling-impl ambiguity checks) and refine associated-type string rendering for inherited associated types.
• Add/adjust Rust library tests to cover overlapping impls from trait bounds and update expected results.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 9 out of 9 changed files in this pull request and generated 2 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
shared/util/codeql/util/UnboundList.qll	Adds a more efficient prefix check helper used by new disambiguation logic.
shared/typeinference/codeql/typeinference/internal/TypeInference.qll	Generalizes SatisfiesConstraint and introduces type-matching-enabled disambiguation support.
rust/ql/lib/codeql/rust/internal/typeinference/TypeMention.qll	Adapts <Type as Trait>::Assoc resolution to use the shared disambiguation approach.
rust/ql/lib/codeql/rust/internal/typeinference/TypeInference.qll	Refactors Rust instantiation of shared type inference modules and updates call sites to new APIs.
rust/ql/lib/codeql/rust/internal/typeinference/FunctionOverloading.qll	Refactors sibling-impl detection to be parameterized over type-mention resolution kind.
rust/ql/lib/codeql/rust/internal/typeinference/BlanketImplementation.qll	Switches blanket-constraint satisfaction to the new SatisfiesType wrapper.
rust/ql/lib/codeql/rust/internal/typeinference/Type.qll	Adjusts associated-type parameter representation and stringification (incl. inherited-from info).
rust/ql/test/library-tests/type-inference/overloading.rs	Adds a regression test module covering overlapping impls via trait bounds.
rust/ql/test/library-tests/type-inference/type-inference.expected	Updates expected inference output to reflect the improved disambiguation.

Comments suppressed due to low confidence (1)

rust/ql/lib/codeql/rust/internal/typeinference/FunctionOverloading.qll:66

• Typo in comment: "superflous" should be "superfluous".

 // In principle the second conjunct below should be superflous, but we still
// have ill-formed type mentions for types that we don't understand. For

[paldepind]

LGTM!