Pluggable optimizer API

[markshannon]

We need an API for optimizers to be plugged in to CPython.

The proposed model is that of client server, where the VM is the client and the optimizer is the server.
The optimizer registers with the VM, then VM calls the optimizer when hotspots are detected.

The API:

type struct {
 OBJECT_HEADER;
 _PyInterpreterFrame *(*execute)(PyExecutorObject *self, _PyInterpreterFrame *frame, PyObject **stack_pointer);
 /* Data needed by the executor goes here, but is opaque to the VM */
} PyExecutorObject;

/* This would be nicer as an enum, but C doesn't define the size of enums */
#define PY_OPTIMIZE_FUNCTION_ENTRY 1
#define PY_OPTIMIZE_RESUME_AFTER_YIELD 2
#define PY_OPTIMIZE_BACK_EDGE 4
typedef uint32_t PyOptimizerCapabilities;

type struct {
 OBJECT_HEADER;
 PyExecutorObject *(*compile)(PyOptimizerObject* self, PyCodeObject *code, int offset);
 PyOptimizerCapabilities capabilities;
 float optimization_cost;
 float run_cost;
 /* Data needed by the compiler goes here, but is opaque to the VM */
} PyOptimizerObject;

void _Py_Executor_Replace(PyCodeObject *code, int offset, PyExecutorObject *executor);

int _Py_Optimizer_Register(PyOptimizerObject* optimizer);

The semantics of a PyExecutorObject is that upon return from its execute function, the VM state will have advanced N instructions. Where N is a non-negative integer.

Full discussion here: faster-cpython/ideas#380

This is not a replacement for PEP 523. That will need a PEP. We should get this working first, before we consider replacing PEP 523.

Linked PRs

• GH-104584: Optimizer API #105100
• GH-104584: Allow optimizers to opt out of optimizing. #105244
• GH-104584: Assorted fixes for the optimizer API. #105683
• gh-104584: Baby steps towards generating and executing traces #105924
• gh-104584: Add #line directives to executor_cases.c.h #106126
• gh-104584: Fix assert in DEOPT macro -- should fix buildbot #106131
• GH-104584: Fix ENTER_EXECUTOR #106141
• gh-104584: Change DEOPT_IF in uops executor #106146
• gh-104584: Emit macro expansions to opcode_metadata.h #106163
• GH-104584: Fix test_capi.test_counter_optimizer() when run twice #106171
• GH-104584: Add Include/cpython/optimizer.h to Makefile.pre.in #106277
• gh-104584: Support most jumping instructions #106393
• gh-104584: Fix error handling from backedge optimization #106484
• gh-104584: Handle EXTENDED_ARG in superblock creation #106489
• gh-104584: Clean up and fix uops tests and fix crash #106492
• gh-104584: Allow unspecialized instructions in superblocks #106497
• gh-104584: Move super-instruction special-casing to generator #106500
• gh-104584: Replace ENTER_EXECUTOR with the original in trace projection #106526
• gh-104584: readability improvements in optimizer.c #106641
• GH-104584: Miscellaneous fixes for -Xuops #106908
• GH-104584: Fix incorrect uoperands #107513
• GH-104584: Restore frame->stacktop on optimizer error #108953
• GH-104584: Remove ip_offset and simplify EXIT_TRACE #108961
• GH-104584: Don't call executors from JUMP_BACKWARD #109347
• GH-104584: Fix refleak when tracing through calls #110593

[markshannon]

Note that the above API is just the initial version to support our work on speeding up Python 3.13.
It will probably need to be extended to support PyTorch Dynamo and other users of PEP 523 that cannot use PEP 669, but that is for another issue.