Add tier 3 no_std AArch64/x86_64 support for the QNX Neutrino RTOS

[flba-eb]

This change allows to compile no_std applications for the QNX Neutrino Real-time operating system for ARM 64 bit CPUs.
Tested with QNX Neutrino 7.1.

Partially discussed in zulip.

---

Tier 3 target policy

At this tier, the Rust project provides no official support for a target, so we
place minimal requirements on the introduction of targets.

A proposed new tier 3 target must be reviewed and approved by a member of the
compiler team based on these requirements. The reviewer may choose to gauge
broader compiler team consensus via a [Major Change Proposal (MCP)][MCP].

A proposed target or target-specific patch that substantially changes code
shared with other targets (not just target-specific code) must be reviewed and
approved by the appropriate team for that shared code before acceptance.

• A tier 3 target must have a designated developer or developers (the "target
  maintainers") on record to be CCed when issues arise regarding the target.
  (The mechanism to track and CC such developers may evolve over time.)

See also nto-qnx.md; designated developers are:

• Florian Bartels, Florian.Bartels@elektrobit.com, https://github.com/flba-eb
• Tristan Roach, TRoach@blackberry.com, https://github.com/gh-tr

• Targets must use naming consistent with any existing targets; for instance, a
  target for the same CPU or OS as an existing Rust target should use the same
  name for that CPU or OS. Targets should normally use the same names and
  naming conventions as used elsewhere in the broader ecosystem beyond Rust
  (such as in other toolchains), unless they have a very good reason to
  diverge. Changing the name of a target can be highly disruptive, especially
  once the target reaches a higher tier, so getting the name right is important
  even for a tier 3 target.
• Target names should not introduce undue confusion or ambiguity unless
  absolutely necessary to maintain ecosystem compatibility. For example, if
  the name of the target makes people extremely likely to form incorrect
  beliefs about what it targets, the name should be changed or augmented to
  disambiguate it.

aarch64-unknown-nto-qnx7.1.0 and x86_64-pc-nto-qnx7.1.0 have been chosen as these
strings are used in the official QNX Neutrino toolchain (for C/C++). It should also
harmonize with the other Rust targets.

The version (7.1.0 ) is needed because libc needs to distinguish between different
versions (target_env is set to 710 for QNX Neutrino 7.1): For example, functions are removed from 7.0
to 7.1, sometimes the signature of functions is slightly changed or size/alignment of structs.
I'm expecting the same for future versions.
This works very well in e.g. libc (tested with 7.0 which I'm not going to support).

• Tier 3 targets may have unusual requirements to build or use, but must not
  create legal issues or impose onerous legal terms for the Rust project or for
  Rust developers or users.
• The target must not introduce license incompatibilities.

No issue as far as I can see.

• Anything added to the Rust repository must be under the standard Rust
  license (MIT OR Apache-2.0).

Ok

• The target must not cause the Rust tools or libraries built for any other
  host (even when supporting cross-compilation to the target) to depend
  on any new dependency less permissive than the Rust licensing policy. This
  applies whether the dependency is a Rust crate that would require adding
  new license exceptions (as specified by the tidy tool in the
  rust-lang/rust repository), or whether the dependency is a native library
  or binary. In other words, the introduction of the target must not cause a
  user installing or running a version of Rust or the Rust tools to be
  subject to any new license requirements.

No change for host tools. When cross-compiling for QNX Neutrino, the compiler/linker
driver "qcc" is called. It should be possible (but not tested) to use other
(OSS) compilers/linkers to produce working binaries.

• Compiling, linking, and emitting functional binaries, libraries, or other
  code for the target (whether hosted on the target itself or cross-compiling
  from another target) must not depend on proprietary (non-FOSS) libraries.
  Host tools built for the target itself may depend on the ordinary runtime
  libraries supplied by the platform and commonly used by other applications
  built for the target, but those libraries must not be required for code
  generation for the target; cross-compilation to the target must not require
  such libraries at all. For instance, rustc built for the target may
  depend on a common proprietary C runtime library or console output library,
  but must not depend on a proprietary code generation library or code
  optimization library. Rust's license permits such combinations, but the
  Rust project has no interest in maintaining such combinations within the
  scope of Rust itself, even at tier 3.

Only rustc is required for code generation (i.e. no additional libraries to
generate code). Linking of executables requires the ordinary runtime libraries
crt and libc.

• "onerous" here is an intentionally subjective term. At a minimum, "onerous"
  legal/licensing terms include but are not limited to: non-disclosure
  requirements, non-compete requirements, contributor license agreements
  (CLAs) or equivalent, "non-commercial"/"research-only"/etc terms,
  requirements conditional on the employer or employment of any particular
  Rust developers, revocable terms, any requirements that create liability
  for the Rust project or its developers or users, or any requirements that
  adversely affect the livelihood or prospects of the Rust project or its
  developers or users.
• Neither this policy nor any decisions made regarding targets shall create any
  binding agreement or estoppel by any party. If any member of an approving
  Rust team serves as one of the maintainers of a target, or has any legal or
  employment requirement (explicit or implicit) that might affect their
  decisions regarding a target, they must recuse themselves from any approval
  decisions regarding the target's tier status, though they may otherwise
  participate in discussions.
• This requirement does not prevent part or all of this policy from being
  cited in an explicit contract or work agreement (e.g. to implement or
  maintain support for a target). This requirement exists to ensure that a
  developer or team responsible for reviewing and approving a target does not
  face any legal threats or obligations that would prevent them from freely
  exercising their judgment in such approval, even if such judgment involves
  subjective matters or goes beyond the letter of these requirements.

I see no issues with any of the above.

• Tier 3 targets should attempt to implement as much of the standard libraries
  as possible and appropriate (core for most targets, alloc for targets
  that can support dynamic memory allocation, std for targets with an
  operating system or equivalent layer of system-provided functionality), but
  may leave some code unimplemented (either unavailable or stubbed out as
  appropriate), whether because the target makes it impossible to implement or
  challenging to implement. The authors of pull requests are not obligated to
  avoid calling any portions of the standard library on the basis of a tier 3
  target not implementing those portions.

core and alloc should be working (no change required). std implementation
is ongoing and will be provided separately.

• The target must provide documentation for the Rust community explaining how
  to build for the target, using cross-compilation if possible. If the target
  supports running binaries, or running tests (even if they do not pass), the
  documentation must explain how to run such binaries or tests for the target,
  using emulation if possible or dedicated hardware if necessary.

see nto-qnx.md

• Tier 3 targets must not impose burden on the authors of pull requests, or
  other developers in the community, to maintain the target. In particular,
  do not post comments (automated or manual) on a PR that derail or suggest a
  block on the PR based on a tier 3 target. Do not send automated messages or
  notifications (via any medium, including via @) to a PR author or others
  involved with a PR regarding a tier 3 target, unless they have opted into
  such messages.
• Backlinks such as those generated by the issue/PR tracker when linking to
  an issue or PR are not considered a violation of this policy, within
  reason. However, such messages (even on a separate repository) must not
  generate notifications to anyone involved with a PR who has not requested
  such notifications.

Ok

• Patches adding or updating tier 3 targets must not break any existing tier 2
  or tier 1 target, and must not knowingly break another tier 3 target without
  approval of either the compiler team or the maintainers of the other tier 3
  target.
• In particular, this may come up when working on closely related targets,
  such as variations of the same architecture with different features. Avoid
  introducing unconditional uses of features that another variation of the
  target may not have; use conditional compilation or runtime detection, as
  appropriate, to let each target run code supported by that target.

Ok

[rust-highfive]

r? @JohnTitor

(rust-highfive has picked a reviewer for you, use r? to override)

[rust-highfive]

⚠️Warning⚠️

• These commits modify compiler targets. (See the Target Tier Policy.)

[JohnTitor]

r? @joshtriplett as I'm not familiar with adding a new target

[flba-eb]

Converted back to draft state for further discussions.

[flba-eb]

As discussed with @joshtriplett , the changeset has been updated: target_env = "nto71".

[rustbot]

These commits modify compiler targets.
(See the Target Tier Policy.)

Some changes occurred in compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc

cc @antoyo

Some changes occurred in compiler/rustc_codegen_cranelift

cc @bjorn3

[flba-eb]

@cjgillot Thanks for the review! The example code did not compile (on Windows) so I've removed it (for now).

[cjgillot]

@bors r+

[bors]

📌 Commit a4cafc8 has been approved by cjgillot

It is now in the queue for this repository.

[bors]

⌛ Testing commit a4cafc8 with merge aa05f99...

[bors]

☀️ Test successful - checks-actions
Approved by: cjgillot
Pushing aa05f99 to master...

[rust-timer]

Finished benchmarking commit (aa05f99): comparison URL.

Overall result: no relevant changes - no action needed

@rustbot label: -perf-regression

Instruction count

This benchmark run did not return any relevant results for this metric.

Max RSS (memory usage)

Results

This is a less reliable metric that may be of interest but was not used to determine the overall result at the top of this comment.

	mean	range	count
Regressions ❌ (primary)	-	-	0
Regressions ❌ (secondary)	0.7%	[0.7%, 0.7%]	1
Improvements ✅ (primary)	-	-	0
Improvements ✅ (secondary)	-	-	0
All ❌✅ (primary)	-	-	0

Cycles

Results

This is a less reliable metric that may be of interest but was not used to determine the overall result at the top of this comment.

	mean	range	count
Regressions ❌ (primary)	-	-	0
Regressions ❌ (secondary)	-	-	0
Improvements ✅ (primary)	-4.1%	[-7.9%, -1.1%]	13
Improvements ✅ (secondary)	-	-	0
All ❌✅ (primary)	-4.1%	[-7.9%, -1.1%]	13