[core] Make stepContext a global singleton to protect against module duplication and caching issues

[VaguelySerious]

Summary

• Fixes getWorkflowMetadata()/getStepMetadata() throwing "can only be called inside a workflow or step function" when called from a helper function outside the step body on Vercel deployments
• Makes the step context AsyncLocalStorage a process-wide singleton via Symbol.for() on globalThis, preventing dual-instance issues when bundlers create multiple copies of the module
• Adds unit tests for the singleton behavior and e2e regression test matching the exact repro pattern from the issue

Closes#1577
Closes#839

Test plan

• Unit tests for singleton behavior (context-storage.test.ts)
• E2e regression test (metadataFromHelperWorkflow) matching the exact repro pattern
• All 563 existing core tests pass
• CI passes
• Vercel preview deployment validates the fix on actual Vercel infrastructure

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: c7b37f7

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

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Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	868	0	67	935
✅ 💻 Local Development	842	0	178	1020
✅ 📦 Local Production	842	0	178	1020
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	842	0	178	1020
✅ 🪟 Windows	77	0	8	85
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	135	60	24	219
✅ 📋 Other	213	0	42	255
Total	3819	60	675	4554

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (60 failed)

mongodb (2 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNA8R0MP137B0BFAYTB23WRN
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNA905WE7VYATFER855KKR3B

redis (2 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNA8R0MP137B0BFAYTB23WRN
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNA905WE7VYATFER855KKR3B

turso (56 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8PSR8BV0BRRTEGDGMJW3Y
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8PSR8BV0BRRTEGDGMJW3Y
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNA8R1E1V69600F59XX770B9
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8Q1V00RSKR61VMZXF6HBY
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8Q6GJ5XNH30DGT9FGYGZJ
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8Q8VAXBS02KW9FN8HHKNW
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8RD46079T8ZP2DBMWMAE6
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8QN5EW19DJDVVT6W72RJX
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNA8R0MP137B0BFAYTB23WRN
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8R9K4MV9NGGTP9JY1KHTR
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8RGTV7JZAC804VV53B1T5
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8RWHX1A2DEYBFEBBHRANS
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8S03YNF0MP52QJ97GG52W
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8S2WMTBY7G23YRF9XRM11
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8VTB6REGAC6K9YNJG0TE6
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8VY2ETV7VGTT20F22CA4F
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNA8ZG05TQ0ESM6QT6FVPQAM
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNA905WE7VYATFER855KKR3B
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNA90VXC65PJRXW850ZWCDVV
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNA91GKKATQN0MAN4GW4Q1CC
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNA91SX9G5918KQJ3W92ANV5
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNA91ZHT69WGWTB0DM83620N
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNA921X0FQ1W7CZR6WCVKAQ6
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNA92JDFF7A7C81HY30BJ5GQ
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNA92RD7TJVY2BY0MAEM3MJA
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNA92ZB093DYKM5WCYGS43K0
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNA9367D3AWWH54XXC0KN21C
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNA93D782JBVZNT411ZC36B4
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNA93M6REYABQVMW11NKCK7A
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNA93W6B3NK2YHSGTRPCZF5N
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNA947T5YM7MHVRF24F8W7H9
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNA94FY7D8681ZRW0JPXX04P
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNA94PS7RKXFHEWH3ZP902NG
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNA950982GN8S3FHJR2JJ638
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNA95CWKQXD34X0AFRW7K5FC
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNA963GP477F5P4CXR5FDNR5
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNA96DW29SEZWN6AP9E5TMV5
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNA96P2FY8CP9AJHWN281D2V
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNA96RBKDFHPH1609GNGNN8K

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	78	0	7
✅ example	78	0	7
✅ express	78	0	7
✅ fastify	78	0	7
✅ hono	78	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	83	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	83	0	2
✅ nitro	78	0	7
✅ nuxt	78	0	7
✅ sveltekit	78	0	7
✅ vite	78	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	71	0	14
✅ express-stable	71	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	71	0	14
✅ hono-stable	71	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	71	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	71	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	71	0	14
✅ vite-stable	71	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	71	0	14
✅ express-stable	71	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	71	0	14
✅ hono-stable	71	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	71	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	71	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	71	0	14
✅ vite-stable	71	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	71	0	14
✅ express-stable	71	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	71	0	14
✅ hono-stable	71	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	71	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	71	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	71	0	14
✅ vite-stable	71	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	77	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	5	0	0
❌ mongodb	58	2	8
✅ redis-dev	5	0	0
❌ redis	58	2	8
✅ turso-dev	5	0	0
❌ turso	4	56	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	71	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	71	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	71	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.042s (-1.6%)	1.005s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-16.5% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.962s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.049s	1.005s	0.957s	10	1.15x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.054s	1.005s	0.951s	10	1.28x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.058s	1.011s	0.953s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.059s (-11.0% 🟢)	1.011s (~)	0.952s	10	1.40x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.060s (+4.7%)	1.011s (~)	0.950s	10	1.42x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.442s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.431s (-4.1%)	1.989s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.585s (-8.9% 🟢)	2.712s (+11.1% 🔺)	2.127s	10	1.32x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.127s (-1.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.879s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.127s	2.007s	0.879s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.131s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.875s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.134s	2.006s	0.872s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.138s	2.011s	0.873s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.144s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.866s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.151s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.858s	10	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.103s (-0.7%)	3.676s (-4.9%)	1.573s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.395s (+5.6% 🔺)	4.038s (+12.7% 🔺)	1.643s	10	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.820s	11.024s	0.203s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.821s	11.018s	0.197s	3	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.870s	11.026s	0.156s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.876s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.147s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.904s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.119s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.920s (-0.9%)	11.024s (-2.9%)	0.104s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.944s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.080s	3	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	18.278s (+6.5% 🔺)	19.811s (+3.7%)	1.533s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.079s (+3.9%)	21.213s (+5.5% 🔺)	2.134s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.358s	15.031s	0.673s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.417s	15.021s	0.604s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	14.491s (~)	15.021s (~)	0.530s	4	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.605s (~)	15.022s (~)	0.417s	4	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.636s	15.030s	0.394s	4	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	14.995s (-1.4%)	15.279s (-4.7%)	0.285s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	15.040s (+0.6%)	15.529s (+3.3%)	0.489s	4	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	32.642s (-3.3%)	34.633s (-2.1%)	1.991s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	33.028s (+4.3%)	34.675s (+4.0%)	1.647s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	13.633s	14.027s	0.395s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.639s	14.021s	0.383s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.747s (-1.8%)	14.021s (-3.9%)	0.274s	7	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.084s (~)	15.022s (+3.9%)	0.938s	6	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.070s	16.864s	0.794s	6	1.18x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.915s (-1.4%)	17.031s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.116s	6	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	16.928s (+1.5%)	17.364s (+2.0%)	0.436s	6	1.24x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	51.581s (-1.5%)	53.389s (-1.2%)	1.807s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	56.153s (+3.1%)	58.058s (+4.7%)	1.905s	2	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.231s	2.011s	0.780s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.262s (~)	2.014s (~)	0.751s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.280s (+1.6%)	2.011s (~)	0.730s	15	1.04x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.304s	2.007s	0.703s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	1.493s (-3.1%)	2.005s (~)	0.512s	15	1.21x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.520s	2.006s	0.485s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.530s (-2.3%)	2.005s (~)	0.475s	15	1.24x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.281s (-3.5%)	3.940s (-2.5%)	1.659s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.427s (-12.8% 🟢)	3.943s (+1.5%)	1.516s	8	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.306s (-0.8%)	3.009s (~)	0.703s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.336s (~)	3.012s (~)	0.675s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.383s	3.010s	0.627s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.625s	3.009s	0.384s	10	1.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.834s	3.209s	0.375s	10	1.23x
💻 Local	Express	2.871s (-7.7% 🟢)	3.309s (-17.5% 🟢)	0.437s	10	1.25x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.942s (-5.7% 🟢)	3.761s (-3.2%)	0.819s	8	1.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.969s (-4.5%)	4.357s (-3.8%)	1.388s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.732s (+21.9% 🔺)	5.491s (+15.7% 🔺)	1.759s	6	1.26x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.459s (~)	4.009s (~)	0.551s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.470s (~)	4.013s (~)	0.543s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.644s	4.013s	0.369s	8	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.236s	5.012s	0.776s	6	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.095s	8.769s	0.675s	4	2.34x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.464s (+1.0%)	9.020s (~)	0.556s	4	2.45x
💻 Local	Express	8.738s (+7.2% 🔺)	9.275s (+2.8%)	0.537s	4	2.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.913s (+1.8%)	5.535s (~)	1.622s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.933s (-5.0% 🟢)	5.352s (-6.7% 🟢)	1.419s	6	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.219s	2.010s	0.791s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.245s (-1.0%)	2.009s (~)	0.764s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.259s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.751s	15	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.313s	2.007s	0.694s	15	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	1.515s (-1.8%)	2.006s (~)	0.492s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.537s	2.006s	0.469s	15	1.26x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.560s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.446s	15	1.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.223s (-1.0%)	3.944s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.721s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.479s (+0.5%)	4.147s (~)	1.667s	8	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.316s (~)	3.009s (~)	0.693s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.338s (~)	3.012s (~)	0.674s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.374s	3.011s	0.636s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.552s	3.008s	0.456s	10	1.10x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.912s	3.564s	0.652s	9	1.26x
💻 Local	Express	3.031s (-2.5%)	3.760s (-3.2%)	0.729s	8	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.212s (~)	4.010s (+3.2%)	0.798s	8	1.39x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.525s (-2.5%)	3.989s (+0.9%)	1.464s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.402s (+16.8% 🔺)	5.045s (+26.3% 🔺)	1.643s	6	1.35x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	3.473s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.538s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.475s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.536s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.657s	4.013s	0.356s	8	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.134s	5.012s	0.878s	6	1.19x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.223s	8.769s	0.546s	4	2.37x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.022s (+0.8%)	9.771s (+5.4% 🔺)	0.750s	4	2.60x
💻 Local	Express	9.027s (~)	9.522s (~)	0.495s	4	2.60x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.514s (+5.2% 🔺)	5.167s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.653s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.218s (+14.7% 🔺)	6.120s (+19.3% 🔺)	1.902s	5	1.20x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.769s	1.005s	0.236s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.788s	1.023s	0.235s	59	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.813s (-1.7%)	1.007s (~)	0.194s	60	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.845s	1.005s	0.159s	60	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.849s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.159s	60	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.004s (+0.6%)	1.338s (-6.0% 🟢)	0.334s	45	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.009s (-1.6%)	1.611s (-15.8% 🟢)	0.602s	38	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	9.044s (-7.8% 🟢)	10.959s (-9.2% 🟢)	1.914s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.069s (-1.7%)	12.322s (+3.9%)	2.253s	6	1.11x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.790s	2.006s	0.217s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.872s	2.076s	0.204s	44	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.915s (-2.4%)	2.054s (-4.6%)	0.138s	44	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.982s (-2.0%)	2.342s (-12.8% 🟢)	0.360s	39	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.690s	3.008s	0.318s	30	1.50x
💻 Local	Express	3.045s (+1.0%)	3.586s (-0.6%)	0.541s	26	1.70x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.060s (-0.9%)	3.801s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.741s	24	1.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	27.192s (-9.8% 🟢)	29.080s (-9.1% 🟢)	1.888s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	29.273s (-2.7%)	31.220s (-1.4%)	1.947s	3	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.604s	4.009s	0.405s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.697s	4.011s	0.314s	30	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.883s (-3.4%)	4.110s (-9.3% 🟢)	0.227s	30	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Express	4.138s (+2.0%)	4.931s (+3.1%)	0.794s	25	1.15x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.702s	9.018s	0.315s	14	2.41x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.194s (-2.3%)	10.019s (~)	0.825s	12	2.55x
💻 Local	Express	9.350s (+2.3%)	9.787s (+1.6%)	0.437s	13	2.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	71.160s (-14.8% 🟢)	72.955s (-15.0% 🟢)	1.795s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	77.068s (-7.9% 🟢)	78.794s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.726s	2	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.252s	1.008s	0.756s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.284s (+3.9%)	1.008s (~)	0.724s	60	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.284s (+2.0%)	1.008s (~)	0.724s	60	1.13x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.295s	1.005s	0.710s	60	1.17x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.587s	1.005s	0.418s	60	2.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.605s (+4.0%)	1.005s (~)	0.400s	60	2.40x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.606s (-11.3% 🟢)	1.005s (-3.4%)	0.399s	60	2.40x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.882s (-5.6% 🟢)	3.495s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.612s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.933s (+22.6% 🔺)	3.342s (+7.7% 🔺)	1.409s	18	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.469s	1.007s	0.538s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.487s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.520s	90	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.494s (-0.7%)	1.008s (~)	0.513s	90	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.244s	2.006s	0.762s	45	2.65x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.450s (-3.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.559s	30	5.22x
💻 Local	Express	2.560s (~)	3.009s (~)	0.448s	30	5.45x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.612s	3.009s	0.397s	30	5.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.670s (-24.7% 🟢)	4.246s (-20.4% 🟢)	1.576s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.682s (-18.9% 🟢)	5.352s (-12.4% 🟢)	1.670s	17	1.38x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.744s	1.015s	0.271s	119	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.770s (~)	1.008s (~)	0.238s	120	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.783s (-1.1%)	1.009s (~)	0.225s	119	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.831s	3.136s	0.305s	39	3.80x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.931s	11.391s	0.460s	11	14.68x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.057s (-2.6%)	11.482s (-3.8%)	0.425s	11	14.85x
💻 Local	Express	11.257s (~)	11.756s (-1.5%)	0.498s	11	15.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	7.626s (-7.6% 🟢)	9.342s (-4.6%)	1.717s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	90.118s (+988.5% 🔺)	91.958s (+844.5% 🔺)	1.840s	6	11.82x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.171s	1.002s	0.013s	1.018s	0.847s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.190s	1.001s	0.002s	1.008s	0.818s	10	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.193s	1.001s	0.002s	1.010s	0.817s	10	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.202s (-0.9%)	0.995s (~)	0.002s (+28.6% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.807s	10	1.18x
💻 Local	Express	0.205s (+0.8%)	1.003s (~)	0.011s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.812s	10	1.20x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.209s (-4.2%)	1.003s (~)	0.012s (+6.3% 🔺)	1.018s (~)	0.809s	10	1.22x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.211s (+1.1%)	0.992s (~)	0.001s (-13.3% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.799s	10	1.23x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.775s (-3.5%)	2.987s (+1.0%)	0.499s (-15.2% 🟢)	4.122s (-2.9%)	2.347s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.929s (-3.7%)	3.203s (+7.5% 🔺)	0.570s (-15.3% 🟢)	4.401s (+4.9%)	2.472s	10	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.498s	1.001s	0.003s	1.012s	0.513s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.589s (-2.5%)	1.001s (~)	0.004s (+1.3%)	1.022s (~)	0.433s	59	1.18x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.596s	1.008s	0.007s	1.025s	0.429s	59	1.20x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.633s (+2.7%)	1.004s (~)	0.006s (+40.7% 🔺)	1.026s (~)	0.393s	59	1.27x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.656s	1.008s	0.008s	1.022s	0.365s	59	1.32x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.725s (-4.6%)	1.010s (~)	0.009s (-5.3% 🟢)	1.023s (~)	0.298s	59	1.46x
💻 Local	Express	0.736s (+1.7%)	1.011s (~)	0.009s (+8.1% 🔺)	1.024s (~)	0.288s	59	1.48x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.268s (-1.0%)	5.366s (-1.9%)	0.211s (-8.7% 🟢)	6.147s (-4.9%)	1.879s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.567s (-22.3% 🟢)	5.568s (-19.7% 🟢)	0.191s (-54.9% 🟢)	6.446s (-18.7% 🟢)	1.879s	10	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.900s	1.017s	0.000s	1.021s	0.121s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.924s	1.155s	0.000s	1.163s	0.239s	52	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.928s (-4.9%)	1.084s (-6.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-5.5% 🟢)	1.099s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.171s	55	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.946s (-3.2%)	1.191s (-0.6%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.204s (-2.6%)	0.259s	51	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.266s (-2.3%)	2.021s (~)	0.001s (+36.4% 🔺)	2.024s (~)	0.758s	30	1.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.269s	2.021s	0.000s	2.025s	0.756s	30	1.41x
💻 Local	Express	1.272s (+2.0%)	2.019s (~)	0.000s (-25.0% 🟢)	2.022s (~)	0.751s	30	1.41x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.721s (-9.4% 🟢)	3.630s (-11.4% 🟢)	0.000s (-95.9% 🟢)	4.232s (-12.1% 🟢)	1.511s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.141s (-3.7%)	4.418s (+7.1% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.074s (+8.3% 🔺)	1.933s	12	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.652s	2.035s	0.000s	2.040s	0.388s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.732s (+1.0%)	2.102s (~)	0.000s (+3.6%)	2.145s (+1.5%)	0.413s	28	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.769s (+1.1%)	2.175s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.205s (+4.8%)	0.435s	28	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.786s	2.145s	0.000s	2.157s	0.371s	28	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.590s (-3.9%)	4.100s (-3.2%)	0.001s (-9.1% 🟢)	4.104s (-3.2%)	0.514s	15	2.17x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.610s	4.098s	0.001s	4.103s	0.492s	15	2.19x
💻 Local	Express	3.711s (+2.5%)	4.300s (+4.9%)	0.001s (+42.9% 🔺)	4.303s (+4.9%)	0.592s	15	2.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.875s (+3.7%)	5.036s (~)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.680s (+0.5%)	1.805s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.862s (+11.2% 🔺)	7.131s (+14.6% 🔺)	0.000s (NaN%)	7.722s (+14.1% 🔺)	1.860s	8	1.51x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	15/21
▲ Vercel	Express	17/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	19/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	9/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	18/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

---

❌ Some benchmark jobs failed:

• Local: success
• Postgres: success
• Vercel: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

[karthikscale3]

AI review: Approve — correct fix, follows the established Symbol.for() + globalThis singleton pattern already used in 11+ places across @workflow/core (symbols.ts, runtime/world.ts, get-workflow-metadata.ts). No regression risk — validated on all 11 Vercel preview deployments (868 passed, 0 new failures). Will let Pranay and Nate take a pass at this as well.

[pablodecm]

Fix seems to work to fix #1577 in realistic/production like setting (after forcing vercel not to use build cache).

[TooTallNate]

Clean, well-scoped fix. The Symbol.for() + globalThis singleton pattern is the standard approach for ensuring a single instance across duplicated modules, and it's implemented correctly here.

What I verified:

1. Singleton pattern is correct — The ?? + assignment expression atomically checks-and-sets the global slot. Symbol.for('WORKFLOW_STEP_CONTEXT_STORAGE') guarantees the same symbol across module copies (unlike Symbol() which creates unique symbols).

2. @__PURE__ correctly removed — The old /* @__PURE__ */ new AsyncLocalStorage() told tree-shakers the expression was side-effect-free. The new expression writes to globalThis, so removing it is correct.

3. All 21 callers of contextStorage use .run() or .getStore() — none create their own instance. The fix ensures they all reference the same AsyncLocalStorage regardless of how many copies of the module exist.

4. Extracted StepContext type — Good refactor. The inline type was getting unwieldy.

5. Unit tests cover the three important properties: same instance across imports, stored on globalThis via Symbol.for(), and context propagation between separately-constructed references.

6. E2e test directly reproduces the #1577 pattern — helper function at module scope calling getWorkflowMetadata()/getStepMetadata() outside the step body.

7. Changeset is correctly patch and accurately describes the fix as defense-in-depth.

LGTM.

[VaguelySerious]

Summary

• Fixes getWorkflowMetadata()/getStepMetadata() throwing "can only be called inside a workflow or step function" when called from a helper function outside the step body on Vercel deployments
• Makes the step context AsyncLocalStorage a process-wide singleton via Symbol.for() on globalThis, preventing dual-instance issues when bundlers create multiple copies of the module
• Adds unit tests for the singleton behavior and e2e regression test matching the exact repro pattern from the issue

Closes#1577
Closes#839

Test plan

• Unit tests for singleton behavior (context-storage.test.ts)
• E2e regression test (metadataFromHelperWorkflow) matching the exact repro pattern
• All 563 existing core tests pass
• CI passes
• Vercel preview deployment validates the fix on actual Vercel infrastructure

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: c7b37f7

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch

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The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	868	0	67	935
✅ 💻 Local Development	842	0	178	1020
✅ 📦 Local Production	842	0	178	1020
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	842	0	178	1020
✅ 🪟 Windows	77	0	8	85
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	135	60	24	219
✅ 📋 Other	213	0	42	255
Total	3819	60	675	4554

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (60 failed)

mongodb (2 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNA8R0MP137B0BFAYTB23WRN
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNA905WE7VYATFER855KKR3B

redis (2 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNA8R0MP137B0BFAYTB23WRN
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNA905WE7VYATFER855KKR3B

turso (56 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8PSR8BV0BRRTEGDGMJW3Y
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8PSR8BV0BRRTEGDGMJW3Y
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNA8R1E1V69600F59XX770B9
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8Q1V00RSKR61VMZXF6HBY
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8Q6GJ5XNH30DGT9FGYGZJ
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8Q8VAXBS02KW9FN8HHKNW
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8RD46079T8ZP2DBMWMAE6
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8QN5EW19DJDVVT6W72RJX
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNA8R0MP137B0BFAYTB23WRN
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8R9K4MV9NGGTP9JY1KHTR
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8RGTV7JZAC804VV53B1T5
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8RWHX1A2DEYBFEBBHRANS
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8S03YNF0MP52QJ97GG52W
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8S2WMTBY7G23YRF9XRM11
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8VTB6REGAC6K9YNJG0TE6
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8VY2ETV7VGTT20F22CA4F
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNA8ZG05TQ0ESM6QT6FVPQAM
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNA905WE7VYATFER855KKR3B
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNA90VXC65PJRXW850ZWCDVV
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNA91GKKATQN0MAN4GW4Q1CC
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNA91SX9G5918KQJ3W92ANV5
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNA91ZHT69WGWTB0DM83620N
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNA921X0FQ1W7CZR6WCVKAQ6
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNA92JDFF7A7C81HY30BJ5GQ
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNA92RD7TJVY2BY0MAEM3MJA
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNA92ZB093DYKM5WCYGS43K0
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNA9367D3AWWH54XXC0KN21C
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNA93D782JBVZNT411ZC36B4
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNA93M6REYABQVMW11NKCK7A
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNA93W6B3NK2YHSGTRPCZF5N
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNA947T5YM7MHVRF24F8W7H9
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNA94FY7D8681ZRW0JPXX04P
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNA94PS7RKXFHEWH3ZP902NG
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNA950982GN8S3FHJR2JJ638
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNA95CWKQXD34X0AFRW7K5FC
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNA963GP477F5P4CXR5FDNR5
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNA96DW29SEZWN6AP9E5TMV5
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNA96P2FY8CP9AJHWN281D2V
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNA96RBKDFHPH1609GNGNN8K

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	78	0	7
✅ example	78	0	7
✅ express	78	0	7
✅ fastify	78	0	7
✅ hono	78	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	83	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	83	0	2
✅ nitro	78	0	7
✅ nuxt	78	0	7
✅ sveltekit	78	0	7
✅ vite	78	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	71	0	14
✅ express-stable	71	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	71	0	14
✅ hono-stable	71	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	71	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	71	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	71	0	14
✅ vite-stable	71	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	71	0	14
✅ express-stable	71	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	71	0	14
✅ hono-stable	71	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	71	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	71	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	71	0	14
✅ vite-stable	71	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	71	0	14
✅ express-stable	71	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	71	0	14
✅ hono-stable	71	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	71	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	71	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	71	0	14
✅ vite-stable	71	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	77	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	5	0	0
❌ mongodb	58	2	8
✅ redis-dev	5	0	0
❌ redis	58	2	8
✅ turso-dev	5	0	0
❌ turso	4	56	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	71	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	71	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	71	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.042s (-1.6%)	1.005s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-16.5% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.962s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.049s	1.005s	0.957s	10	1.15x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.054s	1.005s	0.951s	10	1.28x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.058s	1.011s	0.953s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.059s (-11.0% 🟢)	1.011s (~)	0.952s	10	1.40x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.060s (+4.7%)	1.011s (~)	0.950s	10	1.42x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.442s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.431s (-4.1%)	1.989s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.585s (-8.9% 🟢)	2.712s (+11.1% 🔺)	2.127s	10	1.32x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.127s (-1.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.879s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.127s	2.007s	0.879s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.131s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.875s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.134s	2.006s	0.872s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.138s	2.011s	0.873s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.144s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.866s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.151s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.858s	10	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.103s (-0.7%)	3.676s (-4.9%)	1.573s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.395s (+5.6% 🔺)	4.038s (+12.7% 🔺)	1.643s	10	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.820s	11.024s	0.203s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.821s	11.018s	0.197s	3	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.870s	11.026s	0.156s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.876s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.147s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.904s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.119s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.920s (-0.9%)	11.024s (-2.9%)	0.104s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.944s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.080s	3	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	18.278s (+6.5% 🔺)	19.811s (+3.7%)	1.533s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.079s (+3.9%)	21.213s (+5.5% 🔺)	2.134s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.358s	15.031s	0.673s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.417s	15.021s	0.604s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	14.491s (~)	15.021s (~)	0.530s	4	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.605s (~)	15.022s (~)	0.417s	4	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.636s	15.030s	0.394s	4	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	14.995s (-1.4%)	15.279s (-4.7%)	0.285s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	15.040s (+0.6%)	15.529s (+3.3%)	0.489s	4	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	32.642s (-3.3%)	34.633s (-2.1%)	1.991s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	33.028s (+4.3%)	34.675s (+4.0%)	1.647s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	13.633s	14.027s	0.395s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.639s	14.021s	0.383s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.747s (-1.8%)	14.021s (-3.9%)	0.274s	7	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.084s (~)	15.022s (+3.9%)	0.938s	6	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.070s	16.864s	0.794s	6	1.18x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.915s (-1.4%)	17.031s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.116s	6	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	16.928s (+1.5%)	17.364s (+2.0%)	0.436s	6	1.24x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	51.581s (-1.5%)	53.389s (-1.2%)	1.807s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	56.153s (+3.1%)	58.058s (+4.7%)	1.905s	2	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.231s	2.011s	0.780s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.262s (~)	2.014s (~)	0.751s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.280s (+1.6%)	2.011s (~)	0.730s	15	1.04x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.304s	2.007s	0.703s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	1.493s (-3.1%)	2.005s (~)	0.512s	15	1.21x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.520s	2.006s	0.485s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.530s (-2.3%)	2.005s (~)	0.475s	15	1.24x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.281s (-3.5%)	3.940s (-2.5%)	1.659s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.427s (-12.8% 🟢)	3.943s (+1.5%)	1.516s	8	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.306s (-0.8%)	3.009s (~)	0.703s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.336s (~)	3.012s (~)	0.675s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.383s	3.010s	0.627s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.625s	3.009s	0.384s	10	1.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.834s	3.209s	0.375s	10	1.23x
💻 Local	Express	2.871s (-7.7% 🟢)	3.309s (-17.5% 🟢)	0.437s	10	1.25x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.942s (-5.7% 🟢)	3.761s (-3.2%)	0.819s	8	1.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.969s (-4.5%)	4.357s (-3.8%)	1.388s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.732s (+21.9% 🔺)	5.491s (+15.7% 🔺)	1.759s	6	1.26x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.459s (~)	4.009s (~)	0.551s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.470s (~)	4.013s (~)	0.543s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.644s	4.013s	0.369s	8	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.236s	5.012s	0.776s	6	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.095s	8.769s	0.675s	4	2.34x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.464s (+1.0%)	9.020s (~)	0.556s	4	2.45x
💻 Local	Express	8.738s (+7.2% 🔺)	9.275s (+2.8%)	0.537s	4	2.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.913s (+1.8%)	5.535s (~)	1.622s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.933s (-5.0% 🟢)	5.352s (-6.7% 🟢)	1.419s	6	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.219s	2.010s	0.791s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.245s (-1.0%)	2.009s (~)	0.764s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.259s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.751s	15	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.313s	2.007s	0.694s	15	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	1.515s (-1.8%)	2.006s (~)	0.492s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.537s	2.006s	0.469s	15	1.26x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.560s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.446s	15	1.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.223s (-1.0%)	3.944s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.721s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.479s (+0.5%)	4.147s (~)	1.667s	8	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.316s (~)	3.009s (~)	0.693s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.338s (~)	3.012s (~)	0.674s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.374s	3.011s	0.636s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.552s	3.008s	0.456s	10	1.10x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.912s	3.564s	0.652s	9	1.26x
💻 Local	Express	3.031s (-2.5%)	3.760s (-3.2%)	0.729s	8	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.212s (~)	4.010s (+3.2%)	0.798s	8	1.39x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.525s (-2.5%)	3.989s (+0.9%)	1.464s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.402s (+16.8% 🔺)	5.045s (+26.3% 🔺)	1.643s	6	1.35x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	3.473s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.538s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.475s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.536s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.657s	4.013s	0.356s	8	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.134s	5.012s	0.878s	6	1.19x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.223s	8.769s	0.546s	4	2.37x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.022s (+0.8%)	9.771s (+5.4% 🔺)	0.750s	4	2.60x
💻 Local	Express	9.027s (~)	9.522s (~)	0.495s	4	2.60x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.514s (+5.2% 🔺)	5.167s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.653s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.218s (+14.7% 🔺)	6.120s (+19.3% 🔺)	1.902s	5	1.20x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.769s	1.005s	0.236s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.788s	1.023s	0.235s	59	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.813s (-1.7%)	1.007s (~)	0.194s	60	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.845s	1.005s	0.159s	60	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.849s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.159s	60	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.004s (+0.6%)	1.338s (-6.0% 🟢)	0.334s	45	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.009s (-1.6%)	1.611s (-15.8% 🟢)	0.602s	38	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	9.044s (-7.8% 🟢)	10.959s (-9.2% 🟢)	1.914s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.069s (-1.7%)	12.322s (+3.9%)	2.253s	6	1.11x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.790s	2.006s	0.217s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.872s	2.076s	0.204s	44	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.915s (-2.4%)	2.054s (-4.6%)	0.138s	44	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.982s (-2.0%)	2.342s (-12.8% 🟢)	0.360s	39	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.690s	3.008s	0.318s	30	1.50x
💻 Local	Express	3.045s (+1.0%)	3.586s (-0.6%)	0.541s	26	1.70x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.060s (-0.9%)	3.801s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.741s	24	1.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	27.192s (-9.8% 🟢)	29.080s (-9.1% 🟢)	1.888s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	29.273s (-2.7%)	31.220s (-1.4%)	1.947s	3	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.604s	4.009s	0.405s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.697s	4.011s	0.314s	30	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.883s (-3.4%)	4.110s (-9.3% 🟢)	0.227s	30	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Express	4.138s (+2.0%)	4.931s (+3.1%)	0.794s	25	1.15x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.702s	9.018s	0.315s	14	2.41x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.194s (-2.3%)	10.019s (~)	0.825s	12	2.55x
💻 Local	Express	9.350s (+2.3%)	9.787s (+1.6%)	0.437s	13	2.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	71.160s (-14.8% 🟢)	72.955s (-15.0% 🟢)	1.795s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	77.068s (-7.9% 🟢)	78.794s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.726s	2	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.252s	1.008s	0.756s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.284s (+3.9%)	1.008s (~)	0.724s	60	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.284s (+2.0%)	1.008s (~)	0.724s	60	1.13x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.295s	1.005s	0.710s	60	1.17x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.587s	1.005s	0.418s	60	2.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.605s (+4.0%)	1.005s (~)	0.400s	60	2.40x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.606s (-11.3% 🟢)	1.005s (-3.4%)	0.399s	60	2.40x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.882s (-5.6% 🟢)	3.495s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.612s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.933s (+22.6% 🔺)	3.342s (+7.7% 🔺)	1.409s	18	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.469s	1.007s	0.538s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.487s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.520s	90	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.494s (-0.7%)	1.008s (~)	0.513s	90	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.244s	2.006s	0.762s	45	2.65x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.450s (-3.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.559s	30	5.22x
💻 Local	Express	2.560s (~)	3.009s (~)	0.448s	30	5.45x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.612s	3.009s	0.397s	30	5.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.670s (-24.7% 🟢)	4.246s (-20.4% 🟢)	1.576s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.682s (-18.9% 🟢)	5.352s (-12.4% 🟢)	1.670s	17	1.38x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.744s	1.015s	0.271s	119	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.770s (~)	1.008s (~)	0.238s	120	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.783s (-1.1%)	1.009s (~)	0.225s	119	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.831s	3.136s	0.305s	39	3.80x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.931s	11.391s	0.460s	11	14.68x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.057s (-2.6%)	11.482s (-3.8%)	0.425s	11	14.85x
💻 Local	Express	11.257s (~)	11.756s (-1.5%)	0.498s	11	15.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	7.626s (-7.6% 🟢)	9.342s (-4.6%)	1.717s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	90.118s (+988.5% 🔺)	91.958s (+844.5% 🔺)	1.840s	6	11.82x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.171s	1.002s	0.013s	1.018s	0.847s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.190s	1.001s	0.002s	1.008s	0.818s	10	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.193s	1.001s	0.002s	1.010s	0.817s	10	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.202s (-0.9%)	0.995s (~)	0.002s (+28.6% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.807s	10	1.18x
💻 Local	Express	0.205s (+0.8%)	1.003s (~)	0.011s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.812s	10	1.20x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.209s (-4.2%)	1.003s (~)	0.012s (+6.3% 🔺)	1.018s (~)	0.809s	10	1.22x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.211s (+1.1%)	0.992s (~)	0.001s (-13.3% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.799s	10	1.23x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.775s (-3.5%)	2.987s (+1.0%)	0.499s (-15.2% 🟢)	4.122s (-2.9%)	2.347s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.929s (-3.7%)	3.203s (+7.5% 🔺)	0.570s (-15.3% 🟢)	4.401s (+4.9%)	2.472s	10	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.498s	1.001s	0.003s	1.012s	0.513s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.589s (-2.5%)	1.001s (~)	0.004s (+1.3%)	1.022s (~)	0.433s	59	1.18x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.596s	1.008s	0.007s	1.025s	0.429s	59	1.20x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.633s (+2.7%)	1.004s (~)	0.006s (+40.7% 🔺)	1.026s (~)	0.393s	59	1.27x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.656s	1.008s	0.008s	1.022s	0.365s	59	1.32x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.725s (-4.6%)	1.010s (~)	0.009s (-5.3% 🟢)	1.023s (~)	0.298s	59	1.46x
💻 Local	Express	0.736s (+1.7%)	1.011s (~)	0.009s (+8.1% 🔺)	1.024s (~)	0.288s	59	1.48x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.268s (-1.0%)	5.366s (-1.9%)	0.211s (-8.7% 🟢)	6.147s (-4.9%)	1.879s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.567s (-22.3% 🟢)	5.568s (-19.7% 🟢)	0.191s (-54.9% 🟢)	6.446s (-18.7% 🟢)	1.879s	10	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.900s	1.017s	0.000s	1.021s	0.121s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.924s	1.155s	0.000s	1.163s	0.239s	52	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.928s (-4.9%)	1.084s (-6.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-5.5% 🟢)	1.099s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.171s	55	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.946s (-3.2%)	1.191s (-0.6%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.204s (-2.6%)	0.259s	51	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.266s (-2.3%)	2.021s (~)	0.001s (+36.4% 🔺)	2.024s (~)	0.758s	30	1.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.269s	2.021s	0.000s	2.025s	0.756s	30	1.41x
💻 Local	Express	1.272s (+2.0%)	2.019s (~)	0.000s (-25.0% 🟢)	2.022s (~)	0.751s	30	1.41x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.721s (-9.4% 🟢)	3.630s (-11.4% 🟢)	0.000s (-95.9% 🟢)	4.232s (-12.1% 🟢)	1.511s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.141s (-3.7%)	4.418s (+7.1% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.074s (+8.3% 🔺)	1.933s	12	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.652s	2.035s	0.000s	2.040s	0.388s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.732s (+1.0%)	2.102s (~)	0.000s (+3.6%)	2.145s (+1.5%)	0.413s	28	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.769s (+1.1%)	2.175s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.205s (+4.8%)	0.435s	28	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.786s	2.145s	0.000s	2.157s	0.371s	28	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.590s (-3.9%)	4.100s (-3.2%)	0.001s (-9.1% 🟢)	4.104s (-3.2%)	0.514s	15	2.17x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.610s	4.098s	0.001s	4.103s	0.492s	15	2.19x
💻 Local	Express	3.711s (+2.5%)	4.300s (+4.9%)	0.001s (+42.9% 🔺)	4.303s (+4.9%)	0.592s	15	2.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.875s (+3.7%)	5.036s (~)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.680s (+0.5%)	1.805s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.862s (+11.2% 🔺)	7.131s (+14.6% 🔺)	0.000s (NaN%)	7.722s (+14.1% 🔺)	1.860s	8	1.51x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	15/21
▲ Vercel	Express	17/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	19/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	9/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	18/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

---

❌ Some benchmark jobs failed:

• Local: success
• Postgres: success
• Vercel: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

[karthikscale3]

AI review: Approve — correct fix, follows the established Symbol.for() + globalThis singleton pattern already used in 11+ places across @workflow/core (symbols.ts, runtime/world.ts, get-workflow-metadata.ts). No regression risk — validated on all 11 Vercel preview deployments (868 passed, 0 new failures). Will let Pranay and Nate take a pass at this as well.

[pablodecm]

Fix seems to work to fix #1577 in realistic/production like setting (after forcing vercel not to use build cache).

[TooTallNate]

Clean, well-scoped fix. The Symbol.for() + globalThis singleton pattern is the standard approach for ensuring a single instance across duplicated modules, and it's implemented correctly here.

What I verified:

1. Singleton pattern is correct — The ?? + assignment expression atomically checks-and-sets the global slot. Symbol.for('WORKFLOW_STEP_CONTEXT_STORAGE') guarantees the same symbol across module copies (unlike Symbol() which creates unique symbols).

2. @__PURE__ correctly removed — The old /* @__PURE__ */ new AsyncLocalStorage() told tree-shakers the expression was side-effect-free. The new expression writes to globalThis, so removing it is correct.

3. All 21 callers of contextStorage use .run() or .getStore() — none create their own instance. The fix ensures they all reference the same AsyncLocalStorage regardless of how many copies of the module exist.

4. Extracted StepContext type — Good refactor. The inline type was getting unwieldy.

5. Unit tests cover the three important properties: same instance across imports, stored on globalThis via Symbol.for(), and context propagation between separately-constructed references.

6. E2e test directly reproduces the #1577 pattern — helper function at module scope calling getWorkflowMetadata()/getStepMetadata() outside the step body.

7. Changeset is correctly patch and accurately describes the fix as defense-in-depth.

LGTM.

[VaguelySerious]

Summary

• Fixes getWorkflowMetadata()/getStepMetadata() throwing "can only be called inside a workflow or step function" when called from a helper function outside the step body on Vercel deployments
• Makes the step context AsyncLocalStorage a process-wide singleton via Symbol.for() on globalThis, preventing dual-instance issues when bundlers create multiple copies of the module
• Adds unit tests for the singleton behavior and e2e regression test matching the exact repro pattern from the issue

Closes#1577
Closes#839

Test plan

• Unit tests for singleton behavior (context-storage.test.ts)
• E2e regression test (metadataFromHelperWorkflow) matching the exact repro pattern
• All 563 existing core tests pass
• CI passes
• Vercel preview deployment validates the fix on actual Vercel infrastructure

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: c7b37f7

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch

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Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	868	0	67	935
✅ 💻 Local Development	842	0	178	1020
✅ 📦 Local Production	842	0	178	1020
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	842	0	178	1020
✅ 🪟 Windows	77	0	8	85
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	135	60	24	219
✅ 📋 Other	213	0	42	255
Total	3819	60	675	4554

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (60 failed)

mongodb (2 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNA8R0MP137B0BFAYTB23WRN
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNA905WE7VYATFER855KKR3B

redis (2 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNA8R0MP137B0BFAYTB23WRN
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNA905WE7VYATFER855KKR3B

turso (56 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8PSR8BV0BRRTEGDGMJW3Y
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8PSR8BV0BRRTEGDGMJW3Y
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNA8R1E1V69600F59XX770B9
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8Q1V00RSKR61VMZXF6HBY
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8Q6GJ5XNH30DGT9FGYGZJ
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8Q8VAXBS02KW9FN8HHKNW
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8RD46079T8ZP2DBMWMAE6
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8QN5EW19DJDVVT6W72RJX
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNA8R0MP137B0BFAYTB23WRN
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8R9K4MV9NGGTP9JY1KHTR
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8RGTV7JZAC804VV53B1T5
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8RWHX1A2DEYBFEBBHRANS
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8S03YNF0MP52QJ97GG52W
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8S2WMTBY7G23YRF9XRM11
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8VTB6REGAC6K9YNJG0TE6
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8VY2ETV7VGTT20F22CA4F
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNA8ZG05TQ0ESM6QT6FVPQAM
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNA905WE7VYATFER855KKR3B
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNA90VXC65PJRXW850ZWCDVV
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNA91GKKATQN0MAN4GW4Q1CC
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNA91SX9G5918KQJ3W92ANV5
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNA91ZHT69WGWTB0DM83620N
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNA921X0FQ1W7CZR6WCVKAQ6
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNA92JDFF7A7C81HY30BJ5GQ
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNA92RD7TJVY2BY0MAEM3MJA
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNA92ZB093DYKM5WCYGS43K0
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNA9367D3AWWH54XXC0KN21C
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNA93D782JBVZNT411ZC36B4
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNA93M6REYABQVMW11NKCK7A
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNA93W6B3NK2YHSGTRPCZF5N
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNA947T5YM7MHVRF24F8W7H9
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNA94FY7D8681ZRW0JPXX04P
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNA94PS7RKXFHEWH3ZP902NG
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNA950982GN8S3FHJR2JJ638
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNA95CWKQXD34X0AFRW7K5FC
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNA963GP477F5P4CXR5FDNR5
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNA96DW29SEZWN6AP9E5TMV5
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNA96P2FY8CP9AJHWN281D2V
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNA96RBKDFHPH1609GNGNN8K

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	78	0	7
✅ example	78	0	7
✅ express	78	0	7
✅ fastify	78	0	7
✅ hono	78	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	83	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	83	0	2
✅ nitro	78	0	7
✅ nuxt	78	0	7
✅ sveltekit	78	0	7
✅ vite	78	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	71	0	14
✅ express-stable	71	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	71	0	14
✅ hono-stable	71	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	71	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	71	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	71	0	14
✅ vite-stable	71	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	71	0	14
✅ express-stable	71	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	71	0	14
✅ hono-stable	71	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	71	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	71	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	71	0	14
✅ vite-stable	71	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	71	0	14
✅ express-stable	71	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	71	0	14
✅ hono-stable	71	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	71	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	71	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	71	0	14
✅ vite-stable	71	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	77	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	5	0	0
❌ mongodb	58	2	8
✅ redis-dev	5	0	0
❌ redis	58	2	8
✅ turso-dev	5	0	0
❌ turso	4	56	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	71	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	71	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	71	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.042s (-1.6%)	1.005s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-16.5% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.962s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.049s	1.005s	0.957s	10	1.15x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.054s	1.005s	0.951s	10	1.28x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.058s	1.011s	0.953s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.059s (-11.0% 🟢)	1.011s (~)	0.952s	10	1.40x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.060s (+4.7%)	1.011s (~)	0.950s	10	1.42x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.442s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.431s (-4.1%)	1.989s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.585s (-8.9% 🟢)	2.712s (+11.1% 🔺)	2.127s	10	1.32x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.127s (-1.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.879s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.127s	2.007s	0.879s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.131s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.875s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.134s	2.006s	0.872s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.138s	2.011s	0.873s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.144s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.866s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.151s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.858s	10	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.103s (-0.7%)	3.676s (-4.9%)	1.573s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.395s (+5.6% 🔺)	4.038s (+12.7% 🔺)	1.643s	10	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.820s	11.024s	0.203s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.821s	11.018s	0.197s	3	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.870s	11.026s	0.156s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.876s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.147s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.904s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.119s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.920s (-0.9%)	11.024s (-2.9%)	0.104s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.944s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.080s	3	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	18.278s (+6.5% 🔺)	19.811s (+3.7%)	1.533s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.079s (+3.9%)	21.213s (+5.5% 🔺)	2.134s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.358s	15.031s	0.673s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.417s	15.021s	0.604s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	14.491s (~)	15.021s (~)	0.530s	4	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.605s (~)	15.022s (~)	0.417s	4	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.636s	15.030s	0.394s	4	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	14.995s (-1.4%)	15.279s (-4.7%)	0.285s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	15.040s (+0.6%)	15.529s (+3.3%)	0.489s	4	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	32.642s (-3.3%)	34.633s (-2.1%)	1.991s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	33.028s (+4.3%)	34.675s (+4.0%)	1.647s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	13.633s	14.027s	0.395s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.639s	14.021s	0.383s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.747s (-1.8%)	14.021s (-3.9%)	0.274s	7	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.084s (~)	15.022s (+3.9%)	0.938s	6	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.070s	16.864s	0.794s	6	1.18x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.915s (-1.4%)	17.031s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.116s	6	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	16.928s (+1.5%)	17.364s (+2.0%)	0.436s	6	1.24x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	51.581s (-1.5%)	53.389s (-1.2%)	1.807s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	56.153s (+3.1%)	58.058s (+4.7%)	1.905s	2	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.231s	2.011s	0.780s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.262s (~)	2.014s (~)	0.751s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.280s (+1.6%)	2.011s (~)	0.730s	15	1.04x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.304s	2.007s	0.703s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	1.493s (-3.1%)	2.005s (~)	0.512s	15	1.21x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.520s	2.006s	0.485s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.530s (-2.3%)	2.005s (~)	0.475s	15	1.24x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.281s (-3.5%)	3.940s (-2.5%)	1.659s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.427s (-12.8% 🟢)	3.943s (+1.5%)	1.516s	8	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.306s (-0.8%)	3.009s (~)	0.703s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.336s (~)	3.012s (~)	0.675s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.383s	3.010s	0.627s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.625s	3.009s	0.384s	10	1.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.834s	3.209s	0.375s	10	1.23x
💻 Local	Express	2.871s (-7.7% 🟢)	3.309s (-17.5% 🟢)	0.437s	10	1.25x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.942s (-5.7% 🟢)	3.761s (-3.2%)	0.819s	8	1.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.969s (-4.5%)	4.357s (-3.8%)	1.388s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.732s (+21.9% 🔺)	5.491s (+15.7% 🔺)	1.759s	6	1.26x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.459s (~)	4.009s (~)	0.551s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.470s (~)	4.013s (~)	0.543s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.644s	4.013s	0.369s	8	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.236s	5.012s	0.776s	6	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.095s	8.769s	0.675s	4	2.34x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.464s (+1.0%)	9.020s (~)	0.556s	4	2.45x
💻 Local	Express	8.738s (+7.2% 🔺)	9.275s (+2.8%)	0.537s	4	2.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.913s (+1.8%)	5.535s (~)	1.622s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.933s (-5.0% 🟢)	5.352s (-6.7% 🟢)	1.419s	6	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.219s	2.010s	0.791s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.245s (-1.0%)	2.009s (~)	0.764s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.259s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.751s	15	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.313s	2.007s	0.694s	15	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	1.515s (-1.8%)	2.006s (~)	0.492s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.537s	2.006s	0.469s	15	1.26x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.560s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.446s	15	1.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.223s (-1.0%)	3.944s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.721s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.479s (+0.5%)	4.147s (~)	1.667s	8	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.316s (~)	3.009s (~)	0.693s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.338s (~)	3.012s (~)	0.674s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.374s	3.011s	0.636s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.552s	3.008s	0.456s	10	1.10x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.912s	3.564s	0.652s	9	1.26x
💻 Local	Express	3.031s (-2.5%)	3.760s (-3.2%)	0.729s	8	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.212s (~)	4.010s (+3.2%)	0.798s	8	1.39x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.525s (-2.5%)	3.989s (+0.9%)	1.464s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.402s (+16.8% 🔺)	5.045s (+26.3% 🔺)	1.643s	6	1.35x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	3.473s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.538s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.475s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.536s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.657s	4.013s	0.356s	8	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.134s	5.012s	0.878s	6	1.19x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.223s	8.769s	0.546s	4	2.37x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.022s (+0.8%)	9.771s (+5.4% 🔺)	0.750s	4	2.60x
💻 Local	Express	9.027s (~)	9.522s (~)	0.495s	4	2.60x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.514s (+5.2% 🔺)	5.167s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.653s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.218s (+14.7% 🔺)	6.120s (+19.3% 🔺)	1.902s	5	1.20x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.769s	1.005s	0.236s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.788s	1.023s	0.235s	59	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.813s (-1.7%)	1.007s (~)	0.194s	60	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.845s	1.005s	0.159s	60	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.849s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.159s	60	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.004s (+0.6%)	1.338s (-6.0% 🟢)	0.334s	45	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.009s (-1.6%)	1.611s (-15.8% 🟢)	0.602s	38	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	9.044s (-7.8% 🟢)	10.959s (-9.2% 🟢)	1.914s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.069s (-1.7%)	12.322s (+3.9%)	2.253s	6	1.11x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.790s	2.006s	0.217s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.872s	2.076s	0.204s	44	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.915s (-2.4%)	2.054s (-4.6%)	0.138s	44	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.982s (-2.0%)	2.342s (-12.8% 🟢)	0.360s	39	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.690s	3.008s	0.318s	30	1.50x
💻 Local	Express	3.045s (+1.0%)	3.586s (-0.6%)	0.541s	26	1.70x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.060s (-0.9%)	3.801s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.741s	24	1.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	27.192s (-9.8% 🟢)	29.080s (-9.1% 🟢)	1.888s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	29.273s (-2.7%)	31.220s (-1.4%)	1.947s	3	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.604s	4.009s	0.405s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.697s	4.011s	0.314s	30	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.883s (-3.4%)	4.110s (-9.3% 🟢)	0.227s	30	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Express	4.138s (+2.0%)	4.931s (+3.1%)	0.794s	25	1.15x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.702s	9.018s	0.315s	14	2.41x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.194s (-2.3%)	10.019s (~)	0.825s	12	2.55x
💻 Local	Express	9.350s (+2.3%)	9.787s (+1.6%)	0.437s	13	2.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	71.160s (-14.8% 🟢)	72.955s (-15.0% 🟢)	1.795s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	77.068s (-7.9% 🟢)	78.794s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.726s	2	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.252s	1.008s	0.756s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.284s (+3.9%)	1.008s (~)	0.724s	60	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.284s (+2.0%)	1.008s (~)	0.724s	60	1.13x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.295s	1.005s	0.710s	60	1.17x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.587s	1.005s	0.418s	60	2.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.605s (+4.0%)	1.005s (~)	0.400s	60	2.40x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.606s (-11.3% 🟢)	1.005s (-3.4%)	0.399s	60	2.40x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.882s (-5.6% 🟢)	3.495s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.612s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.933s (+22.6% 🔺)	3.342s (+7.7% 🔺)	1.409s	18	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.469s	1.007s	0.538s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.487s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.520s	90	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.494s (-0.7%)	1.008s (~)	0.513s	90	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.244s	2.006s	0.762s	45	2.65x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.450s (-3.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.559s	30	5.22x
💻 Local	Express	2.560s (~)	3.009s (~)	0.448s	30	5.45x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.612s	3.009s	0.397s	30	5.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.670s (-24.7% 🟢)	4.246s (-20.4% 🟢)	1.576s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.682s (-18.9% 🟢)	5.352s (-12.4% 🟢)	1.670s	17	1.38x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.744s	1.015s	0.271s	119	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.770s (~)	1.008s (~)	0.238s	120	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.783s (-1.1%)	1.009s (~)	0.225s	119	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.831s	3.136s	0.305s	39	3.80x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.931s	11.391s	0.460s	11	14.68x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.057s (-2.6%)	11.482s (-3.8%)	0.425s	11	14.85x
💻 Local	Express	11.257s (~)	11.756s (-1.5%)	0.498s	11	15.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	7.626s (-7.6% 🟢)	9.342s (-4.6%)	1.717s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	90.118s (+988.5% 🔺)	91.958s (+844.5% 🔺)	1.840s	6	11.82x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.171s	1.002s	0.013s	1.018s	0.847s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.190s	1.001s	0.002s	1.008s	0.818s	10	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.193s	1.001s	0.002s	1.010s	0.817s	10	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.202s (-0.9%)	0.995s (~)	0.002s (+28.6% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.807s	10	1.18x
💻 Local	Express	0.205s (+0.8%)	1.003s (~)	0.011s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.812s	10	1.20x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.209s (-4.2%)	1.003s (~)	0.012s (+6.3% 🔺)	1.018s (~)	0.809s	10	1.22x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.211s (+1.1%)	0.992s (~)	0.001s (-13.3% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.799s	10	1.23x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.775s (-3.5%)	2.987s (+1.0%)	0.499s (-15.2% 🟢)	4.122s (-2.9%)	2.347s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.929s (-3.7%)	3.203s (+7.5% 🔺)	0.570s (-15.3% 🟢)	4.401s (+4.9%)	2.472s	10	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.498s	1.001s	0.003s	1.012s	0.513s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.589s (-2.5%)	1.001s (~)	0.004s (+1.3%)	1.022s (~)	0.433s	59	1.18x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.596s	1.008s	0.007s	1.025s	0.429s	59	1.20x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.633s (+2.7%)	1.004s (~)	0.006s (+40.7% 🔺)	1.026s (~)	0.393s	59	1.27x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.656s	1.008s	0.008s	1.022s	0.365s	59	1.32x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.725s (-4.6%)	1.010s (~)	0.009s (-5.3% 🟢)	1.023s (~)	0.298s	59	1.46x
💻 Local	Express	0.736s (+1.7%)	1.011s (~)	0.009s (+8.1% 🔺)	1.024s (~)	0.288s	59	1.48x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.268s (-1.0%)	5.366s (-1.9%)	0.211s (-8.7% 🟢)	6.147s (-4.9%)	1.879s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.567s (-22.3% 🟢)	5.568s (-19.7% 🟢)	0.191s (-54.9% 🟢)	6.446s (-18.7% 🟢)	1.879s	10	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.900s	1.017s	0.000s	1.021s	0.121s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.924s	1.155s	0.000s	1.163s	0.239s	52	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.928s (-4.9%)	1.084s (-6.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-5.5% 🟢)	1.099s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.171s	55	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.946s (-3.2%)	1.191s (-0.6%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.204s (-2.6%)	0.259s	51	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.266s (-2.3%)	2.021s (~)	0.001s (+36.4% 🔺)	2.024s (~)	0.758s	30	1.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.269s	2.021s	0.000s	2.025s	0.756s	30	1.41x
💻 Local	Express	1.272s (+2.0%)	2.019s (~)	0.000s (-25.0% 🟢)	2.022s (~)	0.751s	30	1.41x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.721s (-9.4% 🟢)	3.630s (-11.4% 🟢)	0.000s (-95.9% 🟢)	4.232s (-12.1% 🟢)	1.511s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.141s (-3.7%)	4.418s (+7.1% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.074s (+8.3% 🔺)	1.933s	12	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.652s	2.035s	0.000s	2.040s	0.388s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.732s (+1.0%)	2.102s (~)	0.000s (+3.6%)	2.145s (+1.5%)	0.413s	28	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.769s (+1.1%)	2.175s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.205s (+4.8%)	0.435s	28	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.786s	2.145s	0.000s	2.157s	0.371s	28	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.590s (-3.9%)	4.100s (-3.2%)	0.001s (-9.1% 🟢)	4.104s (-3.2%)	0.514s	15	2.17x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.610s	4.098s	0.001s	4.103s	0.492s	15	2.19x
💻 Local	Express	3.711s (+2.5%)	4.300s (+4.9%)	0.001s (+42.9% 🔺)	4.303s (+4.9%)	0.592s	15	2.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.875s (+3.7%)	5.036s (~)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.680s (+0.5%)	1.805s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.862s (+11.2% 🔺)	7.131s (+14.6% 🔺)	0.000s (NaN%)	7.722s (+14.1% 🔺)	1.860s	8	1.51x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	15/21
▲ Vercel	Express	17/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	19/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	9/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	18/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

---

❌ Some benchmark jobs failed:

• Local: success
• Postgres: success
• Vercel: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

[karthikscale3]

AI review: Approve — correct fix, follows the established Symbol.for() + globalThis singleton pattern already used in 11+ places across @workflow/core (symbols.ts, runtime/world.ts, get-workflow-metadata.ts). No regression risk — validated on all 11 Vercel preview deployments (868 passed, 0 new failures). Will let Pranay and Nate take a pass at this as well.

[pablodecm]

Fix seems to work to fix #1577 in realistic/production like setting (after forcing vercel not to use build cache).

[TooTallNate]

Clean, well-scoped fix. The Symbol.for() + globalThis singleton pattern is the standard approach for ensuring a single instance across duplicated modules, and it's implemented correctly here.

What I verified:

1. Singleton pattern is correct — The ?? + assignment expression atomically checks-and-sets the global slot. Symbol.for('WORKFLOW_STEP_CONTEXT_STORAGE') guarantees the same symbol across module copies (unlike Symbol() which creates unique symbols).

2. @__PURE__ correctly removed — The old /* @__PURE__ */ new AsyncLocalStorage() told tree-shakers the expression was side-effect-free. The new expression writes to globalThis, so removing it is correct.

3. All 21 callers of contextStorage use .run() or .getStore() — none create their own instance. The fix ensures they all reference the same AsyncLocalStorage regardless of how many copies of the module exist.

4. Extracted StepContext type — Good refactor. The inline type was getting unwieldy.

5. Unit tests cover the three important properties: same instance across imports, stored on globalThis via Symbol.for(), and context propagation between separately-constructed references.

6. E2e test directly reproduces the #1577 pattern — helper function at module scope calling getWorkflowMetadata()/getStepMetadata() outside the step body.

7. Changeset is correctly patch and accurately describes the fix as defense-in-depth.

LGTM.

[VaguelySerious]

Summary

• Fixes getWorkflowMetadata()/getStepMetadata() throwing "can only be called inside a workflow or step function" when called from a helper function outside the step body on Vercel deployments
• Makes the step context AsyncLocalStorage a process-wide singleton via Symbol.for() on globalThis, preventing dual-instance issues when bundlers create multiple copies of the module
• Adds unit tests for the singleton behavior and e2e regression test matching the exact repro pattern from the issue

Closes#1577
Closes#839

Test plan

• Unit tests for singleton behavior (context-storage.test.ts)
• E2e regression test (metadataFromHelperWorkflow) matching the exact repro pattern
• All 563 existing core tests pass
• CI passes
• Vercel preview deployment validates the fix on actual Vercel infrastructure

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: c7b37f7

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	868	0	67	935
✅ 💻 Local Development	842	0	178	1020
✅ 📦 Local Production	842	0	178	1020
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	842	0	178	1020
✅ 🪟 Windows	77	0	8	85
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	135	60	24	219
✅ 📋 Other	213	0	42	255
Total	3819	60	675	4554

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (60 failed)

mongodb (2 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNA8R0MP137B0BFAYTB23WRN
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNA905WE7VYATFER855KKR3B

redis (2 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNA8R0MP137B0BFAYTB23WRN
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNA905WE7VYATFER855KKR3B

turso (56 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8PSR8BV0BRRTEGDGMJW3Y
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8PSR8BV0BRRTEGDGMJW3Y
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNA8R1E1V69600F59XX770B9
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8Q1V00RSKR61VMZXF6HBY
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8Q6GJ5XNH30DGT9FGYGZJ
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8Q8VAXBS02KW9FN8HHKNW
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8RD46079T8ZP2DBMWMAE6
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8QN5EW19DJDVVT6W72RJX
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNA8R0MP137B0BFAYTB23WRN
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8R9K4MV9NGGTP9JY1KHTR
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8RGTV7JZAC804VV53B1T5
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8RWHX1A2DEYBFEBBHRANS
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8S03YNF0MP52QJ97GG52W
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8S2WMTBY7G23YRF9XRM11
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8VTB6REGAC6K9YNJG0TE6
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8VY2ETV7VGTT20F22CA4F
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNA8ZG05TQ0ESM6QT6FVPQAM
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNA905WE7VYATFER855KKR3B
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNA90VXC65PJRXW850ZWCDVV
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNA91GKKATQN0MAN4GW4Q1CC
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNA91SX9G5918KQJ3W92ANV5
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNA91ZHT69WGWTB0DM83620N
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNA921X0FQ1W7CZR6WCVKAQ6
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNA92JDFF7A7C81HY30BJ5GQ
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNA92RD7TJVY2BY0MAEM3MJA
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNA92ZB093DYKM5WCYGS43K0
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNA9367D3AWWH54XXC0KN21C
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNA93D782JBVZNT411ZC36B4
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNA93M6REYABQVMW11NKCK7A
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNA93W6B3NK2YHSGTRPCZF5N
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNA947T5YM7MHVRF24F8W7H9
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNA94FY7D8681ZRW0JPXX04P
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNA94PS7RKXFHEWH3ZP902NG
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNA950982GN8S3FHJR2JJ638
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNA95CWKQXD34X0AFRW7K5FC
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNA963GP477F5P4CXR5FDNR5
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNA96DW29SEZWN6AP9E5TMV5
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNA96P2FY8CP9AJHWN281D2V
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNA96RBKDFHPH1609GNGNN8K

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	78	0	7
✅ example	78	0	7
✅ express	78	0	7
✅ fastify	78	0	7
✅ hono	78	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	83	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	83	0	2
✅ nitro	78	0	7
✅ nuxt	78	0	7
✅ sveltekit	78	0	7
✅ vite	78	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	71	0	14
✅ express-stable	71	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	71	0	14
✅ hono-stable	71	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	71	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	71	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	71	0	14
✅ vite-stable	71	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	71	0	14
✅ express-stable	71	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	71	0	14
✅ hono-stable	71	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	71	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	71	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	71	0	14
✅ vite-stable	71	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	71	0	14
✅ express-stable	71	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	71	0	14
✅ hono-stable	71	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	71	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	71	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	71	0	14
✅ vite-stable	71	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	77	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	5	0	0
❌ mongodb	58	2	8
✅ redis-dev	5	0	0
❌ redis	58	2	8
✅ turso-dev	5	0	0
❌ turso	4	56	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	71	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	71	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	71	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.042s (-1.6%)	1.005s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-16.5% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.962s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.049s	1.005s	0.957s	10	1.15x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.054s	1.005s	0.951s	10	1.28x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.058s	1.011s	0.953s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.059s (-11.0% 🟢)	1.011s (~)	0.952s	10	1.40x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.060s (+4.7%)	1.011s (~)	0.950s	10	1.42x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.442s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.431s (-4.1%)	1.989s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.585s (-8.9% 🟢)	2.712s (+11.1% 🔺)	2.127s	10	1.32x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.127s (-1.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.879s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.127s	2.007s	0.879s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.131s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.875s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.134s	2.006s	0.872s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.138s	2.011s	0.873s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.144s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.866s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.151s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.858s	10	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.103s (-0.7%)	3.676s (-4.9%)	1.573s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.395s (+5.6% 🔺)	4.038s (+12.7% 🔺)	1.643s	10	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.820s	11.024s	0.203s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.821s	11.018s	0.197s	3	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.870s	11.026s	0.156s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.876s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.147s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.904s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.119s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.920s (-0.9%)	11.024s (-2.9%)	0.104s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.944s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.080s	3	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	18.278s (+6.5% 🔺)	19.811s (+3.7%)	1.533s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.079s (+3.9%)	21.213s (+5.5% 🔺)	2.134s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.358s	15.031s	0.673s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.417s	15.021s	0.604s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	14.491s (~)	15.021s (~)	0.530s	4	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.605s (~)	15.022s (~)	0.417s	4	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.636s	15.030s	0.394s	4	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	14.995s (-1.4%)	15.279s (-4.7%)	0.285s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	15.040s (+0.6%)	15.529s (+3.3%)	0.489s	4	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	32.642s (-3.3%)	34.633s (-2.1%)	1.991s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	33.028s (+4.3%)	34.675s (+4.0%)	1.647s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	13.633s	14.027s	0.395s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.639s	14.021s	0.383s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.747s (-1.8%)	14.021s (-3.9%)	0.274s	7	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.084s (~)	15.022s (+3.9%)	0.938s	6	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.070s	16.864s	0.794s	6	1.18x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.915s (-1.4%)	17.031s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.116s	6	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	16.928s (+1.5%)	17.364s (+2.0%)	0.436s	6	1.24x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	51.581s (-1.5%)	53.389s (-1.2%)	1.807s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	56.153s (+3.1%)	58.058s (+4.7%)	1.905s	2	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.231s	2.011s	0.780s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.262s (~)	2.014s (~)	0.751s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.280s (+1.6%)	2.011s (~)	0.730s	15	1.04x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.304s	2.007s	0.703s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	1.493s (-3.1%)	2.005s (~)	0.512s	15	1.21x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.520s	2.006s	0.485s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.530s (-2.3%)	2.005s (~)	0.475s	15	1.24x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.281s (-3.5%)	3.940s (-2.5%)	1.659s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.427s (-12.8% 🟢)	3.943s (+1.5%)	1.516s	8	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.306s (-0.8%)	3.009s (~)	0.703s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.336s (~)	3.012s (~)	0.675s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.383s	3.010s	0.627s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.625s	3.009s	0.384s	10	1.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.834s	3.209s	0.375s	10	1.23x
💻 Local	Express	2.871s (-7.7% 🟢)	3.309s (-17.5% 🟢)	0.437s	10	1.25x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.942s (-5.7% 🟢)	3.761s (-3.2%)	0.819s	8	1.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.969s (-4.5%)	4.357s (-3.8%)	1.388s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.732s (+21.9% 🔺)	5.491s (+15.7% 🔺)	1.759s	6	1.26x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.459s (~)	4.009s (~)	0.551s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.470s (~)	4.013s (~)	0.543s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.644s	4.013s	0.369s	8	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.236s	5.012s	0.776s	6	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.095s	8.769s	0.675s	4	2.34x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.464s (+1.0%)	9.020s (~)	0.556s	4	2.45x
💻 Local	Express	8.738s (+7.2% 🔺)	9.275s (+2.8%)	0.537s	4	2.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.913s (+1.8%)	5.535s (~)	1.622s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.933s (-5.0% 🟢)	5.352s (-6.7% 🟢)	1.419s	6	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.219s	2.010s	0.791s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.245s (-1.0%)	2.009s (~)	0.764s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.259s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.751s	15	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.313s	2.007s	0.694s	15	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	1.515s (-1.8%)	2.006s (~)	0.492s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.537s	2.006s	0.469s	15	1.26x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.560s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.446s	15	1.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.223s (-1.0%)	3.944s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.721s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.479s (+0.5%)	4.147s (~)	1.667s	8	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.316s (~)	3.009s (~)	0.693s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.338s (~)	3.012s (~)	0.674s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.374s	3.011s	0.636s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.552s	3.008s	0.456s	10	1.10x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.912s	3.564s	0.652s	9	1.26x
💻 Local	Express	3.031s (-2.5%)	3.760s (-3.2%)	0.729s	8	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.212s (~)	4.010s (+3.2%)	0.798s	8	1.39x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.525s (-2.5%)	3.989s (+0.9%)	1.464s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.402s (+16.8% 🔺)	5.045s (+26.3% 🔺)	1.643s	6	1.35x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	3.473s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.538s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.475s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.536s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.657s	4.013s	0.356s	8	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.134s	5.012s	0.878s	6	1.19x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.223s	8.769s	0.546s	4	2.37x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.022s (+0.8%)	9.771s (+5.4% 🔺)	0.750s	4	2.60x
💻 Local	Express	9.027s (~)	9.522s (~)	0.495s	4	2.60x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.514s (+5.2% 🔺)	5.167s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.653s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.218s (+14.7% 🔺)	6.120s (+19.3% 🔺)	1.902s	5	1.20x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.769s	1.005s	0.236s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.788s	1.023s	0.235s	59	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.813s (-1.7%)	1.007s (~)	0.194s	60	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.845s	1.005s	0.159s	60	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.849s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.159s	60	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.004s (+0.6%)	1.338s (-6.0% 🟢)	0.334s	45	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.009s (-1.6%)	1.611s (-15.8% 🟢)	0.602s	38	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	9.044s (-7.8% 🟢)	10.959s (-9.2% 🟢)	1.914s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.069s (-1.7%)	12.322s (+3.9%)	2.253s	6	1.11x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.790s	2.006s	0.217s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.872s	2.076s	0.204s	44	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.915s (-2.4%)	2.054s (-4.6%)	0.138s	44	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.982s (-2.0%)	2.342s (-12.8% 🟢)	0.360s	39	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.690s	3.008s	0.318s	30	1.50x
💻 Local	Express	3.045s (+1.0%)	3.586s (-0.6%)	0.541s	26	1.70x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.060s (-0.9%)	3.801s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.741s	24	1.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	27.192s (-9.8% 🟢)	29.080s (-9.1% 🟢)	1.888s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	29.273s (-2.7%)	31.220s (-1.4%)	1.947s	3	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.604s	4.009s	0.405s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.697s	4.011s	0.314s	30	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.883s (-3.4%)	4.110s (-9.3% 🟢)	0.227s	30	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Express	4.138s (+2.0%)	4.931s (+3.1%)	0.794s	25	1.15x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.702s	9.018s	0.315s	14	2.41x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.194s (-2.3%)	10.019s (~)	0.825s	12	2.55x
💻 Local	Express	9.350s (+2.3%)	9.787s (+1.6%)	0.437s	13	2.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	71.160s (-14.8% 🟢)	72.955s (-15.0% 🟢)	1.795s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	77.068s (-7.9% 🟢)	78.794s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.726s	2	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.252s	1.008s	0.756s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.284s (+3.9%)	1.008s (~)	0.724s	60	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.284s (+2.0%)	1.008s (~)	0.724s	60	1.13x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.295s	1.005s	0.710s	60	1.17x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.587s	1.005s	0.418s	60	2.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.605s (+4.0%)	1.005s (~)	0.400s	60	2.40x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.606s (-11.3% 🟢)	1.005s (-3.4%)	0.399s	60	2.40x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.882s (-5.6% 🟢)	3.495s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.612s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.933s (+22.6% 🔺)	3.342s (+7.7% 🔺)	1.409s	18	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.469s	1.007s	0.538s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.487s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.520s	90	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.494s (-0.7%)	1.008s (~)	0.513s	90	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.244s	2.006s	0.762s	45	2.65x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.450s (-3.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.559s	30	5.22x
💻 Local	Express	2.560s (~)	3.009s (~)	0.448s	30	5.45x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.612s	3.009s	0.397s	30	5.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.670s (-24.7% 🟢)	4.246s (-20.4% 🟢)	1.576s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.682s (-18.9% 🟢)	5.352s (-12.4% 🟢)	1.670s	17	1.38x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.744s	1.015s	0.271s	119	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.770s (~)	1.008s (~)	0.238s	120	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.783s (-1.1%)	1.009s (~)	0.225s	119	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.831s	3.136s	0.305s	39	3.80x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.931s	11.391s	0.460s	11	14.68x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.057s (-2.6%)	11.482s (-3.8%)	0.425s	11	14.85x
💻 Local	Express	11.257s (~)	11.756s (-1.5%)	0.498s	11	15.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	7.626s (-7.6% 🟢)	9.342s (-4.6%)	1.717s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	90.118s (+988.5% 🔺)	91.958s (+844.5% 🔺)	1.840s	6	11.82x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.171s	1.002s	0.013s	1.018s	0.847s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.190s	1.001s	0.002s	1.008s	0.818s	10	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.193s	1.001s	0.002s	1.010s	0.817s	10	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.202s (-0.9%)	0.995s (~)	0.002s (+28.6% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.807s	10	1.18x
💻 Local	Express	0.205s (+0.8%)	1.003s (~)	0.011s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.812s	10	1.20x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.209s (-4.2%)	1.003s (~)	0.012s (+6.3% 🔺)	1.018s (~)	0.809s	10	1.22x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.211s (+1.1%)	0.992s (~)	0.001s (-13.3% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.799s	10	1.23x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.775s (-3.5%)	2.987s (+1.0%)	0.499s (-15.2% 🟢)	4.122s (-2.9%)	2.347s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.929s (-3.7%)	3.203s (+7.5% 🔺)	0.570s (-15.3% 🟢)	4.401s (+4.9%)	2.472s	10	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.498s	1.001s	0.003s	1.012s	0.513s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.589s (-2.5%)	1.001s (~)	0.004s (+1.3%)	1.022s (~)	0.433s	59	1.18x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.596s	1.008s	0.007s	1.025s	0.429s	59	1.20x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.633s (+2.7%)	1.004s (~)	0.006s (+40.7% 🔺)	1.026s (~)	0.393s	59	1.27x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.656s	1.008s	0.008s	1.022s	0.365s	59	1.32x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.725s (-4.6%)	1.010s (~)	0.009s (-5.3% 🟢)	1.023s (~)	0.298s	59	1.46x
💻 Local	Express	0.736s (+1.7%)	1.011s (~)	0.009s (+8.1% 🔺)	1.024s (~)	0.288s	59	1.48x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.268s (-1.0%)	5.366s (-1.9%)	0.211s (-8.7% 🟢)	6.147s (-4.9%)	1.879s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.567s (-22.3% 🟢)	5.568s (-19.7% 🟢)	0.191s (-54.9% 🟢)	6.446s (-18.7% 🟢)	1.879s	10	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.900s	1.017s	0.000s	1.021s	0.121s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.924s	1.155s	0.000s	1.163s	0.239s	52	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.928s (-4.9%)	1.084s (-6.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-5.5% 🟢)	1.099s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.171s	55	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.946s (-3.2%)	1.191s (-0.6%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.204s (-2.6%)	0.259s	51	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.266s (-2.3%)	2.021s (~)	0.001s (+36.4% 🔺)	2.024s (~)	0.758s	30	1.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.269s	2.021s	0.000s	2.025s	0.756s	30	1.41x
💻 Local	Express	1.272s (+2.0%)	2.019s (~)	0.000s (-25.0% 🟢)	2.022s (~)	0.751s	30	1.41x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.721s (-9.4% 🟢)	3.630s (-11.4% 🟢)	0.000s (-95.9% 🟢)	4.232s (-12.1% 🟢)	1.511s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.141s (-3.7%)	4.418s (+7.1% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.074s (+8.3% 🔺)	1.933s	12	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.652s	2.035s	0.000s	2.040s	0.388s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.732s (+1.0%)	2.102s (~)	0.000s (+3.6%)	2.145s (+1.5%)	0.413s	28	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.769s (+1.1%)	2.175s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.205s (+4.8%)	0.435s	28	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.786s	2.145s	0.000s	2.157s	0.371s	28	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.590s (-3.9%)	4.100s (-3.2%)	0.001s (-9.1% 🟢)	4.104s (-3.2%)	0.514s	15	2.17x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.610s	4.098s	0.001s	4.103s	0.492s	15	2.19x
💻 Local	Express	3.711s (+2.5%)	4.300s (+4.9%)	0.001s (+42.9% 🔺)	4.303s (+4.9%)	0.592s	15	2.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.875s (+3.7%)	5.036s (~)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.680s (+0.5%)	1.805s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.862s (+11.2% 🔺)	7.131s (+14.6% 🔺)	0.000s (NaN%)	7.722s (+14.1% 🔺)	1.860s	8	1.51x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	15/21
▲ Vercel	Express	17/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	19/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	9/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	18/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

---

❌ Some benchmark jobs failed:

• Local: success
• Postgres: success
• Vercel: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

[karthikscale3]

AI review: Approve — correct fix, follows the established Symbol.for() + globalThis singleton pattern already used in 11+ places across @workflow/core (symbols.ts, runtime/world.ts, get-workflow-metadata.ts). No regression risk — validated on all 11 Vercel preview deployments (868 passed, 0 new failures). Will let Pranay and Nate take a pass at this as well.

[pablodecm]

Fix seems to work to fix #1577 in realistic/production like setting (after forcing vercel not to use build cache).

[TooTallNate]

Clean, well-scoped fix. The Symbol.for() + globalThis singleton pattern is the standard approach for ensuring a single instance across duplicated modules, and it's implemented correctly here.

What I verified:

1. Singleton pattern is correct — The ?? + assignment expression atomically checks-and-sets the global slot. Symbol.for('WORKFLOW_STEP_CONTEXT_STORAGE') guarantees the same symbol across module copies (unlike Symbol() which creates unique symbols).

2. @__PURE__ correctly removed — The old /* @__PURE__ */ new AsyncLocalStorage() told tree-shakers the expression was side-effect-free. The new expression writes to globalThis, so removing it is correct.

3. All 21 callers of contextStorage use .run() or .getStore() — none create their own instance. The fix ensures they all reference the same AsyncLocalStorage regardless of how many copies of the module exist.

4. Extracted StepContext type — Good refactor. The inline type was getting unwieldy.

5. Unit tests cover the three important properties: same instance across imports, stored on globalThis via Symbol.for(), and context propagation between separately-constructed references.

6. E2e test directly reproduces the #1577 pattern — helper function at module scope calling getWorkflowMetadata()/getStepMetadata() outside the step body.

7. Changeset is correctly patch and accurately describes the fix as defense-in-depth.

LGTM.

[VaguelySerious]

Summary

• Fixes getWorkflowMetadata()/getStepMetadata() throwing "can only be called inside a workflow or step function" when called from a helper function outside the step body on Vercel deployments
• Makes the step context AsyncLocalStorage a process-wide singleton via Symbol.for() on globalThis, preventing dual-instance issues when bundlers create multiple copies of the module
• Adds unit tests for the singleton behavior and e2e regression test matching the exact repro pattern from the issue

Closes#1577
Closes#839

Test plan

• Unit tests for singleton behavior (context-storage.test.ts)
• E2e regression test (metadataFromHelperWorkflow) matching the exact repro pattern
• All 563 existing core tests pass
• CI passes
• Vercel preview deployment validates the fix on actual Vercel infrastructure

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: c7b37f7

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	868	0	67	935
✅ 💻 Local Development	842	0	178	1020
✅ 📦 Local Production	842	0	178	1020
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	842	0	178	1020
✅ 🪟 Windows	77	0	8	85
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	135	60	24	219
✅ 📋 Other	213	0	42	255
Total	3819	60	675	4554

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (60 failed)

mongodb (2 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNA8R0MP137B0BFAYTB23WRN
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNA905WE7VYATFER855KKR3B

redis (2 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNA8R0MP137B0BFAYTB23WRN
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNA905WE7VYATFER855KKR3B

turso (56 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8PSR8BV0BRRTEGDGMJW3Y
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8PSR8BV0BRRTEGDGMJW3Y
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNA8R1E1V69600F59XX770B9
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8Q1V00RSKR61VMZXF6HBY
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8Q6GJ5XNH30DGT9FGYGZJ
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8Q8VAXBS02KW9FN8HHKNW
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8RD46079T8ZP2DBMWMAE6
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8QN5EW19DJDVVT6W72RJX
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNA8R0MP137B0BFAYTB23WRN
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8R9K4MV9NGGTP9JY1KHTR
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8RGTV7JZAC804VV53B1T5
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8RWHX1A2DEYBFEBBHRANS
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8S03YNF0MP52QJ97GG52W
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8S2WMTBY7G23YRF9XRM11
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8VTB6REGAC6K9YNJG0TE6
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8VY2ETV7VGTT20F22CA4F
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNA8ZG05TQ0ESM6QT6FVPQAM
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNA905WE7VYATFER855KKR3B
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNA90VXC65PJRXW850ZWCDVV
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNA91GKKATQN0MAN4GW4Q1CC
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNA91SX9G5918KQJ3W92ANV5
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNA91ZHT69WGWTB0DM83620N
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNA921X0FQ1W7CZR6WCVKAQ6
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNA92JDFF7A7C81HY30BJ5GQ
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNA92RD7TJVY2BY0MAEM3MJA
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNA92ZB093DYKM5WCYGS43K0
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNA9367D3AWWH54XXC0KN21C
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNA93D782JBVZNT411ZC36B4
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNA93M6REYABQVMW11NKCK7A
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNA93W6B3NK2YHSGTRPCZF5N
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNA947T5YM7MHVRF24F8W7H9
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNA94FY7D8681ZRW0JPXX04P
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNA94PS7RKXFHEWH3ZP902NG
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNA950982GN8S3FHJR2JJ638
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNA95CWKQXD34X0AFRW7K5FC
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNA963GP477F5P4CXR5FDNR5
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNA96DW29SEZWN6AP9E5TMV5
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNA96P2FY8CP9AJHWN281D2V
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNA96RBKDFHPH1609GNGNN8K

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	78	0	7
✅ example	78	0	7
✅ express	78	0	7
✅ fastify	78	0	7
✅ hono	78	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	83	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	83	0	2
✅ nitro	78	0	7
✅ nuxt	78	0	7
✅ sveltekit	78	0	7
✅ vite	78	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	71	0	14
✅ express-stable	71	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	71	0	14
✅ hono-stable	71	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	71	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	71	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	71	0	14
✅ vite-stable	71	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	71	0	14
✅ express-stable	71	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	71	0	14
✅ hono-stable	71	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	71	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	71	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	71	0	14
✅ vite-stable	71	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	71	0	14
✅ express-stable	71	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	71	0	14
✅ hono-stable	71	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	71	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	71	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	71	0	14
✅ vite-stable	71	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	77	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	5	0	0
❌ mongodb	58	2	8
✅ redis-dev	5	0	0
❌ redis	58	2	8
✅ turso-dev	5	0	0
❌ turso	4	56	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	71	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	71	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	71	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.042s (-1.6%)	1.005s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-16.5% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.962s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.049s	1.005s	0.957s	10	1.15x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.054s	1.005s	0.951s	10	1.28x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.058s	1.011s	0.953s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.059s (-11.0% 🟢)	1.011s (~)	0.952s	10	1.40x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.060s (+4.7%)	1.011s (~)	0.950s	10	1.42x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.442s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.431s (-4.1%)	1.989s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.585s (-8.9% 🟢)	2.712s (+11.1% 🔺)	2.127s	10	1.32x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.127s (-1.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.879s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.127s	2.007s	0.879s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.131s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.875s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.134s	2.006s	0.872s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.138s	2.011s	0.873s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.144s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.866s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.151s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.858s	10	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.103s (-0.7%)	3.676s (-4.9%)	1.573s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.395s (+5.6% 🔺)	4.038s (+12.7% 🔺)	1.643s	10	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.820s	11.024s	0.203s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.821s	11.018s	0.197s	3	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.870s	11.026s	0.156s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.876s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.147s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.904s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.119s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.920s (-0.9%)	11.024s (-2.9%)	0.104s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.944s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.080s	3	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	18.278s (+6.5% 🔺)	19.811s (+3.7%)	1.533s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.079s (+3.9%)	21.213s (+5.5% 🔺)	2.134s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.358s	15.031s	0.673s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.417s	15.021s	0.604s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	14.491s (~)	15.021s (~)	0.530s	4	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.605s (~)	15.022s (~)	0.417s	4	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.636s	15.030s	0.394s	4	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	14.995s (-1.4%)	15.279s (-4.7%)	0.285s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	15.040s (+0.6%)	15.529s (+3.3%)	0.489s	4	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	32.642s (-3.3%)	34.633s (-2.1%)	1.991s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	33.028s (+4.3%)	34.675s (+4.0%)	1.647s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	13.633s	14.027s	0.395s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.639s	14.021s	0.383s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.747s (-1.8%)	14.021s (-3.9%)	0.274s	7	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.084s (~)	15.022s (+3.9%)	0.938s	6	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.070s	16.864s	0.794s	6	1.18x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.915s (-1.4%)	17.031s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.116s	6	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	16.928s (+1.5%)	17.364s (+2.0%)	0.436s	6	1.24x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	51.581s (-1.5%)	53.389s (-1.2%)	1.807s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	56.153s (+3.1%)	58.058s (+4.7%)	1.905s	2	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.231s	2.011s	0.780s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.262s (~)	2.014s (~)	0.751s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.280s (+1.6%)	2.011s (~)	0.730s	15	1.04x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.304s	2.007s	0.703s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	1.493s (-3.1%)	2.005s (~)	0.512s	15	1.21x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.520s	2.006s	0.485s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.530s (-2.3%)	2.005s (~)	0.475s	15	1.24x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.281s (-3.5%)	3.940s (-2.5%)	1.659s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.427s (-12.8% 🟢)	3.943s (+1.5%)	1.516s	8	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.306s (-0.8%)	3.009s (~)	0.703s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.336s (~)	3.012s (~)	0.675s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.383s	3.010s	0.627s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.625s	3.009s	0.384s	10	1.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.834s	3.209s	0.375s	10	1.23x
💻 Local	Express	2.871s (-7.7% 🟢)	3.309s (-17.5% 🟢)	0.437s	10	1.25x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.942s (-5.7% 🟢)	3.761s (-3.2%)	0.819s	8	1.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.969s (-4.5%)	4.357s (-3.8%)	1.388s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.732s (+21.9% 🔺)	5.491s (+15.7% 🔺)	1.759s	6	1.26x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.459s (~)	4.009s (~)	0.551s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.470s (~)	4.013s (~)	0.543s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.644s	4.013s	0.369s	8	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.236s	5.012s	0.776s	6	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.095s	8.769s	0.675s	4	2.34x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.464s (+1.0%)	9.020s (~)	0.556s	4	2.45x
💻 Local	Express	8.738s (+7.2% 🔺)	9.275s (+2.8%)	0.537s	4	2.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.913s (+1.8%)	5.535s (~)	1.622s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.933s (-5.0% 🟢)	5.352s (-6.7% 🟢)	1.419s	6	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.219s	2.010s	0.791s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.245s (-1.0%)	2.009s (~)	0.764s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.259s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.751s	15	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.313s	2.007s	0.694s	15	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	1.515s (-1.8%)	2.006s (~)	0.492s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.537s	2.006s	0.469s	15	1.26x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.560s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.446s	15	1.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.223s (-1.0%)	3.944s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.721s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.479s (+0.5%)	4.147s (~)	1.667s	8	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.316s (~)	3.009s (~)	0.693s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.338s (~)	3.012s (~)	0.674s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.374s	3.011s	0.636s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.552s	3.008s	0.456s	10	1.10x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.912s	3.564s	0.652s	9	1.26x
💻 Local	Express	3.031s (-2.5%)	3.760s (-3.2%)	0.729s	8	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.212s (~)	4.010s (+3.2%)	0.798s	8	1.39x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.525s (-2.5%)	3.989s (+0.9%)	1.464s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.402s (+16.8% 🔺)	5.045s (+26.3% 🔺)	1.643s	6	1.35x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	3.473s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.538s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.475s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.536s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.657s	4.013s	0.356s	8	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.134s	5.012s	0.878s	6	1.19x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.223s	8.769s	0.546s	4	2.37x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.022s (+0.8%)	9.771s (+5.4% 🔺)	0.750s	4	2.60x
💻 Local	Express	9.027s (~)	9.522s (~)	0.495s	4	2.60x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.514s (+5.2% 🔺)	5.167s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.653s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.218s (+14.7% 🔺)	6.120s (+19.3% 🔺)	1.902s	5	1.20x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.769s	1.005s	0.236s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.788s	1.023s	0.235s	59	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.813s (-1.7%)	1.007s (~)	0.194s	60	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.845s	1.005s	0.159s	60	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.849s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.159s	60	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.004s (+0.6%)	1.338s (-6.0% 🟢)	0.334s	45	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.009s (-1.6%)	1.611s (-15.8% 🟢)	0.602s	38	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	9.044s (-7.8% 🟢)	10.959s (-9.2% 🟢)	1.914s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.069s (-1.7%)	12.322s (+3.9%)	2.253s	6	1.11x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.790s	2.006s	0.217s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.872s	2.076s	0.204s	44	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.915s (-2.4%)	2.054s (-4.6%)	0.138s	44	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.982s (-2.0%)	2.342s (-12.8% 🟢)	0.360s	39	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.690s	3.008s	0.318s	30	1.50x
💻 Local	Express	3.045s (+1.0%)	3.586s (-0.6%)	0.541s	26	1.70x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.060s (-0.9%)	3.801s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.741s	24	1.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	27.192s (-9.8% 🟢)	29.080s (-9.1% 🟢)	1.888s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	29.273s (-2.7%)	31.220s (-1.4%)	1.947s	3	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.604s	4.009s	0.405s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.697s	4.011s	0.314s	30	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.883s (-3.4%)	4.110s (-9.3% 🟢)	0.227s	30	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Express	4.138s (+2.0%)	4.931s (+3.1%)	0.794s	25	1.15x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.702s	9.018s	0.315s	14	2.41x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.194s (-2.3%)	10.019s (~)	0.825s	12	2.55x
💻 Local	Express	9.350s (+2.3%)	9.787s (+1.6%)	0.437s	13	2.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	71.160s (-14.8% 🟢)	72.955s (-15.0% 🟢)	1.795s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	77.068s (-7.9% 🟢)	78.794s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.726s	2	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.252s	1.008s	0.756s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.284s (+3.9%)	1.008s (~)	0.724s	60	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.284s (+2.0%)	1.008s (~)	0.724s	60	1.13x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.295s	1.005s	0.710s	60	1.17x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.587s	1.005s	0.418s	60	2.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.605s (+4.0%)	1.005s (~)	0.400s	60	2.40x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.606s (-11.3% 🟢)	1.005s (-3.4%)	0.399s	60	2.40x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.882s (-5.6% 🟢)	3.495s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.612s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.933s (+22.6% 🔺)	3.342s (+7.7% 🔺)	1.409s	18	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.469s	1.007s	0.538s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.487s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.520s	90	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.494s (-0.7%)	1.008s (~)	0.513s	90	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.244s	2.006s	0.762s	45	2.65x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.450s (-3.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.559s	30	5.22x
💻 Local	Express	2.560s (~)	3.009s (~)	0.448s	30	5.45x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.612s	3.009s	0.397s	30	5.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.670s (-24.7% 🟢)	4.246s (-20.4% 🟢)	1.576s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.682s (-18.9% 🟢)	5.352s (-12.4% 🟢)	1.670s	17	1.38x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.744s	1.015s	0.271s	119	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.770s (~)	1.008s (~)	0.238s	120	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.783s (-1.1%)	1.009s (~)	0.225s	119	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.831s	3.136s	0.305s	39	3.80x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.931s	11.391s	0.460s	11	14.68x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.057s (-2.6%)	11.482s (-3.8%)	0.425s	11	14.85x
💻 Local	Express	11.257s (~)	11.756s (-1.5%)	0.498s	11	15.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	7.626s (-7.6% 🟢)	9.342s (-4.6%)	1.717s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	90.118s (+988.5% 🔺)	91.958s (+844.5% 🔺)	1.840s	6	11.82x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.171s	1.002s	0.013s	1.018s	0.847s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.190s	1.001s	0.002s	1.008s	0.818s	10	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.193s	1.001s	0.002s	1.010s	0.817s	10	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.202s (-0.9%)	0.995s (~)	0.002s (+28.6% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.807s	10	1.18x
💻 Local	Express	0.205s (+0.8%)	1.003s (~)	0.011s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.812s	10	1.20x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.209s (-4.2%)	1.003s (~)	0.012s (+6.3% 🔺)	1.018s (~)	0.809s	10	1.22x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.211s (+1.1%)	0.992s (~)	0.001s (-13.3% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.799s	10	1.23x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.775s (-3.5%)	2.987s (+1.0%)	0.499s (-15.2% 🟢)	4.122s (-2.9%)	2.347s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.929s (-3.7%)	3.203s (+7.5% 🔺)	0.570s (-15.3% 🟢)	4.401s (+4.9%)	2.472s	10	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.498s	1.001s	0.003s	1.012s	0.513s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.589s (-2.5%)	1.001s (~)	0.004s (+1.3%)	1.022s (~)	0.433s	59	1.18x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.596s	1.008s	0.007s	1.025s	0.429s	59	1.20x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.633s (+2.7%)	1.004s (~)	0.006s (+40.7% 🔺)	1.026s (~)	0.393s	59	1.27x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.656s	1.008s	0.008s	1.022s	0.365s	59	1.32x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.725s (-4.6%)	1.010s (~)	0.009s (-5.3% 🟢)	1.023s (~)	0.298s	59	1.46x
💻 Local	Express	0.736s (+1.7%)	1.011s (~)	0.009s (+8.1% 🔺)	1.024s (~)	0.288s	59	1.48x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.268s (-1.0%)	5.366s (-1.9%)	0.211s (-8.7% 🟢)	6.147s (-4.9%)	1.879s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.567s (-22.3% 🟢)	5.568s (-19.7% 🟢)	0.191s (-54.9% 🟢)	6.446s (-18.7% 🟢)	1.879s	10	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.900s	1.017s	0.000s	1.021s	0.121s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.924s	1.155s	0.000s	1.163s	0.239s	52	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.928s (-4.9%)	1.084s (-6.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-5.5% 🟢)	1.099s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.171s	55	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.946s (-3.2%)	1.191s (-0.6%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.204s (-2.6%)	0.259s	51	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.266s (-2.3%)	2.021s (~)	0.001s (+36.4% 🔺)	2.024s (~)	0.758s	30	1.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.269s	2.021s	0.000s	2.025s	0.756s	30	1.41x
💻 Local	Express	1.272s (+2.0%)	2.019s (~)	0.000s (-25.0% 🟢)	2.022s (~)	0.751s	30	1.41x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.721s (-9.4% 🟢)	3.630s (-11.4% 🟢)	0.000s (-95.9% 🟢)	4.232s (-12.1% 🟢)	1.511s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.141s (-3.7%)	4.418s (+7.1% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.074s (+8.3% 🔺)	1.933s	12	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.652s	2.035s	0.000s	2.040s	0.388s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.732s (+1.0%)	2.102s (~)	0.000s (+3.6%)	2.145s (+1.5%)	0.413s	28	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.769s (+1.1%)	2.175s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.205s (+4.8%)	0.435s	28	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.786s	2.145s	0.000s	2.157s	0.371s	28	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.590s (-3.9%)	4.100s (-3.2%)	0.001s (-9.1% 🟢)	4.104s (-3.2%)	0.514s	15	2.17x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.610s	4.098s	0.001s	4.103s	0.492s	15	2.19x
💻 Local	Express	3.711s (+2.5%)	4.300s (+4.9%)	0.001s (+42.9% 🔺)	4.303s (+4.9%)	0.592s	15	2.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.875s (+3.7%)	5.036s (~)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.680s (+0.5%)	1.805s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.862s (+11.2% 🔺)	7.131s (+14.6% 🔺)	0.000s (NaN%)	7.722s (+14.1% 🔺)	1.860s	8	1.51x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	15/21
▲ Vercel	Express	17/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	19/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	9/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	18/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

---

❌ Some benchmark jobs failed:

• Local: success
• Postgres: success
• Vercel: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

[karthikscale3]

AI review: Approve — correct fix, follows the established Symbol.for() + globalThis singleton pattern already used in 11+ places across @workflow/core (symbols.ts, runtime/world.ts, get-workflow-metadata.ts). No regression risk — validated on all 11 Vercel preview deployments (868 passed, 0 new failures). Will let Pranay and Nate take a pass at this as well.

[pablodecm]

Fix seems to work to fix #1577 in realistic/production like setting (after forcing vercel not to use build cache).

[TooTallNate]

Clean, well-scoped fix. The Symbol.for() + globalThis singleton pattern is the standard approach for ensuring a single instance across duplicated modules, and it's implemented correctly here.

What I verified:

1. Singleton pattern is correct — The ?? + assignment expression atomically checks-and-sets the global slot. Symbol.for('WORKFLOW_STEP_CONTEXT_STORAGE') guarantees the same symbol across module copies (unlike Symbol() which creates unique symbols).

2. @__PURE__ correctly removed — The old /* @__PURE__ */ new AsyncLocalStorage() told tree-shakers the expression was side-effect-free. The new expression writes to globalThis, so removing it is correct.

3. All 21 callers of contextStorage use .run() or .getStore() — none create their own instance. The fix ensures they all reference the same AsyncLocalStorage regardless of how many copies of the module exist.

4. Extracted StepContext type — Good refactor. The inline type was getting unwieldy.

5. Unit tests cover the three important properties: same instance across imports, stored on globalThis via Symbol.for(), and context propagation between separately-constructed references.

6. E2e test directly reproduces the #1577 pattern — helper function at module scope calling getWorkflowMetadata()/getStepMetadata() outside the step body.

7. Changeset is correctly patch and accurately describes the fix as defense-in-depth.

LGTM.

[VaguelySerious]

Summary

• Fixes getWorkflowMetadata()/getStepMetadata() throwing "can only be called inside a workflow or step function" when called from a helper function outside the step body on Vercel deployments
• Makes the step context AsyncLocalStorage a process-wide singleton via Symbol.for() on globalThis, preventing dual-instance issues when bundlers create multiple copies of the module
• Adds unit tests for the singleton behavior and e2e regression test matching the exact repro pattern from the issue

Closes#1577
Closes#839

Test plan

• Unit tests for singleton behavior (context-storage.test.ts)
• E2e regression test (metadataFromHelperWorkflow) matching the exact repro pattern
• All 563 existing core tests pass
• CI passes
• Vercel preview deployment validates the fix on actual Vercel infrastructure

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: c7b37f7

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	868	0	67	935
✅ 💻 Local Development	842	0	178	1020
✅ 📦 Local Production	842	0	178	1020
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	842	0	178	1020
✅ 🪟 Windows	77	0	8	85
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	135	60	24	219
✅ 📋 Other	213	0	42	255
Total	3819	60	675	4554

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (60 failed)

mongodb (2 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNA8R0MP137B0BFAYTB23WRN
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNA905WE7VYATFER855KKR3B

redis (2 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNA8R0MP137B0BFAYTB23WRN
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNA905WE7VYATFER855KKR3B

turso (56 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8PSR8BV0BRRTEGDGMJW3Y
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8PSR8BV0BRRTEGDGMJW3Y
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNA8R1E1V69600F59XX770B9
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8Q1V00RSKR61VMZXF6HBY
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8Q6GJ5XNH30DGT9FGYGZJ
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8Q8VAXBS02KW9FN8HHKNW
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8RD46079T8ZP2DBMWMAE6
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8QN5EW19DJDVVT6W72RJX
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNA8R0MP137B0BFAYTB23WRN
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8R9K4MV9NGGTP9JY1KHTR
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8RGTV7JZAC804VV53B1T5
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8RWHX1A2DEYBFEBBHRANS
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8S03YNF0MP52QJ97GG52W
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8S2WMTBY7G23YRF9XRM11
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8VTB6REGAC6K9YNJG0TE6
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8VY2ETV7VGTT20F22CA4F
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNA8ZG05TQ0ESM6QT6FVPQAM
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNA905WE7VYATFER855KKR3B
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNA90VXC65PJRXW850ZWCDVV
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNA91GKKATQN0MAN4GW4Q1CC
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNA91SX9G5918KQJ3W92ANV5
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNA91ZHT69WGWTB0DM83620N
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNA921X0FQ1W7CZR6WCVKAQ6
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNA92JDFF7A7C81HY30BJ5GQ
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNA92RD7TJVY2BY0MAEM3MJA
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNA92ZB093DYKM5WCYGS43K0
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNA9367D3AWWH54XXC0KN21C
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNA93D782JBVZNT411ZC36B4
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNA93M6REYABQVMW11NKCK7A
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNA93W6B3NK2YHSGTRPCZF5N
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNA947T5YM7MHVRF24F8W7H9
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNA94FY7D8681ZRW0JPXX04P
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNA94PS7RKXFHEWH3ZP902NG
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNA950982GN8S3FHJR2JJ638
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNA95CWKQXD34X0AFRW7K5FC
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNA963GP477F5P4CXR5FDNR5
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNA96DW29SEZWN6AP9E5TMV5
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNA96P2FY8CP9AJHWN281D2V
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNA96RBKDFHPH1609GNGNN8K

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	78	0	7
✅ example	78	0	7
✅ express	78	0	7
✅ fastify	78	0	7
✅ hono	78	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	83	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	83	0	2
✅ nitro	78	0	7
✅ nuxt	78	0	7
✅ sveltekit	78	0	7
✅ vite	78	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	71	0	14
✅ express-stable	71	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	71	0	14
✅ hono-stable	71	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	71	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	71	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	71	0	14
✅ vite-stable	71	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	71	0	14
✅ express-stable	71	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	71	0	14
✅ hono-stable	71	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	71	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	71	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	71	0	14
✅ vite-stable	71	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	71	0	14
✅ express-stable	71	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	71	0	14
✅ hono-stable	71	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	71	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	71	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	71	0	14
✅ vite-stable	71	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	77	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	5	0	0
❌ mongodb	58	2	8
✅ redis-dev	5	0	0
❌ redis	58	2	8
✅ turso-dev	5	0	0
❌ turso	4	56	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	71	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	71	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	71	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.042s (-1.6%)	1.005s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-16.5% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.962s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.049s	1.005s	0.957s	10	1.15x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.054s	1.005s	0.951s	10	1.28x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.058s	1.011s	0.953s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.059s (-11.0% 🟢)	1.011s (~)	0.952s	10	1.40x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.060s (+4.7%)	1.011s (~)	0.950s	10	1.42x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.442s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.431s (-4.1%)	1.989s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.585s (-8.9% 🟢)	2.712s (+11.1% 🔺)	2.127s	10	1.32x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.127s (-1.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.879s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.127s	2.007s	0.879s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.131s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.875s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.134s	2.006s	0.872s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.138s	2.011s	0.873s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.144s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.866s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.151s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.858s	10	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.103s (-0.7%)	3.676s (-4.9%)	1.573s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.395s (+5.6% 🔺)	4.038s (+12.7% 🔺)	1.643s	10	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.820s	11.024s	0.203s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.821s	11.018s	0.197s	3	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.870s	11.026s	0.156s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.876s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.147s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.904s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.119s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.920s (-0.9%)	11.024s (-2.9%)	0.104s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.944s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.080s	3	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	18.278s (+6.5% 🔺)	19.811s (+3.7%)	1.533s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.079s (+3.9%)	21.213s (+5.5% 🔺)	2.134s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.358s	15.031s	0.673s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.417s	15.021s	0.604s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	14.491s (~)	15.021s (~)	0.530s	4	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.605s (~)	15.022s (~)	0.417s	4	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.636s	15.030s	0.394s	4	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	14.995s (-1.4%)	15.279s (-4.7%)	0.285s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	15.040s (+0.6%)	15.529s (+3.3%)	0.489s	4	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	32.642s (-3.3%)	34.633s (-2.1%)	1.991s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	33.028s (+4.3%)	34.675s (+4.0%)	1.647s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	13.633s	14.027s	0.395s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.639s	14.021s	0.383s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.747s (-1.8%)	14.021s (-3.9%)	0.274s	7	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.084s (~)	15.022s (+3.9%)	0.938s	6	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.070s	16.864s	0.794s	6	1.18x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.915s (-1.4%)	17.031s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.116s	6	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	16.928s (+1.5%)	17.364s (+2.0%)	0.436s	6	1.24x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	51.581s (-1.5%)	53.389s (-1.2%)	1.807s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	56.153s (+3.1%)	58.058s (+4.7%)	1.905s	2	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.231s	2.011s	0.780s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.262s (~)	2.014s (~)	0.751s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.280s (+1.6%)	2.011s (~)	0.730s	15	1.04x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.304s	2.007s	0.703s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	1.493s (-3.1%)	2.005s (~)	0.512s	15	1.21x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.520s	2.006s	0.485s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.530s (-2.3%)	2.005s (~)	0.475s	15	1.24x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.281s (-3.5%)	3.940s (-2.5%)	1.659s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.427s (-12.8% 🟢)	3.943s (+1.5%)	1.516s	8	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.306s (-0.8%)	3.009s (~)	0.703s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.336s (~)	3.012s (~)	0.675s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.383s	3.010s	0.627s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.625s	3.009s	0.384s	10	1.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.834s	3.209s	0.375s	10	1.23x
💻 Local	Express	2.871s (-7.7% 🟢)	3.309s (-17.5% 🟢)	0.437s	10	1.25x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.942s (-5.7% 🟢)	3.761s (-3.2%)	0.819s	8	1.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.969s (-4.5%)	4.357s (-3.8%)	1.388s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.732s (+21.9% 🔺)	5.491s (+15.7% 🔺)	1.759s	6	1.26x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.459s (~)	4.009s (~)	0.551s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.470s (~)	4.013s (~)	0.543s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.644s	4.013s	0.369s	8	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.236s	5.012s	0.776s	6	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.095s	8.769s	0.675s	4	2.34x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.464s (+1.0%)	9.020s (~)	0.556s	4	2.45x
💻 Local	Express	8.738s (+7.2% 🔺)	9.275s (+2.8%)	0.537s	4	2.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.913s (+1.8%)	5.535s (~)	1.622s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.933s (-5.0% 🟢)	5.352s (-6.7% 🟢)	1.419s	6	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.219s	2.010s	0.791s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.245s (-1.0%)	2.009s (~)	0.764s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.259s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.751s	15	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.313s	2.007s	0.694s	15	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	1.515s (-1.8%)	2.006s (~)	0.492s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.537s	2.006s	0.469s	15	1.26x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.560s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.446s	15	1.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.223s (-1.0%)	3.944s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.721s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.479s (+0.5%)	4.147s (~)	1.667s	8	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.316s (~)	3.009s (~)	0.693s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.338s (~)	3.012s (~)	0.674s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.374s	3.011s	0.636s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.552s	3.008s	0.456s	10	1.10x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.912s	3.564s	0.652s	9	1.26x
💻 Local	Express	3.031s (-2.5%)	3.760s (-3.2%)	0.729s	8	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.212s (~)	4.010s (+3.2%)	0.798s	8	1.39x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.525s (-2.5%)	3.989s (+0.9%)	1.464s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.402s (+16.8% 🔺)	5.045s (+26.3% 🔺)	1.643s	6	1.35x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	3.473s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.538s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.475s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.536s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.657s	4.013s	0.356s	8	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.134s	5.012s	0.878s	6	1.19x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.223s	8.769s	0.546s	4	2.37x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.022s (+0.8%)	9.771s (+5.4% 🔺)	0.750s	4	2.60x
💻 Local	Express	9.027s (~)	9.522s (~)	0.495s	4	2.60x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.514s (+5.2% 🔺)	5.167s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.653s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.218s (+14.7% 🔺)	6.120s (+19.3% 🔺)	1.902s	5	1.20x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.769s	1.005s	0.236s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.788s	1.023s	0.235s	59	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.813s (-1.7%)	1.007s (~)	0.194s	60	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.845s	1.005s	0.159s	60	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.849s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.159s	60	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.004s (+0.6%)	1.338s (-6.0% 🟢)	0.334s	45	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.009s (-1.6%)	1.611s (-15.8% 🟢)	0.602s	38	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	9.044s (-7.8% 🟢)	10.959s (-9.2% 🟢)	1.914s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.069s (-1.7%)	12.322s (+3.9%)	2.253s	6	1.11x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.790s	2.006s	0.217s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.872s	2.076s	0.204s	44	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.915s (-2.4%)	2.054s (-4.6%)	0.138s	44	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.982s (-2.0%)	2.342s (-12.8% 🟢)	0.360s	39	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.690s	3.008s	0.318s	30	1.50x
💻 Local	Express	3.045s (+1.0%)	3.586s (-0.6%)	0.541s	26	1.70x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.060s (-0.9%)	3.801s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.741s	24	1.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	27.192s (-9.8% 🟢)	29.080s (-9.1% 🟢)	1.888s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	29.273s (-2.7%)	31.220s (-1.4%)	1.947s	3	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.604s	4.009s	0.405s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.697s	4.011s	0.314s	30	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.883s (-3.4%)	4.110s (-9.3% 🟢)	0.227s	30	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Express	4.138s (+2.0%)	4.931s (+3.1%)	0.794s	25	1.15x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.702s	9.018s	0.315s	14	2.41x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.194s (-2.3%)	10.019s (~)	0.825s	12	2.55x
💻 Local	Express	9.350s (+2.3%)	9.787s (+1.6%)	0.437s	13	2.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	71.160s (-14.8% 🟢)	72.955s (-15.0% 🟢)	1.795s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	77.068s (-7.9% 🟢)	78.794s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.726s	2	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.252s	1.008s	0.756s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.284s (+3.9%)	1.008s (~)	0.724s	60	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.284s (+2.0%)	1.008s (~)	0.724s	60	1.13x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.295s	1.005s	0.710s	60	1.17x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.587s	1.005s	0.418s	60	2.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.605s (+4.0%)	1.005s (~)	0.400s	60	2.40x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.606s (-11.3% 🟢)	1.005s (-3.4%)	0.399s	60	2.40x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.882s (-5.6% 🟢)	3.495s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.612s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.933s (+22.6% 🔺)	3.342s (+7.7% 🔺)	1.409s	18	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.469s	1.007s	0.538s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.487s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.520s	90	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.494s (-0.7%)	1.008s (~)	0.513s	90	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.244s	2.006s	0.762s	45	2.65x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.450s (-3.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.559s	30	5.22x
💻 Local	Express	2.560s (~)	3.009s (~)	0.448s	30	5.45x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.612s	3.009s	0.397s	30	5.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.670s (-24.7% 🟢)	4.246s (-20.4% 🟢)	1.576s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.682s (-18.9% 🟢)	5.352s (-12.4% 🟢)	1.670s	17	1.38x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.744s	1.015s	0.271s	119	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.770s (~)	1.008s (~)	0.238s	120	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.783s (-1.1%)	1.009s (~)	0.225s	119	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.831s	3.136s	0.305s	39	3.80x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.931s	11.391s	0.460s	11	14.68x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.057s (-2.6%)	11.482s (-3.8%)	0.425s	11	14.85x
💻 Local	Express	11.257s (~)	11.756s (-1.5%)	0.498s	11	15.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	7.626s (-7.6% 🟢)	9.342s (-4.6%)	1.717s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	90.118s (+988.5% 🔺)	91.958s (+844.5% 🔺)	1.840s	6	11.82x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.171s	1.002s	0.013s	1.018s	0.847s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.190s	1.001s	0.002s	1.008s	0.818s	10	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.193s	1.001s	0.002s	1.010s	0.817s	10	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.202s (-0.9%)	0.995s (~)	0.002s (+28.6% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.807s	10	1.18x
💻 Local	Express	0.205s (+0.8%)	1.003s (~)	0.011s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.812s	10	1.20x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.209s (-4.2%)	1.003s (~)	0.012s (+6.3% 🔺)	1.018s (~)	0.809s	10	1.22x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.211s (+1.1%)	0.992s (~)	0.001s (-13.3% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.799s	10	1.23x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.775s (-3.5%)	2.987s (+1.0%)	0.499s (-15.2% 🟢)	4.122s (-2.9%)	2.347s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.929s (-3.7%)	3.203s (+7.5% 🔺)	0.570s (-15.3% 🟢)	4.401s (+4.9%)	2.472s	10	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.498s	1.001s	0.003s	1.012s	0.513s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.589s (-2.5%)	1.001s (~)	0.004s (+1.3%)	1.022s (~)	0.433s	59	1.18x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.596s	1.008s	0.007s	1.025s	0.429s	59	1.20x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.633s (+2.7%)	1.004s (~)	0.006s (+40.7% 🔺)	1.026s (~)	0.393s	59	1.27x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.656s	1.008s	0.008s	1.022s	0.365s	59	1.32x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.725s (-4.6%)	1.010s (~)	0.009s (-5.3% 🟢)	1.023s (~)	0.298s	59	1.46x
💻 Local	Express	0.736s (+1.7%)	1.011s (~)	0.009s (+8.1% 🔺)	1.024s (~)	0.288s	59	1.48x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.268s (-1.0%)	5.366s (-1.9%)	0.211s (-8.7% 🟢)	6.147s (-4.9%)	1.879s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.567s (-22.3% 🟢)	5.568s (-19.7% 🟢)	0.191s (-54.9% 🟢)	6.446s (-18.7% 🟢)	1.879s	10	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.900s	1.017s	0.000s	1.021s	0.121s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.924s	1.155s	0.000s	1.163s	0.239s	52	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.928s (-4.9%)	1.084s (-6.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-5.5% 🟢)	1.099s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.171s	55	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.946s (-3.2%)	1.191s (-0.6%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.204s (-2.6%)	0.259s	51	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.266s (-2.3%)	2.021s (~)	0.001s (+36.4% 🔺)	2.024s (~)	0.758s	30	1.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.269s	2.021s	0.000s	2.025s	0.756s	30	1.41x
💻 Local	Express	1.272s (+2.0%)	2.019s (~)	0.000s (-25.0% 🟢)	2.022s (~)	0.751s	30	1.41x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.721s (-9.4% 🟢)	3.630s (-11.4% 🟢)	0.000s (-95.9% 🟢)	4.232s (-12.1% 🟢)	1.511s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.141s (-3.7%)	4.418s (+7.1% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.074s (+8.3% 🔺)	1.933s	12	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.652s	2.035s	0.000s	2.040s	0.388s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.732s (+1.0%)	2.102s (~)	0.000s (+3.6%)	2.145s (+1.5%)	0.413s	28	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.769s (+1.1%)	2.175s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.205s (+4.8%)	0.435s	28	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.786s	2.145s	0.000s	2.157s	0.371s	28	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.590s (-3.9%)	4.100s (-3.2%)	0.001s (-9.1% 🟢)	4.104s (-3.2%)	0.514s	15	2.17x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.610s	4.098s	0.001s	4.103s	0.492s	15	2.19x
💻 Local	Express	3.711s (+2.5%)	4.300s (+4.9%)	0.001s (+42.9% 🔺)	4.303s (+4.9%)	0.592s	15	2.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.875s (+3.7%)	5.036s (~)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.680s (+0.5%)	1.805s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.862s (+11.2% 🔺)	7.131s (+14.6% 🔺)	0.000s (NaN%)	7.722s (+14.1% 🔺)	1.860s	8	1.51x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	15/21
▲ Vercel	Express	17/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	19/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	9/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	18/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

---

❌ Some benchmark jobs failed:

• Local: success
• Postgres: success
• Vercel: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

[karthikscale3]

AI review: Approve — correct fix, follows the established Symbol.for() + globalThis singleton pattern already used in 11+ places across @workflow/core (symbols.ts, runtime/world.ts, get-workflow-metadata.ts). No regression risk — validated on all 11 Vercel preview deployments (868 passed, 0 new failures). Will let Pranay and Nate take a pass at this as well.

[pablodecm]

Fix seems to work to fix #1577 in realistic/production like setting (after forcing vercel not to use build cache).

[TooTallNate]

Clean, well-scoped fix. The Symbol.for() + globalThis singleton pattern is the standard approach for ensuring a single instance across duplicated modules, and it's implemented correctly here.

What I verified:

1. Singleton pattern is correct — The ?? + assignment expression atomically checks-and-sets the global slot. Symbol.for('WORKFLOW_STEP_CONTEXT_STORAGE') guarantees the same symbol across module copies (unlike Symbol() which creates unique symbols).

2. @__PURE__ correctly removed — The old /* @__PURE__ */ new AsyncLocalStorage() told tree-shakers the expression was side-effect-free. The new expression writes to globalThis, so removing it is correct.

3. All 21 callers of contextStorage use .run() or .getStore() — none create their own instance. The fix ensures they all reference the same AsyncLocalStorage regardless of how many copies of the module exist.

4. Extracted StepContext type — Good refactor. The inline type was getting unwieldy.

5. Unit tests cover the three important properties: same instance across imports, stored on globalThis via Symbol.for(), and context propagation between separately-constructed references.

6. E2e test directly reproduces the #1577 pattern — helper function at module scope calling getWorkflowMetadata()/getStepMetadata() outside the step body.

7. Changeset is correctly patch and accurately describes the fix as defense-in-depth.

LGTM.

[VaguelySerious]

Summary

• Fixes getWorkflowMetadata()/getStepMetadata() throwing "can only be called inside a workflow or step function" when called from a helper function outside the step body on Vercel deployments
• Makes the step context AsyncLocalStorage a process-wide singleton via Symbol.for() on globalThis, preventing dual-instance issues when bundlers create multiple copies of the module
• Adds unit tests for the singleton behavior and e2e regression test matching the exact repro pattern from the issue

Closes#1577
Closes#839

Test plan

• Unit tests for singleton behavior (context-storage.test.ts)
• E2e regression test (metadataFromHelperWorkflow) matching the exact repro pattern
• All 563 existing core tests pass
• CI passes
• Vercel preview deployment validates the fix on actual Vercel infrastructure

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: c7b37f7

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	868	0	67	935
✅ 💻 Local Development	842	0	178	1020
✅ 📦 Local Production	842	0	178	1020
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	842	0	178	1020
✅ 🪟 Windows	77	0	8	85
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	135	60	24	219
✅ 📋 Other	213	0	42	255
Total	3819	60	675	4554

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (60 failed)

mongodb (2 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNA8R0MP137B0BFAYTB23WRN
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNA905WE7VYATFER855KKR3B

redis (2 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNA8R0MP137B0BFAYTB23WRN
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNA905WE7VYATFER855KKR3B

turso (56 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8PSR8BV0BRRTEGDGMJW3Y
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8PSR8BV0BRRTEGDGMJW3Y
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNA8R1E1V69600F59XX770B9
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8Q1V00RSKR61VMZXF6HBY
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8Q6GJ5XNH30DGT9FGYGZJ
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8Q8VAXBS02KW9FN8HHKNW
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8RD46079T8ZP2DBMWMAE6
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8QN5EW19DJDVVT6W72RJX
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNA8R0MP137B0BFAYTB23WRN
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8R9K4MV9NGGTP9JY1KHTR
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8RGTV7JZAC804VV53B1T5
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8RWHX1A2DEYBFEBBHRANS
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8S03YNF0MP52QJ97GG52W
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8S2WMTBY7G23YRF9XRM11
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8VTB6REGAC6K9YNJG0TE6
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8VY2ETV7VGTT20F22CA4F
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNA8ZG05TQ0ESM6QT6FVPQAM
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNA905WE7VYATFER855KKR3B
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNA90VXC65PJRXW850ZWCDVV
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNA91GKKATQN0MAN4GW4Q1CC
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNA91SX9G5918KQJ3W92ANV5
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNA91ZHT69WGWTB0DM83620N
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNA921X0FQ1W7CZR6WCVKAQ6
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNA92JDFF7A7C81HY30BJ5GQ
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNA92RD7TJVY2BY0MAEM3MJA
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNA92ZB093DYKM5WCYGS43K0
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNA9367D3AWWH54XXC0KN21C
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNA93D782JBVZNT411ZC36B4
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNA93M6REYABQVMW11NKCK7A
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNA93W6B3NK2YHSGTRPCZF5N
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNA947T5YM7MHVRF24F8W7H9
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNA94FY7D8681ZRW0JPXX04P
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNA94PS7RKXFHEWH3ZP902NG
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNA950982GN8S3FHJR2JJ638
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNA95CWKQXD34X0AFRW7K5FC
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNA963GP477F5P4CXR5FDNR5
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNA96DW29SEZWN6AP9E5TMV5
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNA96P2FY8CP9AJHWN281D2V
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNA96RBKDFHPH1609GNGNN8K

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	78	0	7
✅ example	78	0	7
✅ express	78	0	7
✅ fastify	78	0	7
✅ hono	78	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	83	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	83	0	2
✅ nitro	78	0	7
✅ nuxt	78	0	7
✅ sveltekit	78	0	7
✅ vite	78	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	71	0	14
✅ express-stable	71	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	71	0	14
✅ hono-stable	71	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	71	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	71	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	71	0	14
✅ vite-stable	71	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	71	0	14
✅ express-stable	71	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	71	0	14
✅ hono-stable	71	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	71	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	71	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	71	0	14
✅ vite-stable	71	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	71	0	14
✅ express-stable	71	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	71	0	14
✅ hono-stable	71	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	71	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	71	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	71	0	14
✅ vite-stable	71	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	77	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	5	0	0
❌ mongodb	58	2	8
✅ redis-dev	5	0	0
❌ redis	58	2	8
✅ turso-dev	5	0	0
❌ turso	4	56	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	71	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	71	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	71	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.042s (-1.6%)	1.005s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-16.5% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.962s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.049s	1.005s	0.957s	10	1.15x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.054s	1.005s	0.951s	10	1.28x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.058s	1.011s	0.953s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.059s (-11.0% 🟢)	1.011s (~)	0.952s	10	1.40x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.060s (+4.7%)	1.011s (~)	0.950s	10	1.42x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.442s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.431s (-4.1%)	1.989s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.585s (-8.9% 🟢)	2.712s (+11.1% 🔺)	2.127s	10	1.32x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.127s (-1.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.879s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.127s	2.007s	0.879s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.131s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.875s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.134s	2.006s	0.872s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.138s	2.011s	0.873s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.144s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.866s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.151s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.858s	10	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.103s (-0.7%)	3.676s (-4.9%)	1.573s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.395s (+5.6% 🔺)	4.038s (+12.7% 🔺)	1.643s	10	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.820s	11.024s	0.203s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.821s	11.018s	0.197s	3	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.870s	11.026s	0.156s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.876s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.147s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.904s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.119s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.920s (-0.9%)	11.024s (-2.9%)	0.104s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.944s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.080s	3	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	18.278s (+6.5% 🔺)	19.811s (+3.7%)	1.533s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.079s (+3.9%)	21.213s (+5.5% 🔺)	2.134s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.358s	15.031s	0.673s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.417s	15.021s	0.604s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	14.491s (~)	15.021s (~)	0.530s	4	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.605s (~)	15.022s (~)	0.417s	4	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.636s	15.030s	0.394s	4	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	14.995s (-1.4%)	15.279s (-4.7%)	0.285s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	15.040s (+0.6%)	15.529s (+3.3%)	0.489s	4	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	32.642s (-3.3%)	34.633s (-2.1%)	1.991s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	33.028s (+4.3%)	34.675s (+4.0%)	1.647s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	13.633s	14.027s	0.395s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.639s	14.021s	0.383s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.747s (-1.8%)	14.021s (-3.9%)	0.274s	7	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.084s (~)	15.022s (+3.9%)	0.938s	6	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.070s	16.864s	0.794s	6	1.18x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.915s (-1.4%)	17.031s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.116s	6	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	16.928s (+1.5%)	17.364s (+2.0%)	0.436s	6	1.24x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	51.581s (-1.5%)	53.389s (-1.2%)	1.807s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	56.153s (+3.1%)	58.058s (+4.7%)	1.905s	2	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.231s	2.011s	0.780s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.262s (~)	2.014s (~)	0.751s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.280s (+1.6%)	2.011s (~)	0.730s	15	1.04x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.304s	2.007s	0.703s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	1.493s (-3.1%)	2.005s (~)	0.512s	15	1.21x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.520s	2.006s	0.485s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.530s (-2.3%)	2.005s (~)	0.475s	15	1.24x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.281s (-3.5%)	3.940s (-2.5%)	1.659s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.427s (-12.8% 🟢)	3.943s (+1.5%)	1.516s	8	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.306s (-0.8%)	3.009s (~)	0.703s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.336s (~)	3.012s (~)	0.675s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.383s	3.010s	0.627s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.625s	3.009s	0.384s	10	1.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.834s	3.209s	0.375s	10	1.23x
💻 Local	Express	2.871s (-7.7% 🟢)	3.309s (-17.5% 🟢)	0.437s	10	1.25x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.942s (-5.7% 🟢)	3.761s (-3.2%)	0.819s	8	1.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.969s (-4.5%)	4.357s (-3.8%)	1.388s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.732s (+21.9% 🔺)	5.491s (+15.7% 🔺)	1.759s	6	1.26x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.459s (~)	4.009s (~)	0.551s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.470s (~)	4.013s (~)	0.543s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.644s	4.013s	0.369s	8	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.236s	5.012s	0.776s	6	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.095s	8.769s	0.675s	4	2.34x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.464s (+1.0%)	9.020s (~)	0.556s	4	2.45x
💻 Local	Express	8.738s (+7.2% 🔺)	9.275s (+2.8%)	0.537s	4	2.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.913s (+1.8%)	5.535s (~)	1.622s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.933s (-5.0% 🟢)	5.352s (-6.7% 🟢)	1.419s	6	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.219s	2.010s	0.791s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.245s (-1.0%)	2.009s (~)	0.764s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.259s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.751s	15	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.313s	2.007s	0.694s	15	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	1.515s (-1.8%)	2.006s (~)	0.492s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.537s	2.006s	0.469s	15	1.26x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.560s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.446s	15	1.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.223s (-1.0%)	3.944s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.721s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.479s (+0.5%)	4.147s (~)	1.667s	8	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.316s (~)	3.009s (~)	0.693s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.338s (~)	3.012s (~)	0.674s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.374s	3.011s	0.636s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.552s	3.008s	0.456s	10	1.10x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.912s	3.564s	0.652s	9	1.26x
💻 Local	Express	3.031s (-2.5%)	3.760s (-3.2%)	0.729s	8	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.212s (~)	4.010s (+3.2%)	0.798s	8	1.39x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.525s (-2.5%)	3.989s (+0.9%)	1.464s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.402s (+16.8% 🔺)	5.045s (+26.3% 🔺)	1.643s	6	1.35x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	3.473s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.538s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.475s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.536s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.657s	4.013s	0.356s	8	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.134s	5.012s	0.878s	6	1.19x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.223s	8.769s	0.546s	4	2.37x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.022s (+0.8%)	9.771s (+5.4% 🔺)	0.750s	4	2.60x
💻 Local	Express	9.027s (~)	9.522s (~)	0.495s	4	2.60x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.514s (+5.2% 🔺)	5.167s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.653s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.218s (+14.7% 🔺)	6.120s (+19.3% 🔺)	1.902s	5	1.20x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.769s	1.005s	0.236s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.788s	1.023s	0.235s	59	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.813s (-1.7%)	1.007s (~)	0.194s	60	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.845s	1.005s	0.159s	60	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.849s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.159s	60	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.004s (+0.6%)	1.338s (-6.0% 🟢)	0.334s	45	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.009s (-1.6%)	1.611s (-15.8% 🟢)	0.602s	38	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	9.044s (-7.8% 🟢)	10.959s (-9.2% 🟢)	1.914s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.069s (-1.7%)	12.322s (+3.9%)	2.253s	6	1.11x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.790s	2.006s	0.217s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.872s	2.076s	0.204s	44	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.915s (-2.4%)	2.054s (-4.6%)	0.138s	44	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.982s (-2.0%)	2.342s (-12.8% 🟢)	0.360s	39	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.690s	3.008s	0.318s	30	1.50x
💻 Local	Express	3.045s (+1.0%)	3.586s (-0.6%)	0.541s	26	1.70x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.060s (-0.9%)	3.801s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.741s	24	1.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	27.192s (-9.8% 🟢)	29.080s (-9.1% 🟢)	1.888s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	29.273s (-2.7%)	31.220s (-1.4%)	1.947s	3	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.604s	4.009s	0.405s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.697s	4.011s	0.314s	30	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.883s (-3.4%)	4.110s (-9.3% 🟢)	0.227s	30	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Express	4.138s (+2.0%)	4.931s (+3.1%)	0.794s	25	1.15x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.702s	9.018s	0.315s	14	2.41x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.194s (-2.3%)	10.019s (~)	0.825s	12	2.55x
💻 Local	Express	9.350s (+2.3%)	9.787s (+1.6%)	0.437s	13	2.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	71.160s (-14.8% 🟢)	72.955s (-15.0% 🟢)	1.795s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	77.068s (-7.9% 🟢)	78.794s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.726s	2	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.252s	1.008s	0.756s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.284s (+3.9%)	1.008s (~)	0.724s	60	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.284s (+2.0%)	1.008s (~)	0.724s	60	1.13x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.295s	1.005s	0.710s	60	1.17x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.587s	1.005s	0.418s	60	2.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.605s (+4.0%)	1.005s (~)	0.400s	60	2.40x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.606s (-11.3% 🟢)	1.005s (-3.4%)	0.399s	60	2.40x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.882s (-5.6% 🟢)	3.495s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.612s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.933s (+22.6% 🔺)	3.342s (+7.7% 🔺)	1.409s	18	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.469s	1.007s	0.538s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.487s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.520s	90	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.494s (-0.7%)	1.008s (~)	0.513s	90	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.244s	2.006s	0.762s	45	2.65x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.450s (-3.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.559s	30	5.22x
💻 Local	Express	2.560s (~)	3.009s (~)	0.448s	30	5.45x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.612s	3.009s	0.397s	30	5.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.670s (-24.7% 🟢)	4.246s (-20.4% 🟢)	1.576s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.682s (-18.9% 🟢)	5.352s (-12.4% 🟢)	1.670s	17	1.38x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.744s	1.015s	0.271s	119	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.770s (~)	1.008s (~)	0.238s	120	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.783s (-1.1%)	1.009s (~)	0.225s	119	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.831s	3.136s	0.305s	39	3.80x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.931s	11.391s	0.460s	11	14.68x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.057s (-2.6%)	11.482s (-3.8%)	0.425s	11	14.85x
💻 Local	Express	11.257s (~)	11.756s (-1.5%)	0.498s	11	15.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	7.626s (-7.6% 🟢)	9.342s (-4.6%)	1.717s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	90.118s (+988.5% 🔺)	91.958s (+844.5% 🔺)	1.840s	6	11.82x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.171s	1.002s	0.013s	1.018s	0.847s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.190s	1.001s	0.002s	1.008s	0.818s	10	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.193s	1.001s	0.002s	1.010s	0.817s	10	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.202s (-0.9%)	0.995s (~)	0.002s (+28.6% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.807s	10	1.18x
💻 Local	Express	0.205s (+0.8%)	1.003s (~)	0.011s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.812s	10	1.20x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.209s (-4.2%)	1.003s (~)	0.012s (+6.3% 🔺)	1.018s (~)	0.809s	10	1.22x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.211s (+1.1%)	0.992s (~)	0.001s (-13.3% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.799s	10	1.23x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.775s (-3.5%)	2.987s (+1.0%)	0.499s (-15.2% 🟢)	4.122s (-2.9%)	2.347s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.929s (-3.7%)	3.203s (+7.5% 🔺)	0.570s (-15.3% 🟢)	4.401s (+4.9%)	2.472s	10	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.498s	1.001s	0.003s	1.012s	0.513s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.589s (-2.5%)	1.001s (~)	0.004s (+1.3%)	1.022s (~)	0.433s	59	1.18x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.596s	1.008s	0.007s	1.025s	0.429s	59	1.20x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.633s (+2.7%)	1.004s (~)	0.006s (+40.7% 🔺)	1.026s (~)	0.393s	59	1.27x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.656s	1.008s	0.008s	1.022s	0.365s	59	1.32x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.725s (-4.6%)	1.010s (~)	0.009s (-5.3% 🟢)	1.023s (~)	0.298s	59	1.46x
💻 Local	Express	0.736s (+1.7%)	1.011s (~)	0.009s (+8.1% 🔺)	1.024s (~)	0.288s	59	1.48x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.268s (-1.0%)	5.366s (-1.9%)	0.211s (-8.7% 🟢)	6.147s (-4.9%)	1.879s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.567s (-22.3% 🟢)	5.568s (-19.7% 🟢)	0.191s (-54.9% 🟢)	6.446s (-18.7% 🟢)	1.879s	10	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.900s	1.017s	0.000s	1.021s	0.121s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.924s	1.155s	0.000s	1.163s	0.239s	52	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.928s (-4.9%)	1.084s (-6.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-5.5% 🟢)	1.099s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.171s	55	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.946s (-3.2%)	1.191s (-0.6%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.204s (-2.6%)	0.259s	51	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.266s (-2.3%)	2.021s (~)	0.001s (+36.4% 🔺)	2.024s (~)	0.758s	30	1.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.269s	2.021s	0.000s	2.025s	0.756s	30	1.41x
💻 Local	Express	1.272s (+2.0%)	2.019s (~)	0.000s (-25.0% 🟢)	2.022s (~)	0.751s	30	1.41x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.721s (-9.4% 🟢)	3.630s (-11.4% 🟢)	0.000s (-95.9% 🟢)	4.232s (-12.1% 🟢)	1.511s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.141s (-3.7%)	4.418s (+7.1% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.074s (+8.3% 🔺)	1.933s	12	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.652s	2.035s	0.000s	2.040s	0.388s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.732s (+1.0%)	2.102s (~)	0.000s (+3.6%)	2.145s (+1.5%)	0.413s	28	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.769s (+1.1%)	2.175s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.205s (+4.8%)	0.435s	28	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.786s	2.145s	0.000s	2.157s	0.371s	28	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.590s (-3.9%)	4.100s (-3.2%)	0.001s (-9.1% 🟢)	4.104s (-3.2%)	0.514s	15	2.17x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.610s	4.098s	0.001s	4.103s	0.492s	15	2.19x
💻 Local	Express	3.711s (+2.5%)	4.300s (+4.9%)	0.001s (+42.9% 🔺)	4.303s (+4.9%)	0.592s	15	2.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.875s (+3.7%)	5.036s (~)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.680s (+0.5%)	1.805s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.862s (+11.2% 🔺)	7.131s (+14.6% 🔺)	0.000s (NaN%)	7.722s (+14.1% 🔺)	1.860s	8	1.51x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	15/21
▲ Vercel	Express	17/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	19/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	9/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	18/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

---

❌ Some benchmark jobs failed:

• Local: success
• Postgres: success
• Vercel: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

[karthikscale3]

AI review: Approve — correct fix, follows the established Symbol.for() + globalThis singleton pattern already used in 11+ places across @workflow/core (symbols.ts, runtime/world.ts, get-workflow-metadata.ts). No regression risk — validated on all 11 Vercel preview deployments (868 passed, 0 new failures). Will let Pranay and Nate take a pass at this as well.

[pablodecm]

Fix seems to work to fix #1577 in realistic/production like setting (after forcing vercel not to use build cache).

[TooTallNate]

Clean, well-scoped fix. The Symbol.for() + globalThis singleton pattern is the standard approach for ensuring a single instance across duplicated modules, and it's implemented correctly here.

What I verified:

1. Singleton pattern is correct — The ?? + assignment expression atomically checks-and-sets the global slot. Symbol.for('WORKFLOW_STEP_CONTEXT_STORAGE') guarantees the same symbol across module copies (unlike Symbol() which creates unique symbols).

2. @__PURE__ correctly removed — The old /* @__PURE__ */ new AsyncLocalStorage() told tree-shakers the expression was side-effect-free. The new expression writes to globalThis, so removing it is correct.

3. All 21 callers of contextStorage use .run() or .getStore() — none create their own instance. The fix ensures they all reference the same AsyncLocalStorage regardless of how many copies of the module exist.

4. Extracted StepContext type — Good refactor. The inline type was getting unwieldy.

5. Unit tests cover the three important properties: same instance across imports, stored on globalThis via Symbol.for(), and context propagation between separately-constructed references.

6. E2e test directly reproduces the #1577 pattern — helper function at module scope calling getWorkflowMetadata()/getStepMetadata() outside the step body.

7. Changeset is correctly patch and accurately describes the fix as defense-in-depth.

LGTM.

[VaguelySerious]

Summary

• Fixes getWorkflowMetadata()/getStepMetadata() throwing "can only be called inside a workflow or step function" when called from a helper function outside the step body on Vercel deployments
• Makes the step context AsyncLocalStorage a process-wide singleton via Symbol.for() on globalThis, preventing dual-instance issues when bundlers create multiple copies of the module
• Adds unit tests for the singleton behavior and e2e regression test matching the exact repro pattern from the issue

Closes#1577
Closes#839

Test plan

• Unit tests for singleton behavior (context-storage.test.ts)
• E2e regression test (metadataFromHelperWorkflow) matching the exact repro pattern
• All 563 existing core tests pass
• CI passes
• Vercel preview deployment validates the fix on actual Vercel infrastructure

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: c7b37f7

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Apr 3, 2026 6:12pm

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	868	0	67	935
✅ 💻 Local Development	842	0	178	1020
✅ 📦 Local Production	842	0	178	1020
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	842	0	178	1020
✅ 🪟 Windows	77	0	8	85
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	135	60	24	219
✅ 📋 Other	213	0	42	255
Total	3819	60	675	4554

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (60 failed)

mongodb (2 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNA8R0MP137B0BFAYTB23WRN
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNA905WE7VYATFER855KKR3B

redis (2 failed):

• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNA8R0MP137B0BFAYTB23WRN
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNA905WE7VYATFER855KKR3B

turso (56 failed):

• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8PSR8BV0BRRTEGDGMJW3Y
• addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8PSR8BV0BRRTEGDGMJW3Y
• wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNA8R1E1V69600F59XX770B9
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8Q1V00RSKR61VMZXF6HBY
• promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8Q6GJ5XNH30DGT9FGYGZJ
• promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8Q8VAXBS02KW9FN8HHKNW
• importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8RD46079T8ZP2DBMWMAE6
• hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8QN5EW19DJDVVT6W72RJX
• hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNA8R0MP137B0BFAYTB23WRN
• webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8R9K4MV9NGGTP9JY1KHTR
• sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8RGTV7JZAC804VV53B1T5
• parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8RWHX1A2DEYBFEBBHRANS
• nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8S03YNF0MP52QJ97GG52W
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8S2WMTBY7G23YRF9XRM11
• fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8VTB6REGAC6K9YNJG0TE6
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8VY2ETV7VGTT20F22CA4F
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
• error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNA8ZG05TQ0ESM6QT6FVPQAM
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNA905WE7VYATFER855KKR3B
• hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNA90VXC65PJRXW850ZWCDVV
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNA91GKKATQN0MAN4GW4Q1CC
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNA91SX9G5918KQJ3W92ANV5
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNA91ZHT69WGWTB0DM83620N
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNA921X0FQ1W7CZR6WCVKAQ6
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNA92JDFF7A7C81HY30BJ5GQ
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNA92RD7TJVY2BY0MAEM3MJA
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNA92ZB093DYKM5WCYGS43K0
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNA9367D3AWWH54XXC0KN21C
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNA93D782JBVZNT411ZC36B4
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNA93M6REYABQVMW11NKCK7A
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNA93W6B3NK2YHSGTRPCZF5N
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNA947T5YM7MHVRF24F8W7H9
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNA94FY7D8681ZRW0JPXX04P
• cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNA94PS7RKXFHEWH3ZP902NG
• cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNA950982GN8S3FHJR2JJ638
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
• hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNA95CWKQXD34X0AFRW7K5FC
• sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNA963GP477F5P4CXR5FDNR5
• sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNA96DW29SEZWN6AP9E5TMV5
• importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNA96P2FY8CP9AJHWN281D2V
• metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNA96RBKDFHPH1609GNGNN8K

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	78	0	7
✅ example	78	0	7
✅ express	78	0	7
✅ fastify	78	0	7
✅ hono	78	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack	83	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	83	0	2
✅ nitro	78	0	7
✅ nuxt	78	0	7
✅ sveltekit	78	0	7
✅ vite	78	0	7

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	71	0	14
✅ express-stable	71	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	71	0	14
✅ hono-stable	71	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	71	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	71	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	71	0	14
✅ vite-stable	71	0	14

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	71	0	14
✅ express-stable	71	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	71	0	14
✅ hono-stable	71	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	71	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	71	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	71	0	14
✅ vite-stable	71	0	14

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	71	0	14
✅ express-stable	71	0	14
✅ fastify-stable	71	0	14
✅ hono-stable	71	0	14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	60	0	25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	77	0	8
✅ nitro-stable	71	0	14
✅ nuxt-stable	71	0	14
✅ sveltekit-stable	71	0	14
✅ vite-stable	71	0	14

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	77	0	8

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	5	0	0
❌ mongodb	58	2	8
✅ redis-dev	5	0	0
❌ redis	58	2	8
✅ turso-dev	5	0	0
❌ turso	4	56	8

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	71	0	14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	71	0	14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	71	0	14

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.042s (-1.6%)	1.005s (~)	0.963s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (-16.5% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.962s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.049s	1.005s	0.957s	10	1.15x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.054s	1.005s	0.951s	10	1.28x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.058s	1.011s	0.953s	10	1.36x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.059s (-11.0% 🟢)	1.011s (~)	0.952s	10	1.40x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.060s (+4.7%)	1.011s (~)	0.950s	10	1.42x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.442s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.431s (-4.1%)	1.989s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.585s (-8.9% 🟢)	2.712s (+11.1% 🔺)	2.127s	10	1.32x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.127s (-1.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.879s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.127s	2.007s	0.879s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.131s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.875s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.134s	2.006s	0.872s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.138s	2.011s	0.873s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.144s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.866s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.151s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.858s	10	1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.103s (-0.7%)	3.676s (-4.9%)	1.573s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.395s (+5.6% 🔺)	4.038s (+12.7% 🔺)	1.643s	10	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.820s	11.024s	0.203s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.821s	11.018s	0.197s	3	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.870s	11.026s	0.156s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.876s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.147s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.904s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.119s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.920s (-0.9%)	11.024s (-2.9%)	0.104s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.944s (~)	11.023s (~)	0.080s	3	1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	18.278s (+6.5% 🔺)	19.811s (+3.7%)	1.533s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.079s (+3.9%)	21.213s (+5.5% 🔺)	2.134s	2	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	14.358s	15.031s	0.673s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.417s	15.021s	0.604s	4	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	14.491s (~)	15.021s (~)	0.530s	4	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.605s (~)	15.022s (~)	0.417s	4	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.636s	15.030s	0.394s	4	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	14.995s (-1.4%)	15.279s (-4.7%)	0.285s	4	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	15.040s (+0.6%)	15.529s (+3.3%)	0.489s	4	1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	32.642s (-3.3%)	34.633s (-2.1%)	1.991s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	33.028s (+4.3%)	34.675s (+4.0%)	1.647s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	13.633s	14.027s	0.395s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.639s	14.021s	0.383s	7	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.747s (-1.8%)	14.021s (-3.9%)	0.274s	7	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	14.084s (~)	15.022s (+3.9%)	0.938s	6	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	16.070s	16.864s	0.794s	6	1.18x
💻 Local	Nitro	16.915s (-1.4%)	17.031s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.116s	6	1.24x
💻 Local	Express	16.928s (+1.5%)	17.364s (+2.0%)	0.436s	6	1.24x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	51.581s (-1.5%)	53.389s (-1.2%)	1.807s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	56.153s (+3.1%)	58.058s (+4.7%)	1.905s	2	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.231s	2.011s	0.780s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.262s (~)	2.014s (~)	0.751s	15	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.280s (+1.6%)	2.011s (~)	0.730s	15	1.04x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.304s	2.007s	0.703s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Express	1.493s (-3.1%)	2.005s (~)	0.512s	15	1.21x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.520s	2.006s	0.485s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.530s (-2.3%)	2.005s (~)	0.475s	15	1.24x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.281s (-3.5%)	3.940s (-2.5%)	1.659s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.427s (-12.8% 🟢)	3.943s (+1.5%)	1.516s	8	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.306s (-0.8%)	3.009s (~)	0.703s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.336s (~)	3.012s (~)	0.675s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.383s	3.010s	0.627s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.625s	3.009s	0.384s	10	1.14x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.834s	3.209s	0.375s	10	1.23x
💻 Local	Express	2.871s (-7.7% 🟢)	3.309s (-17.5% 🟢)	0.437s	10	1.25x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.942s (-5.7% 🟢)	3.761s (-3.2%)	0.819s	8	1.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.969s (-4.5%)	4.357s (-3.8%)	1.388s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.732s (+21.9% 🔺)	5.491s (+15.7% 🔺)	1.759s	6	1.26x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	3.459s (~)	4.009s (~)	0.551s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.470s (~)	4.013s (~)	0.543s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.644s	4.013s	0.369s	8	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.236s	5.012s	0.776s	6	1.22x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.095s	8.769s	0.675s	4	2.34x
💻 Local	Nitro	8.464s (+1.0%)	9.020s (~)	0.556s	4	2.45x
💻 Local	Express	8.738s (+7.2% 🔺)	9.275s (+2.8%)	0.537s	4	2.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.913s (+1.8%)	5.535s (~)	1.622s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.933s (-5.0% 🟢)	5.352s (-6.7% 🟢)	1.419s	6	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.219s	2.010s	0.791s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.245s (-1.0%)	2.009s (~)	0.764s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.259s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.751s	15	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.313s	2.007s	0.694s	15	1.08x
💻 Local	Express	1.515s (-1.8%)	2.006s (~)	0.492s	15	1.24x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.537s	2.006s	0.469s	15	1.26x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.560s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.446s	15	1.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.223s (-1.0%)	3.944s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.721s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.479s (+0.5%)	4.147s (~)	1.667s	8	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.316s (~)	3.009s (~)	0.693s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.338s (~)	3.012s (~)	0.674s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.374s	3.011s	0.636s	10	1.03x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.552s	3.008s	0.456s	10	1.10x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.912s	3.564s	0.652s	9	1.26x
💻 Local	Express	3.031s (-2.5%)	3.760s (-3.2%)	0.729s	8	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.212s (~)	4.010s (+3.2%)	0.798s	8	1.39x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.525s (-2.5%)	3.989s (+0.9%)	1.464s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.402s (+16.8% 🔺)	5.045s (+26.3% 🔺)	1.643s	6	1.35x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	3.473s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.538s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.475s (~)	4.010s (~)	0.536s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.657s	4.013s	0.356s	8	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.134s	5.012s	0.878s	6	1.19x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.223s	8.769s	0.546s	4	2.37x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.022s (+0.8%)	9.771s (+5.4% 🔺)	0.750s	4	2.60x
💻 Local	Express	9.027s (~)	9.522s (~)	0.495s	4	2.60x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.514s (+5.2% 🔺)	5.167s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.653s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.218s (+14.7% 🔺)	6.120s (+19.3% 🔺)	1.902s	5	1.20x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.769s	1.005s	0.236s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.788s	1.023s	0.235s	59	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.813s (-1.7%)	1.007s (~)	0.194s	60	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.845s	1.005s	0.159s	60	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.849s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.159s	60	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.004s (+0.6%)	1.338s (-6.0% 🟢)	0.334s	45	1.31x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.009s (-1.6%)	1.611s (-15.8% 🟢)	0.602s	38	1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	9.044s (-7.8% 🟢)	10.959s (-9.2% 🟢)	1.914s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.069s (-1.7%)	12.322s (+3.9%)	2.253s	6	1.11x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.790s	2.006s	0.217s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.872s	2.076s	0.204s	44	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.915s (-2.4%)	2.054s (-4.6%)	0.138s	44	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.982s (-2.0%)	2.342s (-12.8% 🟢)	0.360s	39	1.11x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.690s	3.008s	0.318s	30	1.50x
💻 Local	Express	3.045s (+1.0%)	3.586s (-0.6%)	0.541s	26	1.70x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.060s (-0.9%)	3.801s (-5.2% 🟢)	0.741s	24	1.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	27.192s (-9.8% 🟢)	29.080s (-9.1% 🟢)	1.888s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	29.273s (-2.7%)	31.220s (-1.4%)	1.947s	3	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.604s	4.009s	0.405s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.697s	4.011s	0.314s	30	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	3.883s (-3.4%)	4.110s (-9.3% 🟢)	0.227s	30	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Express	4.138s (+2.0%)	4.931s (+3.1%)	0.794s	25	1.15x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.702s	9.018s	0.315s	14	2.41x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.194s (-2.3%)	10.019s (~)	0.825s	12	2.55x
💻 Local	Express	9.350s (+2.3%)	9.787s (+1.6%)	0.437s	13	2.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	71.160s (-14.8% 🟢)	72.955s (-15.0% 🟢)	1.795s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	77.068s (-7.9% 🟢)	78.794s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.726s	2	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.252s	1.008s	0.756s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.284s (+3.9%)	1.008s (~)	0.724s	60	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.284s (+2.0%)	1.008s (~)	0.724s	60	1.13x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.295s	1.005s	0.710s	60	1.17x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.587s	1.005s	0.418s	60	2.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.605s (+4.0%)	1.005s (~)	0.400s	60	2.40x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.606s (-11.3% 🟢)	1.005s (-3.4%)	0.399s	60	2.40x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.882s (-5.6% 🟢)	3.495s (-8.7% 🟢)	1.612s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.933s (+22.6% 🔺)	3.342s (+7.7% 🔺)	1.409s	18	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.469s	1.007s	0.538s	90	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.487s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.520s	90	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.494s (-0.7%)	1.008s (~)	0.513s	90	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.244s	2.006s	0.762s	45	2.65x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.450s (-3.2%)	3.009s (~)	0.559s	30	5.22x
💻 Local	Express	2.560s (~)	3.009s (~)	0.448s	30	5.45x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.612s	3.009s	0.397s	30	5.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.670s (-24.7% 🟢)	4.246s (-20.4% 🟢)	1.576s	22	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.682s (-18.9% 🟢)	5.352s (-12.4% 🟢)	1.670s	17	1.38x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.744s	1.015s	0.271s	119	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.770s (~)	1.008s (~)	0.238s	120	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.783s (-1.1%)	1.009s (~)	0.225s	119	1.05x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.831s	3.136s	0.305s	39	3.80x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.931s	11.391s	0.460s	11	14.68x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.057s (-2.6%)	11.482s (-3.8%)	0.425s	11	14.85x
💻 Local	Express	11.257s (~)	11.756s (-1.5%)	0.498s	11	15.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	7.626s (-7.6% 🟢)	9.342s (-4.6%)	1.717s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	90.118s (+988.5% 🔺)	91.958s (+844.5% 🔺)	1.840s	6	11.82x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.171s	1.002s	0.013s	1.018s	0.847s	10	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.190s	1.001s	0.002s	1.008s	0.818s	10	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.193s	1.001s	0.002s	1.010s	0.817s	10	1.13x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.202s (-0.9%)	0.995s (~)	0.002s (+28.6% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.807s	10	1.18x
💻 Local	Express	0.205s (+0.8%)	1.003s (~)	0.011s (-8.3% 🟢)	1.017s (~)	0.812s	10	1.20x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.209s (-4.2%)	1.003s (~)	0.012s (+6.3% 🔺)	1.018s (~)	0.809s	10	1.22x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.211s (+1.1%)	0.992s (~)	0.001s (-13.3% 🟢)	1.010s (~)	0.799s	10	1.23x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.775s (-3.5%)	2.987s (+1.0%)	0.499s (-15.2% 🟢)	4.122s (-2.9%)	2.347s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.929s (-3.7%)	3.203s (+7.5% 🔺)	0.570s (-15.3% 🟢)	4.401s (+4.9%)	2.472s	10	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.498s	1.001s	0.003s	1.012s	0.513s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.589s (-2.5%)	1.001s (~)	0.004s (+1.3%)	1.022s (~)	0.433s	59	1.18x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.596s	1.008s	0.007s	1.025s	0.429s	59	1.20x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.633s (+2.7%)	1.004s (~)	0.006s (+40.7% 🔺)	1.026s (~)	0.393s	59	1.27x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.656s	1.008s	0.008s	1.022s	0.365s	59	1.32x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.725s (-4.6%)	1.010s (~)	0.009s (-5.3% 🟢)	1.023s (~)	0.298s	59	1.46x
💻 Local	Express	0.736s (+1.7%)	1.011s (~)	0.009s (+8.1% 🔺)	1.024s (~)	0.288s	59	1.48x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	4.268s (-1.0%)	5.366s (-1.9%)	0.211s (-8.7% 🟢)	6.147s (-4.9%)	1.879s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.567s (-22.3% 🟢)	5.568s (-19.7% 🟢)	0.191s (-54.9% 🟢)	6.446s (-18.7% 🟢)	1.879s	10	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.900s	1.017s	0.000s	1.021s	0.121s	59	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.924s	1.155s	0.000s	1.163s	0.239s	52	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.928s (-4.9%)	1.084s (-6.9% 🟢)	0.000s (-5.5% 🟢)	1.099s (-7.4% 🟢)	0.171s	55	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.946s (-3.2%)	1.191s (-0.6%)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	1.204s (-2.6%)	0.259s	51	1.05x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.266s (-2.3%)	2.021s (~)	0.001s (+36.4% 🔺)	2.024s (~)	0.758s	30	1.41x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.269s	2.021s	0.000s	2.025s	0.756s	30	1.41x
💻 Local	Express	1.272s (+2.0%)	2.019s (~)	0.000s (-25.0% 🟢)	2.022s (~)	0.751s	30	1.41x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.721s (-9.4% 🟢)	3.630s (-11.4% 🟢)	0.000s (-95.9% 🟢)	4.232s (-12.1% 🟢)	1.511s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.141s (-3.7%)	4.418s (+7.1% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	5.074s (+8.3% 🔺)	1.933s	12	1.15x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.652s	2.035s	0.000s	2.040s	0.388s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.732s (+1.0%)	2.102s (~)	0.000s (+3.6%)	2.145s (+1.5%)	0.413s	28	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.769s (+1.1%)	2.175s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.205s (+4.8%)	0.435s	28	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.786s	2.145s	0.000s	2.157s	0.371s	28	1.08x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.590s (-3.9%)	4.100s (-3.2%)	0.001s (-9.1% 🟢)	4.104s (-3.2%)	0.514s	15	2.17x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.610s	4.098s	0.001s	4.103s	0.492s	15	2.19x
💻 Local	Express	3.711s (+2.5%)	4.300s (+4.9%)	0.001s (+42.9% 🔺)	4.303s (+4.9%)	0.592s	15	2.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.875s (+3.7%)	5.036s (~)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	5.680s (+0.5%)	1.805s	11	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.862s (+11.2% 🔺)	7.131s (+14.6% 🔺)	0.000s (NaN%)	7.722s (+14.1% 🔺)	1.860s	8	1.51x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14/21
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	15/21
▲ Vercel	Express	17/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	19/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	9/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	18/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

---

❌ Some benchmark jobs failed:

• Local: success
• Postgres: success
• Vercel: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

[karthikscale3]

AI review: Approve — correct fix, follows the established Symbol.for() + globalThis singleton pattern already used in 11+ places across @workflow/core (symbols.ts, runtime/world.ts, get-workflow-metadata.ts). No regression risk — validated on all 11 Vercel preview deployments (868 passed, 0 new failures). Will let Pranay and Nate take a pass at this as well.

[pablodecm]

Fix seems to work to fix #1577 in realistic/production like setting (after forcing vercel not to use build cache).

[TooTallNate]

Clean, well-scoped fix. The Symbol.for() + globalThis singleton pattern is the standard approach for ensuring a single instance across duplicated modules, and it's implemented correctly here.

What I verified:

1. Singleton pattern is correct — The ?? + assignment expression atomically checks-and-sets the global slot. Symbol.for('WORKFLOW_STEP_CONTEXT_STORAGE') guarantees the same symbol across module copies (unlike Symbol() which creates unique symbols).

2. @__PURE__ correctly removed — The old /* @__PURE__ */ new AsyncLocalStorage() told tree-shakers the expression was side-effect-free. The new expression writes to globalThis, so removing it is correct.

3. All 21 callers of contextStorage use .run() or .getStore() — none create their own instance. The fix ensures they all reference the same AsyncLocalStorage regardless of how many copies of the module exist.

4. Extracted StepContext type — Good refactor. The inline type was getting unwieldy.

5. Unit tests cover the three important properties: same instance across imports, stored on globalThis via Symbol.for(), and context propagation between separately-constructed references.

6. E2e test directly reproduces the #1577 pattern — helper function at module scope calling getWorkflowMetadata()/getStepMetadata() outside the step body.

7. Changeset is correctly patch and accurately describes the fix as defense-in-depth.

LGTM.