refactor: move request converters to @workflow/builders

[adriandlam]

sveltekit and astro use the exact same code for normalizing requests so it's been refactored to request-converter.ts inside @workflow/builders

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 293b0c3

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 10 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

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Project	Deployment	Preview	Comments	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am

[adriandlam]

• refactor: move request converters to @workflow/builders #503 👈 (View in Graphite)
• refactor: add vite package for hmr #501
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[adriandlam]

Merge activity

• Dec 6, 12:00 AM UTC: A user started a stack merge that includes this pull request via Graphite.
• Dec 6, 12:02 AM UTC: Graphite rebased this pull request as part of a merge.
• Dec 6, 12:02 AM UTC: @adriandlam merged this pull request with Graphite.

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.035s (-11.5% 🟢)	1.016s (~)	0.981s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.037s (-2.1%)	1.013s (~)	0.976s	10	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.039s (-2.7%)	1.017s (~)	0.978s	10	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.964s	10	1.21x
💻 Local	Express	0.044s (-1.1%)	1.007s (~)	0.962s	10	1.25x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.118s (+89.7% 🔺)	1.014s (~)	0.897s	10	3.33x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.300s (-23.7% 🟢)	1.022s (+0.9%)	0.722s	10	8.47x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.337s (+1.7%)	1.011s (-1.4%)	0.674s	10	9.52x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.435s (+212.1% 🔺)	1.021s (~)	0.586s	10	12.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.536s (+4.6%)	1.395s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.860s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.553s (+12.6% 🔺)	1.545s (+10.1% 🔺)	0.992s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.599s (+21.5% 🔺)	1.525s (+1.6%)	0.926s	10	1.12x

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.085s (-12.9% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.926s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.091s (-3.1%)	1.009s (~)	0.918s	10	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.096s (-3.1%)	1.011s (~)	0.914s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.110s (-1.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.896s	10	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	0.111s (-1.2%)	1.006s (~)	0.895s	10	1.30x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.283s (-2.6%)	1.012s (~)	0.729s	10	3.32x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.107s (+35.1% 🔺)	2.012s (+81.2% 🔺)	0.904s	10	12.98x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.221s (+4.3%)	2.010s (~)	0.789s	10	14.32x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.260s (+37.9% 🔺)	2.016s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.755s	10	14.77x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.590s (+1.6%)	2.460s (-2.2%)	0.870s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.594s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.563s (+8.6% 🔺)	0.969s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.607s (-6.4% 🟢)	2.573s (~)	0.967s	10	1.01x

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.506s (-19.5% 🟢)	1.011s (~)	0.505s	5	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.571s (-3.3%)	1.009s (~)	0.438s	5	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.602s (+0.6%)	1.010s (~)	0.408s	5	1.19x
💻 Local	Express	0.768s (-1.2%)	1.007s (~)	0.239s	5	1.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.780s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.227s	5	1.54x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.135s (-0.7%)	3.015s (~)	0.880s	5	4.22x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	5.142s (-50.4% 🟢)	6.013s (-44.4% 🟢)	0.871s	5	10.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.816s (+85.5% 🔺)	10.632s (+76.6% 🔺)	0.815s	5	19.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.485s (+98.5% 🔺)	11.021s (+83.2% 🔺)	0.536s	5	20.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	10.300s (-1.2%)	11.074s (-0.7%)	0.774s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	10.316s (+0.9%)	10.933s (-2.2%)	0.617s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.182s (+3.3%)	12.018s (+2.9%)	0.836s	5	1.09x

workflow with 10 parallel steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.359s (-3.1%)	1.008s (~)	0.650s	5	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.369s (+3.0%)	1.011s (~)	0.642s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.370s (-2.2%)	1.009s (~)	0.638s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	0.391s (-1.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.615s	5	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.412s (+2.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.594s	5	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.262s (-5.4% 🟢)	2.010s (-0.6%)	0.747s	5	3.52x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.452s (+60.1% 🔺)	2.026s (+100.1% 🔺)	0.574s	5	4.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.558s (+26.2% 🔺)	2.011s (~)	0.453s	5	4.35x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.602s (-2.3%)	2.011s (~)	0.410s	5	4.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.639s (-7.3% 🟢)	3.719s (+4.5%)	1.080s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.881s (+3.0%)	3.578s (-5.0%)	0.697s	5	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.852s (+34.3% 🔺)	4.522s (+23.8% 🔺)	0.671s	5	1.46x

stress test: Promise.all with 100 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.817s (-3.8%)	2.027s (~)	0.210s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.623s (+7.9% 🔺)	4.153s (+6.9% 🔺)	0.531s	8	1.99x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	8.052s (-1.3%)	8.315s (-2.6%)	0.264s	4	4.43x
🐘 Postgres	Express	8.496s (-3.1%)	8.795s (-2.8%)	0.299s	4	4.67x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.598s (+5.6% 🔺)	9.128s (+7.1% 🔺)	0.530s	4	4.73x
💻 Local	Express	9.749s (-2.9%)	10.273s (~)	0.523s	3	5.36x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.259s (+5.2% 🔺)	11.622s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.364s	3	6.19x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.031s (+15.0% 🔺)	13.652s (+17.2% 🔺)	0.621s	3	7.17x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.906s (~)	20.527s (~)	0.621s	2	10.95x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	15.332s (-13.5% 🟢)	16.198s (-12.2% 🟢)	0.866s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	16.153s (-6.4% 🟢)	17.125s (-6.5% 🟢)	0.972s	2	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	19.003s (+35.8% 🔺)	20.008s (+31.4% 🔺)	1.005s	2	1.24x

stress test: Promise.race with 100 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.018s (-4.4%)	2.117s (-3.9%)	0.100s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.042s (+12.5% 🔺)	4.276s (+5.0% 🔺)	0.233s	8	2.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	9.065s (-1.3%)	9.308s (-1.6%)	0.243s	4	4.49x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.294s (+7.9% 🔺)	9.567s (+8.7% 🔺)	0.273s	4	4.61x
🐘 Postgres	Express	9.539s (+6.7% 🔺)	9.841s (+7.0% 🔺)	0.302s	4	4.73x
💻 Local	Express	9.899s (-13.3% 🟢)	10.607s (-9.0% 🟢)	0.708s	3	4.91x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.145s (-15.1% 🟢)	10.350s (-16.0% 🟢)	0.205s	3	5.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.204s (+10.4% 🔺)	12.327s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.123s	3	6.05x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	20.268s (~)	20.544s (~)	0.275s	2	10.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	20.720s (+18.3% 🔺)	21.654s (+18.8% 🔺)	0.934s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	24.337s (+34.8% 🔺)	24.988s (+33.9% 🔺)	0.651s	2	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.276s (+79.4% 🔺)	33.473s (+78.5% 🔺)	1.197s	2	1.56x

---

Stream Benchmarks

Stream benchmarks include Time to First Byte (TTFB) metrics.

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.116s (-29.4% 🟢)	1.003s (~)	1.011s (~)	0.895s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.131s (-3.5%)	1.004s (~)	1.009s (~)	0.878s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.134s (-0.8%)	1.003s (~)	1.013s (~)	0.879s	10	1.16x
💻 Local	Express	0.176s (~)	0.992s (~)	1.009s (~)	0.832s	10	1.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.182s (+1.1%)	0.992s (~)	1.009s (~)	0.827s	10	1.56x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.507s (+8.2% 🔺)	0.941s (-3.8%)	1.011s (~)	0.505s	10	4.37x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.259s (+17.5% 🔺)	1.782s (-4.4%)	2.014s (+5.1% 🔺)	0.755s	10	10.84x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.467s (+45.2% 🔺)	1.572s (+19.4% 🔺)	2.011s (+33.3% 🔺)	0.544s	10	12.64x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.220s (+65.5% 🔺)	2.821s (+66.5% 🔺)	3.014s (+49.8% 🔺)	0.794s	10	19.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.554s (+2.7%)	2.857s (-5.4% 🟢)	3.270s (-3.9%)	0.716s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.672s (+6.7% 🔺)	3.066s (+4.7%)	3.518s (+4.6%)	0.845s	10	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.039s (+67.4% 🔺)	4.649s (+61.6% 🔺)	5.066s (+53.8% 🔺)	1.027s	10	1.58x

---

Summary: Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/7
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	4/7
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4/7

Summary: Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	5/7
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	4/7
Nitro	💻 Local	5/7

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

[adriandlam]

sveltekit and astro use the exact same code for normalizing requests so it's been refactored to request-converter.ts inside @workflow/builders

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 293b0c3

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 10 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Preview	Comments	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am

[adriandlam]

• refactor: move request converters to @workflow/builders #503 👈 (View in Graphite)
• refactor: add vite package for hmr #501
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[adriandlam]

Merge activity

• Dec 6, 12:00 AM UTC: A user started a stack merge that includes this pull request via Graphite.
• Dec 6, 12:02 AM UTC: Graphite rebased this pull request as part of a merge.
• Dec 6, 12:02 AM UTC: @adriandlam merged this pull request with Graphite.

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.035s (-11.5% 🟢)	1.016s (~)	0.981s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.037s (-2.1%)	1.013s (~)	0.976s	10	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.039s (-2.7%)	1.017s (~)	0.978s	10	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.964s	10	1.21x
💻 Local	Express	0.044s (-1.1%)	1.007s (~)	0.962s	10	1.25x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.118s (+89.7% 🔺)	1.014s (~)	0.897s	10	3.33x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.300s (-23.7% 🟢)	1.022s (+0.9%)	0.722s	10	8.47x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.337s (+1.7%)	1.011s (-1.4%)	0.674s	10	9.52x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.435s (+212.1% 🔺)	1.021s (~)	0.586s	10	12.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.536s (+4.6%)	1.395s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.860s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.553s (+12.6% 🔺)	1.545s (+10.1% 🔺)	0.992s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.599s (+21.5% 🔺)	1.525s (+1.6%)	0.926s	10	1.12x

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.085s (-12.9% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.926s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.091s (-3.1%)	1.009s (~)	0.918s	10	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.096s (-3.1%)	1.011s (~)	0.914s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.110s (-1.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.896s	10	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	0.111s (-1.2%)	1.006s (~)	0.895s	10	1.30x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.283s (-2.6%)	1.012s (~)	0.729s	10	3.32x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.107s (+35.1% 🔺)	2.012s (+81.2% 🔺)	0.904s	10	12.98x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.221s (+4.3%)	2.010s (~)	0.789s	10	14.32x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.260s (+37.9% 🔺)	2.016s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.755s	10	14.77x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.590s (+1.6%)	2.460s (-2.2%)	0.870s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.594s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.563s (+8.6% 🔺)	0.969s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.607s (-6.4% 🟢)	2.573s (~)	0.967s	10	1.01x

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.506s (-19.5% 🟢)	1.011s (~)	0.505s	5	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.571s (-3.3%)	1.009s (~)	0.438s	5	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.602s (+0.6%)	1.010s (~)	0.408s	5	1.19x
💻 Local	Express	0.768s (-1.2%)	1.007s (~)	0.239s	5	1.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.780s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.227s	5	1.54x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.135s (-0.7%)	3.015s (~)	0.880s	5	4.22x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	5.142s (-50.4% 🟢)	6.013s (-44.4% 🟢)	0.871s	5	10.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.816s (+85.5% 🔺)	10.632s (+76.6% 🔺)	0.815s	5	19.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.485s (+98.5% 🔺)	11.021s (+83.2% 🔺)	0.536s	5	20.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	10.300s (-1.2%)	11.074s (-0.7%)	0.774s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	10.316s (+0.9%)	10.933s (-2.2%)	0.617s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.182s (+3.3%)	12.018s (+2.9%)	0.836s	5	1.09x

workflow with 10 parallel steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.359s (-3.1%)	1.008s (~)	0.650s	5	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.369s (+3.0%)	1.011s (~)	0.642s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.370s (-2.2%)	1.009s (~)	0.638s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	0.391s (-1.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.615s	5	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.412s (+2.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.594s	5	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.262s (-5.4% 🟢)	2.010s (-0.6%)	0.747s	5	3.52x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.452s (+60.1% 🔺)	2.026s (+100.1% 🔺)	0.574s	5	4.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.558s (+26.2% 🔺)	2.011s (~)	0.453s	5	4.35x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.602s (-2.3%)	2.011s (~)	0.410s	5	4.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.639s (-7.3% 🟢)	3.719s (+4.5%)	1.080s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.881s (+3.0%)	3.578s (-5.0%)	0.697s	5	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.852s (+34.3% 🔺)	4.522s (+23.8% 🔺)	0.671s	5	1.46x

stress test: Promise.all with 100 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.817s (-3.8%)	2.027s (~)	0.210s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.623s (+7.9% 🔺)	4.153s (+6.9% 🔺)	0.531s	8	1.99x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	8.052s (-1.3%)	8.315s (-2.6%)	0.264s	4	4.43x
🐘 Postgres	Express	8.496s (-3.1%)	8.795s (-2.8%)	0.299s	4	4.67x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.598s (+5.6% 🔺)	9.128s (+7.1% 🔺)	0.530s	4	4.73x
💻 Local	Express	9.749s (-2.9%)	10.273s (~)	0.523s	3	5.36x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.259s (+5.2% 🔺)	11.622s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.364s	3	6.19x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.031s (+15.0% 🔺)	13.652s (+17.2% 🔺)	0.621s	3	7.17x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.906s (~)	20.527s (~)	0.621s	2	10.95x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	15.332s (-13.5% 🟢)	16.198s (-12.2% 🟢)	0.866s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	16.153s (-6.4% 🟢)	17.125s (-6.5% 🟢)	0.972s	2	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	19.003s (+35.8% 🔺)	20.008s (+31.4% 🔺)	1.005s	2	1.24x

stress test: Promise.race with 100 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.018s (-4.4%)	2.117s (-3.9%)	0.100s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.042s (+12.5% 🔺)	4.276s (+5.0% 🔺)	0.233s	8	2.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	9.065s (-1.3%)	9.308s (-1.6%)	0.243s	4	4.49x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.294s (+7.9% 🔺)	9.567s (+8.7% 🔺)	0.273s	4	4.61x
🐘 Postgres	Express	9.539s (+6.7% 🔺)	9.841s (+7.0% 🔺)	0.302s	4	4.73x
💻 Local	Express	9.899s (-13.3% 🟢)	10.607s (-9.0% 🟢)	0.708s	3	4.91x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.145s (-15.1% 🟢)	10.350s (-16.0% 🟢)	0.205s	3	5.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.204s (+10.4% 🔺)	12.327s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.123s	3	6.05x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	20.268s (~)	20.544s (~)	0.275s	2	10.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	20.720s (+18.3% 🔺)	21.654s (+18.8% 🔺)	0.934s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	24.337s (+34.8% 🔺)	24.988s (+33.9% 🔺)	0.651s	2	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.276s (+79.4% 🔺)	33.473s (+78.5% 🔺)	1.197s	2	1.56x

---

Stream Benchmarks

Stream benchmarks include Time to First Byte (TTFB) metrics.

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.116s (-29.4% 🟢)	1.003s (~)	1.011s (~)	0.895s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.131s (-3.5%)	1.004s (~)	1.009s (~)	0.878s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.134s (-0.8%)	1.003s (~)	1.013s (~)	0.879s	10	1.16x
💻 Local	Express	0.176s (~)	0.992s (~)	1.009s (~)	0.832s	10	1.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.182s (+1.1%)	0.992s (~)	1.009s (~)	0.827s	10	1.56x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.507s (+8.2% 🔺)	0.941s (-3.8%)	1.011s (~)	0.505s	10	4.37x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.259s (+17.5% 🔺)	1.782s (-4.4%)	2.014s (+5.1% 🔺)	0.755s	10	10.84x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.467s (+45.2% 🔺)	1.572s (+19.4% 🔺)	2.011s (+33.3% 🔺)	0.544s	10	12.64x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.220s (+65.5% 🔺)	2.821s (+66.5% 🔺)	3.014s (+49.8% 🔺)	0.794s	10	19.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.554s (+2.7%)	2.857s (-5.4% 🟢)	3.270s (-3.9%)	0.716s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.672s (+6.7% 🔺)	3.066s (+4.7%)	3.518s (+4.6%)	0.845s	10	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.039s (+67.4% 🔺)	4.649s (+61.6% 🔺)	5.066s (+53.8% 🔺)	1.027s	10	1.58x

---

Summary: Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/7
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	4/7
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4/7

Summary: Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	5/7
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	4/7
Nitro	💻 Local	5/7

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

[adriandlam]

sveltekit and astro use the exact same code for normalizing requests so it's been refactored to request-converter.ts inside @workflow/builders

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 293b0c3

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 10 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Preview	Comments	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am

[adriandlam]

• refactor: move request converters to @workflow/builders #503 👈 (View in Graphite)
• refactor: add vite package for hmr #501
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[adriandlam]

Merge activity

• Dec 6, 12:00 AM UTC: A user started a stack merge that includes this pull request via Graphite.
• Dec 6, 12:02 AM UTC: Graphite rebased this pull request as part of a merge.
• Dec 6, 12:02 AM UTC: @adriandlam merged this pull request with Graphite.

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.035s (-11.5% 🟢)	1.016s (~)	0.981s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.037s (-2.1%)	1.013s (~)	0.976s	10	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.039s (-2.7%)	1.017s (~)	0.978s	10	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.964s	10	1.21x
💻 Local	Express	0.044s (-1.1%)	1.007s (~)	0.962s	10	1.25x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.118s (+89.7% 🔺)	1.014s (~)	0.897s	10	3.33x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.300s (-23.7% 🟢)	1.022s (+0.9%)	0.722s	10	8.47x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.337s (+1.7%)	1.011s (-1.4%)	0.674s	10	9.52x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.435s (+212.1% 🔺)	1.021s (~)	0.586s	10	12.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.536s (+4.6%)	1.395s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.860s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.553s (+12.6% 🔺)	1.545s (+10.1% 🔺)	0.992s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.599s (+21.5% 🔺)	1.525s (+1.6%)	0.926s	10	1.12x

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.085s (-12.9% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.926s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.091s (-3.1%)	1.009s (~)	0.918s	10	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.096s (-3.1%)	1.011s (~)	0.914s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.110s (-1.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.896s	10	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	0.111s (-1.2%)	1.006s (~)	0.895s	10	1.30x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.283s (-2.6%)	1.012s (~)	0.729s	10	3.32x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.107s (+35.1% 🔺)	2.012s (+81.2% 🔺)	0.904s	10	12.98x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.221s (+4.3%)	2.010s (~)	0.789s	10	14.32x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.260s (+37.9% 🔺)	2.016s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.755s	10	14.77x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.590s (+1.6%)	2.460s (-2.2%)	0.870s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.594s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.563s (+8.6% 🔺)	0.969s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.607s (-6.4% 🟢)	2.573s (~)	0.967s	10	1.01x

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.506s (-19.5% 🟢)	1.011s (~)	0.505s	5	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.571s (-3.3%)	1.009s (~)	0.438s	5	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.602s (+0.6%)	1.010s (~)	0.408s	5	1.19x
💻 Local	Express	0.768s (-1.2%)	1.007s (~)	0.239s	5	1.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.780s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.227s	5	1.54x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.135s (-0.7%)	3.015s (~)	0.880s	5	4.22x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	5.142s (-50.4% 🟢)	6.013s (-44.4% 🟢)	0.871s	5	10.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.816s (+85.5% 🔺)	10.632s (+76.6% 🔺)	0.815s	5	19.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.485s (+98.5% 🔺)	11.021s (+83.2% 🔺)	0.536s	5	20.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	10.300s (-1.2%)	11.074s (-0.7%)	0.774s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	10.316s (+0.9%)	10.933s (-2.2%)	0.617s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.182s (+3.3%)	12.018s (+2.9%)	0.836s	5	1.09x

workflow with 10 parallel steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.359s (-3.1%)	1.008s (~)	0.650s	5	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.369s (+3.0%)	1.011s (~)	0.642s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.370s (-2.2%)	1.009s (~)	0.638s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	0.391s (-1.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.615s	5	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.412s (+2.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.594s	5	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.262s (-5.4% 🟢)	2.010s (-0.6%)	0.747s	5	3.52x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.452s (+60.1% 🔺)	2.026s (+100.1% 🔺)	0.574s	5	4.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.558s (+26.2% 🔺)	2.011s (~)	0.453s	5	4.35x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.602s (-2.3%)	2.011s (~)	0.410s	5	4.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.639s (-7.3% 🟢)	3.719s (+4.5%)	1.080s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.881s (+3.0%)	3.578s (-5.0%)	0.697s	5	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.852s (+34.3% 🔺)	4.522s (+23.8% 🔺)	0.671s	5	1.46x

stress test: Promise.all with 100 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.817s (-3.8%)	2.027s (~)	0.210s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.623s (+7.9% 🔺)	4.153s (+6.9% 🔺)	0.531s	8	1.99x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	8.052s (-1.3%)	8.315s (-2.6%)	0.264s	4	4.43x
🐘 Postgres	Express	8.496s (-3.1%)	8.795s (-2.8%)	0.299s	4	4.67x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.598s (+5.6% 🔺)	9.128s (+7.1% 🔺)	0.530s	4	4.73x
💻 Local	Express	9.749s (-2.9%)	10.273s (~)	0.523s	3	5.36x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.259s (+5.2% 🔺)	11.622s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.364s	3	6.19x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.031s (+15.0% 🔺)	13.652s (+17.2% 🔺)	0.621s	3	7.17x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.906s (~)	20.527s (~)	0.621s	2	10.95x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	15.332s (-13.5% 🟢)	16.198s (-12.2% 🟢)	0.866s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	16.153s (-6.4% 🟢)	17.125s (-6.5% 🟢)	0.972s	2	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	19.003s (+35.8% 🔺)	20.008s (+31.4% 🔺)	1.005s	2	1.24x

stress test: Promise.race with 100 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.018s (-4.4%)	2.117s (-3.9%)	0.100s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.042s (+12.5% 🔺)	4.276s (+5.0% 🔺)	0.233s	8	2.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	9.065s (-1.3%)	9.308s (-1.6%)	0.243s	4	4.49x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.294s (+7.9% 🔺)	9.567s (+8.7% 🔺)	0.273s	4	4.61x
🐘 Postgres	Express	9.539s (+6.7% 🔺)	9.841s (+7.0% 🔺)	0.302s	4	4.73x
💻 Local	Express	9.899s (-13.3% 🟢)	10.607s (-9.0% 🟢)	0.708s	3	4.91x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.145s (-15.1% 🟢)	10.350s (-16.0% 🟢)	0.205s	3	5.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.204s (+10.4% 🔺)	12.327s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.123s	3	6.05x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	20.268s (~)	20.544s (~)	0.275s	2	10.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	20.720s (+18.3% 🔺)	21.654s (+18.8% 🔺)	0.934s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	24.337s (+34.8% 🔺)	24.988s (+33.9% 🔺)	0.651s	2	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.276s (+79.4% 🔺)	33.473s (+78.5% 🔺)	1.197s	2	1.56x

---

Stream Benchmarks

Stream benchmarks include Time to First Byte (TTFB) metrics.

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.116s (-29.4% 🟢)	1.003s (~)	1.011s (~)	0.895s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.131s (-3.5%)	1.004s (~)	1.009s (~)	0.878s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.134s (-0.8%)	1.003s (~)	1.013s (~)	0.879s	10	1.16x
💻 Local	Express	0.176s (~)	0.992s (~)	1.009s (~)	0.832s	10	1.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.182s (+1.1%)	0.992s (~)	1.009s (~)	0.827s	10	1.56x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.507s (+8.2% 🔺)	0.941s (-3.8%)	1.011s (~)	0.505s	10	4.37x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.259s (+17.5% 🔺)	1.782s (-4.4%)	2.014s (+5.1% 🔺)	0.755s	10	10.84x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.467s (+45.2% 🔺)	1.572s (+19.4% 🔺)	2.011s (+33.3% 🔺)	0.544s	10	12.64x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.220s (+65.5% 🔺)	2.821s (+66.5% 🔺)	3.014s (+49.8% 🔺)	0.794s	10	19.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.554s (+2.7%)	2.857s (-5.4% 🟢)	3.270s (-3.9%)	0.716s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.672s (+6.7% 🔺)	3.066s (+4.7%)	3.518s (+4.6%)	0.845s	10	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.039s (+67.4% 🔺)	4.649s (+61.6% 🔺)	5.066s (+53.8% 🔺)	1.027s	10	1.58x

---

Summary: Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/7
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	4/7
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4/7

Summary: Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	5/7
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	4/7
Nitro	💻 Local	5/7

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

[adriandlam]

sveltekit and astro use the exact same code for normalizing requests so it's been refactored to request-converter.ts inside @workflow/builders

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 293b0c3

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 10 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Preview	Comments	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am

[adriandlam]

• refactor: move request converters to @workflow/builders #503 👈 (View in Graphite)
• refactor: add vite package for hmr #501
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[adriandlam]

Merge activity

• Dec 6, 12:00 AM UTC: A user started a stack merge that includes this pull request via Graphite.
• Dec 6, 12:02 AM UTC: Graphite rebased this pull request as part of a merge.
• Dec 6, 12:02 AM UTC: @adriandlam merged this pull request with Graphite.

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.035s (-11.5% 🟢)	1.016s (~)	0.981s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.037s (-2.1%)	1.013s (~)	0.976s	10	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.039s (-2.7%)	1.017s (~)	0.978s	10	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.964s	10	1.21x
💻 Local	Express	0.044s (-1.1%)	1.007s (~)	0.962s	10	1.25x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.118s (+89.7% 🔺)	1.014s (~)	0.897s	10	3.33x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.300s (-23.7% 🟢)	1.022s (+0.9%)	0.722s	10	8.47x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.337s (+1.7%)	1.011s (-1.4%)	0.674s	10	9.52x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.435s (+212.1% 🔺)	1.021s (~)	0.586s	10	12.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.536s (+4.6%)	1.395s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.860s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.553s (+12.6% 🔺)	1.545s (+10.1% 🔺)	0.992s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.599s (+21.5% 🔺)	1.525s (+1.6%)	0.926s	10	1.12x

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.085s (-12.9% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.926s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.091s (-3.1%)	1.009s (~)	0.918s	10	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.096s (-3.1%)	1.011s (~)	0.914s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.110s (-1.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.896s	10	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	0.111s (-1.2%)	1.006s (~)	0.895s	10	1.30x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.283s (-2.6%)	1.012s (~)	0.729s	10	3.32x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.107s (+35.1% 🔺)	2.012s (+81.2% 🔺)	0.904s	10	12.98x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.221s (+4.3%)	2.010s (~)	0.789s	10	14.32x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.260s (+37.9% 🔺)	2.016s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.755s	10	14.77x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.590s (+1.6%)	2.460s (-2.2%)	0.870s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.594s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.563s (+8.6% 🔺)	0.969s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.607s (-6.4% 🟢)	2.573s (~)	0.967s	10	1.01x

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.506s (-19.5% 🟢)	1.011s (~)	0.505s	5	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.571s (-3.3%)	1.009s (~)	0.438s	5	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.602s (+0.6%)	1.010s (~)	0.408s	5	1.19x
💻 Local	Express	0.768s (-1.2%)	1.007s (~)	0.239s	5	1.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.780s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.227s	5	1.54x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.135s (-0.7%)	3.015s (~)	0.880s	5	4.22x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	5.142s (-50.4% 🟢)	6.013s (-44.4% 🟢)	0.871s	5	10.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.816s (+85.5% 🔺)	10.632s (+76.6% 🔺)	0.815s	5	19.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.485s (+98.5% 🔺)	11.021s (+83.2% 🔺)	0.536s	5	20.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	10.300s (-1.2%)	11.074s (-0.7%)	0.774s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	10.316s (+0.9%)	10.933s (-2.2%)	0.617s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.182s (+3.3%)	12.018s (+2.9%)	0.836s	5	1.09x

workflow with 10 parallel steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.359s (-3.1%)	1.008s (~)	0.650s	5	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.369s (+3.0%)	1.011s (~)	0.642s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.370s (-2.2%)	1.009s (~)	0.638s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	0.391s (-1.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.615s	5	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.412s (+2.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.594s	5	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.262s (-5.4% 🟢)	2.010s (-0.6%)	0.747s	5	3.52x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.452s (+60.1% 🔺)	2.026s (+100.1% 🔺)	0.574s	5	4.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.558s (+26.2% 🔺)	2.011s (~)	0.453s	5	4.35x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.602s (-2.3%)	2.011s (~)	0.410s	5	4.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.639s (-7.3% 🟢)	3.719s (+4.5%)	1.080s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.881s (+3.0%)	3.578s (-5.0%)	0.697s	5	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.852s (+34.3% 🔺)	4.522s (+23.8% 🔺)	0.671s	5	1.46x

stress test: Promise.all with 100 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.817s (-3.8%)	2.027s (~)	0.210s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.623s (+7.9% 🔺)	4.153s (+6.9% 🔺)	0.531s	8	1.99x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	8.052s (-1.3%)	8.315s (-2.6%)	0.264s	4	4.43x
🐘 Postgres	Express	8.496s (-3.1%)	8.795s (-2.8%)	0.299s	4	4.67x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.598s (+5.6% 🔺)	9.128s (+7.1% 🔺)	0.530s	4	4.73x
💻 Local	Express	9.749s (-2.9%)	10.273s (~)	0.523s	3	5.36x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.259s (+5.2% 🔺)	11.622s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.364s	3	6.19x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.031s (+15.0% 🔺)	13.652s (+17.2% 🔺)	0.621s	3	7.17x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.906s (~)	20.527s (~)	0.621s	2	10.95x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	15.332s (-13.5% 🟢)	16.198s (-12.2% 🟢)	0.866s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	16.153s (-6.4% 🟢)	17.125s (-6.5% 🟢)	0.972s	2	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	19.003s (+35.8% 🔺)	20.008s (+31.4% 🔺)	1.005s	2	1.24x

stress test: Promise.race with 100 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.018s (-4.4%)	2.117s (-3.9%)	0.100s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.042s (+12.5% 🔺)	4.276s (+5.0% 🔺)	0.233s	8	2.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	9.065s (-1.3%)	9.308s (-1.6%)	0.243s	4	4.49x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.294s (+7.9% 🔺)	9.567s (+8.7% 🔺)	0.273s	4	4.61x
🐘 Postgres	Express	9.539s (+6.7% 🔺)	9.841s (+7.0% 🔺)	0.302s	4	4.73x
💻 Local	Express	9.899s (-13.3% 🟢)	10.607s (-9.0% 🟢)	0.708s	3	4.91x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.145s (-15.1% 🟢)	10.350s (-16.0% 🟢)	0.205s	3	5.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.204s (+10.4% 🔺)	12.327s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.123s	3	6.05x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	20.268s (~)	20.544s (~)	0.275s	2	10.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	20.720s (+18.3% 🔺)	21.654s (+18.8% 🔺)	0.934s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	24.337s (+34.8% 🔺)	24.988s (+33.9% 🔺)	0.651s	2	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.276s (+79.4% 🔺)	33.473s (+78.5% 🔺)	1.197s	2	1.56x

---

Stream Benchmarks

Stream benchmarks include Time to First Byte (TTFB) metrics.

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.116s (-29.4% 🟢)	1.003s (~)	1.011s (~)	0.895s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.131s (-3.5%)	1.004s (~)	1.009s (~)	0.878s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.134s (-0.8%)	1.003s (~)	1.013s (~)	0.879s	10	1.16x
💻 Local	Express	0.176s (~)	0.992s (~)	1.009s (~)	0.832s	10	1.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.182s (+1.1%)	0.992s (~)	1.009s (~)	0.827s	10	1.56x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.507s (+8.2% 🔺)	0.941s (-3.8%)	1.011s (~)	0.505s	10	4.37x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.259s (+17.5% 🔺)	1.782s (-4.4%)	2.014s (+5.1% 🔺)	0.755s	10	10.84x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.467s (+45.2% 🔺)	1.572s (+19.4% 🔺)	2.011s (+33.3% 🔺)	0.544s	10	12.64x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.220s (+65.5% 🔺)	2.821s (+66.5% 🔺)	3.014s (+49.8% 🔺)	0.794s	10	19.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.554s (+2.7%)	2.857s (-5.4% 🟢)	3.270s (-3.9%)	0.716s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.672s (+6.7% 🔺)	3.066s (+4.7%)	3.518s (+4.6%)	0.845s	10	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.039s (+67.4% 🔺)	4.649s (+61.6% 🔺)	5.066s (+53.8% 🔺)	1.027s	10	1.58x

---

Summary: Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/7
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	4/7
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4/7

Summary: Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	5/7
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	4/7
Nitro	💻 Local	5/7

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

[adriandlam]

sveltekit and astro use the exact same code for normalizing requests so it's been refactored to request-converter.ts inside @workflow/builders

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 293b0c3

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 10 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Preview	Comments	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am

[adriandlam]

• refactor: move request converters to @workflow/builders #503 👈 (View in Graphite)
• refactor: add vite package for hmr #501
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[adriandlam]

Merge activity

• Dec 6, 12:00 AM UTC: A user started a stack merge that includes this pull request via Graphite.
• Dec 6, 12:02 AM UTC: Graphite rebased this pull request as part of a merge.
• Dec 6, 12:02 AM UTC: @adriandlam merged this pull request with Graphite.

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.035s (-11.5% 🟢)	1.016s (~)	0.981s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.037s (-2.1%)	1.013s (~)	0.976s	10	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.039s (-2.7%)	1.017s (~)	0.978s	10	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.964s	10	1.21x
💻 Local	Express	0.044s (-1.1%)	1.007s (~)	0.962s	10	1.25x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.118s (+89.7% 🔺)	1.014s (~)	0.897s	10	3.33x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.300s (-23.7% 🟢)	1.022s (+0.9%)	0.722s	10	8.47x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.337s (+1.7%)	1.011s (-1.4%)	0.674s	10	9.52x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.435s (+212.1% 🔺)	1.021s (~)	0.586s	10	12.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.536s (+4.6%)	1.395s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.860s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.553s (+12.6% 🔺)	1.545s (+10.1% 🔺)	0.992s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.599s (+21.5% 🔺)	1.525s (+1.6%)	0.926s	10	1.12x

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.085s (-12.9% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.926s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.091s (-3.1%)	1.009s (~)	0.918s	10	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.096s (-3.1%)	1.011s (~)	0.914s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.110s (-1.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.896s	10	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	0.111s (-1.2%)	1.006s (~)	0.895s	10	1.30x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.283s (-2.6%)	1.012s (~)	0.729s	10	3.32x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.107s (+35.1% 🔺)	2.012s (+81.2% 🔺)	0.904s	10	12.98x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.221s (+4.3%)	2.010s (~)	0.789s	10	14.32x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.260s (+37.9% 🔺)	2.016s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.755s	10	14.77x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.590s (+1.6%)	2.460s (-2.2%)	0.870s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.594s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.563s (+8.6% 🔺)	0.969s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.607s (-6.4% 🟢)	2.573s (~)	0.967s	10	1.01x

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.506s (-19.5% 🟢)	1.011s (~)	0.505s	5	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.571s (-3.3%)	1.009s (~)	0.438s	5	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.602s (+0.6%)	1.010s (~)	0.408s	5	1.19x
💻 Local	Express	0.768s (-1.2%)	1.007s (~)	0.239s	5	1.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.780s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.227s	5	1.54x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.135s (-0.7%)	3.015s (~)	0.880s	5	4.22x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	5.142s (-50.4% 🟢)	6.013s (-44.4% 🟢)	0.871s	5	10.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.816s (+85.5% 🔺)	10.632s (+76.6% 🔺)	0.815s	5	19.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.485s (+98.5% 🔺)	11.021s (+83.2% 🔺)	0.536s	5	20.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	10.300s (-1.2%)	11.074s (-0.7%)	0.774s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	10.316s (+0.9%)	10.933s (-2.2%)	0.617s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.182s (+3.3%)	12.018s (+2.9%)	0.836s	5	1.09x

workflow with 10 parallel steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.359s (-3.1%)	1.008s (~)	0.650s	5	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.369s (+3.0%)	1.011s (~)	0.642s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.370s (-2.2%)	1.009s (~)	0.638s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	0.391s (-1.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.615s	5	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.412s (+2.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.594s	5	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.262s (-5.4% 🟢)	2.010s (-0.6%)	0.747s	5	3.52x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.452s (+60.1% 🔺)	2.026s (+100.1% 🔺)	0.574s	5	4.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.558s (+26.2% 🔺)	2.011s (~)	0.453s	5	4.35x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.602s (-2.3%)	2.011s (~)	0.410s	5	4.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.639s (-7.3% 🟢)	3.719s (+4.5%)	1.080s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.881s (+3.0%)	3.578s (-5.0%)	0.697s	5	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.852s (+34.3% 🔺)	4.522s (+23.8% 🔺)	0.671s	5	1.46x

stress test: Promise.all with 100 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.817s (-3.8%)	2.027s (~)	0.210s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.623s (+7.9% 🔺)	4.153s (+6.9% 🔺)	0.531s	8	1.99x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	8.052s (-1.3%)	8.315s (-2.6%)	0.264s	4	4.43x
🐘 Postgres	Express	8.496s (-3.1%)	8.795s (-2.8%)	0.299s	4	4.67x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.598s (+5.6% 🔺)	9.128s (+7.1% 🔺)	0.530s	4	4.73x
💻 Local	Express	9.749s (-2.9%)	10.273s (~)	0.523s	3	5.36x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.259s (+5.2% 🔺)	11.622s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.364s	3	6.19x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.031s (+15.0% 🔺)	13.652s (+17.2% 🔺)	0.621s	3	7.17x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.906s (~)	20.527s (~)	0.621s	2	10.95x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	15.332s (-13.5% 🟢)	16.198s (-12.2% 🟢)	0.866s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	16.153s (-6.4% 🟢)	17.125s (-6.5% 🟢)	0.972s	2	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	19.003s (+35.8% 🔺)	20.008s (+31.4% 🔺)	1.005s	2	1.24x

stress test: Promise.race with 100 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.018s (-4.4%)	2.117s (-3.9%)	0.100s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.042s (+12.5% 🔺)	4.276s (+5.0% 🔺)	0.233s	8	2.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	9.065s (-1.3%)	9.308s (-1.6%)	0.243s	4	4.49x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.294s (+7.9% 🔺)	9.567s (+8.7% 🔺)	0.273s	4	4.61x
🐘 Postgres	Express	9.539s (+6.7% 🔺)	9.841s (+7.0% 🔺)	0.302s	4	4.73x
💻 Local	Express	9.899s (-13.3% 🟢)	10.607s (-9.0% 🟢)	0.708s	3	4.91x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.145s (-15.1% 🟢)	10.350s (-16.0% 🟢)	0.205s	3	5.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.204s (+10.4% 🔺)	12.327s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.123s	3	6.05x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	20.268s (~)	20.544s (~)	0.275s	2	10.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	20.720s (+18.3% 🔺)	21.654s (+18.8% 🔺)	0.934s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	24.337s (+34.8% 🔺)	24.988s (+33.9% 🔺)	0.651s	2	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.276s (+79.4% 🔺)	33.473s (+78.5% 🔺)	1.197s	2	1.56x

---

Stream Benchmarks

Stream benchmarks include Time to First Byte (TTFB) metrics.

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.116s (-29.4% 🟢)	1.003s (~)	1.011s (~)	0.895s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.131s (-3.5%)	1.004s (~)	1.009s (~)	0.878s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.134s (-0.8%)	1.003s (~)	1.013s (~)	0.879s	10	1.16x
💻 Local	Express	0.176s (~)	0.992s (~)	1.009s (~)	0.832s	10	1.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.182s (+1.1%)	0.992s (~)	1.009s (~)	0.827s	10	1.56x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.507s (+8.2% 🔺)	0.941s (-3.8%)	1.011s (~)	0.505s	10	4.37x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.259s (+17.5% 🔺)	1.782s (-4.4%)	2.014s (+5.1% 🔺)	0.755s	10	10.84x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.467s (+45.2% 🔺)	1.572s (+19.4% 🔺)	2.011s (+33.3% 🔺)	0.544s	10	12.64x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.220s (+65.5% 🔺)	2.821s (+66.5% 🔺)	3.014s (+49.8% 🔺)	0.794s	10	19.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.554s (+2.7%)	2.857s (-5.4% 🟢)	3.270s (-3.9%)	0.716s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.672s (+6.7% 🔺)	3.066s (+4.7%)	3.518s (+4.6%)	0.845s	10	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.039s (+67.4% 🔺)	4.649s (+61.6% 🔺)	5.066s (+53.8% 🔺)	1.027s	10	1.58x

---

Summary: Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/7
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	4/7
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4/7

Summary: Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	5/7
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	4/7
Nitro	💻 Local	5/7

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

[adriandlam]

sveltekit and astro use the exact same code for normalizing requests so it's been refactored to request-converter.ts inside @workflow/builders

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 293b0c3

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 10 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Preview	Comments	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am

[adriandlam]

• refactor: move request converters to @workflow/builders #503 👈 (View in Graphite)
• refactor: add vite package for hmr #501
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[adriandlam]

Merge activity

• Dec 6, 12:00 AM UTC: A user started a stack merge that includes this pull request via Graphite.
• Dec 6, 12:02 AM UTC: Graphite rebased this pull request as part of a merge.
• Dec 6, 12:02 AM UTC: @adriandlam merged this pull request with Graphite.

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.035s (-11.5% 🟢)	1.016s (~)	0.981s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.037s (-2.1%)	1.013s (~)	0.976s	10	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.039s (-2.7%)	1.017s (~)	0.978s	10	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.964s	10	1.21x
💻 Local	Express	0.044s (-1.1%)	1.007s (~)	0.962s	10	1.25x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.118s (+89.7% 🔺)	1.014s (~)	0.897s	10	3.33x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.300s (-23.7% 🟢)	1.022s (+0.9%)	0.722s	10	8.47x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.337s (+1.7%)	1.011s (-1.4%)	0.674s	10	9.52x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.435s (+212.1% 🔺)	1.021s (~)	0.586s	10	12.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.536s (+4.6%)	1.395s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.860s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.553s (+12.6% 🔺)	1.545s (+10.1% 🔺)	0.992s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.599s (+21.5% 🔺)	1.525s (+1.6%)	0.926s	10	1.12x

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.085s (-12.9% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.926s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.091s (-3.1%)	1.009s (~)	0.918s	10	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.096s (-3.1%)	1.011s (~)	0.914s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.110s (-1.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.896s	10	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	0.111s (-1.2%)	1.006s (~)	0.895s	10	1.30x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.283s (-2.6%)	1.012s (~)	0.729s	10	3.32x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.107s (+35.1% 🔺)	2.012s (+81.2% 🔺)	0.904s	10	12.98x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.221s (+4.3%)	2.010s (~)	0.789s	10	14.32x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.260s (+37.9% 🔺)	2.016s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.755s	10	14.77x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.590s (+1.6%)	2.460s (-2.2%)	0.870s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.594s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.563s (+8.6% 🔺)	0.969s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.607s (-6.4% 🟢)	2.573s (~)	0.967s	10	1.01x

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.506s (-19.5% 🟢)	1.011s (~)	0.505s	5	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.571s (-3.3%)	1.009s (~)	0.438s	5	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.602s (+0.6%)	1.010s (~)	0.408s	5	1.19x
💻 Local	Express	0.768s (-1.2%)	1.007s (~)	0.239s	5	1.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.780s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.227s	5	1.54x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.135s (-0.7%)	3.015s (~)	0.880s	5	4.22x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	5.142s (-50.4% 🟢)	6.013s (-44.4% 🟢)	0.871s	5	10.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.816s (+85.5% 🔺)	10.632s (+76.6% 🔺)	0.815s	5	19.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.485s (+98.5% 🔺)	11.021s (+83.2% 🔺)	0.536s	5	20.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	10.300s (-1.2%)	11.074s (-0.7%)	0.774s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	10.316s (+0.9%)	10.933s (-2.2%)	0.617s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.182s (+3.3%)	12.018s (+2.9%)	0.836s	5	1.09x

workflow with 10 parallel steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.359s (-3.1%)	1.008s (~)	0.650s	5	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.369s (+3.0%)	1.011s (~)	0.642s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.370s (-2.2%)	1.009s (~)	0.638s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	0.391s (-1.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.615s	5	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.412s (+2.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.594s	5	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.262s (-5.4% 🟢)	2.010s (-0.6%)	0.747s	5	3.52x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.452s (+60.1% 🔺)	2.026s (+100.1% 🔺)	0.574s	5	4.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.558s (+26.2% 🔺)	2.011s (~)	0.453s	5	4.35x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.602s (-2.3%)	2.011s (~)	0.410s	5	4.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.639s (-7.3% 🟢)	3.719s (+4.5%)	1.080s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.881s (+3.0%)	3.578s (-5.0%)	0.697s	5	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.852s (+34.3% 🔺)	4.522s (+23.8% 🔺)	0.671s	5	1.46x

stress test: Promise.all with 100 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.817s (-3.8%)	2.027s (~)	0.210s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.623s (+7.9% 🔺)	4.153s (+6.9% 🔺)	0.531s	8	1.99x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	8.052s (-1.3%)	8.315s (-2.6%)	0.264s	4	4.43x
🐘 Postgres	Express	8.496s (-3.1%)	8.795s (-2.8%)	0.299s	4	4.67x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.598s (+5.6% 🔺)	9.128s (+7.1% 🔺)	0.530s	4	4.73x
💻 Local	Express	9.749s (-2.9%)	10.273s (~)	0.523s	3	5.36x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.259s (+5.2% 🔺)	11.622s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.364s	3	6.19x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.031s (+15.0% 🔺)	13.652s (+17.2% 🔺)	0.621s	3	7.17x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.906s (~)	20.527s (~)	0.621s	2	10.95x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	15.332s (-13.5% 🟢)	16.198s (-12.2% 🟢)	0.866s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	16.153s (-6.4% 🟢)	17.125s (-6.5% 🟢)	0.972s	2	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	19.003s (+35.8% 🔺)	20.008s (+31.4% 🔺)	1.005s	2	1.24x

stress test: Promise.race with 100 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.018s (-4.4%)	2.117s (-3.9%)	0.100s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.042s (+12.5% 🔺)	4.276s (+5.0% 🔺)	0.233s	8	2.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	9.065s (-1.3%)	9.308s (-1.6%)	0.243s	4	4.49x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.294s (+7.9% 🔺)	9.567s (+8.7% 🔺)	0.273s	4	4.61x
🐘 Postgres	Express	9.539s (+6.7% 🔺)	9.841s (+7.0% 🔺)	0.302s	4	4.73x
💻 Local	Express	9.899s (-13.3% 🟢)	10.607s (-9.0% 🟢)	0.708s	3	4.91x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.145s (-15.1% 🟢)	10.350s (-16.0% 🟢)	0.205s	3	5.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.204s (+10.4% 🔺)	12.327s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.123s	3	6.05x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	20.268s (~)	20.544s (~)	0.275s	2	10.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	20.720s (+18.3% 🔺)	21.654s (+18.8% 🔺)	0.934s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	24.337s (+34.8% 🔺)	24.988s (+33.9% 🔺)	0.651s	2	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.276s (+79.4% 🔺)	33.473s (+78.5% 🔺)	1.197s	2	1.56x

---

Stream Benchmarks

Stream benchmarks include Time to First Byte (TTFB) metrics.

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.116s (-29.4% 🟢)	1.003s (~)	1.011s (~)	0.895s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.131s (-3.5%)	1.004s (~)	1.009s (~)	0.878s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.134s (-0.8%)	1.003s (~)	1.013s (~)	0.879s	10	1.16x
💻 Local	Express	0.176s (~)	0.992s (~)	1.009s (~)	0.832s	10	1.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.182s (+1.1%)	0.992s (~)	1.009s (~)	0.827s	10	1.56x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.507s (+8.2% 🔺)	0.941s (-3.8%)	1.011s (~)	0.505s	10	4.37x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.259s (+17.5% 🔺)	1.782s (-4.4%)	2.014s (+5.1% 🔺)	0.755s	10	10.84x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.467s (+45.2% 🔺)	1.572s (+19.4% 🔺)	2.011s (+33.3% 🔺)	0.544s	10	12.64x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.220s (+65.5% 🔺)	2.821s (+66.5% 🔺)	3.014s (+49.8% 🔺)	0.794s	10	19.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.554s (+2.7%)	2.857s (-5.4% 🟢)	3.270s (-3.9%)	0.716s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.672s (+6.7% 🔺)	3.066s (+4.7%)	3.518s (+4.6%)	0.845s	10	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.039s (+67.4% 🔺)	4.649s (+61.6% 🔺)	5.066s (+53.8% 🔺)	1.027s	10	1.58x

---

Summary: Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/7
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	4/7
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4/7

Summary: Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	5/7
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	4/7
Nitro	💻 Local	5/7

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

[adriandlam]

sveltekit and astro use the exact same code for normalizing requests so it's been refactored to request-converter.ts inside @workflow/builders

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 293b0c3

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 10 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Preview	Comments	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am

[adriandlam]

• refactor: move request converters to @workflow/builders #503 👈 (View in Graphite)
• refactor: add vite package for hmr #501
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[adriandlam]

Merge activity

• Dec 6, 12:00 AM UTC: A user started a stack merge that includes this pull request via Graphite.
• Dec 6, 12:02 AM UTC: Graphite rebased this pull request as part of a merge.
• Dec 6, 12:02 AM UTC: @adriandlam merged this pull request with Graphite.

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.035s (-11.5% 🟢)	1.016s (~)	0.981s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.037s (-2.1%)	1.013s (~)	0.976s	10	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.039s (-2.7%)	1.017s (~)	0.978s	10	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.964s	10	1.21x
💻 Local	Express	0.044s (-1.1%)	1.007s (~)	0.962s	10	1.25x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.118s (+89.7% 🔺)	1.014s (~)	0.897s	10	3.33x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.300s (-23.7% 🟢)	1.022s (+0.9%)	0.722s	10	8.47x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.337s (+1.7%)	1.011s (-1.4%)	0.674s	10	9.52x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.435s (+212.1% 🔺)	1.021s (~)	0.586s	10	12.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.536s (+4.6%)	1.395s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.860s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.553s (+12.6% 🔺)	1.545s (+10.1% 🔺)	0.992s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.599s (+21.5% 🔺)	1.525s (+1.6%)	0.926s	10	1.12x

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.085s (-12.9% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.926s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.091s (-3.1%)	1.009s (~)	0.918s	10	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.096s (-3.1%)	1.011s (~)	0.914s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.110s (-1.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.896s	10	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	0.111s (-1.2%)	1.006s (~)	0.895s	10	1.30x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.283s (-2.6%)	1.012s (~)	0.729s	10	3.32x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.107s (+35.1% 🔺)	2.012s (+81.2% 🔺)	0.904s	10	12.98x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.221s (+4.3%)	2.010s (~)	0.789s	10	14.32x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.260s (+37.9% 🔺)	2.016s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.755s	10	14.77x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.590s (+1.6%)	2.460s (-2.2%)	0.870s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.594s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.563s (+8.6% 🔺)	0.969s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.607s (-6.4% 🟢)	2.573s (~)	0.967s	10	1.01x

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.506s (-19.5% 🟢)	1.011s (~)	0.505s	5	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.571s (-3.3%)	1.009s (~)	0.438s	5	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.602s (+0.6%)	1.010s (~)	0.408s	5	1.19x
💻 Local	Express	0.768s (-1.2%)	1.007s (~)	0.239s	5	1.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.780s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.227s	5	1.54x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.135s (-0.7%)	3.015s (~)	0.880s	5	4.22x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	5.142s (-50.4% 🟢)	6.013s (-44.4% 🟢)	0.871s	5	10.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.816s (+85.5% 🔺)	10.632s (+76.6% 🔺)	0.815s	5	19.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.485s (+98.5% 🔺)	11.021s (+83.2% 🔺)	0.536s	5	20.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	10.300s (-1.2%)	11.074s (-0.7%)	0.774s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	10.316s (+0.9%)	10.933s (-2.2%)	0.617s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.182s (+3.3%)	12.018s (+2.9%)	0.836s	5	1.09x

workflow with 10 parallel steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.359s (-3.1%)	1.008s (~)	0.650s	5	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.369s (+3.0%)	1.011s (~)	0.642s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.370s (-2.2%)	1.009s (~)	0.638s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	0.391s (-1.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.615s	5	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.412s (+2.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.594s	5	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.262s (-5.4% 🟢)	2.010s (-0.6%)	0.747s	5	3.52x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.452s (+60.1% 🔺)	2.026s (+100.1% 🔺)	0.574s	5	4.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.558s (+26.2% 🔺)	2.011s (~)	0.453s	5	4.35x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.602s (-2.3%)	2.011s (~)	0.410s	5	4.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.639s (-7.3% 🟢)	3.719s (+4.5%)	1.080s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.881s (+3.0%)	3.578s (-5.0%)	0.697s	5	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.852s (+34.3% 🔺)	4.522s (+23.8% 🔺)	0.671s	5	1.46x

stress test: Promise.all with 100 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.817s (-3.8%)	2.027s (~)	0.210s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.623s (+7.9% 🔺)	4.153s (+6.9% 🔺)	0.531s	8	1.99x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	8.052s (-1.3%)	8.315s (-2.6%)	0.264s	4	4.43x
🐘 Postgres	Express	8.496s (-3.1%)	8.795s (-2.8%)	0.299s	4	4.67x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.598s (+5.6% 🔺)	9.128s (+7.1% 🔺)	0.530s	4	4.73x
💻 Local	Express	9.749s (-2.9%)	10.273s (~)	0.523s	3	5.36x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.259s (+5.2% 🔺)	11.622s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.364s	3	6.19x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.031s (+15.0% 🔺)	13.652s (+17.2% 🔺)	0.621s	3	7.17x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.906s (~)	20.527s (~)	0.621s	2	10.95x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	15.332s (-13.5% 🟢)	16.198s (-12.2% 🟢)	0.866s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	16.153s (-6.4% 🟢)	17.125s (-6.5% 🟢)	0.972s	2	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	19.003s (+35.8% 🔺)	20.008s (+31.4% 🔺)	1.005s	2	1.24x

stress test: Promise.race with 100 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.018s (-4.4%)	2.117s (-3.9%)	0.100s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.042s (+12.5% 🔺)	4.276s (+5.0% 🔺)	0.233s	8	2.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	9.065s (-1.3%)	9.308s (-1.6%)	0.243s	4	4.49x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.294s (+7.9% 🔺)	9.567s (+8.7% 🔺)	0.273s	4	4.61x
🐘 Postgres	Express	9.539s (+6.7% 🔺)	9.841s (+7.0% 🔺)	0.302s	4	4.73x
💻 Local	Express	9.899s (-13.3% 🟢)	10.607s (-9.0% 🟢)	0.708s	3	4.91x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.145s (-15.1% 🟢)	10.350s (-16.0% 🟢)	0.205s	3	5.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.204s (+10.4% 🔺)	12.327s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.123s	3	6.05x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	20.268s (~)	20.544s (~)	0.275s	2	10.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	20.720s (+18.3% 🔺)	21.654s (+18.8% 🔺)	0.934s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	24.337s (+34.8% 🔺)	24.988s (+33.9% 🔺)	0.651s	2	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.276s (+79.4% 🔺)	33.473s (+78.5% 🔺)	1.197s	2	1.56x

---

Stream Benchmarks

Stream benchmarks include Time to First Byte (TTFB) metrics.

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.116s (-29.4% 🟢)	1.003s (~)	1.011s (~)	0.895s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.131s (-3.5%)	1.004s (~)	1.009s (~)	0.878s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.134s (-0.8%)	1.003s (~)	1.013s (~)	0.879s	10	1.16x
💻 Local	Express	0.176s (~)	0.992s (~)	1.009s (~)	0.832s	10	1.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.182s (+1.1%)	0.992s (~)	1.009s (~)	0.827s	10	1.56x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.507s (+8.2% 🔺)	0.941s (-3.8%)	1.011s (~)	0.505s	10	4.37x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.259s (+17.5% 🔺)	1.782s (-4.4%)	2.014s (+5.1% 🔺)	0.755s	10	10.84x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.467s (+45.2% 🔺)	1.572s (+19.4% 🔺)	2.011s (+33.3% 🔺)	0.544s	10	12.64x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.220s (+65.5% 🔺)	2.821s (+66.5% 🔺)	3.014s (+49.8% 🔺)	0.794s	10	19.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.554s (+2.7%)	2.857s (-5.4% 🟢)	3.270s (-3.9%)	0.716s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.672s (+6.7% 🔺)	3.066s (+4.7%)	3.518s (+4.6%)	0.845s	10	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.039s (+67.4% 🔺)	4.649s (+61.6% 🔺)	5.066s (+53.8% 🔺)	1.027s	10	1.58x

---

Summary: Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/7
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	4/7
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4/7

Summary: Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	5/7
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	4/7
Nitro	💻 Local	5/7

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

[adriandlam]

sveltekit and astro use the exact same code for normalizing requests so it's been refactored to request-converter.ts inside @workflow/builders

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 293b0c3

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 10 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Preview	Comments	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview	Comment	Dec 6, 2025 0:03am

[adriandlam]

• refactor: move request converters to @workflow/builders #503 👈 (View in Graphite)
• refactor: add vite package for hmr #501
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[adriandlam]

Merge activity

• Dec 6, 12:00 AM UTC: A user started a stack merge that includes this pull request via Graphite.
• Dec 6, 12:02 AM UTC: Graphite rebased this pull request as part of a merge.
• Dec 6, 12:02 AM UTC: @adriandlam merged this pull request with Graphite.

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.035s (-11.5% 🟢)	1.016s (~)	0.981s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.037s (-2.1%)	1.013s (~)	0.976s	10	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.039s (-2.7%)	1.017s (~)	0.978s	10	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.043s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.964s	10	1.21x
💻 Local	Express	0.044s (-1.1%)	1.007s (~)	0.962s	10	1.25x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.118s (+89.7% 🔺)	1.014s (~)	0.897s	10	3.33x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.300s (-23.7% 🟢)	1.022s (+0.9%)	0.722s	10	8.47x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.337s (+1.7%)	1.011s (-1.4%)	0.674s	10	9.52x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.435s (+212.1% 🔺)	1.021s (~)	0.586s	10	12.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.536s (+4.6%)	1.395s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.860s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.553s (+12.6% 🔺)	1.545s (+10.1% 🔺)	0.992s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.599s (+21.5% 🔺)	1.525s (+1.6%)	0.926s	10	1.12x

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.085s (-12.9% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.926s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.091s (-3.1%)	1.009s (~)	0.918s	10	1.07x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.096s (-3.1%)	1.011s (~)	0.914s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.110s (-1.7%)	1.006s (~)	0.896s	10	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	0.111s (-1.2%)	1.006s (~)	0.895s	10	1.30x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.283s (-2.6%)	1.012s (~)	0.729s	10	3.32x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.107s (+35.1% 🔺)	2.012s (+81.2% 🔺)	0.904s	10	12.98x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.221s (+4.3%)	2.010s (~)	0.789s	10	14.32x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.260s (+37.9% 🔺)	2.016s (+98.9% 🔺)	0.755s	10	14.77x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.590s (+1.6%)	2.460s (-2.2%)	0.870s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	1.594s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.563s (+8.6% 🔺)	0.969s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.607s (-6.4% 🟢)	2.573s (~)	0.967s	10	1.01x

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.506s (-19.5% 🟢)	1.011s (~)	0.505s	5	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.571s (-3.3%)	1.009s (~)	0.438s	5	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.602s (+0.6%)	1.010s (~)	0.408s	5	1.19x
💻 Local	Express	0.768s (-1.2%)	1.007s (~)	0.239s	5	1.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.780s (~)	1.007s (~)	0.227s	5	1.54x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.135s (-0.7%)	3.015s (~)	0.880s	5	4.22x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	5.142s (-50.4% 🟢)	6.013s (-44.4% 🟢)	0.871s	5	10.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.816s (+85.5% 🔺)	10.632s (+76.6% 🔺)	0.815s	5	19.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.485s (+98.5% 🔺)	11.021s (+83.2% 🔺)	0.536s	5	20.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	10.300s (-1.2%)	11.074s (-0.7%)	0.774s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	10.316s (+0.9%)	10.933s (-2.2%)	0.617s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.182s (+3.3%)	12.018s (+2.9%)	0.836s	5	1.09x

workflow with 10 parallel steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.359s (-3.1%)	1.008s (~)	0.650s	5	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.369s (+3.0%)	1.011s (~)	0.642s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.370s (-2.2%)	1.009s (~)	0.638s	5	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	0.391s (-1.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.615s	5	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.412s (+2.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.594s	5	1.15x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.262s (-5.4% 🟢)	2.010s (-0.6%)	0.747s	5	3.52x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.452s (+60.1% 🔺)	2.026s (+100.1% 🔺)	0.574s	5	4.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.558s (+26.2% 🔺)	2.011s (~)	0.453s	5	4.35x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.602s (-2.3%)	2.011s (~)	0.410s	5	4.47x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.639s (-7.3% 🟢)	3.719s (+4.5%)	1.080s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.881s (+3.0%)	3.578s (-5.0%)	0.697s	5	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.852s (+34.3% 🔺)	4.522s (+23.8% 🔺)	0.671s	5	1.46x

stress test: Promise.all with 100 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.817s (-3.8%)	2.027s (~)	0.210s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.623s (+7.9% 🔺)	4.153s (+6.9% 🔺)	0.531s	8	1.99x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	8.052s (-1.3%)	8.315s (-2.6%)	0.264s	4	4.43x
🐘 Postgres	Express	8.496s (-3.1%)	8.795s (-2.8%)	0.299s	4	4.67x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	8.598s (+5.6% 🔺)	9.128s (+7.1% 🔺)	0.530s	4	4.73x
💻 Local	Express	9.749s (-2.9%)	10.273s (~)	0.523s	3	5.36x
💻 Local	Nitro	11.259s (+5.2% 🔺)	11.622s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.364s	3	6.19x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.031s (+15.0% 🔺)	13.652s (+17.2% 🔺)	0.621s	3	7.17x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	19.906s (~)	20.527s (~)	0.621s	2	10.95x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	15.332s (-13.5% 🟢)	16.198s (-12.2% 🟢)	0.866s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	16.153s (-6.4% 🟢)	17.125s (-6.5% 🟢)	0.972s	2	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	19.003s (+35.8% 🔺)	20.008s (+31.4% 🔺)	1.005s	2	1.24x

stress test: Promise.race with 100 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Starter	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.018s (-4.4%)	2.117s (-3.9%)	0.100s	15	1.00x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.042s (+12.5% 🔺)	4.276s (+5.0% 🔺)	0.233s	8	2.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	9.065s (-1.3%)	9.308s (-1.6%)	0.243s	4	4.49x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	9.294s (+7.9% 🔺)	9.567s (+8.7% 🔺)	0.273s	4	4.61x
🐘 Postgres	Express	9.539s (+6.7% 🔺)	9.841s (+7.0% 🔺)	0.302s	4	4.73x
💻 Local	Express	9.899s (-13.3% 🟢)	10.607s (-9.0% 🟢)	0.708s	3	4.91x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.145s (-15.1% 🟢)	10.350s (-16.0% 🟢)	0.205s	3	5.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.204s (+10.4% 🔺)	12.327s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.123s	3	6.05x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	20.268s (~)	20.544s (~)	0.275s	2	10.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	20.720s (+18.3% 🔺)	21.654s (+18.8% 🔺)	0.934s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	24.337s (+34.8% 🔺)	24.988s (+33.9% 🔺)	0.651s	2	1.17x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	32.276s (+79.4% 🔺)	33.473s (+78.5% 🔺)	1.197s	2	1.56x

---

Stream Benchmarks

Stream benchmarks include Time to First Byte (TTFB) metrics.

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🌐 Redis	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.116s (-29.4% 🟢)	1.003s (~)	1.011s (~)	0.895s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.131s (-3.5%)	1.004s (~)	1.009s (~)	0.878s	10	1.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.134s (-0.8%)	1.003s (~)	1.013s (~)	0.879s	10	1.16x
💻 Local	Express	0.176s (~)	0.992s (~)	1.009s (~)	0.832s	10	1.52x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.182s (+1.1%)	0.992s (~)	1.009s (~)	0.827s	10	1.56x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.507s (+8.2% 🔺)	0.941s (-3.8%)	1.011s (~)	0.505s	10	4.37x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.259s (+17.5% 🔺)	1.782s (-4.4%)	2.014s (+5.1% 🔺)	0.755s	10	10.84x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.467s (+45.2% 🔺)	1.572s (+19.4% 🔺)	2.011s (+33.3% 🔺)	0.544s	10	12.64x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.220s (+65.5% 🔺)	2.821s (+66.5% 🔺)	3.014s (+49.8% 🔺)	0.794s	10	19.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.554s (+2.7%)	2.857s (-5.4% 🟢)	3.270s (-3.9%)	0.716s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.672s (+6.7% 🔺)	3.066s (+4.7%)	3.518s (+4.6%)	0.845s	10	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.039s (+67.4% 🔺)	4.649s (+61.6% 🔺)	5.066s (+53.8% 🔺)	1.027s	10	1.58x

---

Summary: Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5/7
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	4/7
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4/7

Summary: Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	5/7
Next.js (Turbopack)	🌐 Redis	4/7
Nitro	💻 Local	5/7

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)