Add support for serializing this when invoking step functions

[TooTallNate]

Added support for serializing this context when invoking step functions.

What changed?

• Modified the step function implementation to capture and serialize the this context when it's defined and not the global object
• Updated the step invocation queue item interface to include an optional thisVal property
• Enhanced the step handler to apply the hydrated thisVal when executing step functions

Why make this change?

This enhancement allows step functions to be invoked with an explicit context object using standard JavaScript methods like .call() and .apply(). This is particularly useful for step functions that need to access properties from a specific context, enabling more flexible and idiomatic JavaScript patterns within workflows.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 15c9b77

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 15 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/swc-plugin	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/docs-typecheck	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	418	0	11	429
✅ 💻 Local Development	382	0	8	390
✅ 📦 Local Production	382	0	8	390
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	382	0	8	390
✅ 🪟 Windows	39	0	0	39
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	147	21	0	168
Total	1750	21	35	1806

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (21 failed)

mongodb (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

redis (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

starter (18 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

turso (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	38	0	1
✅ example	38	0	1
✅ express	38	0	1
✅ fastify	38	0	1
✅ hono	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	38	0	1
✅ nitro	38	0	1
✅ nuxt	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit	38	0	1
✅ vite	38	0	1

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	38	0	1
✅ express-stable	38	0	1
✅ fastify-stable	38	0	1
✅ hono-stable	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	38	0	1
✅ nuxt-stable	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit-stable	38	0	1
✅ vite-stable	38	0	1

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	38	0	1
✅ express-stable	38	0	1
✅ fastify-stable	38	0	1
✅ hono-stable	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	38	0	1
✅ nuxt-stable	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit-stable	38	0	1
✅ vite-stable	38	0	1

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	38	0	1
✅ express-stable	38	0	1
✅ fastify-stable	38	0	1
✅ hono-stable	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	38	0	1
✅ nuxt-stable	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit-stable	38	0	1
✅ vite-stable	38	0	1

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	39	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	38	1	0
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	38	1	0
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	21	18	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	38	1	0

---

📋 View full workflow run

[TooTallNate]

• Add support for custom class instance serialization #762: 3 dependent PRs (#777, #809, #810)
• Add support for serializing this when invoking step functions #754 👈 (View in Graphite)
• Support class static methods with "use step" / "use workflow" #753
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR adds support for serializing the this context when invoking step functions, enabling the use of JavaScript's .call() and .apply() methods with step functions.

• Modified step function creation to use a regular function instead of an arrow function to capture this context
• Added optional thisVal property to the step invocation queue item interface
• Enhanced serialization/deserialization flow to handle thisVal alongside existing args and closureVars

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 7 out of 7 changed files in this pull request and generated 2 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
packages/core/src/step.ts	Changed to regular function to capture this and conditionally serialize it when not undefined/null/globalThis
packages/core/src/global.ts	Added optional thisVal property to StepInvocationQueueItem interface
packages/core/src/runtime/suspension-handler.ts	Included thisVal in the dehydrated step input
packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.ts	Hydrated and applied thisVal when executing step functions, updated comment
workbench/example/workflows/99_e2e.ts	Added example workflow demonstrating .call() and .apply() usage with step functions
packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts	Added e2e test validating thisSerializationWorkflow behavior
.changeset/old-pugs-win.md	Added changeset documenting the patch-level change

---

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[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.032s (-27.3% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.975s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.032s (-18.8% 🟢)	1.015s (~)	0.982s	10	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.041s (+3.0%)	1.016s (~)	0.975s	10	1.28x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.042s (+11.9% 🔺)	1.014s (~)	0.973s	10	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	0.044s (-2.2%)	1.008s (~)	0.964s	10	1.36x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.102s (+2.9%)	1.014s (~)	0.912s	10	3.16x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.106s (+3.9%)	1.014s (~)	0.908s	10	3.29x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.192s (-23.8% 🟢)	1.024s (~)	0.832s	10	5.96x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.297s (+4.5%)	1.012s (~)	0.715s	10	9.23x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.332s (~)	1.016s (~)	0.683s	10	10.32x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.577s (-14.9% 🟢)	1.496s (-13.6% 🟢)	0.918s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.600s (+1.6%)	1.658s (+15.5% 🔺)	1.058s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.613s (+8.3% 🔺)	1.553s (~)	0.940s	10	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.073s (-3.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.932s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.078s (-2.2%)	2.012s (~)	0.933s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.094s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.915s	10	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.098s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.913s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.114s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.894s	10	1.04x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.309s (+1.5%)	2.012s (~)	0.703s	10	1.22x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.310s (-0.5%)	2.012s (~)	0.702s	10	1.22x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.879s (~)	2.017s (~)	0.137s	10	1.75x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.159s (+1.6%)	3.015s (~)	0.856s	10	2.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.168s (-1.5%)	3.015s (~)	0.847s	10	2.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.681s (-3.8%)	3.707s (+3.9%)	1.027s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.729s (-8.6% 🟢)	3.593s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.864s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.946s (-6.7% 🟢)	3.868s (-5.5% 🟢)	0.922s	10	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	10.515s (-2.5%)	11.009s (~)	0.494s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.532s (-1.4%)	11.016s (~)	0.484s	5	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.596s (~)	11.013s (~)	0.417s	5	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.641s (~)	11.015s (~)	0.374s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.800s (~)	11.016s (~)	0.217s	5	1.03x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.202s (~)	13.022s (~)	0.820s	5	1.16x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.277s (~)	13.028s (~)	0.751s	5	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.174s (~)	16.038s (~)	0.865s	5	1.44x
🐘 Postgres	Express	19.766s (-2.1%)	20.037s (-4.7%)	0.271s	5	1.88x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.452s (~)	21.029s (~)	0.577s	5	1.95x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	28.705s (+30.3% 🔺)	29.494s (+29.8% 🔺)	0.789s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.607s (+29.2% 🔺)	30.570s (+29.5% 🔺)	0.963s	5	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	29.888s (+37.2% 🔺)	30.695s (+35.6% 🔺)	0.807s	5	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.328s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.005s (~)	0.677s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.343s (-4.0%)	2.013s (~)	0.670s	15	1.01x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.347s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.661s	15	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.351s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.658s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.414s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.592s	15	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.745s (-4.3%)	2.013s (~)	0.268s	15	1.31x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.129s (-0.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.884s	10	1.60x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.231s (+0.7%)	3.015s (~)	0.784s	10	1.68x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.342s (-6.4% 🟢)	3.013s (~)	0.671s	10	1.76x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.512s (+4.0%)	3.012s (~)	0.500s	10	1.89x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.848s (-3.5%)	3.730s (-1.5%)	0.881s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.891s (-8.0% 🟢)	3.789s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.899s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.987s (-1.9%)	3.941s (+1.0%)	0.954s	8	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.990s (-8.6% 🟢)	2.159s (-31.2% 🟢)	0.169s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.011s (-5.1% 🟢)	2.539s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.528s	12	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	2.196s (-1.0%)	3.083s (-2.8%)	0.887s	10	1.10x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.461s (~)	3.008s (~)	0.547s	10	1.24x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.497s (~)	3.027s (+0.5%)	0.530s	10	1.25x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.557s (-1.0%)	3.017s (~)	0.460s	10	1.29x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.950s (-8.4% 🟢)	3.113s (-17.7% 🟢)	0.163s	10	1.48x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.326s (+16.7% 🔺)	4.040s (+34.2% 🔺)	0.713s	8	1.67x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.696s (~)	5.182s (~)	0.486s	6	2.36x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.721s (-1.9%)	5.179s (-3.4%)	0.457s	6	2.37x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.453s (-26.0% 🟢)	4.061s (-22.2% 🟢)	0.607s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.793s (-42.3% 🟢)	4.647s (-37.2% 🟢)	0.854s	7	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.699s (-45.6% 🟢)	5.516s (-42.3% 🟢)	0.817s	6	1.36x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.339s (-4.6%)	2.011s (~)	0.672s	15	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.354s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.653s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.356s (-3.8%)	2.005s (~)	0.650s	15	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.372s (-0.5%)	2.010s (~)	0.639s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.415s (-1.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.591s	15	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.594s (-11.6% 🟢)	2.012s (~)	0.419s	15	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.948s (+6.0% 🔺)	2.517s (+16.7% 🔺)	0.568s	12	1.45x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.975s (+5.1% 🔺)	2.320s (+4.1%)	0.346s	13	1.47x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.163s (+0.6%)	3.011s (~)	0.849s	10	1.61x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.239s (+0.9%)	3.015s (~)	0.776s	10	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.744s (-65.6% 🟢)	3.814s (-56.2% 🟢)	1.070s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.016s (-58.1% 🟢)	3.837s (-50.2% 🟢)	0.822s	8	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.087s (-43.7% 🟢)	3.914s (-38.3% 🟢)	0.827s	8	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.996s (-9.4% 🟢)	2.168s (-31.7% 🟢)	0.171s	14	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.031s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.703s (-13.1% 🟢)	0.672s	12	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	2.323s (-2.2%)	3.219s (-2.5%)	0.896s	10	1.16x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.467s (-0.7%)	3.020s (~)	0.553s	10	1.24x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.517s (+1.2%)	3.013s (~)	0.496s	10	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.607s (-0.7%)	3.020s (~)	0.414s	10	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.763s (-3.5%)	3.021s (~)	0.258s	10	1.38x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.821s (+1.2%)	3.014s (-3.6%)	0.194s	10	1.41x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.654s (-2.3%)	5.179s (~)	0.525s	6	2.33x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.655s (~)	5.179s (~)	0.524s	6	2.33x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.241s (-1.8%)	3.857s (~)	0.616s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.252s (+5.3% 🔺)	3.873s (+5.6% 🔺)	0.621s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.293s (-2.3%)	3.906s (+1.7%)	0.614s	8	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.105s (-29.0% 🟢)	1.003s (~)	0.014s (-26.4% 🟢)	1.025s (-0.6%)	0.920s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.120s (-31.1% 🟢)	0.999s (+0.6%)	0.014s (-2.1%)	1.020s (~)	0.899s	10	1.14x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.132s (+1.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.012s (~)	0.880s	10	1.26x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.139s (-3.6%)	1.004s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.012s (~)	0.873s	10	1.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.179s (+1.9%)	0.992s (~)	0.016s (-6.0% 🟢)	1.023s (~)	0.844s	10	1.71x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.486s (-5.5% 🟢)	0.964s (+1.8%)	0.000s (~)	1.014s (~)	0.528s	10	4.63x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.487s (+4.5%)	0.964s (-1.6%)	0.000s (+100.0% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.525s	10	4.65x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.247s (-4.4%)	1.651s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.819s (-9.9% 🟢)	0.572s	10	11.89x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.280s (-47.0% 🟢)	1.760s (-33.0% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.013s (-33.2% 🟢)	0.733s	10	12.20x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.414s (+7.8% 🔺)	2.627s (-6.3% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	3.013s (~)	0.599s	10	23.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.193s (+22.9% 🔺)	3.462s (+5.9% 🔺)	0.435s (+118.4% 🔺)	4.517s (+16.0% 🔺)	1.324s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.216s (+21.7% 🔺)	3.446s (+11.3% 🔺)	0.421s (+39.0% 🔺)	4.431s (+15.3% 🔺)	1.215s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.594s (+34.1% 🔺)	3.914s (+20.6% 🔺)	0.202s (-38.9% 🟢)	4.805s (+20.5% 🔺)	1.211s	10	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Nitro	6/8
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/8
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5/8

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)	💻 Local	8/8
Nitro	💻 Local	8/8

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[TooTallNate]

Added support for serializing this context when invoking step functions.

What changed?

• Modified the step function implementation to capture and serialize the this context when it's defined and not the global object
• Updated the step invocation queue item interface to include an optional thisVal property
• Enhanced the step handler to apply the hydrated thisVal when executing step functions

Why make this change?

This enhancement allows step functions to be invoked with an explicit context object using standard JavaScript methods like .call() and .apply(). This is particularly useful for step functions that need to access properties from a specific context, enabling more flexible and idiomatic JavaScript patterns within workflows.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 15c9b77

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 15 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/swc-plugin	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/docs-typecheck	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	418	0	11	429
✅ 💻 Local Development	382	0	8	390
✅ 📦 Local Production	382	0	8	390
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	382	0	8	390
✅ 🪟 Windows	39	0	0	39
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	147	21	0	168
Total	1750	21	35	1806

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (21 failed)

mongodb (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

redis (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

starter (18 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

turso (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	38	0	1
✅ example	38	0	1
✅ express	38	0	1
✅ fastify	38	0	1
✅ hono	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	38	0	1
✅ nitro	38	0	1
✅ nuxt	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit	38	0	1
✅ vite	38	0	1

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	38	0	1
✅ express-stable	38	0	1
✅ fastify-stable	38	0	1
✅ hono-stable	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	38	0	1
✅ nuxt-stable	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit-stable	38	0	1
✅ vite-stable	38	0	1

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	38	0	1
✅ express-stable	38	0	1
✅ fastify-stable	38	0	1
✅ hono-stable	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	38	0	1
✅ nuxt-stable	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit-stable	38	0	1
✅ vite-stable	38	0	1

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	38	0	1
✅ express-stable	38	0	1
✅ fastify-stable	38	0	1
✅ hono-stable	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	38	0	1
✅ nuxt-stable	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit-stable	38	0	1
✅ vite-stable	38	0	1

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	39	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	38	1	0
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	38	1	0
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	21	18	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	38	1	0

---

📋 View full workflow run

[TooTallNate]

• Add support for custom class instance serialization #762: 3 dependent PRs (#777, #809, #810)
• Add support for serializing this when invoking step functions #754 👈 (View in Graphite)
• Support class static methods with "use step" / "use workflow" #753
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR adds support for serializing the this context when invoking step functions, enabling the use of JavaScript's .call() and .apply() methods with step functions.

• Modified step function creation to use a regular function instead of an arrow function to capture this context
• Added optional thisVal property to the step invocation queue item interface
• Enhanced serialization/deserialization flow to handle thisVal alongside existing args and closureVars

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 7 out of 7 changed files in this pull request and generated 2 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
packages/core/src/step.ts	Changed to regular function to capture this and conditionally serialize it when not undefined/null/globalThis
packages/core/src/global.ts	Added optional thisVal property to StepInvocationQueueItem interface
packages/core/src/runtime/suspension-handler.ts	Included thisVal in the dehydrated step input
packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.ts	Hydrated and applied thisVal when executing step functions, updated comment
workbench/example/workflows/99_e2e.ts	Added example workflow demonstrating .call() and .apply() usage with step functions
packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts	Added e2e test validating thisSerializationWorkflow behavior
.changeset/old-pugs-win.md	Added changeset documenting the patch-level change

---

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[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.032s (-27.3% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.975s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.032s (-18.8% 🟢)	1.015s (~)	0.982s	10	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.041s (+3.0%)	1.016s (~)	0.975s	10	1.28x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.042s (+11.9% 🔺)	1.014s (~)	0.973s	10	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	0.044s (-2.2%)	1.008s (~)	0.964s	10	1.36x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.102s (+2.9%)	1.014s (~)	0.912s	10	3.16x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.106s (+3.9%)	1.014s (~)	0.908s	10	3.29x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.192s (-23.8% 🟢)	1.024s (~)	0.832s	10	5.96x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.297s (+4.5%)	1.012s (~)	0.715s	10	9.23x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.332s (~)	1.016s (~)	0.683s	10	10.32x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.577s (-14.9% 🟢)	1.496s (-13.6% 🟢)	0.918s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.600s (+1.6%)	1.658s (+15.5% 🔺)	1.058s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.613s (+8.3% 🔺)	1.553s (~)	0.940s	10	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.073s (-3.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.932s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.078s (-2.2%)	2.012s (~)	0.933s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.094s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.915s	10	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.098s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.913s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.114s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.894s	10	1.04x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.309s (+1.5%)	2.012s (~)	0.703s	10	1.22x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.310s (-0.5%)	2.012s (~)	0.702s	10	1.22x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.879s (~)	2.017s (~)	0.137s	10	1.75x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.159s (+1.6%)	3.015s (~)	0.856s	10	2.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.168s (-1.5%)	3.015s (~)	0.847s	10	2.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.681s (-3.8%)	3.707s (+3.9%)	1.027s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.729s (-8.6% 🟢)	3.593s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.864s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.946s (-6.7% 🟢)	3.868s (-5.5% 🟢)	0.922s	10	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	10.515s (-2.5%)	11.009s (~)	0.494s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.532s (-1.4%)	11.016s (~)	0.484s	5	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.596s (~)	11.013s (~)	0.417s	5	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.641s (~)	11.015s (~)	0.374s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.800s (~)	11.016s (~)	0.217s	5	1.03x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.202s (~)	13.022s (~)	0.820s	5	1.16x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.277s (~)	13.028s (~)	0.751s	5	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.174s (~)	16.038s (~)	0.865s	5	1.44x
🐘 Postgres	Express	19.766s (-2.1%)	20.037s (-4.7%)	0.271s	5	1.88x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.452s (~)	21.029s (~)	0.577s	5	1.95x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	28.705s (+30.3% 🔺)	29.494s (+29.8% 🔺)	0.789s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.607s (+29.2% 🔺)	30.570s (+29.5% 🔺)	0.963s	5	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	29.888s (+37.2% 🔺)	30.695s (+35.6% 🔺)	0.807s	5	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.328s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.005s (~)	0.677s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.343s (-4.0%)	2.013s (~)	0.670s	15	1.01x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.347s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.661s	15	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.351s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.658s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.414s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.592s	15	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.745s (-4.3%)	2.013s (~)	0.268s	15	1.31x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.129s (-0.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.884s	10	1.60x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.231s (+0.7%)	3.015s (~)	0.784s	10	1.68x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.342s (-6.4% 🟢)	3.013s (~)	0.671s	10	1.76x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.512s (+4.0%)	3.012s (~)	0.500s	10	1.89x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.848s (-3.5%)	3.730s (-1.5%)	0.881s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.891s (-8.0% 🟢)	3.789s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.899s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.987s (-1.9%)	3.941s (+1.0%)	0.954s	8	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.990s (-8.6% 🟢)	2.159s (-31.2% 🟢)	0.169s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.011s (-5.1% 🟢)	2.539s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.528s	12	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	2.196s (-1.0%)	3.083s (-2.8%)	0.887s	10	1.10x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.461s (~)	3.008s (~)	0.547s	10	1.24x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.497s (~)	3.027s (+0.5%)	0.530s	10	1.25x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.557s (-1.0%)	3.017s (~)	0.460s	10	1.29x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.950s (-8.4% 🟢)	3.113s (-17.7% 🟢)	0.163s	10	1.48x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.326s (+16.7% 🔺)	4.040s (+34.2% 🔺)	0.713s	8	1.67x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.696s (~)	5.182s (~)	0.486s	6	2.36x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.721s (-1.9%)	5.179s (-3.4%)	0.457s	6	2.37x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.453s (-26.0% 🟢)	4.061s (-22.2% 🟢)	0.607s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.793s (-42.3% 🟢)	4.647s (-37.2% 🟢)	0.854s	7	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.699s (-45.6% 🟢)	5.516s (-42.3% 🟢)	0.817s	6	1.36x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.339s (-4.6%)	2.011s (~)	0.672s	15	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.354s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.653s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.356s (-3.8%)	2.005s (~)	0.650s	15	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.372s (-0.5%)	2.010s (~)	0.639s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.415s (-1.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.591s	15	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.594s (-11.6% 🟢)	2.012s (~)	0.419s	15	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.948s (+6.0% 🔺)	2.517s (+16.7% 🔺)	0.568s	12	1.45x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.975s (+5.1% 🔺)	2.320s (+4.1%)	0.346s	13	1.47x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.163s (+0.6%)	3.011s (~)	0.849s	10	1.61x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.239s (+0.9%)	3.015s (~)	0.776s	10	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.744s (-65.6% 🟢)	3.814s (-56.2% 🟢)	1.070s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.016s (-58.1% 🟢)	3.837s (-50.2% 🟢)	0.822s	8	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.087s (-43.7% 🟢)	3.914s (-38.3% 🟢)	0.827s	8	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.996s (-9.4% 🟢)	2.168s (-31.7% 🟢)	0.171s	14	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.031s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.703s (-13.1% 🟢)	0.672s	12	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	2.323s (-2.2%)	3.219s (-2.5%)	0.896s	10	1.16x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.467s (-0.7%)	3.020s (~)	0.553s	10	1.24x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.517s (+1.2%)	3.013s (~)	0.496s	10	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.607s (-0.7%)	3.020s (~)	0.414s	10	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.763s (-3.5%)	3.021s (~)	0.258s	10	1.38x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.821s (+1.2%)	3.014s (-3.6%)	0.194s	10	1.41x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.654s (-2.3%)	5.179s (~)	0.525s	6	2.33x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.655s (~)	5.179s (~)	0.524s	6	2.33x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.241s (-1.8%)	3.857s (~)	0.616s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.252s (+5.3% 🔺)	3.873s (+5.6% 🔺)	0.621s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.293s (-2.3%)	3.906s (+1.7%)	0.614s	8	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.105s (-29.0% 🟢)	1.003s (~)	0.014s (-26.4% 🟢)	1.025s (-0.6%)	0.920s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.120s (-31.1% 🟢)	0.999s (+0.6%)	0.014s (-2.1%)	1.020s (~)	0.899s	10	1.14x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.132s (+1.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.012s (~)	0.880s	10	1.26x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.139s (-3.6%)	1.004s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.012s (~)	0.873s	10	1.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.179s (+1.9%)	0.992s (~)	0.016s (-6.0% 🟢)	1.023s (~)	0.844s	10	1.71x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.486s (-5.5% 🟢)	0.964s (+1.8%)	0.000s (~)	1.014s (~)	0.528s	10	4.63x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.487s (+4.5%)	0.964s (-1.6%)	0.000s (+100.0% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.525s	10	4.65x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.247s (-4.4%)	1.651s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.819s (-9.9% 🟢)	0.572s	10	11.89x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.280s (-47.0% 🟢)	1.760s (-33.0% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.013s (-33.2% 🟢)	0.733s	10	12.20x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.414s (+7.8% 🔺)	2.627s (-6.3% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	3.013s (~)	0.599s	10	23.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.193s (+22.9% 🔺)	3.462s (+5.9% 🔺)	0.435s (+118.4% 🔺)	4.517s (+16.0% 🔺)	1.324s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.216s (+21.7% 🔺)	3.446s (+11.3% 🔺)	0.421s (+39.0% 🔺)	4.431s (+15.3% 🔺)	1.215s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.594s (+34.1% 🔺)	3.914s (+20.6% 🔺)	0.202s (-38.9% 🟢)	4.805s (+20.5% 🔺)	1.211s	10	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Nitro	6/8
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/8
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5/8

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)	💻 Local	8/8
Nitro	💻 Local	8/8

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[TooTallNate]

Added support for serializing this context when invoking step functions.

What changed?

• Modified the step function implementation to capture and serialize the this context when it's defined and not the global object
• Updated the step invocation queue item interface to include an optional thisVal property
• Enhanced the step handler to apply the hydrated thisVal when executing step functions

Why make this change?

This enhancement allows step functions to be invoked with an explicit context object using standard JavaScript methods like .call() and .apply(). This is particularly useful for step functions that need to access properties from a specific context, enabling more flexible and idiomatic JavaScript patterns within workflows.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 15c9b77

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 15 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/swc-plugin	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/docs-typecheck	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	418	0	11	429
✅ 💻 Local Development	382	0	8	390
✅ 📦 Local Production	382	0	8	390
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	382	0	8	390
✅ 🪟 Windows	39	0	0	39
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	147	21	0	168
Total	1750	21	35	1806

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (21 failed)

mongodb (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

redis (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

starter (18 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

turso (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	38	0	1
✅ example	38	0	1
✅ express	38	0	1
✅ fastify	38	0	1
✅ hono	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	38	0	1
✅ nitro	38	0	1
✅ nuxt	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit	38	0	1
✅ vite	38	0	1

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	38	0	1
✅ express-stable	38	0	1
✅ fastify-stable	38	0	1
✅ hono-stable	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	38	0	1
✅ nuxt-stable	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit-stable	38	0	1
✅ vite-stable	38	0	1

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	38	0	1
✅ express-stable	38	0	1
✅ fastify-stable	38	0	1
✅ hono-stable	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	38	0	1
✅ nuxt-stable	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit-stable	38	0	1
✅ vite-stable	38	0	1

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	38	0	1
✅ express-stable	38	0	1
✅ fastify-stable	38	0	1
✅ hono-stable	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	38	0	1
✅ nuxt-stable	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit-stable	38	0	1
✅ vite-stable	38	0	1

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	39	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	38	1	0
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	38	1	0
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	21	18	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	38	1	0

---

📋 View full workflow run

[TooTallNate]

• Add support for custom class instance serialization #762: 3 dependent PRs (#777, #809, #810)
• Add support for serializing this when invoking step functions #754 👈 (View in Graphite)
• Support class static methods with "use step" / "use workflow" #753
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR adds support for serializing the this context when invoking step functions, enabling the use of JavaScript's .call() and .apply() methods with step functions.

• Modified step function creation to use a regular function instead of an arrow function to capture this context
• Added optional thisVal property to the step invocation queue item interface
• Enhanced serialization/deserialization flow to handle thisVal alongside existing args and closureVars

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 7 out of 7 changed files in this pull request and generated 2 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
packages/core/src/step.ts	Changed to regular function to capture this and conditionally serialize it when not undefined/null/globalThis
packages/core/src/global.ts	Added optional thisVal property to StepInvocationQueueItem interface
packages/core/src/runtime/suspension-handler.ts	Included thisVal in the dehydrated step input
packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.ts	Hydrated and applied thisVal when executing step functions, updated comment
workbench/example/workflows/99_e2e.ts	Added example workflow demonstrating .call() and .apply() usage with step functions
packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts	Added e2e test validating thisSerializationWorkflow behavior
.changeset/old-pugs-win.md	Added changeset documenting the patch-level change

---

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[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.032s (-27.3% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.975s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.032s (-18.8% 🟢)	1.015s (~)	0.982s	10	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.041s (+3.0%)	1.016s (~)	0.975s	10	1.28x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.042s (+11.9% 🔺)	1.014s (~)	0.973s	10	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	0.044s (-2.2%)	1.008s (~)	0.964s	10	1.36x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.102s (+2.9%)	1.014s (~)	0.912s	10	3.16x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.106s (+3.9%)	1.014s (~)	0.908s	10	3.29x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.192s (-23.8% 🟢)	1.024s (~)	0.832s	10	5.96x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.297s (+4.5%)	1.012s (~)	0.715s	10	9.23x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.332s (~)	1.016s (~)	0.683s	10	10.32x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.577s (-14.9% 🟢)	1.496s (-13.6% 🟢)	0.918s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.600s (+1.6%)	1.658s (+15.5% 🔺)	1.058s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.613s (+8.3% 🔺)	1.553s (~)	0.940s	10	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.073s (-3.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.932s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.078s (-2.2%)	2.012s (~)	0.933s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.094s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.915s	10	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.098s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.913s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.114s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.894s	10	1.04x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.309s (+1.5%)	2.012s (~)	0.703s	10	1.22x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.310s (-0.5%)	2.012s (~)	0.702s	10	1.22x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.879s (~)	2.017s (~)	0.137s	10	1.75x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.159s (+1.6%)	3.015s (~)	0.856s	10	2.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.168s (-1.5%)	3.015s (~)	0.847s	10	2.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.681s (-3.8%)	3.707s (+3.9%)	1.027s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.729s (-8.6% 🟢)	3.593s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.864s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.946s (-6.7% 🟢)	3.868s (-5.5% 🟢)	0.922s	10	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	10.515s (-2.5%)	11.009s (~)	0.494s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.532s (-1.4%)	11.016s (~)	0.484s	5	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.596s (~)	11.013s (~)	0.417s	5	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.641s (~)	11.015s (~)	0.374s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.800s (~)	11.016s (~)	0.217s	5	1.03x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.202s (~)	13.022s (~)	0.820s	5	1.16x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.277s (~)	13.028s (~)	0.751s	5	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.174s (~)	16.038s (~)	0.865s	5	1.44x
🐘 Postgres	Express	19.766s (-2.1%)	20.037s (-4.7%)	0.271s	5	1.88x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.452s (~)	21.029s (~)	0.577s	5	1.95x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	28.705s (+30.3% 🔺)	29.494s (+29.8% 🔺)	0.789s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.607s (+29.2% 🔺)	30.570s (+29.5% 🔺)	0.963s	5	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	29.888s (+37.2% 🔺)	30.695s (+35.6% 🔺)	0.807s	5	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.328s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.005s (~)	0.677s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.343s (-4.0%)	2.013s (~)	0.670s	15	1.01x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.347s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.661s	15	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.351s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.658s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.414s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.592s	15	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.745s (-4.3%)	2.013s (~)	0.268s	15	1.31x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.129s (-0.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.884s	10	1.60x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.231s (+0.7%)	3.015s (~)	0.784s	10	1.68x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.342s (-6.4% 🟢)	3.013s (~)	0.671s	10	1.76x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.512s (+4.0%)	3.012s (~)	0.500s	10	1.89x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.848s (-3.5%)	3.730s (-1.5%)	0.881s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.891s (-8.0% 🟢)	3.789s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.899s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.987s (-1.9%)	3.941s (+1.0%)	0.954s	8	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.990s (-8.6% 🟢)	2.159s (-31.2% 🟢)	0.169s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.011s (-5.1% 🟢)	2.539s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.528s	12	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	2.196s (-1.0%)	3.083s (-2.8%)	0.887s	10	1.10x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.461s (~)	3.008s (~)	0.547s	10	1.24x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.497s (~)	3.027s (+0.5%)	0.530s	10	1.25x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.557s (-1.0%)	3.017s (~)	0.460s	10	1.29x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.950s (-8.4% 🟢)	3.113s (-17.7% 🟢)	0.163s	10	1.48x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.326s (+16.7% 🔺)	4.040s (+34.2% 🔺)	0.713s	8	1.67x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.696s (~)	5.182s (~)	0.486s	6	2.36x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.721s (-1.9%)	5.179s (-3.4%)	0.457s	6	2.37x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.453s (-26.0% 🟢)	4.061s (-22.2% 🟢)	0.607s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.793s (-42.3% 🟢)	4.647s (-37.2% 🟢)	0.854s	7	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.699s (-45.6% 🟢)	5.516s (-42.3% 🟢)	0.817s	6	1.36x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.339s (-4.6%)	2.011s (~)	0.672s	15	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.354s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.653s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.356s (-3.8%)	2.005s (~)	0.650s	15	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.372s (-0.5%)	2.010s (~)	0.639s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.415s (-1.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.591s	15	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.594s (-11.6% 🟢)	2.012s (~)	0.419s	15	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.948s (+6.0% 🔺)	2.517s (+16.7% 🔺)	0.568s	12	1.45x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.975s (+5.1% 🔺)	2.320s (+4.1%)	0.346s	13	1.47x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.163s (+0.6%)	3.011s (~)	0.849s	10	1.61x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.239s (+0.9%)	3.015s (~)	0.776s	10	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.744s (-65.6% 🟢)	3.814s (-56.2% 🟢)	1.070s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.016s (-58.1% 🟢)	3.837s (-50.2% 🟢)	0.822s	8	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.087s (-43.7% 🟢)	3.914s (-38.3% 🟢)	0.827s	8	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.996s (-9.4% 🟢)	2.168s (-31.7% 🟢)	0.171s	14	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.031s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.703s (-13.1% 🟢)	0.672s	12	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	2.323s (-2.2%)	3.219s (-2.5%)	0.896s	10	1.16x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.467s (-0.7%)	3.020s (~)	0.553s	10	1.24x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.517s (+1.2%)	3.013s (~)	0.496s	10	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.607s (-0.7%)	3.020s (~)	0.414s	10	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.763s (-3.5%)	3.021s (~)	0.258s	10	1.38x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.821s (+1.2%)	3.014s (-3.6%)	0.194s	10	1.41x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.654s (-2.3%)	5.179s (~)	0.525s	6	2.33x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.655s (~)	5.179s (~)	0.524s	6	2.33x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.241s (-1.8%)	3.857s (~)	0.616s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.252s (+5.3% 🔺)	3.873s (+5.6% 🔺)	0.621s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.293s (-2.3%)	3.906s (+1.7%)	0.614s	8	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.105s (-29.0% 🟢)	1.003s (~)	0.014s (-26.4% 🟢)	1.025s (-0.6%)	0.920s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.120s (-31.1% 🟢)	0.999s (+0.6%)	0.014s (-2.1%)	1.020s (~)	0.899s	10	1.14x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.132s (+1.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.012s (~)	0.880s	10	1.26x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.139s (-3.6%)	1.004s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.012s (~)	0.873s	10	1.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.179s (+1.9%)	0.992s (~)	0.016s (-6.0% 🟢)	1.023s (~)	0.844s	10	1.71x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.486s (-5.5% 🟢)	0.964s (+1.8%)	0.000s (~)	1.014s (~)	0.528s	10	4.63x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.487s (+4.5%)	0.964s (-1.6%)	0.000s (+100.0% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.525s	10	4.65x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.247s (-4.4%)	1.651s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.819s (-9.9% 🟢)	0.572s	10	11.89x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.280s (-47.0% 🟢)	1.760s (-33.0% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.013s (-33.2% 🟢)	0.733s	10	12.20x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.414s (+7.8% 🔺)	2.627s (-6.3% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	3.013s (~)	0.599s	10	23.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.193s (+22.9% 🔺)	3.462s (+5.9% 🔺)	0.435s (+118.4% 🔺)	4.517s (+16.0% 🔺)	1.324s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.216s (+21.7% 🔺)	3.446s (+11.3% 🔺)	0.421s (+39.0% 🔺)	4.431s (+15.3% 🔺)	1.215s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.594s (+34.1% 🔺)	3.914s (+20.6% 🔺)	0.202s (-38.9% 🟢)	4.805s (+20.5% 🔺)	1.211s	10	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Nitro	6/8
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/8
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5/8

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)	💻 Local	8/8
Nitro	💻 Local	8/8

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[TooTallNate]

Added support for serializing this context when invoking step functions.

What changed?

• Modified the step function implementation to capture and serialize the this context when it's defined and not the global object
• Updated the step invocation queue item interface to include an optional thisVal property
• Enhanced the step handler to apply the hydrated thisVal when executing step functions

Why make this change?

This enhancement allows step functions to be invoked with an explicit context object using standard JavaScript methods like .call() and .apply(). This is particularly useful for step functions that need to access properties from a specific context, enabling more flexible and idiomatic JavaScript patterns within workflows.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 15c9b77

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 15 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/swc-plugin	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/docs-typecheck	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	418	0	11	429
✅ 💻 Local Development	382	0	8	390
✅ 📦 Local Production	382	0	8	390
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	382	0	8	390
✅ 🪟 Windows	39	0	0	39
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	147	21	0	168
Total	1750	21	35	1806

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (21 failed)

mongodb (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

redis (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

starter (18 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

turso (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	38	0	1
✅ example	38	0	1
✅ express	38	0	1
✅ fastify	38	0	1
✅ hono	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	38	0	1
✅ nitro	38	0	1
✅ nuxt	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit	38	0	1
✅ vite	38	0	1

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	38	0	1
✅ express-stable	38	0	1
✅ fastify-stable	38	0	1
✅ hono-stable	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	38	0	1
✅ nuxt-stable	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit-stable	38	0	1
✅ vite-stable	38	0	1

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	38	0	1
✅ express-stable	38	0	1
✅ fastify-stable	38	0	1
✅ hono-stable	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	38	0	1
✅ nuxt-stable	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit-stable	38	0	1
✅ vite-stable	38	0	1

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	38	0	1
✅ express-stable	38	0	1
✅ fastify-stable	38	0	1
✅ hono-stable	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	38	0	1
✅ nuxt-stable	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit-stable	38	0	1
✅ vite-stable	38	0	1

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	39	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	38	1	0
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	38	1	0
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	21	18	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	38	1	0

---

📋 View full workflow run

[TooTallNate]

• Add support for custom class instance serialization #762: 3 dependent PRs (#777, #809, #810)
• Add support for serializing this when invoking step functions #754 👈 (View in Graphite)
• Support class static methods with "use step" / "use workflow" #753
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR adds support for serializing the this context when invoking step functions, enabling the use of JavaScript's .call() and .apply() methods with step functions.

• Modified step function creation to use a regular function instead of an arrow function to capture this context
• Added optional thisVal property to the step invocation queue item interface
• Enhanced serialization/deserialization flow to handle thisVal alongside existing args and closureVars

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 7 out of 7 changed files in this pull request and generated 2 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
packages/core/src/step.ts	Changed to regular function to capture this and conditionally serialize it when not undefined/null/globalThis
packages/core/src/global.ts	Added optional thisVal property to StepInvocationQueueItem interface
packages/core/src/runtime/suspension-handler.ts	Included thisVal in the dehydrated step input
packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.ts	Hydrated and applied thisVal when executing step functions, updated comment
workbench/example/workflows/99_e2e.ts	Added example workflow demonstrating .call() and .apply() usage with step functions
packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts	Added e2e test validating thisSerializationWorkflow behavior
.changeset/old-pugs-win.md	Added changeset documenting the patch-level change

---

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[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.032s (-27.3% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.975s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.032s (-18.8% 🟢)	1.015s (~)	0.982s	10	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.041s (+3.0%)	1.016s (~)	0.975s	10	1.28x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.042s (+11.9% 🔺)	1.014s (~)	0.973s	10	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	0.044s (-2.2%)	1.008s (~)	0.964s	10	1.36x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.102s (+2.9%)	1.014s (~)	0.912s	10	3.16x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.106s (+3.9%)	1.014s (~)	0.908s	10	3.29x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.192s (-23.8% 🟢)	1.024s (~)	0.832s	10	5.96x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.297s (+4.5%)	1.012s (~)	0.715s	10	9.23x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.332s (~)	1.016s (~)	0.683s	10	10.32x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.577s (-14.9% 🟢)	1.496s (-13.6% 🟢)	0.918s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.600s (+1.6%)	1.658s (+15.5% 🔺)	1.058s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.613s (+8.3% 🔺)	1.553s (~)	0.940s	10	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.073s (-3.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.932s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.078s (-2.2%)	2.012s (~)	0.933s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.094s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.915s	10	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.098s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.913s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.114s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.894s	10	1.04x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.309s (+1.5%)	2.012s (~)	0.703s	10	1.22x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.310s (-0.5%)	2.012s (~)	0.702s	10	1.22x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.879s (~)	2.017s (~)	0.137s	10	1.75x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.159s (+1.6%)	3.015s (~)	0.856s	10	2.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.168s (-1.5%)	3.015s (~)	0.847s	10	2.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.681s (-3.8%)	3.707s (+3.9%)	1.027s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.729s (-8.6% 🟢)	3.593s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.864s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.946s (-6.7% 🟢)	3.868s (-5.5% 🟢)	0.922s	10	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	10.515s (-2.5%)	11.009s (~)	0.494s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.532s (-1.4%)	11.016s (~)	0.484s	5	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.596s (~)	11.013s (~)	0.417s	5	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.641s (~)	11.015s (~)	0.374s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.800s (~)	11.016s (~)	0.217s	5	1.03x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.202s (~)	13.022s (~)	0.820s	5	1.16x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.277s (~)	13.028s (~)	0.751s	5	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.174s (~)	16.038s (~)	0.865s	5	1.44x
🐘 Postgres	Express	19.766s (-2.1%)	20.037s (-4.7%)	0.271s	5	1.88x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.452s (~)	21.029s (~)	0.577s	5	1.95x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	28.705s (+30.3% 🔺)	29.494s (+29.8% 🔺)	0.789s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.607s (+29.2% 🔺)	30.570s (+29.5% 🔺)	0.963s	5	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	29.888s (+37.2% 🔺)	30.695s (+35.6% 🔺)	0.807s	5	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.328s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.005s (~)	0.677s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.343s (-4.0%)	2.013s (~)	0.670s	15	1.01x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.347s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.661s	15	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.351s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.658s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.414s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.592s	15	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.745s (-4.3%)	2.013s (~)	0.268s	15	1.31x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.129s (-0.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.884s	10	1.60x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.231s (+0.7%)	3.015s (~)	0.784s	10	1.68x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.342s (-6.4% 🟢)	3.013s (~)	0.671s	10	1.76x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.512s (+4.0%)	3.012s (~)	0.500s	10	1.89x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.848s (-3.5%)	3.730s (-1.5%)	0.881s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.891s (-8.0% 🟢)	3.789s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.899s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.987s (-1.9%)	3.941s (+1.0%)	0.954s	8	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.990s (-8.6% 🟢)	2.159s (-31.2% 🟢)	0.169s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.011s (-5.1% 🟢)	2.539s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.528s	12	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	2.196s (-1.0%)	3.083s (-2.8%)	0.887s	10	1.10x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.461s (~)	3.008s (~)	0.547s	10	1.24x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.497s (~)	3.027s (+0.5%)	0.530s	10	1.25x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.557s (-1.0%)	3.017s (~)	0.460s	10	1.29x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.950s (-8.4% 🟢)	3.113s (-17.7% 🟢)	0.163s	10	1.48x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.326s (+16.7% 🔺)	4.040s (+34.2% 🔺)	0.713s	8	1.67x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.696s (~)	5.182s (~)	0.486s	6	2.36x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.721s (-1.9%)	5.179s (-3.4%)	0.457s	6	2.37x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.453s (-26.0% 🟢)	4.061s (-22.2% 🟢)	0.607s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.793s (-42.3% 🟢)	4.647s (-37.2% 🟢)	0.854s	7	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.699s (-45.6% 🟢)	5.516s (-42.3% 🟢)	0.817s	6	1.36x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.339s (-4.6%)	2.011s (~)	0.672s	15	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.354s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.653s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.356s (-3.8%)	2.005s (~)	0.650s	15	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.372s (-0.5%)	2.010s (~)	0.639s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.415s (-1.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.591s	15	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.594s (-11.6% 🟢)	2.012s (~)	0.419s	15	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.948s (+6.0% 🔺)	2.517s (+16.7% 🔺)	0.568s	12	1.45x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.975s (+5.1% 🔺)	2.320s (+4.1%)	0.346s	13	1.47x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.163s (+0.6%)	3.011s (~)	0.849s	10	1.61x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.239s (+0.9%)	3.015s (~)	0.776s	10	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.744s (-65.6% 🟢)	3.814s (-56.2% 🟢)	1.070s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.016s (-58.1% 🟢)	3.837s (-50.2% 🟢)	0.822s	8	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.087s (-43.7% 🟢)	3.914s (-38.3% 🟢)	0.827s	8	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.996s (-9.4% 🟢)	2.168s (-31.7% 🟢)	0.171s	14	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.031s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.703s (-13.1% 🟢)	0.672s	12	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	2.323s (-2.2%)	3.219s (-2.5%)	0.896s	10	1.16x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.467s (-0.7%)	3.020s (~)	0.553s	10	1.24x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.517s (+1.2%)	3.013s (~)	0.496s	10	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.607s (-0.7%)	3.020s (~)	0.414s	10	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.763s (-3.5%)	3.021s (~)	0.258s	10	1.38x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.821s (+1.2%)	3.014s (-3.6%)	0.194s	10	1.41x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.654s (-2.3%)	5.179s (~)	0.525s	6	2.33x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.655s (~)	5.179s (~)	0.524s	6	2.33x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.241s (-1.8%)	3.857s (~)	0.616s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.252s (+5.3% 🔺)	3.873s (+5.6% 🔺)	0.621s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.293s (-2.3%)	3.906s (+1.7%)	0.614s	8	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.105s (-29.0% 🟢)	1.003s (~)	0.014s (-26.4% 🟢)	1.025s (-0.6%)	0.920s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.120s (-31.1% 🟢)	0.999s (+0.6%)	0.014s (-2.1%)	1.020s (~)	0.899s	10	1.14x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.132s (+1.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.012s (~)	0.880s	10	1.26x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.139s (-3.6%)	1.004s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.012s (~)	0.873s	10	1.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.179s (+1.9%)	0.992s (~)	0.016s (-6.0% 🟢)	1.023s (~)	0.844s	10	1.71x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.486s (-5.5% 🟢)	0.964s (+1.8%)	0.000s (~)	1.014s (~)	0.528s	10	4.63x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.487s (+4.5%)	0.964s (-1.6%)	0.000s (+100.0% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.525s	10	4.65x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.247s (-4.4%)	1.651s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.819s (-9.9% 🟢)	0.572s	10	11.89x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.280s (-47.0% 🟢)	1.760s (-33.0% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.013s (-33.2% 🟢)	0.733s	10	12.20x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.414s (+7.8% 🔺)	2.627s (-6.3% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	3.013s (~)	0.599s	10	23.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.193s (+22.9% 🔺)	3.462s (+5.9% 🔺)	0.435s (+118.4% 🔺)	4.517s (+16.0% 🔺)	1.324s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.216s (+21.7% 🔺)	3.446s (+11.3% 🔺)	0.421s (+39.0% 🔺)	4.431s (+15.3% 🔺)	1.215s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.594s (+34.1% 🔺)	3.914s (+20.6% 🔺)	0.202s (-38.9% 🟢)	4.805s (+20.5% 🔺)	1.211s	10	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Nitro	6/8
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/8
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5/8

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)	💻 Local	8/8
Nitro	💻 Local	8/8

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[TooTallNate]

Added support for serializing this context when invoking step functions.

What changed?

• Modified the step function implementation to capture and serialize the this context when it's defined and not the global object
• Updated the step invocation queue item interface to include an optional thisVal property
• Enhanced the step handler to apply the hydrated thisVal when executing step functions

Why make this change?

This enhancement allows step functions to be invoked with an explicit context object using standard JavaScript methods like .call() and .apply(). This is particularly useful for step functions that need to access properties from a specific context, enabling more flexible and idiomatic JavaScript patterns within workflows.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 15c9b77

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 15 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/swc-plugin	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/docs-typecheck	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	418	0	11	429
✅ 💻 Local Development	382	0	8	390
✅ 📦 Local Production	382	0	8	390
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	382	0	8	390
✅ 🪟 Windows	39	0	0	39
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	147	21	0	168
Total	1750	21	35	1806

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (21 failed)

mongodb (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

redis (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

starter (18 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

turso (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	38	0	1
✅ example	38	0	1
✅ express	38	0	1
✅ fastify	38	0	1
✅ hono	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	38	0	1
✅ nitro	38	0	1
✅ nuxt	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit	38	0	1
✅ vite	38	0	1

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	38	0	1
✅ express-stable	38	0	1
✅ fastify-stable	38	0	1
✅ hono-stable	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	38	0	1
✅ nuxt-stable	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit-stable	38	0	1
✅ vite-stable	38	0	1

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	38	0	1
✅ express-stable	38	0	1
✅ fastify-stable	38	0	1
✅ hono-stable	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	38	0	1
✅ nuxt-stable	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit-stable	38	0	1
✅ vite-stable	38	0	1

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	38	0	1
✅ express-stable	38	0	1
✅ fastify-stable	38	0	1
✅ hono-stable	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	38	0	1
✅ nuxt-stable	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit-stable	38	0	1
✅ vite-stable	38	0	1

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	39	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	38	1	0
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	38	1	0
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	21	18	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	38	1	0

---

📋 View full workflow run

[TooTallNate]

• Add support for custom class instance serialization #762: 3 dependent PRs (#777, #809, #810)
• Add support for serializing this when invoking step functions #754 👈 (View in Graphite)
• Support class static methods with "use step" / "use workflow" #753
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR adds support for serializing the this context when invoking step functions, enabling the use of JavaScript's .call() and .apply() methods with step functions.

• Modified step function creation to use a regular function instead of an arrow function to capture this context
• Added optional thisVal property to the step invocation queue item interface
• Enhanced serialization/deserialization flow to handle thisVal alongside existing args and closureVars

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 7 out of 7 changed files in this pull request and generated 2 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
packages/core/src/step.ts	Changed to regular function to capture this and conditionally serialize it when not undefined/null/globalThis
packages/core/src/global.ts	Added optional thisVal property to StepInvocationQueueItem interface
packages/core/src/runtime/suspension-handler.ts	Included thisVal in the dehydrated step input
packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.ts	Hydrated and applied thisVal when executing step functions, updated comment
workbench/example/workflows/99_e2e.ts	Added example workflow demonstrating .call() and .apply() usage with step functions
packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts	Added e2e test validating thisSerializationWorkflow behavior
.changeset/old-pugs-win.md	Added changeset documenting the patch-level change

---

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[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.032s (-27.3% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.975s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.032s (-18.8% 🟢)	1.015s (~)	0.982s	10	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.041s (+3.0%)	1.016s (~)	0.975s	10	1.28x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.042s (+11.9% 🔺)	1.014s (~)	0.973s	10	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	0.044s (-2.2%)	1.008s (~)	0.964s	10	1.36x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.102s (+2.9%)	1.014s (~)	0.912s	10	3.16x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.106s (+3.9%)	1.014s (~)	0.908s	10	3.29x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.192s (-23.8% 🟢)	1.024s (~)	0.832s	10	5.96x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.297s (+4.5%)	1.012s (~)	0.715s	10	9.23x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.332s (~)	1.016s (~)	0.683s	10	10.32x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.577s (-14.9% 🟢)	1.496s (-13.6% 🟢)	0.918s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.600s (+1.6%)	1.658s (+15.5% 🔺)	1.058s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.613s (+8.3% 🔺)	1.553s (~)	0.940s	10	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.073s (-3.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.932s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.078s (-2.2%)	2.012s (~)	0.933s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.094s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.915s	10	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.098s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.913s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.114s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.894s	10	1.04x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.309s (+1.5%)	2.012s (~)	0.703s	10	1.22x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.310s (-0.5%)	2.012s (~)	0.702s	10	1.22x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.879s (~)	2.017s (~)	0.137s	10	1.75x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.159s (+1.6%)	3.015s (~)	0.856s	10	2.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.168s (-1.5%)	3.015s (~)	0.847s	10	2.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.681s (-3.8%)	3.707s (+3.9%)	1.027s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.729s (-8.6% 🟢)	3.593s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.864s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.946s (-6.7% 🟢)	3.868s (-5.5% 🟢)	0.922s	10	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	10.515s (-2.5%)	11.009s (~)	0.494s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.532s (-1.4%)	11.016s (~)	0.484s	5	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.596s (~)	11.013s (~)	0.417s	5	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.641s (~)	11.015s (~)	0.374s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.800s (~)	11.016s (~)	0.217s	5	1.03x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.202s (~)	13.022s (~)	0.820s	5	1.16x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.277s (~)	13.028s (~)	0.751s	5	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.174s (~)	16.038s (~)	0.865s	5	1.44x
🐘 Postgres	Express	19.766s (-2.1%)	20.037s (-4.7%)	0.271s	5	1.88x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.452s (~)	21.029s (~)	0.577s	5	1.95x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	28.705s (+30.3% 🔺)	29.494s (+29.8% 🔺)	0.789s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.607s (+29.2% 🔺)	30.570s (+29.5% 🔺)	0.963s	5	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	29.888s (+37.2% 🔺)	30.695s (+35.6% 🔺)	0.807s	5	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.328s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.005s (~)	0.677s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.343s (-4.0%)	2.013s (~)	0.670s	15	1.01x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.347s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.661s	15	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.351s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.658s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.414s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.592s	15	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.745s (-4.3%)	2.013s (~)	0.268s	15	1.31x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.129s (-0.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.884s	10	1.60x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.231s (+0.7%)	3.015s (~)	0.784s	10	1.68x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.342s (-6.4% 🟢)	3.013s (~)	0.671s	10	1.76x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.512s (+4.0%)	3.012s (~)	0.500s	10	1.89x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.848s (-3.5%)	3.730s (-1.5%)	0.881s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.891s (-8.0% 🟢)	3.789s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.899s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.987s (-1.9%)	3.941s (+1.0%)	0.954s	8	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.990s (-8.6% 🟢)	2.159s (-31.2% 🟢)	0.169s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.011s (-5.1% 🟢)	2.539s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.528s	12	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	2.196s (-1.0%)	3.083s (-2.8%)	0.887s	10	1.10x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.461s (~)	3.008s (~)	0.547s	10	1.24x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.497s (~)	3.027s (+0.5%)	0.530s	10	1.25x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.557s (-1.0%)	3.017s (~)	0.460s	10	1.29x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.950s (-8.4% 🟢)	3.113s (-17.7% 🟢)	0.163s	10	1.48x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.326s (+16.7% 🔺)	4.040s (+34.2% 🔺)	0.713s	8	1.67x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.696s (~)	5.182s (~)	0.486s	6	2.36x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.721s (-1.9%)	5.179s (-3.4%)	0.457s	6	2.37x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.453s (-26.0% 🟢)	4.061s (-22.2% 🟢)	0.607s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.793s (-42.3% 🟢)	4.647s (-37.2% 🟢)	0.854s	7	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.699s (-45.6% 🟢)	5.516s (-42.3% 🟢)	0.817s	6	1.36x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.339s (-4.6%)	2.011s (~)	0.672s	15	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.354s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.653s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.356s (-3.8%)	2.005s (~)	0.650s	15	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.372s (-0.5%)	2.010s (~)	0.639s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.415s (-1.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.591s	15	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.594s (-11.6% 🟢)	2.012s (~)	0.419s	15	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.948s (+6.0% 🔺)	2.517s (+16.7% 🔺)	0.568s	12	1.45x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.975s (+5.1% 🔺)	2.320s (+4.1%)	0.346s	13	1.47x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.163s (+0.6%)	3.011s (~)	0.849s	10	1.61x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.239s (+0.9%)	3.015s (~)	0.776s	10	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.744s (-65.6% 🟢)	3.814s (-56.2% 🟢)	1.070s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.016s (-58.1% 🟢)	3.837s (-50.2% 🟢)	0.822s	8	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.087s (-43.7% 🟢)	3.914s (-38.3% 🟢)	0.827s	8	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.996s (-9.4% 🟢)	2.168s (-31.7% 🟢)	0.171s	14	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.031s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.703s (-13.1% 🟢)	0.672s	12	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	2.323s (-2.2%)	3.219s (-2.5%)	0.896s	10	1.16x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.467s (-0.7%)	3.020s (~)	0.553s	10	1.24x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.517s (+1.2%)	3.013s (~)	0.496s	10	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.607s (-0.7%)	3.020s (~)	0.414s	10	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.763s (-3.5%)	3.021s (~)	0.258s	10	1.38x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.821s (+1.2%)	3.014s (-3.6%)	0.194s	10	1.41x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.654s (-2.3%)	5.179s (~)	0.525s	6	2.33x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.655s (~)	5.179s (~)	0.524s	6	2.33x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.241s (-1.8%)	3.857s (~)	0.616s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.252s (+5.3% 🔺)	3.873s (+5.6% 🔺)	0.621s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.293s (-2.3%)	3.906s (+1.7%)	0.614s	8	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.105s (-29.0% 🟢)	1.003s (~)	0.014s (-26.4% 🟢)	1.025s (-0.6%)	0.920s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.120s (-31.1% 🟢)	0.999s (+0.6%)	0.014s (-2.1%)	1.020s (~)	0.899s	10	1.14x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.132s (+1.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.012s (~)	0.880s	10	1.26x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.139s (-3.6%)	1.004s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.012s (~)	0.873s	10	1.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.179s (+1.9%)	0.992s (~)	0.016s (-6.0% 🟢)	1.023s (~)	0.844s	10	1.71x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.486s (-5.5% 🟢)	0.964s (+1.8%)	0.000s (~)	1.014s (~)	0.528s	10	4.63x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.487s (+4.5%)	0.964s (-1.6%)	0.000s (+100.0% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.525s	10	4.65x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.247s (-4.4%)	1.651s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.819s (-9.9% 🟢)	0.572s	10	11.89x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.280s (-47.0% 🟢)	1.760s (-33.0% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.013s (-33.2% 🟢)	0.733s	10	12.20x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.414s (+7.8% 🔺)	2.627s (-6.3% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	3.013s (~)	0.599s	10	23.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.193s (+22.9% 🔺)	3.462s (+5.9% 🔺)	0.435s (+118.4% 🔺)	4.517s (+16.0% 🔺)	1.324s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.216s (+21.7% 🔺)	3.446s (+11.3% 🔺)	0.421s (+39.0% 🔺)	4.431s (+15.3% 🔺)	1.215s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.594s (+34.1% 🔺)	3.914s (+20.6% 🔺)	0.202s (-38.9% 🟢)	4.805s (+20.5% 🔺)	1.211s	10	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Nitro	6/8
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/8
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5/8

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)	💻 Local	8/8
Nitro	💻 Local	8/8

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[TooTallNate]

Added support for serializing this context when invoking step functions.

What changed?

• Modified the step function implementation to capture and serialize the this context when it's defined and not the global object
• Updated the step invocation queue item interface to include an optional thisVal property
• Enhanced the step handler to apply the hydrated thisVal when executing step functions

Why make this change?

This enhancement allows step functions to be invoked with an explicit context object using standard JavaScript methods like .call() and .apply(). This is particularly useful for step functions that need to access properties from a specific context, enabling more flexible and idiomatic JavaScript patterns within workflows.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 15c9b77

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 15 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/swc-plugin	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/docs-typecheck	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	418	0	11	429
✅ 💻 Local Development	382	0	8	390
✅ 📦 Local Production	382	0	8	390
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	382	0	8	390
✅ 🪟 Windows	39	0	0	39
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	147	21	0	168
Total	1750	21	35	1806

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (21 failed)

mongodb (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

redis (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

starter (18 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

turso (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	38	0	1
✅ example	38	0	1
✅ express	38	0	1
✅ fastify	38	0	1
✅ hono	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	38	0	1
✅ nitro	38	0	1
✅ nuxt	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit	38	0	1
✅ vite	38	0	1

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	38	0	1
✅ express-stable	38	0	1
✅ fastify-stable	38	0	1
✅ hono-stable	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	38	0	1
✅ nuxt-stable	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit-stable	38	0	1
✅ vite-stable	38	0	1

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	38	0	1
✅ express-stable	38	0	1
✅ fastify-stable	38	0	1
✅ hono-stable	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	38	0	1
✅ nuxt-stable	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit-stable	38	0	1
✅ vite-stable	38	0	1

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	38	0	1
✅ express-stable	38	0	1
✅ fastify-stable	38	0	1
✅ hono-stable	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	38	0	1
✅ nuxt-stable	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit-stable	38	0	1
✅ vite-stable	38	0	1

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	39	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	38	1	0
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	38	1	0
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	21	18	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	38	1	0

---

📋 View full workflow run

[TooTallNate]

• Add support for custom class instance serialization #762: 3 dependent PRs (#777, #809, #810)
• Add support for serializing this when invoking step functions #754 👈 (View in Graphite)
• Support class static methods with "use step" / "use workflow" #753
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR adds support for serializing the this context when invoking step functions, enabling the use of JavaScript's .call() and .apply() methods with step functions.

• Modified step function creation to use a regular function instead of an arrow function to capture this context
• Added optional thisVal property to the step invocation queue item interface
• Enhanced serialization/deserialization flow to handle thisVal alongside existing args and closureVars

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 7 out of 7 changed files in this pull request and generated 2 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
packages/core/src/step.ts	Changed to regular function to capture this and conditionally serialize it when not undefined/null/globalThis
packages/core/src/global.ts	Added optional thisVal property to StepInvocationQueueItem interface
packages/core/src/runtime/suspension-handler.ts	Included thisVal in the dehydrated step input
packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.ts	Hydrated and applied thisVal when executing step functions, updated comment
workbench/example/workflows/99_e2e.ts	Added example workflow demonstrating .call() and .apply() usage with step functions
packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts	Added e2e test validating thisSerializationWorkflow behavior
.changeset/old-pugs-win.md	Added changeset documenting the patch-level change

---

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[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.032s (-27.3% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.975s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.032s (-18.8% 🟢)	1.015s (~)	0.982s	10	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.041s (+3.0%)	1.016s (~)	0.975s	10	1.28x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.042s (+11.9% 🔺)	1.014s (~)	0.973s	10	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	0.044s (-2.2%)	1.008s (~)	0.964s	10	1.36x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.102s (+2.9%)	1.014s (~)	0.912s	10	3.16x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.106s (+3.9%)	1.014s (~)	0.908s	10	3.29x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.192s (-23.8% 🟢)	1.024s (~)	0.832s	10	5.96x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.297s (+4.5%)	1.012s (~)	0.715s	10	9.23x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.332s (~)	1.016s (~)	0.683s	10	10.32x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.577s (-14.9% 🟢)	1.496s (-13.6% 🟢)	0.918s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.600s (+1.6%)	1.658s (+15.5% 🔺)	1.058s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.613s (+8.3% 🔺)	1.553s (~)	0.940s	10	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.073s (-3.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.932s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.078s (-2.2%)	2.012s (~)	0.933s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.094s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.915s	10	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.098s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.913s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.114s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.894s	10	1.04x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.309s (+1.5%)	2.012s (~)	0.703s	10	1.22x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.310s (-0.5%)	2.012s (~)	0.702s	10	1.22x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.879s (~)	2.017s (~)	0.137s	10	1.75x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.159s (+1.6%)	3.015s (~)	0.856s	10	2.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.168s (-1.5%)	3.015s (~)	0.847s	10	2.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.681s (-3.8%)	3.707s (+3.9%)	1.027s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.729s (-8.6% 🟢)	3.593s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.864s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.946s (-6.7% 🟢)	3.868s (-5.5% 🟢)	0.922s	10	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	10.515s (-2.5%)	11.009s (~)	0.494s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.532s (-1.4%)	11.016s (~)	0.484s	5	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.596s (~)	11.013s (~)	0.417s	5	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.641s (~)	11.015s (~)	0.374s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.800s (~)	11.016s (~)	0.217s	5	1.03x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.202s (~)	13.022s (~)	0.820s	5	1.16x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.277s (~)	13.028s (~)	0.751s	5	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.174s (~)	16.038s (~)	0.865s	5	1.44x
🐘 Postgres	Express	19.766s (-2.1%)	20.037s (-4.7%)	0.271s	5	1.88x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.452s (~)	21.029s (~)	0.577s	5	1.95x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	28.705s (+30.3% 🔺)	29.494s (+29.8% 🔺)	0.789s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.607s (+29.2% 🔺)	30.570s (+29.5% 🔺)	0.963s	5	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	29.888s (+37.2% 🔺)	30.695s (+35.6% 🔺)	0.807s	5	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.328s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.005s (~)	0.677s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.343s (-4.0%)	2.013s (~)	0.670s	15	1.01x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.347s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.661s	15	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.351s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.658s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.414s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.592s	15	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.745s (-4.3%)	2.013s (~)	0.268s	15	1.31x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.129s (-0.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.884s	10	1.60x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.231s (+0.7%)	3.015s (~)	0.784s	10	1.68x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.342s (-6.4% 🟢)	3.013s (~)	0.671s	10	1.76x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.512s (+4.0%)	3.012s (~)	0.500s	10	1.89x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.848s (-3.5%)	3.730s (-1.5%)	0.881s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.891s (-8.0% 🟢)	3.789s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.899s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.987s (-1.9%)	3.941s (+1.0%)	0.954s	8	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.990s (-8.6% 🟢)	2.159s (-31.2% 🟢)	0.169s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.011s (-5.1% 🟢)	2.539s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.528s	12	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	2.196s (-1.0%)	3.083s (-2.8%)	0.887s	10	1.10x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.461s (~)	3.008s (~)	0.547s	10	1.24x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.497s (~)	3.027s (+0.5%)	0.530s	10	1.25x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.557s (-1.0%)	3.017s (~)	0.460s	10	1.29x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.950s (-8.4% 🟢)	3.113s (-17.7% 🟢)	0.163s	10	1.48x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.326s (+16.7% 🔺)	4.040s (+34.2% 🔺)	0.713s	8	1.67x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.696s (~)	5.182s (~)	0.486s	6	2.36x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.721s (-1.9%)	5.179s (-3.4%)	0.457s	6	2.37x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.453s (-26.0% 🟢)	4.061s (-22.2% 🟢)	0.607s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.793s (-42.3% 🟢)	4.647s (-37.2% 🟢)	0.854s	7	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.699s (-45.6% 🟢)	5.516s (-42.3% 🟢)	0.817s	6	1.36x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.339s (-4.6%)	2.011s (~)	0.672s	15	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.354s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.653s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.356s (-3.8%)	2.005s (~)	0.650s	15	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.372s (-0.5%)	2.010s (~)	0.639s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.415s (-1.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.591s	15	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.594s (-11.6% 🟢)	2.012s (~)	0.419s	15	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.948s (+6.0% 🔺)	2.517s (+16.7% 🔺)	0.568s	12	1.45x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.975s (+5.1% 🔺)	2.320s (+4.1%)	0.346s	13	1.47x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.163s (+0.6%)	3.011s (~)	0.849s	10	1.61x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.239s (+0.9%)	3.015s (~)	0.776s	10	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.744s (-65.6% 🟢)	3.814s (-56.2% 🟢)	1.070s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.016s (-58.1% 🟢)	3.837s (-50.2% 🟢)	0.822s	8	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.087s (-43.7% 🟢)	3.914s (-38.3% 🟢)	0.827s	8	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.996s (-9.4% 🟢)	2.168s (-31.7% 🟢)	0.171s	14	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.031s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.703s (-13.1% 🟢)	0.672s	12	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	2.323s (-2.2%)	3.219s (-2.5%)	0.896s	10	1.16x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.467s (-0.7%)	3.020s (~)	0.553s	10	1.24x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.517s (+1.2%)	3.013s (~)	0.496s	10	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.607s (-0.7%)	3.020s (~)	0.414s	10	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.763s (-3.5%)	3.021s (~)	0.258s	10	1.38x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.821s (+1.2%)	3.014s (-3.6%)	0.194s	10	1.41x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.654s (-2.3%)	5.179s (~)	0.525s	6	2.33x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.655s (~)	5.179s (~)	0.524s	6	2.33x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.241s (-1.8%)	3.857s (~)	0.616s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.252s (+5.3% 🔺)	3.873s (+5.6% 🔺)	0.621s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.293s (-2.3%)	3.906s (+1.7%)	0.614s	8	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.105s (-29.0% 🟢)	1.003s (~)	0.014s (-26.4% 🟢)	1.025s (-0.6%)	0.920s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.120s (-31.1% 🟢)	0.999s (+0.6%)	0.014s (-2.1%)	1.020s (~)	0.899s	10	1.14x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.132s (+1.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.012s (~)	0.880s	10	1.26x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.139s (-3.6%)	1.004s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.012s (~)	0.873s	10	1.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.179s (+1.9%)	0.992s (~)	0.016s (-6.0% 🟢)	1.023s (~)	0.844s	10	1.71x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.486s (-5.5% 🟢)	0.964s (+1.8%)	0.000s (~)	1.014s (~)	0.528s	10	4.63x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.487s (+4.5%)	0.964s (-1.6%)	0.000s (+100.0% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.525s	10	4.65x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.247s (-4.4%)	1.651s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.819s (-9.9% 🟢)	0.572s	10	11.89x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.280s (-47.0% 🟢)	1.760s (-33.0% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.013s (-33.2% 🟢)	0.733s	10	12.20x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.414s (+7.8% 🔺)	2.627s (-6.3% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	3.013s (~)	0.599s	10	23.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.193s (+22.9% 🔺)	3.462s (+5.9% 🔺)	0.435s (+118.4% 🔺)	4.517s (+16.0% 🔺)	1.324s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.216s (+21.7% 🔺)	3.446s (+11.3% 🔺)	0.421s (+39.0% 🔺)	4.431s (+15.3% 🔺)	1.215s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.594s (+34.1% 🔺)	3.914s (+20.6% 🔺)	0.202s (-38.9% 🟢)	4.805s (+20.5% 🔺)	1.211s	10	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Nitro	6/8
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/8
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5/8

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)	💻 Local	8/8
Nitro	💻 Local	8/8

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[TooTallNate]

Added support for serializing this context when invoking step functions.

What changed?

• Modified the step function implementation to capture and serialize the this context when it's defined and not the global object
• Updated the step invocation queue item interface to include an optional thisVal property
• Enhanced the step handler to apply the hydrated thisVal when executing step functions

Why make this change?

This enhancement allows step functions to be invoked with an explicit context object using standard JavaScript methods like .call() and .apply(). This is particularly useful for step functions that need to access properties from a specific context, enabling more flexible and idiomatic JavaScript patterns within workflows.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 15c9b77

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 15 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/swc-plugin	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/docs-typecheck	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	418	0	11	429
✅ 💻 Local Development	382	0	8	390
✅ 📦 Local Production	382	0	8	390
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	382	0	8	390
✅ 🪟 Windows	39	0	0	39
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	147	21	0	168
Total	1750	21	35	1806

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (21 failed)

mongodb (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

redis (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

starter (18 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

turso (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	38	0	1
✅ example	38	0	1
✅ express	38	0	1
✅ fastify	38	0	1
✅ hono	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	38	0	1
✅ nitro	38	0	1
✅ nuxt	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit	38	0	1
✅ vite	38	0	1

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	38	0	1
✅ express-stable	38	0	1
✅ fastify-stable	38	0	1
✅ hono-stable	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	38	0	1
✅ nuxt-stable	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit-stable	38	0	1
✅ vite-stable	38	0	1

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	38	0	1
✅ express-stable	38	0	1
✅ fastify-stable	38	0	1
✅ hono-stable	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	38	0	1
✅ nuxt-stable	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit-stable	38	0	1
✅ vite-stable	38	0	1

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	38	0	1
✅ express-stable	38	0	1
✅ fastify-stable	38	0	1
✅ hono-stable	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	38	0	1
✅ nuxt-stable	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit-stable	38	0	1
✅ vite-stable	38	0	1

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	39	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	38	1	0
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	38	1	0
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	21	18	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	38	1	0

---

📋 View full workflow run

[TooTallNate]

• Add support for custom class instance serialization #762: 3 dependent PRs (#777, #809, #810)
• Add support for serializing this when invoking step functions #754 👈 (View in Graphite)
• Support class static methods with "use step" / "use workflow" #753
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR adds support for serializing the this context when invoking step functions, enabling the use of JavaScript's .call() and .apply() methods with step functions.

• Modified step function creation to use a regular function instead of an arrow function to capture this context
• Added optional thisVal property to the step invocation queue item interface
• Enhanced serialization/deserialization flow to handle thisVal alongside existing args and closureVars

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 7 out of 7 changed files in this pull request and generated 2 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
packages/core/src/step.ts	Changed to regular function to capture this and conditionally serialize it when not undefined/null/globalThis
packages/core/src/global.ts	Added optional thisVal property to StepInvocationQueueItem interface
packages/core/src/runtime/suspension-handler.ts	Included thisVal in the dehydrated step input
packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.ts	Hydrated and applied thisVal when executing step functions, updated comment
workbench/example/workflows/99_e2e.ts	Added example workflow demonstrating .call() and .apply() usage with step functions
packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts	Added e2e test validating thisSerializationWorkflow behavior
.changeset/old-pugs-win.md	Added changeset documenting the patch-level change

---

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[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.032s (-27.3% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.975s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.032s (-18.8% 🟢)	1.015s (~)	0.982s	10	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.041s (+3.0%)	1.016s (~)	0.975s	10	1.28x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.042s (+11.9% 🔺)	1.014s (~)	0.973s	10	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	0.044s (-2.2%)	1.008s (~)	0.964s	10	1.36x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.102s (+2.9%)	1.014s (~)	0.912s	10	3.16x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.106s (+3.9%)	1.014s (~)	0.908s	10	3.29x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.192s (-23.8% 🟢)	1.024s (~)	0.832s	10	5.96x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.297s (+4.5%)	1.012s (~)	0.715s	10	9.23x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.332s (~)	1.016s (~)	0.683s	10	10.32x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.577s (-14.9% 🟢)	1.496s (-13.6% 🟢)	0.918s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.600s (+1.6%)	1.658s (+15.5% 🔺)	1.058s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.613s (+8.3% 🔺)	1.553s (~)	0.940s	10	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.073s (-3.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.932s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.078s (-2.2%)	2.012s (~)	0.933s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.094s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.915s	10	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.098s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.913s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.114s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.894s	10	1.04x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.309s (+1.5%)	2.012s (~)	0.703s	10	1.22x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.310s (-0.5%)	2.012s (~)	0.702s	10	1.22x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.879s (~)	2.017s (~)	0.137s	10	1.75x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.159s (+1.6%)	3.015s (~)	0.856s	10	2.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.168s (-1.5%)	3.015s (~)	0.847s	10	2.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.681s (-3.8%)	3.707s (+3.9%)	1.027s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.729s (-8.6% 🟢)	3.593s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.864s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.946s (-6.7% 🟢)	3.868s (-5.5% 🟢)	0.922s	10	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	10.515s (-2.5%)	11.009s (~)	0.494s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.532s (-1.4%)	11.016s (~)	0.484s	5	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.596s (~)	11.013s (~)	0.417s	5	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.641s (~)	11.015s (~)	0.374s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.800s (~)	11.016s (~)	0.217s	5	1.03x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.202s (~)	13.022s (~)	0.820s	5	1.16x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.277s (~)	13.028s (~)	0.751s	5	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.174s (~)	16.038s (~)	0.865s	5	1.44x
🐘 Postgres	Express	19.766s (-2.1%)	20.037s (-4.7%)	0.271s	5	1.88x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.452s (~)	21.029s (~)	0.577s	5	1.95x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	28.705s (+30.3% 🔺)	29.494s (+29.8% 🔺)	0.789s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.607s (+29.2% 🔺)	30.570s (+29.5% 🔺)	0.963s	5	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	29.888s (+37.2% 🔺)	30.695s (+35.6% 🔺)	0.807s	5	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.328s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.005s (~)	0.677s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.343s (-4.0%)	2.013s (~)	0.670s	15	1.01x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.347s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.661s	15	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.351s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.658s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.414s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.592s	15	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.745s (-4.3%)	2.013s (~)	0.268s	15	1.31x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.129s (-0.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.884s	10	1.60x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.231s (+0.7%)	3.015s (~)	0.784s	10	1.68x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.342s (-6.4% 🟢)	3.013s (~)	0.671s	10	1.76x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.512s (+4.0%)	3.012s (~)	0.500s	10	1.89x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.848s (-3.5%)	3.730s (-1.5%)	0.881s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.891s (-8.0% 🟢)	3.789s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.899s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.987s (-1.9%)	3.941s (+1.0%)	0.954s	8	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.990s (-8.6% 🟢)	2.159s (-31.2% 🟢)	0.169s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.011s (-5.1% 🟢)	2.539s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.528s	12	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	2.196s (-1.0%)	3.083s (-2.8%)	0.887s	10	1.10x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.461s (~)	3.008s (~)	0.547s	10	1.24x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.497s (~)	3.027s (+0.5%)	0.530s	10	1.25x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.557s (-1.0%)	3.017s (~)	0.460s	10	1.29x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.950s (-8.4% 🟢)	3.113s (-17.7% 🟢)	0.163s	10	1.48x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.326s (+16.7% 🔺)	4.040s (+34.2% 🔺)	0.713s	8	1.67x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.696s (~)	5.182s (~)	0.486s	6	2.36x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.721s (-1.9%)	5.179s (-3.4%)	0.457s	6	2.37x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.453s (-26.0% 🟢)	4.061s (-22.2% 🟢)	0.607s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.793s (-42.3% 🟢)	4.647s (-37.2% 🟢)	0.854s	7	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.699s (-45.6% 🟢)	5.516s (-42.3% 🟢)	0.817s	6	1.36x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.339s (-4.6%)	2.011s (~)	0.672s	15	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.354s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.653s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.356s (-3.8%)	2.005s (~)	0.650s	15	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.372s (-0.5%)	2.010s (~)	0.639s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.415s (-1.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.591s	15	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.594s (-11.6% 🟢)	2.012s (~)	0.419s	15	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.948s (+6.0% 🔺)	2.517s (+16.7% 🔺)	0.568s	12	1.45x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.975s (+5.1% 🔺)	2.320s (+4.1%)	0.346s	13	1.47x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.163s (+0.6%)	3.011s (~)	0.849s	10	1.61x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.239s (+0.9%)	3.015s (~)	0.776s	10	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.744s (-65.6% 🟢)	3.814s (-56.2% 🟢)	1.070s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.016s (-58.1% 🟢)	3.837s (-50.2% 🟢)	0.822s	8	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.087s (-43.7% 🟢)	3.914s (-38.3% 🟢)	0.827s	8	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.996s (-9.4% 🟢)	2.168s (-31.7% 🟢)	0.171s	14	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.031s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.703s (-13.1% 🟢)	0.672s	12	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	2.323s (-2.2%)	3.219s (-2.5%)	0.896s	10	1.16x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.467s (-0.7%)	3.020s (~)	0.553s	10	1.24x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.517s (+1.2%)	3.013s (~)	0.496s	10	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.607s (-0.7%)	3.020s (~)	0.414s	10	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.763s (-3.5%)	3.021s (~)	0.258s	10	1.38x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.821s (+1.2%)	3.014s (-3.6%)	0.194s	10	1.41x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.654s (-2.3%)	5.179s (~)	0.525s	6	2.33x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.655s (~)	5.179s (~)	0.524s	6	2.33x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.241s (-1.8%)	3.857s (~)	0.616s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.252s (+5.3% 🔺)	3.873s (+5.6% 🔺)	0.621s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.293s (-2.3%)	3.906s (+1.7%)	0.614s	8	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.105s (-29.0% 🟢)	1.003s (~)	0.014s (-26.4% 🟢)	1.025s (-0.6%)	0.920s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.120s (-31.1% 🟢)	0.999s (+0.6%)	0.014s (-2.1%)	1.020s (~)	0.899s	10	1.14x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.132s (+1.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.012s (~)	0.880s	10	1.26x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.139s (-3.6%)	1.004s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.012s (~)	0.873s	10	1.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.179s (+1.9%)	0.992s (~)	0.016s (-6.0% 🟢)	1.023s (~)	0.844s	10	1.71x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.486s (-5.5% 🟢)	0.964s (+1.8%)	0.000s (~)	1.014s (~)	0.528s	10	4.63x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.487s (+4.5%)	0.964s (-1.6%)	0.000s (+100.0% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.525s	10	4.65x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.247s (-4.4%)	1.651s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.819s (-9.9% 🟢)	0.572s	10	11.89x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.280s (-47.0% 🟢)	1.760s (-33.0% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.013s (-33.2% 🟢)	0.733s	10	12.20x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.414s (+7.8% 🔺)	2.627s (-6.3% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	3.013s (~)	0.599s	10	23.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.193s (+22.9% 🔺)	3.462s (+5.9% 🔺)	0.435s (+118.4% 🔺)	4.517s (+16.0% 🔺)	1.324s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.216s (+21.7% 🔺)	3.446s (+11.3% 🔺)	0.421s (+39.0% 🔺)	4.431s (+15.3% 🔺)	1.215s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.594s (+34.1% 🔺)	3.914s (+20.6% 🔺)	0.202s (-38.9% 🟢)	4.805s (+20.5% 🔺)	1.211s	10	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Nitro	6/8
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/8
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5/8

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)	💻 Local	8/8
Nitro	💻 Local	8/8

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[TooTallNate]

Added support for serializing this context when invoking step functions.

What changed?

• Modified the step function implementation to capture and serialize the this context when it's defined and not the global object
• Updated the step invocation queue item interface to include an optional thisVal property
• Enhanced the step handler to apply the hydrated thisVal when executing step functions

Why make this change?

This enhancement allows step functions to be invoked with an explicit context object using standard JavaScript methods like .call() and .apply(). This is particularly useful for step functions that need to access properties from a specific context, enabling more flexible and idiomatic JavaScript patterns within workflows.

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 15c9b77

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 15 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/swc-plugin	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/ai	Patch
@workflow/docs-typecheck	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Review	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jan 14, 2026 7:56am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	418	0	11	429
✅ 💻 Local Development	382	0	8	390
✅ 📦 Local Production	382	0	8	390
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	382	0	8	390
✅ 🪟 Windows	39	0	0	39
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	147	21	0	168
Total	1750	21	35	1806

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (21 failed)

mongodb (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

redis (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

starter (18 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

turso (1 failed):

• webhookWorkflow

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	38	0	1
✅ example	38	0	1
✅ express	38	0	1
✅ fastify	38	0	1
✅ hono	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	38	0	1
✅ nitro	38	0	1
✅ nuxt	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit	38	0	1
✅ vite	38	0	1

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	38	0	1
✅ express-stable	38	0	1
✅ fastify-stable	38	0	1
✅ hono-stable	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	38	0	1
✅ nuxt-stable	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit-stable	38	0	1
✅ vite-stable	38	0	1

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	38	0	1
✅ express-stable	38	0	1
✅ fastify-stable	38	0	1
✅ hono-stable	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	38	0	1
✅ nuxt-stable	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit-stable	38	0	1
✅ vite-stable	38	0	1

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	38	0	1
✅ express-stable	38	0	1
✅ fastify-stable	38	0	1
✅ hono-stable	38	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	39	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	38	0	1
✅ nuxt-stable	38	0	1
✅ sveltekit-stable	38	0	1
✅ vite-stable	38	0	1

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	39	0	0

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	38	1	0
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	38	1	0
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	21	18	0
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	38	1	0

---

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[TooTallNate]

• Add support for custom class instance serialization #762: 3 dependent PRs (#777, #809, #810)
• Add support for serializing this when invoking step functions #754 👈 (View in Graphite)
• Support class static methods with "use step" / "use workflow" #753
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR adds support for serializing the this context when invoking step functions, enabling the use of JavaScript's .call() and .apply() methods with step functions.

• Modified step function creation to use a regular function instead of an arrow function to capture this context
• Added optional thisVal property to the step invocation queue item interface
• Enhanced serialization/deserialization flow to handle thisVal alongside existing args and closureVars

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 7 out of 7 changed files in this pull request and generated 2 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
packages/core/src/step.ts	Changed to regular function to capture this and conditionally serialize it when not undefined/null/globalThis
packages/core/src/global.ts	Added optional thisVal property to StepInvocationQueueItem interface
packages/core/src/runtime/suspension-handler.ts	Included thisVal in the dehydrated step input
packages/core/src/runtime/step-handler.ts	Hydrated and applied thisVal when executing step functions, updated comment
workbench/example/workflows/99_e2e.ts	Added example workflow demonstrating .call() and .apply() usage with step functions
packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts	Added e2e test validating thisSerializationWorkflow behavior
.changeset/old-pugs-win.md	Added changeset documenting the patch-level change

---

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	0.032s (-27.3% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.975s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.032s (-18.8% 🟢)	1.015s (~)	0.982s	10	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.041s (+3.0%)	1.016s (~)	0.975s	10	1.28x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.042s (+11.9% 🔺)	1.014s (~)	0.973s	10	1.29x
💻 Local	Express	0.044s (-2.2%)	1.008s (~)	0.964s	10	1.36x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.102s (+2.9%)	1.014s (~)	0.912s	10	3.16x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.106s (+3.9%)	1.014s (~)	0.908s	10	3.29x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.192s (-23.8% 🟢)	1.024s (~)	0.832s	10	5.96x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.297s (+4.5%)	1.012s (~)	0.715s	10	9.23x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.332s (~)	1.016s (~)	0.683s	10	10.32x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.577s (-14.9% 🟢)	1.496s (-13.6% 🟢)	0.918s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.600s (+1.6%)	1.658s (+15.5% 🔺)	1.058s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.613s (+8.3% 🔺)	1.553s (~)	0.940s	10	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.073s (-3.4%)	2.006s (~)	0.932s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.078s (-2.2%)	2.012s (~)	0.933s	10	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.094s (~)	2.009s (~)	0.915s	10	1.02x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.098s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.913s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.114s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.894s	10	1.04x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.309s (+1.5%)	2.012s (~)	0.703s	10	1.22x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.310s (-0.5%)	2.012s (~)	0.702s	10	1.22x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.879s (~)	2.017s (~)	0.137s	10	1.75x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.159s (+1.6%)	3.015s (~)	0.856s	10	2.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.168s (-1.5%)	3.015s (~)	0.847s	10	2.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.681s (-3.8%)	3.707s (+3.9%)	1.027s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.729s (-8.6% 🟢)	3.593s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.864s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.946s (-6.7% 🟢)	3.868s (-5.5% 🟢)	0.922s	10	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	10.515s (-2.5%)	11.009s (~)	0.494s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.532s (-1.4%)	11.016s (~)	0.484s	5	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.596s (~)	11.013s (~)	0.417s	5	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.641s (~)	11.015s (~)	0.374s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.800s (~)	11.016s (~)	0.217s	5	1.03x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.202s (~)	13.022s (~)	0.820s	5	1.16x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	12.277s (~)	13.028s (~)	0.751s	5	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.174s (~)	16.038s (~)	0.865s	5	1.44x
🐘 Postgres	Express	19.766s (-2.1%)	20.037s (-4.7%)	0.271s	5	1.88x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.452s (~)	21.029s (~)	0.577s	5	1.95x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	28.705s (+30.3% 🔺)	29.494s (+29.8% 🔺)	0.789s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.607s (+29.2% 🔺)	30.570s (+29.5% 🔺)	0.963s	5	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	29.888s (+37.2% 🔺)	30.695s (+35.6% 🔺)	0.807s	5	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.328s (-5.5% 🟢)	2.005s (~)	0.677s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.343s (-4.0%)	2.013s (~)	0.670s	15	1.01x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.347s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.661s	15	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.351s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.658s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.414s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.592s	15	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.745s (-4.3%)	2.013s (~)	0.268s	15	1.31x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.129s (-0.6%)	3.013s (~)	0.884s	10	1.60x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.231s (+0.7%)	3.015s (~)	0.784s	10	1.68x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.342s (-6.4% 🟢)	3.013s (~)	0.671s	10	1.76x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.512s (+4.0%)	3.012s (~)	0.500s	10	1.89x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.848s (-3.5%)	3.730s (-1.5%)	0.881s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.891s (-8.0% 🟢)	3.789s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.899s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.987s (-1.9%)	3.941s (+1.0%)	0.954s	8	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.990s (-8.6% 🟢)	2.159s (-31.2% 🟢)	0.169s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.011s (-5.1% 🟢)	2.539s (-15.1% 🟢)	0.528s	12	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	2.196s (-1.0%)	3.083s (-2.8%)	0.887s	10	1.10x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.461s (~)	3.008s (~)	0.547s	10	1.24x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.497s (~)	3.027s (+0.5%)	0.530s	10	1.25x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.557s (-1.0%)	3.017s (~)	0.460s	10	1.29x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.950s (-8.4% 🟢)	3.113s (-17.7% 🟢)	0.163s	10	1.48x
🐘 Postgres	Express	3.326s (+16.7% 🔺)	4.040s (+34.2% 🔺)	0.713s	8	1.67x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.696s (~)	5.182s (~)	0.486s	6	2.36x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.721s (-1.9%)	5.179s (-3.4%)	0.457s	6	2.37x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.453s (-26.0% 🟢)	4.061s (-22.2% 🟢)	0.607s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.793s (-42.3% 🟢)	4.647s (-37.2% 🟢)	0.854s	7	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.699s (-45.6% 🟢)	5.516s (-42.3% 🟢)	0.817s	6	1.36x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.339s (-4.6%)	2.011s (~)	0.672s	15	1.00x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.354s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.653s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.356s (-3.8%)	2.005s (~)	0.650s	15	1.01x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.372s (-0.5%)	2.010s (~)	0.639s	15	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	1.415s (-1.3%)	2.006s (~)	0.591s	15	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.594s (-11.6% 🟢)	2.012s (~)	0.419s	15	1.19x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.948s (+6.0% 🔺)	2.517s (+16.7% 🔺)	0.568s	12	1.45x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.975s (+5.1% 🔺)	2.320s (+4.1%)	0.346s	13	1.47x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.163s (+0.6%)	3.011s (~)	0.849s	10	1.61x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.239s (+0.9%)	3.015s (~)	0.776s	10	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.744s (-65.6% 🟢)	3.814s (-56.2% 🟢)	1.070s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.016s (-58.1% 🟢)	3.837s (-50.2% 🟢)	0.822s	8	1.10x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.087s (-43.7% 🟢)	3.914s (-38.3% 🟢)	0.827s	8	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.996s (-9.4% 🟢)	2.168s (-31.7% 🟢)	0.171s	14	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.031s (-10.8% 🟢)	2.703s (-13.1% 🟢)	0.672s	12	1.02x
💻 Local	Express	2.323s (-2.2%)	3.219s (-2.5%)	0.896s	10	1.16x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.467s (-0.7%)	3.020s (~)	0.553s	10	1.24x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.517s (+1.2%)	3.013s (~)	0.496s	10	1.26x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.607s (-0.7%)	3.020s (~)	0.414s	10	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.763s (-3.5%)	3.021s (~)	0.258s	10	1.38x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.821s (+1.2%)	3.014s (-3.6%)	0.194s	10	1.41x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.654s (-2.3%)	5.179s (~)	0.525s	6	2.33x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.655s (~)	5.179s (~)	0.524s	6	2.33x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.241s (-1.8%)	3.857s (~)	0.616s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.252s (+5.3% 🔺)	3.873s (+5.6% 🔺)	0.621s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.293s (-2.3%)	3.906s (+1.7%)	0.614s	8	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.105s (-29.0% 🟢)	1.003s (~)	0.014s (-26.4% 🟢)	1.025s (-0.6%)	0.920s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.120s (-31.1% 🟢)	0.999s (+0.6%)	0.014s (-2.1%)	1.020s (~)	0.899s	10	1.14x
🌐 Starter	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.132s (+1.1%)	1.006s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.012s (~)	0.880s	10	1.26x
🌐 Redis	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.139s (-3.6%)	1.004s (~)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.012s (~)	0.873s	10	1.33x
💻 Local	Express	0.179s (+1.9%)	0.992s (~)	0.016s (-6.0% 🟢)	1.023s (~)	0.844s	10	1.71x
🌐 MongoDB	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.486s (-5.5% 🟢)	0.964s (+1.8%)	0.000s (~)	1.014s (~)	0.528s	10	4.63x
🌐 Turso	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.487s (+4.5%)	0.964s (-1.6%)	0.000s (+100.0% 🔺)	1.013s (~)	0.525s	10	4.65x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.247s (-4.4%)	1.651s (-5.1% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	1.819s (-9.9% 🟢)	0.572s	10	11.89x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.280s (-47.0% 🟢)	1.760s (-33.0% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.013s (-33.2% 🟢)	0.733s	10	12.20x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.414s (+7.8% 🔺)	2.627s (-6.3% 🟢)	0.000s (NaN%)	3.013s (~)	0.599s	10	23.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.193s (+22.9% 🔺)	3.462s (+5.9% 🔺)	0.435s (+118.4% 🔺)	4.517s (+16.0% 🔺)	1.324s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.216s (+21.7% 🔺)	3.446s (+11.3% 🔺)	0.421s (+39.0% 🔺)	4.431s (+15.3% 🔺)	1.215s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.594s (+34.1% 🔺)	3.914s (+20.6% 🔺)	0.202s (-38.9% 🟢)	4.805s (+20.5% 🔺)	1.211s	10	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Nitro	6/8
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/8
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5/8

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)	💻 Local	8/8
Nitro	💻 Local	8/8

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

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