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[core] Fix step attempting to serialize this value outside of classes - #786

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[core] Fix step attempting to serialize this value outside of classes#786
VaguelySerious wants to merge 2 commits into
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peter/fix-step-serialization

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@VaguelySerious

@VaguelySeriousVaguelySerious commented Jan 15, 2026

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Fix for #754 breaking DurableAgent.

Closes#785

Unsure if this is the best solution. I think it's better than fixing DurableAgent specifically, as users might accidentally run into this too.

Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>
When a step function is invoked, only capture `this` if it has a
`classId` property (indicating it's a class constructor registered
for serialization by the SWC plugin).
This prevents serialization errors when step functions are called as
methods on arbitrary objects (e.g., `tool.execute()`) where the object
has non-serializable properties like Zod schemas.
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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 0e8fe8c

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 15 packages
NameType
@workflow/corePatch
@workflow/swc-pluginPatch
@workflow/buildersPatch
@workflow/cliPatch
@workflow/docs-typecheckPatch
@workflow/nextPatch
@workflow/nitroPatch
@workflow/web-sharedPatch
workflowPatch
@workflow/astroPatch
@workflow/rollupPatch
@workflow/sveltekitPatch
@workflow/world-testingPatch
@workflow/nuxtPatch
@workflow/aiPatch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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🧪 E2E Test Results

Some tests failed

Summary

PassedFailedSkippedTotal
❌ ▲ Vercel Production4071111429
❌ 💻 Local Development372108390
❌ 📦 Local Production372108390
❌ 🐘 Local Postgres372108390
❌ 🪟 Windows381039
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds144240168
Total170566351806

❌ Failed Tests

▲ Vercel Production (11 failed)

astro (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

example (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
💻 Local Development (10 failed)

astro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
📦 Local Production (10 failed)

astro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
🐘 Local Postgres (10 failed)

astro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
🪟 Windows (1 failed)

nextjs-turbopack (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
🌍 Community Worlds (24 failed)

mongodb (2 failed):

  • webhookWorkflow
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

redis (2 failed):

  • webhookWorkflow
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

starter (18 failed):

  • addTenWorkflow
  • addTenWorkflow
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
  • error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
  • error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
  • error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
  • hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
  • stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
  • stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
  • spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
  • pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
  • Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
  • AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
  • ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

turso (2 failed):

  • webhookWorkflow
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

Details by Category

❌ ▲ Vercel Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro3711
❌ example3711
❌ express3711
❌ fastify3711
❌ hono3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack3711
❌ nextjs-webpack3711
❌ nitro3711
❌ nuxt3711
❌ sveltekit3711
❌ vite3711
❌ 💻 Local Development
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro-stable3711
❌ express-stable3711
❌ fastify-stable3711
❌ hono-stable3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable3810
❌ nextjs-webpack-stable3810
❌ nitro-stable3711
❌ nuxt-stable3711
❌ sveltekit-stable3711
❌ vite-stable3711
❌ 📦 Local Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro-stable3711
❌ express-stable3711
❌ fastify-stable3711
❌ hono-stable3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable3810
❌ nextjs-webpack-stable3810
❌ nitro-stable3711
❌ nuxt-stable3711
❌ sveltekit-stable3711
❌ vite-stable3711
❌ 🐘 Local Postgres
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro-stable3711
❌ express-stable3711
❌ fastify-stable3711
❌ hono-stable3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable3810
❌ nextjs-webpack-stable3810
❌ nitro-stable3711
❌ nuxt-stable3711
❌ sveltekit-stable3711
❌ vite-stable3711
❌ 🪟 Windows
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ nextjs-turbopack3810
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ mongodb-dev300
❌ mongodb3720
✅ redis-dev300
❌ redis3720
✅ starter-dev300
❌ starter21180
✅ turso-dev300
❌ turso3720

📋 View full workflow run


Some E2E test jobs failed:

  • Vercel Prod: failure
  • Local Dev: failure
  • Local Prod: failure
  • Local Postgres: failure
  • Windows: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)0.038s (-5.0%)1.014s (~)0.976s101.00x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.040s (-4.5%)1.017s (~)0.977s101.06x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)0.041s (+13.0% 🔺)1.015s (~)0.974s101.07x
💻 LocalNitro0.043s (-5.9% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.963s101.14x
💻 LocalExpress0.044s (+1.4%)1.007s (~)0.962s101.16x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.086s (~)1.016s (~)0.930s102.28x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)0.107s (+18.4% 🔺)1.014s (~)0.907s102.82x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)0.232s (-31.2% 🟢)1.019s (-0.6%)0.787s106.10x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.350s (+36.6% 🔺)1.015s (~)0.665s109.20x
🐘 PostgresNitro0.476s (+47.1% 🔺)1.013s (~)0.537s1012.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express0.602s (-19.5% 🟢)1.520s (-3.6%)0.918s101.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)0.628s (-19.1% 🟢)1.702s (-5.6% 🟢)1.074s101.04x
▲ VercelNitro0.641s (-1.9%)1.557s (-8.4% 🟢)0.916s101.06x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Starter🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.097s (+1.5%)2.010s (~)0.913s101.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.099s (~)2.011s (~)0.912s101.00x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.099s (~)2.011s (~)0.912s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro1.113s (~)2.006s (~)0.893s101.01x
💻 LocalExpress1.113s (~)2.006s (~)0.893s101.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.301s (~)2.015s (~)0.714s101.19x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)1.309s (+1.7%)2.012s (~)0.703s101.19x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.159s (+21.4% 🔺)2.515s (+24.8% 🔺)0.356s101.97x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.183s (+27.9% 🔺)3.014s (+36.1% 🔺)0.831s101.99x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.334s (-4.5%)3.013s (-0.6%)0.679s102.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.898s (+2.7%)3.665s (-2.3%)0.766s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.936s (+1.8%)3.642s (~)0.707s101.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.126s (+11.6% 🔺)3.903s (+7.3% 🔺)0.776s101.08x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Starter🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)10.597s (~)11.012s (~)0.415s51.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.658s (~)11.016s (~)0.358s51.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)10.668s (~)11.019s (~)0.351s51.01x
💻 LocalExpress10.802s (~)11.010s (~)0.208s51.02x
💻 LocalNitro10.803s (~)11.013s (~)0.209s51.02x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)12.211s (~)13.024s (~)0.813s51.15x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)12.228s (~)13.027s (~)0.799s51.15x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)15.266s (+1.0%)16.028s (~)0.762s51.44x
🐘 PostgresNitro20.154s (-0.9%)21.039s (~)0.885s51.90x
🐘 PostgresExpress20.407s (+30.2% 🔺)21.035s (+31.2% 🔺)0.629s51.93x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express23.313s (+0.8%)24.086s (+1.0%)0.774s51.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)23.316s (-1.3%)24.468s (+1.1%)1.152s51.00x
▲ VercelNitro23.459s (+1.2%)24.406s (+1.6%)0.946s51.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.356s (~)2.010s (~)0.653s151.00x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)1.361s (+1.3%)2.009s (~)0.647s151.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.371s (-1.3%)2.011s (~)0.640s151.01x
💻 LocalExpress1.420s (+0.9%)2.006s (~)0.586s151.05x
💻 LocalNitro1.428s (+1.6%)2.006s (~)0.578s151.05x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.039s (+16.0% 🔺)2.333s (+15.8% 🔺)0.294s131.50x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.135s (-0.8%)3.013s (~)0.879s101.57x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)2.238s (+0.9%)3.013s (~)0.775s101.65x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.385s (+35.2% 🔺)3.013s (+44.9% 🔺)0.627s101.76x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.521s (-6.1% 🟢)3.012s (~)0.490s101.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.157s (~)3.944s (-3.3%)0.787s81.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.195s (-7.5% 🟢)4.092s (-2.1%)0.897s81.01x
▲ VercelExpress3.255s (-4.9%)4.671s (+17.3% 🔺)1.416s71.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.153s (-1.4%)3.117s (-0.9%)0.964s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro2.215s (~)3.186s (+1.0%)0.971s101.03x
💻 LocalExpress2.229s (-0.9%)3.172s (~)0.942s101.04x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)2.477s (+0.7%)3.009s (~)0.531s101.15x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.486s (~)3.012s (~)0.526s101.15x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.645s (+9.9% 🔺)3.017s (~)0.372s101.23x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.927s (-2.5%)3.013s (-10.0% 🟢)0.086s101.36x
🐘 PostgresExpress3.044s (+7.0% 🔺)3.693s (+22.0% 🔺)0.648s91.41x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.626s (-1.3%)5.181s (~)0.555s62.15x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)4.675s (-1.1%)5.185s (~)0.511s62.17x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express3.650s (-19.0% 🟢)4.284s (-21.3% 🟢)0.634s81.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.814s (-23.0% 🟢)4.461s (-21.4% 🟢)0.647s71.04x
▲ VercelNitro4.051s (-16.9% 🟢)4.527s (-19.1% 🟢)0.476s71.11x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.346s (-0.5%)2.010s (~)0.665s151.00x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)1.367s (+2.6%)2.008s (~)0.641s151.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.392s (-0.7%)2.014s (~)0.622s151.03x
💻 LocalNitro1.415s (+0.8%)2.006s (~)0.591s151.05x
💻 LocalExpress1.435s (-0.7%)2.007s (~)0.572s151.07x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.728s (-3.7%)2.010s (~)0.282s151.28x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)1.825s (+1.6%)2.013s (~)0.188s151.36x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.920s (+12.4% 🔺)2.011s (~)0.092s151.43x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.131s (~)3.012s (~)0.881s101.58x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)2.226s (~)3.013s (~)0.786s101.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)3.071s (-1.3%)3.820s (+1.8%)0.749s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.096s (+0.6%)3.938s (-2.2%)0.842s81.01x
▲ VercelNitro6.775s (+98.9% 🔺)7.633s (+76.4% 🔺)0.858s82.21x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.165s (-1.2%)3.008s (-2.5%)0.843s111.00x
💻 LocalExpress2.240s (-1.8%)3.193s (-1.3%)0.954s101.03x
💻 LocalNitro2.257s (+2.4%)3.195s (+1.2%)0.937s101.04x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.500s (+1.1%)3.012s (~)0.513s101.15x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)2.500s (-0.6%)3.009s (~)0.510s101.15x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.664s (+8.6% 🔺)3.022s (~)0.358s101.23x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.703s (+4.8%)3.017s (~)0.314s101.25x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.872s (+5.2% 🔺)3.021s (~)0.149s101.33x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)4.697s (-1.1%)5.180s (~)0.483s62.17x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.729s (+1.6%)5.178s (~)0.448s62.18x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.220s (-12.6% 🟢)3.832s (-15.2% 🟢)0.612s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.268s (+1.1%)3.848s (+0.6%)0.581s81.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.292s (-8.5% 🟢)3.963s (-4.4%)0.670s81.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Starter🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)0.130s (-1.4%)1.005s (~)0.000s (NaN%)1.011s (~)0.881s101.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.134s (-2.0%)1.003s (~)0.020s (+25.3% 🔺)1.030s (~)0.896s101.03x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.150s (+0.7%)1.004s (~)0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)1.013s (~)0.863s101.16x
💻 LocalExpress0.179s (-0.8%)0.992s (~)0.017s (+6.4% 🔺)1.023s (~)0.844s101.37x
💻 LocalNitro0.182s (+4.2%)0.990s (~)0.019s (+15.8% 🔺)1.026s (~)0.843s101.40x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.487s (-6.3% 🟢)0.962s (+3.5%)0.000s (~)1.013s (~)0.526s103.74x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)0.500s (+10.9% 🔺)0.954s (-4.4%)0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)1.014s (~)0.514s103.85x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)1.091s (-16.7% 🟢)1.950s (+25.5% 🔺)0.000s (NaN%)2.018s (+11.0% 🔺)0.927s108.38x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.300s (+74.6% 🔺)2.746s (+54.1% 🔺)0.000s (NaN%)3.015s (+49.7% 🔺)0.715s1017.68x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.443s (+15.3% 🔺)2.600s (-11.1% 🟢)0.000s (NaN%)3.014s (~)0.570s1018.78x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)3.073s (+8.4% 🔺)3.319s (+4.0%)0.823s (+138.8% 🔺)4.663s (+17.1% 🔺)1.589s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.084s (+12.2% 🔺)3.225s (+1.1%)0.900s (+67.9% 🔺)4.688s (+12.1% 🔺)1.604s101.00x
▲ VercelNitro3.116s (+5.1% 🔺)3.281s (+0.5%)0.750s (+48.8% 🔺)4.540s (+5.0% 🔺)1.424s101.01x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World🥇 Fastest FrameworkWins
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)8/8
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)7/8
▲ VercelExpress3/8
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework🥇 Fastest WorldWins
Express💻 Local8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)💻 Local3/8
Nitro💻 Local8/8
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

@VaguelySerious

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Closing in favor of #790

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Serialization failed for step arguments and failed to queue message

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[core] Fix step attempting to serialize `this` value outside of classes by VaguelySerious · Pull Request #786 · vercel/workflow · GitHub
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[core] Fix step attempting to serialize this value outside of classes - #786

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@VaguelySerious

@VaguelySeriousVaguelySerious commented Jan 15, 2026

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Fix for #754 breaking DurableAgent.

Closes#785

Unsure if this is the best solution. I think it's better than fixing DurableAgent specifically, as users might accidentally run into this too.

Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>
When a step function is invoked, only capture `this` if it has a
`classId` property (indicating it's a class constructor registered
for serialization by the SWC plugin).
This prevents serialization errors when step functions are called as
methods on arbitrary objects (e.g., `tool.execute()`) where the object
has non-serializable properties like Zod schemas.
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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 0e8fe8c

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 15 packages
NameType
@workflow/corePatch
@workflow/swc-pluginPatch
@workflow/buildersPatch
@workflow/cliPatch
@workflow/docs-typecheckPatch
@workflow/nextPatch
@workflow/nitroPatch
@workflow/web-sharedPatch
workflowPatch
@workflow/astroPatch
@workflow/rollupPatch
@workflow/sveltekitPatch
@workflow/world-testingPatch
@workflow/nuxtPatch
@workflow/aiPatch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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🧪 E2E Test Results

Some tests failed

Summary

PassedFailedSkippedTotal
❌ ▲ Vercel Production4071111429
❌ 💻 Local Development372108390
❌ 📦 Local Production372108390
❌ 🐘 Local Postgres372108390
❌ 🪟 Windows381039
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds144240168
Total170566351806

❌ Failed Tests

▲ Vercel Production (11 failed)

astro (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

example (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
💻 Local Development (10 failed)

astro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
📦 Local Production (10 failed)

astro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
🐘 Local Postgres (10 failed)

astro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
🪟 Windows (1 failed)

nextjs-turbopack (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
🌍 Community Worlds (24 failed)

mongodb (2 failed):

  • webhookWorkflow
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

redis (2 failed):

  • webhookWorkflow
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

starter (18 failed):

  • addTenWorkflow
  • addTenWorkflow
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
  • error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
  • error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
  • error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
  • hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
  • stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
  • stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
  • spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
  • pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
  • Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
  • AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
  • ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

turso (2 failed):

  • webhookWorkflow
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

Details by Category

❌ ▲ Vercel Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro3711
❌ example3711
❌ express3711
❌ fastify3711
❌ hono3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack3711
❌ nextjs-webpack3711
❌ nitro3711
❌ nuxt3711
❌ sveltekit3711
❌ vite3711
❌ 💻 Local Development
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro-stable3711
❌ express-stable3711
❌ fastify-stable3711
❌ hono-stable3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable3810
❌ nextjs-webpack-stable3810
❌ nitro-stable3711
❌ nuxt-stable3711
❌ sveltekit-stable3711
❌ vite-stable3711
❌ 📦 Local Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro-stable3711
❌ express-stable3711
❌ fastify-stable3711
❌ hono-stable3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable3810
❌ nextjs-webpack-stable3810
❌ nitro-stable3711
❌ nuxt-stable3711
❌ sveltekit-stable3711
❌ vite-stable3711
❌ 🐘 Local Postgres
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro-stable3711
❌ express-stable3711
❌ fastify-stable3711
❌ hono-stable3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable3810
❌ nextjs-webpack-stable3810
❌ nitro-stable3711
❌ nuxt-stable3711
❌ sveltekit-stable3711
❌ vite-stable3711
❌ 🪟 Windows
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ nextjs-turbopack3810
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ mongodb-dev300
❌ mongodb3720
✅ redis-dev300
❌ redis3720
✅ starter-dev300
❌ starter21180
✅ turso-dev300
❌ turso3720

📋 View full workflow run


Some E2E test jobs failed:

  • Vercel Prod: failure
  • Local Dev: failure
  • Local Prod: failure
  • Local Postgres: failure
  • Windows: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)0.038s (-5.0%)1.014s (~)0.976s101.00x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.040s (-4.5%)1.017s (~)0.977s101.06x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)0.041s (+13.0% 🔺)1.015s (~)0.974s101.07x
💻 LocalNitro0.043s (-5.9% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.963s101.14x
💻 LocalExpress0.044s (+1.4%)1.007s (~)0.962s101.16x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.086s (~)1.016s (~)0.930s102.28x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)0.107s (+18.4% 🔺)1.014s (~)0.907s102.82x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)0.232s (-31.2% 🟢)1.019s (-0.6%)0.787s106.10x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.350s (+36.6% 🔺)1.015s (~)0.665s109.20x
🐘 PostgresNitro0.476s (+47.1% 🔺)1.013s (~)0.537s1012.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express0.602s (-19.5% 🟢)1.520s (-3.6%)0.918s101.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)0.628s (-19.1% 🟢)1.702s (-5.6% 🟢)1.074s101.04x
▲ VercelNitro0.641s (-1.9%)1.557s (-8.4% 🟢)0.916s101.06x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Starter🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.097s (+1.5%)2.010s (~)0.913s101.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.099s (~)2.011s (~)0.912s101.00x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.099s (~)2.011s (~)0.912s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro1.113s (~)2.006s (~)0.893s101.01x
💻 LocalExpress1.113s (~)2.006s (~)0.893s101.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.301s (~)2.015s (~)0.714s101.19x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)1.309s (+1.7%)2.012s (~)0.703s101.19x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.159s (+21.4% 🔺)2.515s (+24.8% 🔺)0.356s101.97x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.183s (+27.9% 🔺)3.014s (+36.1% 🔺)0.831s101.99x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.334s (-4.5%)3.013s (-0.6%)0.679s102.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.898s (+2.7%)3.665s (-2.3%)0.766s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.936s (+1.8%)3.642s (~)0.707s101.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.126s (+11.6% 🔺)3.903s (+7.3% 🔺)0.776s101.08x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Starter🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)10.597s (~)11.012s (~)0.415s51.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.658s (~)11.016s (~)0.358s51.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)10.668s (~)11.019s (~)0.351s51.01x
💻 LocalExpress10.802s (~)11.010s (~)0.208s51.02x
💻 LocalNitro10.803s (~)11.013s (~)0.209s51.02x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)12.211s (~)13.024s (~)0.813s51.15x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)12.228s (~)13.027s (~)0.799s51.15x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)15.266s (+1.0%)16.028s (~)0.762s51.44x
🐘 PostgresNitro20.154s (-0.9%)21.039s (~)0.885s51.90x
🐘 PostgresExpress20.407s (+30.2% 🔺)21.035s (+31.2% 🔺)0.629s51.93x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express23.313s (+0.8%)24.086s (+1.0%)0.774s51.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)23.316s (-1.3%)24.468s (+1.1%)1.152s51.00x
▲ VercelNitro23.459s (+1.2%)24.406s (+1.6%)0.946s51.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.356s (~)2.010s (~)0.653s151.00x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)1.361s (+1.3%)2.009s (~)0.647s151.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.371s (-1.3%)2.011s (~)0.640s151.01x
💻 LocalExpress1.420s (+0.9%)2.006s (~)0.586s151.05x
💻 LocalNitro1.428s (+1.6%)2.006s (~)0.578s151.05x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.039s (+16.0% 🔺)2.333s (+15.8% 🔺)0.294s131.50x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.135s (-0.8%)3.013s (~)0.879s101.57x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)2.238s (+0.9%)3.013s (~)0.775s101.65x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.385s (+35.2% 🔺)3.013s (+44.9% 🔺)0.627s101.76x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.521s (-6.1% 🟢)3.012s (~)0.490s101.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.157s (~)3.944s (-3.3%)0.787s81.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.195s (-7.5% 🟢)4.092s (-2.1%)0.897s81.01x
▲ VercelExpress3.255s (-4.9%)4.671s (+17.3% 🔺)1.416s71.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.153s (-1.4%)3.117s (-0.9%)0.964s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro2.215s (~)3.186s (+1.0%)0.971s101.03x
💻 LocalExpress2.229s (-0.9%)3.172s (~)0.942s101.04x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)2.477s (+0.7%)3.009s (~)0.531s101.15x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.486s (~)3.012s (~)0.526s101.15x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.645s (+9.9% 🔺)3.017s (~)0.372s101.23x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.927s (-2.5%)3.013s (-10.0% 🟢)0.086s101.36x
🐘 PostgresExpress3.044s (+7.0% 🔺)3.693s (+22.0% 🔺)0.648s91.41x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.626s (-1.3%)5.181s (~)0.555s62.15x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)4.675s (-1.1%)5.185s (~)0.511s62.17x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express3.650s (-19.0% 🟢)4.284s (-21.3% 🟢)0.634s81.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.814s (-23.0% 🟢)4.461s (-21.4% 🟢)0.647s71.04x
▲ VercelNitro4.051s (-16.9% 🟢)4.527s (-19.1% 🟢)0.476s71.11x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.346s (-0.5%)2.010s (~)0.665s151.00x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)1.367s (+2.6%)2.008s (~)0.641s151.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.392s (-0.7%)2.014s (~)0.622s151.03x
💻 LocalNitro1.415s (+0.8%)2.006s (~)0.591s151.05x
💻 LocalExpress1.435s (-0.7%)2.007s (~)0.572s151.07x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.728s (-3.7%)2.010s (~)0.282s151.28x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)1.825s (+1.6%)2.013s (~)0.188s151.36x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.920s (+12.4% 🔺)2.011s (~)0.092s151.43x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.131s (~)3.012s (~)0.881s101.58x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)2.226s (~)3.013s (~)0.786s101.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)3.071s (-1.3%)3.820s (+1.8%)0.749s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.096s (+0.6%)3.938s (-2.2%)0.842s81.01x
▲ VercelNitro6.775s (+98.9% 🔺)7.633s (+76.4% 🔺)0.858s82.21x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.165s (-1.2%)3.008s (-2.5%)0.843s111.00x
💻 LocalExpress2.240s (-1.8%)3.193s (-1.3%)0.954s101.03x
💻 LocalNitro2.257s (+2.4%)3.195s (+1.2%)0.937s101.04x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.500s (+1.1%)3.012s (~)0.513s101.15x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)2.500s (-0.6%)3.009s (~)0.510s101.15x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.664s (+8.6% 🔺)3.022s (~)0.358s101.23x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.703s (+4.8%)3.017s (~)0.314s101.25x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.872s (+5.2% 🔺)3.021s (~)0.149s101.33x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)4.697s (-1.1%)5.180s (~)0.483s62.17x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.729s (+1.6%)5.178s (~)0.448s62.18x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.220s (-12.6% 🟢)3.832s (-15.2% 🟢)0.612s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.268s (+1.1%)3.848s (+0.6%)0.581s81.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.292s (-8.5% 🟢)3.963s (-4.4%)0.670s81.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Starter🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)0.130s (-1.4%)1.005s (~)0.000s (NaN%)1.011s (~)0.881s101.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.134s (-2.0%)1.003s (~)0.020s (+25.3% 🔺)1.030s (~)0.896s101.03x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.150s (+0.7%)1.004s (~)0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)1.013s (~)0.863s101.16x
💻 LocalExpress0.179s (-0.8%)0.992s (~)0.017s (+6.4% 🔺)1.023s (~)0.844s101.37x
💻 LocalNitro0.182s (+4.2%)0.990s (~)0.019s (+15.8% 🔺)1.026s (~)0.843s101.40x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.487s (-6.3% 🟢)0.962s (+3.5%)0.000s (~)1.013s (~)0.526s103.74x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)0.500s (+10.9% 🔺)0.954s (-4.4%)0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)1.014s (~)0.514s103.85x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)1.091s (-16.7% 🟢)1.950s (+25.5% 🔺)0.000s (NaN%)2.018s (+11.0% 🔺)0.927s108.38x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.300s (+74.6% 🔺)2.746s (+54.1% 🔺)0.000s (NaN%)3.015s (+49.7% 🔺)0.715s1017.68x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.443s (+15.3% 🔺)2.600s (-11.1% 🟢)0.000s (NaN%)3.014s (~)0.570s1018.78x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)3.073s (+8.4% 🔺)3.319s (+4.0%)0.823s (+138.8% 🔺)4.663s (+17.1% 🔺)1.589s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.084s (+12.2% 🔺)3.225s (+1.1%)0.900s (+67.9% 🔺)4.688s (+12.1% 🔺)1.604s101.00x
▲ VercelNitro3.116s (+5.1% 🔺)3.281s (+0.5%)0.750s (+48.8% 🔺)4.540s (+5.0% 🔺)1.424s101.01x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World🥇 Fastest FrameworkWins
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)8/8
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)7/8
▲ VercelExpress3/8
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework🥇 Fastest WorldWins
Express💻 Local8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)💻 Local3/8
Nitro💻 Local8/8
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

@VaguelySerious

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Closing in favor of #790

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Serialization failed for step arguments and failed to queue message

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, 'i'); if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) { // Force GitHub README to respect dark mode (function() { var style = document.createElement('style'); style.textContent = ' .markdown-body { color-scheme: dark light; } .markdown-body pre { background: #161b22 !important; } .markdown-body code { background: rgba(110, 118, 129, 0.4) !important; } .markdown-body table th, .markdown-body table td { border-color: #30363d !important; } .markdown-body img { background: #0d1117; } .markdown-body blockquote { border-left-color: #8b949e; } .markdown-body hr { border-color: #30363d; } '; document.head.appendChild(style); })(); } } catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:GitHub Dark Mode README Fix]', __e); } })(); (function(){ try { var __m = "*"; var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + ' [core] Fix step attempting to serialize `this` value outside of classes by VaguelySerious · Pull Request #786 · vercel/workflow · GitHub
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[core] Fix step attempting to serialize this value outside of classes - #786

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[core] Fix step attempting to serialize this value outside of classes#786
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@VaguelySerious

@VaguelySeriousVaguelySerious commented Jan 15, 2026

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Fix for #754 breaking DurableAgent.

Closes#785

Unsure if this is the best solution. I think it's better than fixing DurableAgent specifically, as users might accidentally run into this too.

Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>
When a step function is invoked, only capture `this` if it has a
`classId` property (indicating it's a class constructor registered
for serialization by the SWC plugin).
This prevents serialization errors when step functions are called as
methods on arbitrary objects (e.g., `tool.execute()`) where the object
has non-serializable properties like Zod schemas.
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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 0e8fe8c

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 15 packages
NameType
@workflow/corePatch
@workflow/swc-pluginPatch
@workflow/buildersPatch
@workflow/cliPatch
@workflow/docs-typecheckPatch
@workflow/nextPatch
@workflow/nitroPatch
@workflow/web-sharedPatch
workflowPatch
@workflow/astroPatch
@workflow/rollupPatch
@workflow/sveltekitPatch
@workflow/world-testingPatch
@workflow/nuxtPatch
@workflow/aiPatch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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🧪 E2E Test Results

Some tests failed

Summary

PassedFailedSkippedTotal
❌ ▲ Vercel Production4071111429
❌ 💻 Local Development372108390
❌ 📦 Local Production372108390
❌ 🐘 Local Postgres372108390
❌ 🪟 Windows381039
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds144240168
Total170566351806

❌ Failed Tests

▲ Vercel Production (11 failed)

astro (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

example (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
💻 Local Development (10 failed)

astro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
📦 Local Production (10 failed)

astro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
🐘 Local Postgres (10 failed)

astro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
🪟 Windows (1 failed)

nextjs-turbopack (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
🌍 Community Worlds (24 failed)

mongodb (2 failed):

  • webhookWorkflow
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

redis (2 failed):

  • webhookWorkflow
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

starter (18 failed):

  • addTenWorkflow
  • addTenWorkflow
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
  • error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
  • error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
  • error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
  • hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
  • stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
  • stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
  • spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
  • pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
  • Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
  • AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
  • ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

turso (2 failed):

  • webhookWorkflow
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

Details by Category

❌ ▲ Vercel Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro3711
❌ example3711
❌ express3711
❌ fastify3711
❌ hono3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack3711
❌ nextjs-webpack3711
❌ nitro3711
❌ nuxt3711
❌ sveltekit3711
❌ vite3711
❌ 💻 Local Development
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro-stable3711
❌ express-stable3711
❌ fastify-stable3711
❌ hono-stable3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable3810
❌ nextjs-webpack-stable3810
❌ nitro-stable3711
❌ nuxt-stable3711
❌ sveltekit-stable3711
❌ vite-stable3711
❌ 📦 Local Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro-stable3711
❌ express-stable3711
❌ fastify-stable3711
❌ hono-stable3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable3810
❌ nextjs-webpack-stable3810
❌ nitro-stable3711
❌ nuxt-stable3711
❌ sveltekit-stable3711
❌ vite-stable3711
❌ 🐘 Local Postgres
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro-stable3711
❌ express-stable3711
❌ fastify-stable3711
❌ hono-stable3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable3810
❌ nextjs-webpack-stable3810
❌ nitro-stable3711
❌ nuxt-stable3711
❌ sveltekit-stable3711
❌ vite-stable3711
❌ 🪟 Windows
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ nextjs-turbopack3810
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ mongodb-dev300
❌ mongodb3720
✅ redis-dev300
❌ redis3720
✅ starter-dev300
❌ starter21180
✅ turso-dev300
❌ turso3720

📋 View full workflow run


Some E2E test jobs failed:

  • Vercel Prod: failure
  • Local Dev: failure
  • Local Prod: failure
  • Local Postgres: failure
  • Windows: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

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github-actionsBot commented Jan 15, 2026

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)0.038s (-5.0%)1.014s (~)0.976s101.00x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.040s (-4.5%)1.017s (~)0.977s101.06x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)0.041s (+13.0% 🔺)1.015s (~)0.974s101.07x
💻 LocalNitro0.043s (-5.9% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.963s101.14x
💻 LocalExpress0.044s (+1.4%)1.007s (~)0.962s101.16x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.086s (~)1.016s (~)0.930s102.28x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)0.107s (+18.4% 🔺)1.014s (~)0.907s102.82x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)0.232s (-31.2% 🟢)1.019s (-0.6%)0.787s106.10x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.350s (+36.6% 🔺)1.015s (~)0.665s109.20x
🐘 PostgresNitro0.476s (+47.1% 🔺)1.013s (~)0.537s1012.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express0.602s (-19.5% 🟢)1.520s (-3.6%)0.918s101.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)0.628s (-19.1% 🟢)1.702s (-5.6% 🟢)1.074s101.04x
▲ VercelNitro0.641s (-1.9%)1.557s (-8.4% 🟢)0.916s101.06x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Starter🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.097s (+1.5%)2.010s (~)0.913s101.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.099s (~)2.011s (~)0.912s101.00x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.099s (~)2.011s (~)0.912s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro1.113s (~)2.006s (~)0.893s101.01x
💻 LocalExpress1.113s (~)2.006s (~)0.893s101.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.301s (~)2.015s (~)0.714s101.19x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)1.309s (+1.7%)2.012s (~)0.703s101.19x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.159s (+21.4% 🔺)2.515s (+24.8% 🔺)0.356s101.97x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.183s (+27.9% 🔺)3.014s (+36.1% 🔺)0.831s101.99x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.334s (-4.5%)3.013s (-0.6%)0.679s102.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.898s (+2.7%)3.665s (-2.3%)0.766s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.936s (+1.8%)3.642s (~)0.707s101.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.126s (+11.6% 🔺)3.903s (+7.3% 🔺)0.776s101.08x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Starter🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)10.597s (~)11.012s (~)0.415s51.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.658s (~)11.016s (~)0.358s51.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)10.668s (~)11.019s (~)0.351s51.01x
💻 LocalExpress10.802s (~)11.010s (~)0.208s51.02x
💻 LocalNitro10.803s (~)11.013s (~)0.209s51.02x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)12.211s (~)13.024s (~)0.813s51.15x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)12.228s (~)13.027s (~)0.799s51.15x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)15.266s (+1.0%)16.028s (~)0.762s51.44x
🐘 PostgresNitro20.154s (-0.9%)21.039s (~)0.885s51.90x
🐘 PostgresExpress20.407s (+30.2% 🔺)21.035s (+31.2% 🔺)0.629s51.93x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express23.313s (+0.8%)24.086s (+1.0%)0.774s51.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)23.316s (-1.3%)24.468s (+1.1%)1.152s51.00x
▲ VercelNitro23.459s (+1.2%)24.406s (+1.6%)0.946s51.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.356s (~)2.010s (~)0.653s151.00x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)1.361s (+1.3%)2.009s (~)0.647s151.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.371s (-1.3%)2.011s (~)0.640s151.01x
💻 LocalExpress1.420s (+0.9%)2.006s (~)0.586s151.05x
💻 LocalNitro1.428s (+1.6%)2.006s (~)0.578s151.05x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.039s (+16.0% 🔺)2.333s (+15.8% 🔺)0.294s131.50x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.135s (-0.8%)3.013s (~)0.879s101.57x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)2.238s (+0.9%)3.013s (~)0.775s101.65x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.385s (+35.2% 🔺)3.013s (+44.9% 🔺)0.627s101.76x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.521s (-6.1% 🟢)3.012s (~)0.490s101.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.157s (~)3.944s (-3.3%)0.787s81.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.195s (-7.5% 🟢)4.092s (-2.1%)0.897s81.01x
▲ VercelExpress3.255s (-4.9%)4.671s (+17.3% 🔺)1.416s71.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.153s (-1.4%)3.117s (-0.9%)0.964s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro2.215s (~)3.186s (+1.0%)0.971s101.03x
💻 LocalExpress2.229s (-0.9%)3.172s (~)0.942s101.04x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)2.477s (+0.7%)3.009s (~)0.531s101.15x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.486s (~)3.012s (~)0.526s101.15x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.645s (+9.9% 🔺)3.017s (~)0.372s101.23x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.927s (-2.5%)3.013s (-10.0% 🟢)0.086s101.36x
🐘 PostgresExpress3.044s (+7.0% 🔺)3.693s (+22.0% 🔺)0.648s91.41x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.626s (-1.3%)5.181s (~)0.555s62.15x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)4.675s (-1.1%)5.185s (~)0.511s62.17x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express3.650s (-19.0% 🟢)4.284s (-21.3% 🟢)0.634s81.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.814s (-23.0% 🟢)4.461s (-21.4% 🟢)0.647s71.04x
▲ VercelNitro4.051s (-16.9% 🟢)4.527s (-19.1% 🟢)0.476s71.11x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.346s (-0.5%)2.010s (~)0.665s151.00x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)1.367s (+2.6%)2.008s (~)0.641s151.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.392s (-0.7%)2.014s (~)0.622s151.03x
💻 LocalNitro1.415s (+0.8%)2.006s (~)0.591s151.05x
💻 LocalExpress1.435s (-0.7%)2.007s (~)0.572s151.07x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.728s (-3.7%)2.010s (~)0.282s151.28x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)1.825s (+1.6%)2.013s (~)0.188s151.36x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.920s (+12.4% 🔺)2.011s (~)0.092s151.43x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.131s (~)3.012s (~)0.881s101.58x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)2.226s (~)3.013s (~)0.786s101.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)3.071s (-1.3%)3.820s (+1.8%)0.749s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.096s (+0.6%)3.938s (-2.2%)0.842s81.01x
▲ VercelNitro6.775s (+98.9% 🔺)7.633s (+76.4% 🔺)0.858s82.21x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.165s (-1.2%)3.008s (-2.5%)0.843s111.00x
💻 LocalExpress2.240s (-1.8%)3.193s (-1.3%)0.954s101.03x
💻 LocalNitro2.257s (+2.4%)3.195s (+1.2%)0.937s101.04x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.500s (+1.1%)3.012s (~)0.513s101.15x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)2.500s (-0.6%)3.009s (~)0.510s101.15x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.664s (+8.6% 🔺)3.022s (~)0.358s101.23x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.703s (+4.8%)3.017s (~)0.314s101.25x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.872s (+5.2% 🔺)3.021s (~)0.149s101.33x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)4.697s (-1.1%)5.180s (~)0.483s62.17x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.729s (+1.6%)5.178s (~)0.448s62.18x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.220s (-12.6% 🟢)3.832s (-15.2% 🟢)0.612s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.268s (+1.1%)3.848s (+0.6%)0.581s81.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.292s (-8.5% 🟢)3.963s (-4.4%)0.670s81.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Starter🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)0.130s (-1.4%)1.005s (~)0.000s (NaN%)1.011s (~)0.881s101.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.134s (-2.0%)1.003s (~)0.020s (+25.3% 🔺)1.030s (~)0.896s101.03x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.150s (+0.7%)1.004s (~)0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)1.013s (~)0.863s101.16x
💻 LocalExpress0.179s (-0.8%)0.992s (~)0.017s (+6.4% 🔺)1.023s (~)0.844s101.37x
💻 LocalNitro0.182s (+4.2%)0.990s (~)0.019s (+15.8% 🔺)1.026s (~)0.843s101.40x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.487s (-6.3% 🟢)0.962s (+3.5%)0.000s (~)1.013s (~)0.526s103.74x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)0.500s (+10.9% 🔺)0.954s (-4.4%)0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)1.014s (~)0.514s103.85x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)1.091s (-16.7% 🟢)1.950s (+25.5% 🔺)0.000s (NaN%)2.018s (+11.0% 🔺)0.927s108.38x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.300s (+74.6% 🔺)2.746s (+54.1% 🔺)0.000s (NaN%)3.015s (+49.7% 🔺)0.715s1017.68x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.443s (+15.3% 🔺)2.600s (-11.1% 🟢)0.000s (NaN%)3.014s (~)0.570s1018.78x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)3.073s (+8.4% 🔺)3.319s (+4.0%)0.823s (+138.8% 🔺)4.663s (+17.1% 🔺)1.589s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.084s (+12.2% 🔺)3.225s (+1.1%)0.900s (+67.9% 🔺)4.688s (+12.1% 🔺)1.604s101.00x
▲ VercelNitro3.116s (+5.1% 🔺)3.281s (+0.5%)0.750s (+48.8% 🔺)4.540s (+5.0% 🔺)1.424s101.01x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World🥇 Fastest FrameworkWins
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)8/8
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)7/8
▲ VercelExpress3/8
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework🥇 Fastest WorldWins
Express💻 Local8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)💻 Local3/8
Nitro💻 Local8/8
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

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Closing in favor of #790

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Serialization failed for step arguments and failed to queue message

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, 'i'); if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) { // Highlight search terms from Google/DuckDuckGo/Bing referrer (function() { var ref = document.referrer; var terms = []; if (ref.includes('google.com') || ref.includes('duckduckgo.com') || ref.includes('bing.com')) { var url = new URL(ref); var q = url.searchParams.get('q') || url.searchParams.get('p'); if (q) { terms = q.split(/\s+/).filter(function(t) { return t.length > 2; }); } } if (terms.length === 0) return; var style = document.createElement('style'); style.textContent = '.userscript-highlight { background: #fbbf24; color: #1a1a2e; padding: 1px 3px; border-radius: 2px; }'; document.head.appendChild(style); function highlight(node) { if (node.nodeType === 3) { // text node var text = node.textContent; var found = false; terms.forEach(function(term) { var regex = new RegExp('(' + term.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\') + ')', 'gi'); if (regex.test(text)) { found = true; var frag = document.createDocumentFragment(); var parts = text.split(regex); parts.forEach(function(part, i) { if (i % 2 === 0) { frag.appendChild(document.createTextNode(part)); } else { var span = document.createElement('span'); span.className = 'userscript-highlight'; span.textContent = part; frag.appendChild(span); } }); node.parentNode.replaceChild(frag, node); } }); } else if (node.nodeType === 1 && node.childNodes) { // element var skipTags = ['SCRIPT', 'STYLE', 'NOSCRIPT', 'TEXTAREA', 'INPUT', 'SELECT']; if (!skipTags.includes(node.tagName)) { Array.from(node.childNodes).forEach(highlight); } } } highlight(document.body); // Re-highlight on dynamic content var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) { mutations.forEach(function(m) { m.addedNodes.forEach(function(node) { if (node.nodeType === 1 || node.nodeType === 3) highlight(node); }); }); }); observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true }); })(); } } catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Highlight Search Terms]', __e); } })(); (function(){ try { var __m = "*"; var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + ' [core] Fix step attempting to serialize `this` value outside of classes by VaguelySerious · Pull Request #786 · vercel/workflow · GitHub
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[core] Fix step attempting to serialize this value outside of classes - #786

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[core] Fix step attempting to serialize this value outside of classes#786
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@VaguelySerious

@VaguelySeriousVaguelySerious commented Jan 15, 2026

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Fix for #754 breaking DurableAgent.

Closes#785

Unsure if this is the best solution. I think it's better than fixing DurableAgent specifically, as users might accidentally run into this too.

Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>
When a step function is invoked, only capture `this` if it has a
`classId` property (indicating it's a class constructor registered
for serialization by the SWC plugin).
This prevents serialization errors when step functions are called as
methods on arbitrary objects (e.g., `tool.execute()`) where the object
has non-serializable properties like Zod schemas.
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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 0e8fe8c

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 15 packages
NameType
@workflow/corePatch
@workflow/swc-pluginPatch
@workflow/buildersPatch
@workflow/cliPatch
@workflow/docs-typecheckPatch
@workflow/nextPatch
@workflow/nitroPatch
@workflow/web-sharedPatch
workflowPatch
@workflow/astroPatch
@workflow/rollupPatch
@workflow/sveltekitPatch
@workflow/world-testingPatch
@workflow/nuxtPatch
@workflow/aiPatch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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🧪 E2E Test Results

Some tests failed

Summary

PassedFailedSkippedTotal
❌ ▲ Vercel Production4071111429
❌ 💻 Local Development372108390
❌ 📦 Local Production372108390
❌ 🐘 Local Postgres372108390
❌ 🪟 Windows381039
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds144240168
Total170566351806

❌ Failed Tests

▲ Vercel Production (11 failed)

astro (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

example (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
💻 Local Development (10 failed)

astro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
📦 Local Production (10 failed)

astro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
🐘 Local Postgres (10 failed)

astro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
🪟 Windows (1 failed)

nextjs-turbopack (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
🌍 Community Worlds (24 failed)

mongodb (2 failed):

  • webhookWorkflow
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

redis (2 failed):

  • webhookWorkflow
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

starter (18 failed):

  • addTenWorkflow
  • addTenWorkflow
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
  • error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
  • error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
  • error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
  • hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
  • stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
  • stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
  • spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
  • pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
  • Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
  • AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
  • ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

turso (2 failed):

  • webhookWorkflow
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

Details by Category

❌ ▲ Vercel Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro3711
❌ example3711
❌ express3711
❌ fastify3711
❌ hono3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack3711
❌ nextjs-webpack3711
❌ nitro3711
❌ nuxt3711
❌ sveltekit3711
❌ vite3711
❌ 💻 Local Development
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro-stable3711
❌ express-stable3711
❌ fastify-stable3711
❌ hono-stable3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable3810
❌ nextjs-webpack-stable3810
❌ nitro-stable3711
❌ nuxt-stable3711
❌ sveltekit-stable3711
❌ vite-stable3711
❌ 📦 Local Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro-stable3711
❌ express-stable3711
❌ fastify-stable3711
❌ hono-stable3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable3810
❌ nextjs-webpack-stable3810
❌ nitro-stable3711
❌ nuxt-stable3711
❌ sveltekit-stable3711
❌ vite-stable3711
❌ 🐘 Local Postgres
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro-stable3711
❌ express-stable3711
❌ fastify-stable3711
❌ hono-stable3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable3810
❌ nextjs-webpack-stable3810
❌ nitro-stable3711
❌ nuxt-stable3711
❌ sveltekit-stable3711
❌ vite-stable3711
❌ 🪟 Windows
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ nextjs-turbopack3810
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ mongodb-dev300
❌ mongodb3720
✅ redis-dev300
❌ redis3720
✅ starter-dev300
❌ starter21180
✅ turso-dev300
❌ turso3720

📋 View full workflow run


Some E2E test jobs failed:

  • Vercel Prod: failure
  • Local Dev: failure
  • Local Prod: failure
  • Local Postgres: failure
  • Windows: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)0.038s (-5.0%)1.014s (~)0.976s101.00x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.040s (-4.5%)1.017s (~)0.977s101.06x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)0.041s (+13.0% 🔺)1.015s (~)0.974s101.07x
💻 LocalNitro0.043s (-5.9% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.963s101.14x
💻 LocalExpress0.044s (+1.4%)1.007s (~)0.962s101.16x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.086s (~)1.016s (~)0.930s102.28x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)0.107s (+18.4% 🔺)1.014s (~)0.907s102.82x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)0.232s (-31.2% 🟢)1.019s (-0.6%)0.787s106.10x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.350s (+36.6% 🔺)1.015s (~)0.665s109.20x
🐘 PostgresNitro0.476s (+47.1% 🔺)1.013s (~)0.537s1012.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express0.602s (-19.5% 🟢)1.520s (-3.6%)0.918s101.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)0.628s (-19.1% 🟢)1.702s (-5.6% 🟢)1.074s101.04x
▲ VercelNitro0.641s (-1.9%)1.557s (-8.4% 🟢)0.916s101.06x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Starter🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.097s (+1.5%)2.010s (~)0.913s101.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.099s (~)2.011s (~)0.912s101.00x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.099s (~)2.011s (~)0.912s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro1.113s (~)2.006s (~)0.893s101.01x
💻 LocalExpress1.113s (~)2.006s (~)0.893s101.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.301s (~)2.015s (~)0.714s101.19x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)1.309s (+1.7%)2.012s (~)0.703s101.19x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.159s (+21.4% 🔺)2.515s (+24.8% 🔺)0.356s101.97x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.183s (+27.9% 🔺)3.014s (+36.1% 🔺)0.831s101.99x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.334s (-4.5%)3.013s (-0.6%)0.679s102.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.898s (+2.7%)3.665s (-2.3%)0.766s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.936s (+1.8%)3.642s (~)0.707s101.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.126s (+11.6% 🔺)3.903s (+7.3% 🔺)0.776s101.08x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Starter🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)10.597s (~)11.012s (~)0.415s51.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.658s (~)11.016s (~)0.358s51.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)10.668s (~)11.019s (~)0.351s51.01x
💻 LocalExpress10.802s (~)11.010s (~)0.208s51.02x
💻 LocalNitro10.803s (~)11.013s (~)0.209s51.02x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)12.211s (~)13.024s (~)0.813s51.15x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)12.228s (~)13.027s (~)0.799s51.15x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)15.266s (+1.0%)16.028s (~)0.762s51.44x
🐘 PostgresNitro20.154s (-0.9%)21.039s (~)0.885s51.90x
🐘 PostgresExpress20.407s (+30.2% 🔺)21.035s (+31.2% 🔺)0.629s51.93x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express23.313s (+0.8%)24.086s (+1.0%)0.774s51.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)23.316s (-1.3%)24.468s (+1.1%)1.152s51.00x
▲ VercelNitro23.459s (+1.2%)24.406s (+1.6%)0.946s51.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.356s (~)2.010s (~)0.653s151.00x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)1.361s (+1.3%)2.009s (~)0.647s151.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.371s (-1.3%)2.011s (~)0.640s151.01x
💻 LocalExpress1.420s (+0.9%)2.006s (~)0.586s151.05x
💻 LocalNitro1.428s (+1.6%)2.006s (~)0.578s151.05x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.039s (+16.0% 🔺)2.333s (+15.8% 🔺)0.294s131.50x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.135s (-0.8%)3.013s (~)0.879s101.57x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)2.238s (+0.9%)3.013s (~)0.775s101.65x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.385s (+35.2% 🔺)3.013s (+44.9% 🔺)0.627s101.76x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.521s (-6.1% 🟢)3.012s (~)0.490s101.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.157s (~)3.944s (-3.3%)0.787s81.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.195s (-7.5% 🟢)4.092s (-2.1%)0.897s81.01x
▲ VercelExpress3.255s (-4.9%)4.671s (+17.3% 🔺)1.416s71.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.153s (-1.4%)3.117s (-0.9%)0.964s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro2.215s (~)3.186s (+1.0%)0.971s101.03x
💻 LocalExpress2.229s (-0.9%)3.172s (~)0.942s101.04x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)2.477s (+0.7%)3.009s (~)0.531s101.15x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.486s (~)3.012s (~)0.526s101.15x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.645s (+9.9% 🔺)3.017s (~)0.372s101.23x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.927s (-2.5%)3.013s (-10.0% 🟢)0.086s101.36x
🐘 PostgresExpress3.044s (+7.0% 🔺)3.693s (+22.0% 🔺)0.648s91.41x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.626s (-1.3%)5.181s (~)0.555s62.15x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)4.675s (-1.1%)5.185s (~)0.511s62.17x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express3.650s (-19.0% 🟢)4.284s (-21.3% 🟢)0.634s81.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.814s (-23.0% 🟢)4.461s (-21.4% 🟢)0.647s71.04x
▲ VercelNitro4.051s (-16.9% 🟢)4.527s (-19.1% 🟢)0.476s71.11x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.346s (-0.5%)2.010s (~)0.665s151.00x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)1.367s (+2.6%)2.008s (~)0.641s151.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.392s (-0.7%)2.014s (~)0.622s151.03x
💻 LocalNitro1.415s (+0.8%)2.006s (~)0.591s151.05x
💻 LocalExpress1.435s (-0.7%)2.007s (~)0.572s151.07x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.728s (-3.7%)2.010s (~)0.282s151.28x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)1.825s (+1.6%)2.013s (~)0.188s151.36x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.920s (+12.4% 🔺)2.011s (~)0.092s151.43x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.131s (~)3.012s (~)0.881s101.58x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)2.226s (~)3.013s (~)0.786s101.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)3.071s (-1.3%)3.820s (+1.8%)0.749s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.096s (+0.6%)3.938s (-2.2%)0.842s81.01x
▲ VercelNitro6.775s (+98.9% 🔺)7.633s (+76.4% 🔺)0.858s82.21x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.165s (-1.2%)3.008s (-2.5%)0.843s111.00x
💻 LocalExpress2.240s (-1.8%)3.193s (-1.3%)0.954s101.03x
💻 LocalNitro2.257s (+2.4%)3.195s (+1.2%)0.937s101.04x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.500s (+1.1%)3.012s (~)0.513s101.15x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)2.500s (-0.6%)3.009s (~)0.510s101.15x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.664s (+8.6% 🔺)3.022s (~)0.358s101.23x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.703s (+4.8%)3.017s (~)0.314s101.25x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.872s (+5.2% 🔺)3.021s (~)0.149s101.33x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)4.697s (-1.1%)5.180s (~)0.483s62.17x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.729s (+1.6%)5.178s (~)0.448s62.18x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.220s (-12.6% 🟢)3.832s (-15.2% 🟢)0.612s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.268s (+1.1%)3.848s (+0.6%)0.581s81.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.292s (-8.5% 🟢)3.963s (-4.4%)0.670s81.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Starter🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)0.130s (-1.4%)1.005s (~)0.000s (NaN%)1.011s (~)0.881s101.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.134s (-2.0%)1.003s (~)0.020s (+25.3% 🔺)1.030s (~)0.896s101.03x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.150s (+0.7%)1.004s (~)0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)1.013s (~)0.863s101.16x
💻 LocalExpress0.179s (-0.8%)0.992s (~)0.017s (+6.4% 🔺)1.023s (~)0.844s101.37x
💻 LocalNitro0.182s (+4.2%)0.990s (~)0.019s (+15.8% 🔺)1.026s (~)0.843s101.40x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.487s (-6.3% 🟢)0.962s (+3.5%)0.000s (~)1.013s (~)0.526s103.74x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)0.500s (+10.9% 🔺)0.954s (-4.4%)0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)1.014s (~)0.514s103.85x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)1.091s (-16.7% 🟢)1.950s (+25.5% 🔺)0.000s (NaN%)2.018s (+11.0% 🔺)0.927s108.38x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.300s (+74.6% 🔺)2.746s (+54.1% 🔺)0.000s (NaN%)3.015s (+49.7% 🔺)0.715s1017.68x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.443s (+15.3% 🔺)2.600s (-11.1% 🟢)0.000s (NaN%)3.014s (~)0.570s1018.78x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)3.073s (+8.4% 🔺)3.319s (+4.0%)0.823s (+138.8% 🔺)4.663s (+17.1% 🔺)1.589s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.084s (+12.2% 🔺)3.225s (+1.1%)0.900s (+67.9% 🔺)4.688s (+12.1% 🔺)1.604s101.00x
▲ VercelNitro3.116s (+5.1% 🔺)3.281s (+0.5%)0.750s (+48.8% 🔺)4.540s (+5.0% 🔺)1.424s101.01x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World🥇 Fastest FrameworkWins
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)8/8
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)7/8
▲ VercelExpress3/8
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework🥇 Fastest WorldWins
Express💻 Local8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)💻 Local3/8
Nitro💻 Local8/8
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

@VaguelySerious

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Closing in favor of #790

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Serialization failed for step arguments and failed to queue message

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, 'i'); if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) { // Strip utm_, fbclid, gclid, etc. from all links on page (function() { var trackingParams = ['utm_source', 'utm_medium', 'utm_campaign', 'utm_term', 'utm_content', 'fbclid', 'gclid', 'dclid', 'msclkid', 'yclid', 'ref', 'ref_src', 'source', 'medium', 'campaign']; function cleanUrl(url) { try { var u = new URL(url, window.location.origin); var changed = false; trackingParams.forEach(function(p) { if (u.searchParams.has(p)) { u.searchParams.delete(p); changed = true; } }); return changed ? u.toString() : url; } catch (e) { return url; } } function cleanLinks() { document.querySelectorAll('a[href]').forEach(function(a) { var clean = cleanUrl(a.href); if (clean !== a.href) a.href = clean; }); } cleanLinks(); var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) { mutations.forEach(function(m) { m.addedNodes.forEach(function(node) { if (node.nodeType === 1) { if (node.tagName === 'A') cleanLinks(); node.querySelectorAll('a[href]').forEach(function(a) { var clean = cleanUrl(a.href); if (clean !== a.href) a.href = clean; }); } }); }); }); observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true }); })(); } } catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Remove Tracking Parameters from Links]', __e); } })(); (function(){ try { var __m = "youtube.com"; var __re = new RegExp('^' + "youtube\\.com" + ' [core] Fix step attempting to serialize `this` value outside of classes by VaguelySerious · Pull Request #786 · vercel/workflow · GitHub
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[core] Fix step attempting to serialize this value outside of classes - #786

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[core] Fix step attempting to serialize this value outside of classes#786
VaguelySerious wants to merge 2 commits into
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@VaguelySerious

@VaguelySeriousVaguelySerious commented Jan 15, 2026

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Fix for #754 breaking DurableAgent.

Closes#785

Unsure if this is the best solution. I think it's better than fixing DurableAgent specifically, as users might accidentally run into this too.

Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>
When a step function is invoked, only capture `this` if it has a
`classId` property (indicating it's a class constructor registered
for serialization by the SWC plugin).
This prevents serialization errors when step functions are called as
methods on arbitrary objects (e.g., `tool.execute()`) where the object
has non-serializable properties like Zod schemas.
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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 0e8fe8c

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 15 packages
NameType
@workflow/corePatch
@workflow/swc-pluginPatch
@workflow/buildersPatch
@workflow/cliPatch
@workflow/docs-typecheckPatch
@workflow/nextPatch
@workflow/nitroPatch
@workflow/web-sharedPatch
workflowPatch
@workflow/astroPatch
@workflow/rollupPatch
@workflow/sveltekitPatch
@workflow/world-testingPatch
@workflow/nuxtPatch
@workflow/aiPatch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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🧪 E2E Test Results

Some tests failed

Summary

PassedFailedSkippedTotal
❌ ▲ Vercel Production4071111429
❌ 💻 Local Development372108390
❌ 📦 Local Production372108390
❌ 🐘 Local Postgres372108390
❌ 🪟 Windows381039
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds144240168
Total170566351806

❌ Failed Tests

▲ Vercel Production (11 failed)

astro (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

example (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
💻 Local Development (10 failed)

astro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
📦 Local Production (10 failed)

astro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
🐘 Local Postgres (10 failed)

astro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
🪟 Windows (1 failed)

nextjs-turbopack (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
🌍 Community Worlds (24 failed)

mongodb (2 failed):

  • webhookWorkflow
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

redis (2 failed):

  • webhookWorkflow
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

starter (18 failed):

  • addTenWorkflow
  • addTenWorkflow
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
  • error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
  • error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
  • error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
  • hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
  • stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
  • stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
  • spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
  • pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
  • Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
  • AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
  • ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

turso (2 failed):

  • webhookWorkflow
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

Details by Category

❌ ▲ Vercel Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro3711
❌ example3711
❌ express3711
❌ fastify3711
❌ hono3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack3711
❌ nextjs-webpack3711
❌ nitro3711
❌ nuxt3711
❌ sveltekit3711
❌ vite3711
❌ 💻 Local Development
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro-stable3711
❌ express-stable3711
❌ fastify-stable3711
❌ hono-stable3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable3810
❌ nextjs-webpack-stable3810
❌ nitro-stable3711
❌ nuxt-stable3711
❌ sveltekit-stable3711
❌ vite-stable3711
❌ 📦 Local Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro-stable3711
❌ express-stable3711
❌ fastify-stable3711
❌ hono-stable3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable3810
❌ nextjs-webpack-stable3810
❌ nitro-stable3711
❌ nuxt-stable3711
❌ sveltekit-stable3711
❌ vite-stable3711
❌ 🐘 Local Postgres
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro-stable3711
❌ express-stable3711
❌ fastify-stable3711
❌ hono-stable3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable3810
❌ nextjs-webpack-stable3810
❌ nitro-stable3711
❌ nuxt-stable3711
❌ sveltekit-stable3711
❌ vite-stable3711
❌ 🪟 Windows
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ nextjs-turbopack3810
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ mongodb-dev300
❌ mongodb3720
✅ redis-dev300
❌ redis3720
✅ starter-dev300
❌ starter21180
✅ turso-dev300
❌ turso3720

📋 View full workflow run


Some E2E test jobs failed:

  • Vercel Prod: failure
  • Local Dev: failure
  • Local Prod: failure
  • Local Postgres: failure
  • Windows: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)0.038s (-5.0%)1.014s (~)0.976s101.00x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.040s (-4.5%)1.017s (~)0.977s101.06x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)0.041s (+13.0% 🔺)1.015s (~)0.974s101.07x
💻 LocalNitro0.043s (-5.9% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.963s101.14x
💻 LocalExpress0.044s (+1.4%)1.007s (~)0.962s101.16x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.086s (~)1.016s (~)0.930s102.28x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)0.107s (+18.4% 🔺)1.014s (~)0.907s102.82x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)0.232s (-31.2% 🟢)1.019s (-0.6%)0.787s106.10x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.350s (+36.6% 🔺)1.015s (~)0.665s109.20x
🐘 PostgresNitro0.476s (+47.1% 🔺)1.013s (~)0.537s1012.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express0.602s (-19.5% 🟢)1.520s (-3.6%)0.918s101.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)0.628s (-19.1% 🟢)1.702s (-5.6% 🟢)1.074s101.04x
▲ VercelNitro0.641s (-1.9%)1.557s (-8.4% 🟢)0.916s101.06x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Starter🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.097s (+1.5%)2.010s (~)0.913s101.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.099s (~)2.011s (~)0.912s101.00x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.099s (~)2.011s (~)0.912s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro1.113s (~)2.006s (~)0.893s101.01x
💻 LocalExpress1.113s (~)2.006s (~)0.893s101.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.301s (~)2.015s (~)0.714s101.19x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)1.309s (+1.7%)2.012s (~)0.703s101.19x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.159s (+21.4% 🔺)2.515s (+24.8% 🔺)0.356s101.97x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.183s (+27.9% 🔺)3.014s (+36.1% 🔺)0.831s101.99x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.334s (-4.5%)3.013s (-0.6%)0.679s102.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.898s (+2.7%)3.665s (-2.3%)0.766s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.936s (+1.8%)3.642s (~)0.707s101.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.126s (+11.6% 🔺)3.903s (+7.3% 🔺)0.776s101.08x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Starter🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)10.597s (~)11.012s (~)0.415s51.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.658s (~)11.016s (~)0.358s51.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)10.668s (~)11.019s (~)0.351s51.01x
💻 LocalExpress10.802s (~)11.010s (~)0.208s51.02x
💻 LocalNitro10.803s (~)11.013s (~)0.209s51.02x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)12.211s (~)13.024s (~)0.813s51.15x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)12.228s (~)13.027s (~)0.799s51.15x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)15.266s (+1.0%)16.028s (~)0.762s51.44x
🐘 PostgresNitro20.154s (-0.9%)21.039s (~)0.885s51.90x
🐘 PostgresExpress20.407s (+30.2% 🔺)21.035s (+31.2% 🔺)0.629s51.93x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express23.313s (+0.8%)24.086s (+1.0%)0.774s51.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)23.316s (-1.3%)24.468s (+1.1%)1.152s51.00x
▲ VercelNitro23.459s (+1.2%)24.406s (+1.6%)0.946s51.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.356s (~)2.010s (~)0.653s151.00x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)1.361s (+1.3%)2.009s (~)0.647s151.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.371s (-1.3%)2.011s (~)0.640s151.01x
💻 LocalExpress1.420s (+0.9%)2.006s (~)0.586s151.05x
💻 LocalNitro1.428s (+1.6%)2.006s (~)0.578s151.05x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.039s (+16.0% 🔺)2.333s (+15.8% 🔺)0.294s131.50x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.135s (-0.8%)3.013s (~)0.879s101.57x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)2.238s (+0.9%)3.013s (~)0.775s101.65x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.385s (+35.2% 🔺)3.013s (+44.9% 🔺)0.627s101.76x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.521s (-6.1% 🟢)3.012s (~)0.490s101.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.157s (~)3.944s (-3.3%)0.787s81.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.195s (-7.5% 🟢)4.092s (-2.1%)0.897s81.01x
▲ VercelExpress3.255s (-4.9%)4.671s (+17.3% 🔺)1.416s71.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.153s (-1.4%)3.117s (-0.9%)0.964s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro2.215s (~)3.186s (+1.0%)0.971s101.03x
💻 LocalExpress2.229s (-0.9%)3.172s (~)0.942s101.04x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)2.477s (+0.7%)3.009s (~)0.531s101.15x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.486s (~)3.012s (~)0.526s101.15x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.645s (+9.9% 🔺)3.017s (~)0.372s101.23x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.927s (-2.5%)3.013s (-10.0% 🟢)0.086s101.36x
🐘 PostgresExpress3.044s (+7.0% 🔺)3.693s (+22.0% 🔺)0.648s91.41x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.626s (-1.3%)5.181s (~)0.555s62.15x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)4.675s (-1.1%)5.185s (~)0.511s62.17x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express3.650s (-19.0% 🟢)4.284s (-21.3% 🟢)0.634s81.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.814s (-23.0% 🟢)4.461s (-21.4% 🟢)0.647s71.04x
▲ VercelNitro4.051s (-16.9% 🟢)4.527s (-19.1% 🟢)0.476s71.11x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.346s (-0.5%)2.010s (~)0.665s151.00x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)1.367s (+2.6%)2.008s (~)0.641s151.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.392s (-0.7%)2.014s (~)0.622s151.03x
💻 LocalNitro1.415s (+0.8%)2.006s (~)0.591s151.05x
💻 LocalExpress1.435s (-0.7%)2.007s (~)0.572s151.07x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.728s (-3.7%)2.010s (~)0.282s151.28x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)1.825s (+1.6%)2.013s (~)0.188s151.36x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.920s (+12.4% 🔺)2.011s (~)0.092s151.43x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.131s (~)3.012s (~)0.881s101.58x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)2.226s (~)3.013s (~)0.786s101.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)3.071s (-1.3%)3.820s (+1.8%)0.749s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.096s (+0.6%)3.938s (-2.2%)0.842s81.01x
▲ VercelNitro6.775s (+98.9% 🔺)7.633s (+76.4% 🔺)0.858s82.21x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.165s (-1.2%)3.008s (-2.5%)0.843s111.00x
💻 LocalExpress2.240s (-1.8%)3.193s (-1.3%)0.954s101.03x
💻 LocalNitro2.257s (+2.4%)3.195s (+1.2%)0.937s101.04x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.500s (+1.1%)3.012s (~)0.513s101.15x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)2.500s (-0.6%)3.009s (~)0.510s101.15x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.664s (+8.6% 🔺)3.022s (~)0.358s101.23x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.703s (+4.8%)3.017s (~)0.314s101.25x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.872s (+5.2% 🔺)3.021s (~)0.149s101.33x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)4.697s (-1.1%)5.180s (~)0.483s62.17x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.729s (+1.6%)5.178s (~)0.448s62.18x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.220s (-12.6% 🟢)3.832s (-15.2% 🟢)0.612s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.268s (+1.1%)3.848s (+0.6%)0.581s81.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.292s (-8.5% 🟢)3.963s (-4.4%)0.670s81.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Starter🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)0.130s (-1.4%)1.005s (~)0.000s (NaN%)1.011s (~)0.881s101.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.134s (-2.0%)1.003s (~)0.020s (+25.3% 🔺)1.030s (~)0.896s101.03x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.150s (+0.7%)1.004s (~)0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)1.013s (~)0.863s101.16x
💻 LocalExpress0.179s (-0.8%)0.992s (~)0.017s (+6.4% 🔺)1.023s (~)0.844s101.37x
💻 LocalNitro0.182s (+4.2%)0.990s (~)0.019s (+15.8% 🔺)1.026s (~)0.843s101.40x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.487s (-6.3% 🟢)0.962s (+3.5%)0.000s (~)1.013s (~)0.526s103.74x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)0.500s (+10.9% 🔺)0.954s (-4.4%)0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)1.014s (~)0.514s103.85x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)1.091s (-16.7% 🟢)1.950s (+25.5% 🔺)0.000s (NaN%)2.018s (+11.0% 🔺)0.927s108.38x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.300s (+74.6% 🔺)2.746s (+54.1% 🔺)0.000s (NaN%)3.015s (+49.7% 🔺)0.715s1017.68x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.443s (+15.3% 🔺)2.600s (-11.1% 🟢)0.000s (NaN%)3.014s (~)0.570s1018.78x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)3.073s (+8.4% 🔺)3.319s (+4.0%)0.823s (+138.8% 🔺)4.663s (+17.1% 🔺)1.589s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.084s (+12.2% 🔺)3.225s (+1.1%)0.900s (+67.9% 🔺)4.688s (+12.1% 🔺)1.604s101.00x
▲ VercelNitro3.116s (+5.1% 🔺)3.281s (+0.5%)0.750s (+48.8% 🔺)4.540s (+5.0% 🔺)1.424s101.01x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World🥇 Fastest FrameworkWins
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)8/8
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)7/8
▲ VercelExpress3/8
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework🥇 Fastest WorldWins
Express💻 Local8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)💻 Local3/8
Nitro💻 Local8/8
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

@VaguelySerious

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Closing in favor of #790

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Serialization failed for step arguments and failed to queue message

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, 'i'); if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) { // Auto-enable theater mode on YouTube (function() { function tryTheater() { var btn = document.querySelector('button[aria-label="Theater mode"], ytd-player #player button[title="Theater mode"]'); if (btn && !btn.classList.contains('activated')) { btn.click(); } } // Try immediately tryTheater(); // Try after navigation (SPA) var lastUrl = location.href; setInterval(function() { if (location.href !== lastUrl) { lastUrl = location.href; setTimeout(tryTheater, 500); } }, 1000); // Also try on player load var observer = new MutationObserver(tryTheater); observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true }); })(); } } catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:YouTube Theater Mode Default]', __e); } })(); (function(){ try { var __m = "*"; var __re = new RegExp('^' + ".*" + ' [core] Fix step attempting to serialize `this` value outside of classes by VaguelySerious · Pull Request #786 · vercel/workflow · GitHub
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[core] Fix step attempting to serialize this value outside of classes - #786

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@VaguelySerious

@VaguelySeriousVaguelySerious commented Jan 15, 2026

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Fix for #754 breaking DurableAgent.

Closes#785

Unsure if this is the best solution. I think it's better than fixing DurableAgent specifically, as users might accidentally run into this too.

Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>
When a step function is invoked, only capture `this` if it has a
`classId` property (indicating it's a class constructor registered
for serialization by the SWC plugin).
This prevents serialization errors when step functions are called as
methods on arbitrary objects (e.g., `tool.execute()`) where the object
has non-serializable properties like Zod schemas.
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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 0e8fe8c

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 15 packages
NameType
@workflow/corePatch
@workflow/swc-pluginPatch
@workflow/buildersPatch
@workflow/cliPatch
@workflow/docs-typecheckPatch
@workflow/nextPatch
@workflow/nitroPatch
@workflow/web-sharedPatch
workflowPatch
@workflow/astroPatch
@workflow/rollupPatch
@workflow/sveltekitPatch
@workflow/world-testingPatch
@workflow/nuxtPatch
@workflow/aiPatch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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🧪 E2E Test Results

Some tests failed

Summary

PassedFailedSkippedTotal
❌ ▲ Vercel Production4071111429
❌ 💻 Local Development372108390
❌ 📦 Local Production372108390
❌ 🐘 Local Postgres372108390
❌ 🪟 Windows381039
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds144240168
Total170566351806

❌ Failed Tests

▲ Vercel Production (11 failed)

astro (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

example (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
💻 Local Development (10 failed)

astro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
📦 Local Production (10 failed)

astro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
🐘 Local Postgres (10 failed)

astro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
🪟 Windows (1 failed)

nextjs-turbopack (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
🌍 Community Worlds (24 failed)

mongodb (2 failed):

  • webhookWorkflow
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

redis (2 failed):

  • webhookWorkflow
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

starter (18 failed):

  • addTenWorkflow
  • addTenWorkflow
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
  • error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
  • error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
  • error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
  • hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
  • stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
  • stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
  • spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
  • pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
  • Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
  • AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
  • ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

turso (2 failed):

  • webhookWorkflow
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

Details by Category

❌ ▲ Vercel Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro3711
❌ example3711
❌ express3711
❌ fastify3711
❌ hono3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack3711
❌ nextjs-webpack3711
❌ nitro3711
❌ nuxt3711
❌ sveltekit3711
❌ vite3711
❌ 💻 Local Development
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro-stable3711
❌ express-stable3711
❌ fastify-stable3711
❌ hono-stable3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable3810
❌ nextjs-webpack-stable3810
❌ nitro-stable3711
❌ nuxt-stable3711
❌ sveltekit-stable3711
❌ vite-stable3711
❌ 📦 Local Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro-stable3711
❌ express-stable3711
❌ fastify-stable3711
❌ hono-stable3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable3810
❌ nextjs-webpack-stable3810
❌ nitro-stable3711
❌ nuxt-stable3711
❌ sveltekit-stable3711
❌ vite-stable3711
❌ 🐘 Local Postgres
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro-stable3711
❌ express-stable3711
❌ fastify-stable3711
❌ hono-stable3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable3810
❌ nextjs-webpack-stable3810
❌ nitro-stable3711
❌ nuxt-stable3711
❌ sveltekit-stable3711
❌ vite-stable3711
❌ 🪟 Windows
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ nextjs-turbopack3810
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ mongodb-dev300
❌ mongodb3720
✅ redis-dev300
❌ redis3720
✅ starter-dev300
❌ starter21180
✅ turso-dev300
❌ turso3720

📋 View full workflow run


Some E2E test jobs failed:

  • Vercel Prod: failure
  • Local Dev: failure
  • Local Prod: failure
  • Local Postgres: failure
  • Windows: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

@github-actions

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)0.038s (-5.0%)1.014s (~)0.976s101.00x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.040s (-4.5%)1.017s (~)0.977s101.06x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)0.041s (+13.0% 🔺)1.015s (~)0.974s101.07x
💻 LocalNitro0.043s (-5.9% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.963s101.14x
💻 LocalExpress0.044s (+1.4%)1.007s (~)0.962s101.16x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.086s (~)1.016s (~)0.930s102.28x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)0.107s (+18.4% 🔺)1.014s (~)0.907s102.82x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)0.232s (-31.2% 🟢)1.019s (-0.6%)0.787s106.10x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.350s (+36.6% 🔺)1.015s (~)0.665s109.20x
🐘 PostgresNitro0.476s (+47.1% 🔺)1.013s (~)0.537s1012.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express0.602s (-19.5% 🟢)1.520s (-3.6%)0.918s101.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)0.628s (-19.1% 🟢)1.702s (-5.6% 🟢)1.074s101.04x
▲ VercelNitro0.641s (-1.9%)1.557s (-8.4% 🟢)0.916s101.06x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Starter🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.097s (+1.5%)2.010s (~)0.913s101.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.099s (~)2.011s (~)0.912s101.00x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.099s (~)2.011s (~)0.912s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro1.113s (~)2.006s (~)0.893s101.01x
💻 LocalExpress1.113s (~)2.006s (~)0.893s101.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.301s (~)2.015s (~)0.714s101.19x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)1.309s (+1.7%)2.012s (~)0.703s101.19x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.159s (+21.4% 🔺)2.515s (+24.8% 🔺)0.356s101.97x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.183s (+27.9% 🔺)3.014s (+36.1% 🔺)0.831s101.99x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.334s (-4.5%)3.013s (-0.6%)0.679s102.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.898s (+2.7%)3.665s (-2.3%)0.766s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.936s (+1.8%)3.642s (~)0.707s101.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.126s (+11.6% 🔺)3.903s (+7.3% 🔺)0.776s101.08x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Starter🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)10.597s (~)11.012s (~)0.415s51.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.658s (~)11.016s (~)0.358s51.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)10.668s (~)11.019s (~)0.351s51.01x
💻 LocalExpress10.802s (~)11.010s (~)0.208s51.02x
💻 LocalNitro10.803s (~)11.013s (~)0.209s51.02x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)12.211s (~)13.024s (~)0.813s51.15x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)12.228s (~)13.027s (~)0.799s51.15x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)15.266s (+1.0%)16.028s (~)0.762s51.44x
🐘 PostgresNitro20.154s (-0.9%)21.039s (~)0.885s51.90x
🐘 PostgresExpress20.407s (+30.2% 🔺)21.035s (+31.2% 🔺)0.629s51.93x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express23.313s (+0.8%)24.086s (+1.0%)0.774s51.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)23.316s (-1.3%)24.468s (+1.1%)1.152s51.00x
▲ VercelNitro23.459s (+1.2%)24.406s (+1.6%)0.946s51.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.356s (~)2.010s (~)0.653s151.00x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)1.361s (+1.3%)2.009s (~)0.647s151.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.371s (-1.3%)2.011s (~)0.640s151.01x
💻 LocalExpress1.420s (+0.9%)2.006s (~)0.586s151.05x
💻 LocalNitro1.428s (+1.6%)2.006s (~)0.578s151.05x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.039s (+16.0% 🔺)2.333s (+15.8% 🔺)0.294s131.50x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.135s (-0.8%)3.013s (~)0.879s101.57x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)2.238s (+0.9%)3.013s (~)0.775s101.65x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.385s (+35.2% 🔺)3.013s (+44.9% 🔺)0.627s101.76x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.521s (-6.1% 🟢)3.012s (~)0.490s101.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.157s (~)3.944s (-3.3%)0.787s81.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.195s (-7.5% 🟢)4.092s (-2.1%)0.897s81.01x
▲ VercelExpress3.255s (-4.9%)4.671s (+17.3% 🔺)1.416s71.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.153s (-1.4%)3.117s (-0.9%)0.964s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro2.215s (~)3.186s (+1.0%)0.971s101.03x
💻 LocalExpress2.229s (-0.9%)3.172s (~)0.942s101.04x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)2.477s (+0.7%)3.009s (~)0.531s101.15x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.486s (~)3.012s (~)0.526s101.15x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.645s (+9.9% 🔺)3.017s (~)0.372s101.23x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.927s (-2.5%)3.013s (-10.0% 🟢)0.086s101.36x
🐘 PostgresExpress3.044s (+7.0% 🔺)3.693s (+22.0% 🔺)0.648s91.41x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.626s (-1.3%)5.181s (~)0.555s62.15x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)4.675s (-1.1%)5.185s (~)0.511s62.17x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express3.650s (-19.0% 🟢)4.284s (-21.3% 🟢)0.634s81.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.814s (-23.0% 🟢)4.461s (-21.4% 🟢)0.647s71.04x
▲ VercelNitro4.051s (-16.9% 🟢)4.527s (-19.1% 🟢)0.476s71.11x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.346s (-0.5%)2.010s (~)0.665s151.00x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)1.367s (+2.6%)2.008s (~)0.641s151.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.392s (-0.7%)2.014s (~)0.622s151.03x
💻 LocalNitro1.415s (+0.8%)2.006s (~)0.591s151.05x
💻 LocalExpress1.435s (-0.7%)2.007s (~)0.572s151.07x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.728s (-3.7%)2.010s (~)0.282s151.28x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)1.825s (+1.6%)2.013s (~)0.188s151.36x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.920s (+12.4% 🔺)2.011s (~)0.092s151.43x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.131s (~)3.012s (~)0.881s101.58x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)2.226s (~)3.013s (~)0.786s101.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)3.071s (-1.3%)3.820s (+1.8%)0.749s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.096s (+0.6%)3.938s (-2.2%)0.842s81.01x
▲ VercelNitro6.775s (+98.9% 🔺)7.633s (+76.4% 🔺)0.858s82.21x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.165s (-1.2%)3.008s (-2.5%)0.843s111.00x
💻 LocalExpress2.240s (-1.8%)3.193s (-1.3%)0.954s101.03x
💻 LocalNitro2.257s (+2.4%)3.195s (+1.2%)0.937s101.04x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.500s (+1.1%)3.012s (~)0.513s101.15x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)2.500s (-0.6%)3.009s (~)0.510s101.15x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.664s (+8.6% 🔺)3.022s (~)0.358s101.23x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.703s (+4.8%)3.017s (~)0.314s101.25x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.872s (+5.2% 🔺)3.021s (~)0.149s101.33x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)4.697s (-1.1%)5.180s (~)0.483s62.17x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.729s (+1.6%)5.178s (~)0.448s62.18x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.220s (-12.6% 🟢)3.832s (-15.2% 🟢)0.612s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.268s (+1.1%)3.848s (+0.6%)0.581s81.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.292s (-8.5% 🟢)3.963s (-4.4%)0.670s81.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Starter🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)0.130s (-1.4%)1.005s (~)0.000s (NaN%)1.011s (~)0.881s101.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.134s (-2.0%)1.003s (~)0.020s (+25.3% 🔺)1.030s (~)0.896s101.03x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.150s (+0.7%)1.004s (~)0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)1.013s (~)0.863s101.16x
💻 LocalExpress0.179s (-0.8%)0.992s (~)0.017s (+6.4% 🔺)1.023s (~)0.844s101.37x
💻 LocalNitro0.182s (+4.2%)0.990s (~)0.019s (+15.8% 🔺)1.026s (~)0.843s101.40x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.487s (-6.3% 🟢)0.962s (+3.5%)0.000s (~)1.013s (~)0.526s103.74x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)0.500s (+10.9% 🔺)0.954s (-4.4%)0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)1.014s (~)0.514s103.85x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)1.091s (-16.7% 🟢)1.950s (+25.5% 🔺)0.000s (NaN%)2.018s (+11.0% 🔺)0.927s108.38x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.300s (+74.6% 🔺)2.746s (+54.1% 🔺)0.000s (NaN%)3.015s (+49.7% 🔺)0.715s1017.68x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.443s (+15.3% 🔺)2.600s (-11.1% 🟢)0.000s (NaN%)3.014s (~)0.570s1018.78x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)3.073s (+8.4% 🔺)3.319s (+4.0%)0.823s (+138.8% 🔺)4.663s (+17.1% 🔺)1.589s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.084s (+12.2% 🔺)3.225s (+1.1%)0.900s (+67.9% 🔺)4.688s (+12.1% 🔺)1.604s101.00x
▲ VercelNitro3.116s (+5.1% 🔺)3.281s (+0.5%)0.750s (+48.8% 🔺)4.540s (+5.0% 🔺)1.424s101.01x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World🥇 Fastest FrameworkWins
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)8/8
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)7/8
▲ VercelExpress3/8
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework🥇 Fastest WorldWins
Express💻 Local8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)💻 Local3/8
Nitro💻 Local8/8
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

@VaguelySerious

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Closing in favor of #790

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Serialization failed for step arguments and failed to queue message

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[core] Fix step attempting to serialize this value outside of classes - #786

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[core] Fix step attempting to serialize this value outside of classes#786
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@VaguelySerious

@VaguelySeriousVaguelySerious commented Jan 15, 2026

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Fix for #754 breaking DurableAgent.

Closes#785

Unsure if this is the best solution. I think it's better than fixing DurableAgent specifically, as users might accidentally run into this too.

Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>
When a step function is invoked, only capture `this` if it has a
`classId` property (indicating it's a class constructor registered
for serialization by the SWC plugin).
This prevents serialization errors when step functions are called as
methods on arbitrary objects (e.g., `tool.execute()`) where the object
has non-serializable properties like Zod schemas.
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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 0e8fe8c

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 15 packages
NameType
@workflow/corePatch
@workflow/swc-pluginPatch
@workflow/buildersPatch
@workflow/cliPatch
@workflow/docs-typecheckPatch
@workflow/nextPatch
@workflow/nitroPatch
@workflow/web-sharedPatch
workflowPatch
@workflow/astroPatch
@workflow/rollupPatch
@workflow/sveltekitPatch
@workflow/world-testingPatch
@workflow/nuxtPatch
@workflow/aiPatch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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🧪 E2E Test Results

Some tests failed

Summary

PassedFailedSkippedTotal
❌ ▲ Vercel Production4071111429
❌ 💻 Local Development372108390
❌ 📦 Local Production372108390
❌ 🐘 Local Postgres372108390
❌ 🪟 Windows381039
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds144240168
Total170566351806

❌ Failed Tests

▲ Vercel Production (11 failed)

astro (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

example (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
💻 Local Development (10 failed)

astro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
📦 Local Production (10 failed)

astro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
🐘 Local Postgres (10 failed)

astro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
🪟 Windows (1 failed)

nextjs-turbopack (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
🌍 Community Worlds (24 failed)

mongodb (2 failed):

  • webhookWorkflow
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

redis (2 failed):

  • webhookWorkflow
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

starter (18 failed):

  • addTenWorkflow
  • addTenWorkflow
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
  • error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
  • error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
  • error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
  • hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
  • stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
  • stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
  • spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
  • pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
  • Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
  • AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
  • ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

turso (2 failed):

  • webhookWorkflow
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

Details by Category

❌ ▲ Vercel Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro3711
❌ example3711
❌ express3711
❌ fastify3711
❌ hono3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack3711
❌ nextjs-webpack3711
❌ nitro3711
❌ nuxt3711
❌ sveltekit3711
❌ vite3711
❌ 💻 Local Development
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro-stable3711
❌ express-stable3711
❌ fastify-stable3711
❌ hono-stable3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable3810
❌ nextjs-webpack-stable3810
❌ nitro-stable3711
❌ nuxt-stable3711
❌ sveltekit-stable3711
❌ vite-stable3711
❌ 📦 Local Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro-stable3711
❌ express-stable3711
❌ fastify-stable3711
❌ hono-stable3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable3810
❌ nextjs-webpack-stable3810
❌ nitro-stable3711
❌ nuxt-stable3711
❌ sveltekit-stable3711
❌ vite-stable3711
❌ 🐘 Local Postgres
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro-stable3711
❌ express-stable3711
❌ fastify-stable3711
❌ hono-stable3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable3810
❌ nextjs-webpack-stable3810
❌ nitro-stable3711
❌ nuxt-stable3711
❌ sveltekit-stable3711
❌ vite-stable3711
❌ 🪟 Windows
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ nextjs-turbopack3810
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ mongodb-dev300
❌ mongodb3720
✅ redis-dev300
❌ redis3720
✅ starter-dev300
❌ starter21180
✅ turso-dev300
❌ turso3720

📋 View full workflow run


Some E2E test jobs failed:

  • Vercel Prod: failure
  • Local Dev: failure
  • Local Prod: failure
  • Local Postgres: failure
  • Windows: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

@github-actions

github-actionsBot commented Jan 15, 2026

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)0.038s (-5.0%)1.014s (~)0.976s101.00x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.040s (-4.5%)1.017s (~)0.977s101.06x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)0.041s (+13.0% 🔺)1.015s (~)0.974s101.07x
💻 LocalNitro0.043s (-5.9% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.963s101.14x
💻 LocalExpress0.044s (+1.4%)1.007s (~)0.962s101.16x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.086s (~)1.016s (~)0.930s102.28x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)0.107s (+18.4% 🔺)1.014s (~)0.907s102.82x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)0.232s (-31.2% 🟢)1.019s (-0.6%)0.787s106.10x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.350s (+36.6% 🔺)1.015s (~)0.665s109.20x
🐘 PostgresNitro0.476s (+47.1% 🔺)1.013s (~)0.537s1012.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express0.602s (-19.5% 🟢)1.520s (-3.6%)0.918s101.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)0.628s (-19.1% 🟢)1.702s (-5.6% 🟢)1.074s101.04x
▲ VercelNitro0.641s (-1.9%)1.557s (-8.4% 🟢)0.916s101.06x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Starter🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.097s (+1.5%)2.010s (~)0.913s101.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.099s (~)2.011s (~)0.912s101.00x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.099s (~)2.011s (~)0.912s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro1.113s (~)2.006s (~)0.893s101.01x
💻 LocalExpress1.113s (~)2.006s (~)0.893s101.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.301s (~)2.015s (~)0.714s101.19x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)1.309s (+1.7%)2.012s (~)0.703s101.19x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.159s (+21.4% 🔺)2.515s (+24.8% 🔺)0.356s101.97x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.183s (+27.9% 🔺)3.014s (+36.1% 🔺)0.831s101.99x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.334s (-4.5%)3.013s (-0.6%)0.679s102.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.898s (+2.7%)3.665s (-2.3%)0.766s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.936s (+1.8%)3.642s (~)0.707s101.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.126s (+11.6% 🔺)3.903s (+7.3% 🔺)0.776s101.08x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Starter🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)10.597s (~)11.012s (~)0.415s51.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.658s (~)11.016s (~)0.358s51.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)10.668s (~)11.019s (~)0.351s51.01x
💻 LocalExpress10.802s (~)11.010s (~)0.208s51.02x
💻 LocalNitro10.803s (~)11.013s (~)0.209s51.02x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)12.211s (~)13.024s (~)0.813s51.15x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)12.228s (~)13.027s (~)0.799s51.15x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)15.266s (+1.0%)16.028s (~)0.762s51.44x
🐘 PostgresNitro20.154s (-0.9%)21.039s (~)0.885s51.90x
🐘 PostgresExpress20.407s (+30.2% 🔺)21.035s (+31.2% 🔺)0.629s51.93x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express23.313s (+0.8%)24.086s (+1.0%)0.774s51.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)23.316s (-1.3%)24.468s (+1.1%)1.152s51.00x
▲ VercelNitro23.459s (+1.2%)24.406s (+1.6%)0.946s51.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.356s (~)2.010s (~)0.653s151.00x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)1.361s (+1.3%)2.009s (~)0.647s151.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.371s (-1.3%)2.011s (~)0.640s151.01x
💻 LocalExpress1.420s (+0.9%)2.006s (~)0.586s151.05x
💻 LocalNitro1.428s (+1.6%)2.006s (~)0.578s151.05x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.039s (+16.0% 🔺)2.333s (+15.8% 🔺)0.294s131.50x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.135s (-0.8%)3.013s (~)0.879s101.57x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)2.238s (+0.9%)3.013s (~)0.775s101.65x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.385s (+35.2% 🔺)3.013s (+44.9% 🔺)0.627s101.76x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.521s (-6.1% 🟢)3.012s (~)0.490s101.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.157s (~)3.944s (-3.3%)0.787s81.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.195s (-7.5% 🟢)4.092s (-2.1%)0.897s81.01x
▲ VercelExpress3.255s (-4.9%)4.671s (+17.3% 🔺)1.416s71.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.153s (-1.4%)3.117s (-0.9%)0.964s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro2.215s (~)3.186s (+1.0%)0.971s101.03x
💻 LocalExpress2.229s (-0.9%)3.172s (~)0.942s101.04x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)2.477s (+0.7%)3.009s (~)0.531s101.15x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.486s (~)3.012s (~)0.526s101.15x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.645s (+9.9% 🔺)3.017s (~)0.372s101.23x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.927s (-2.5%)3.013s (-10.0% 🟢)0.086s101.36x
🐘 PostgresExpress3.044s (+7.0% 🔺)3.693s (+22.0% 🔺)0.648s91.41x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.626s (-1.3%)5.181s (~)0.555s62.15x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)4.675s (-1.1%)5.185s (~)0.511s62.17x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express3.650s (-19.0% 🟢)4.284s (-21.3% 🟢)0.634s81.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.814s (-23.0% 🟢)4.461s (-21.4% 🟢)0.647s71.04x
▲ VercelNitro4.051s (-16.9% 🟢)4.527s (-19.1% 🟢)0.476s71.11x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.346s (-0.5%)2.010s (~)0.665s151.00x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)1.367s (+2.6%)2.008s (~)0.641s151.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.392s (-0.7%)2.014s (~)0.622s151.03x
💻 LocalNitro1.415s (+0.8%)2.006s (~)0.591s151.05x
💻 LocalExpress1.435s (-0.7%)2.007s (~)0.572s151.07x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.728s (-3.7%)2.010s (~)0.282s151.28x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)1.825s (+1.6%)2.013s (~)0.188s151.36x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.920s (+12.4% 🔺)2.011s (~)0.092s151.43x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.131s (~)3.012s (~)0.881s101.58x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)2.226s (~)3.013s (~)0.786s101.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)3.071s (-1.3%)3.820s (+1.8%)0.749s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.096s (+0.6%)3.938s (-2.2%)0.842s81.01x
▲ VercelNitro6.775s (+98.9% 🔺)7.633s (+76.4% 🔺)0.858s82.21x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.165s (-1.2%)3.008s (-2.5%)0.843s111.00x
💻 LocalExpress2.240s (-1.8%)3.193s (-1.3%)0.954s101.03x
💻 LocalNitro2.257s (+2.4%)3.195s (+1.2%)0.937s101.04x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.500s (+1.1%)3.012s (~)0.513s101.15x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)2.500s (-0.6%)3.009s (~)0.510s101.15x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.664s (+8.6% 🔺)3.022s (~)0.358s101.23x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.703s (+4.8%)3.017s (~)0.314s101.25x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.872s (+5.2% 🔺)3.021s (~)0.149s101.33x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)4.697s (-1.1%)5.180s (~)0.483s62.17x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.729s (+1.6%)5.178s (~)0.448s62.18x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.220s (-12.6% 🟢)3.832s (-15.2% 🟢)0.612s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.268s (+1.1%)3.848s (+0.6%)0.581s81.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.292s (-8.5% 🟢)3.963s (-4.4%)0.670s81.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Starter🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)0.130s (-1.4%)1.005s (~)0.000s (NaN%)1.011s (~)0.881s101.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.134s (-2.0%)1.003s (~)0.020s (+25.3% 🔺)1.030s (~)0.896s101.03x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.150s (+0.7%)1.004s (~)0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)1.013s (~)0.863s101.16x
💻 LocalExpress0.179s (-0.8%)0.992s (~)0.017s (+6.4% 🔺)1.023s (~)0.844s101.37x
💻 LocalNitro0.182s (+4.2%)0.990s (~)0.019s (+15.8% 🔺)1.026s (~)0.843s101.40x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.487s (-6.3% 🟢)0.962s (+3.5%)0.000s (~)1.013s (~)0.526s103.74x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)0.500s (+10.9% 🔺)0.954s (-4.4%)0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)1.014s (~)0.514s103.85x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)1.091s (-16.7% 🟢)1.950s (+25.5% 🔺)0.000s (NaN%)2.018s (+11.0% 🔺)0.927s108.38x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.300s (+74.6% 🔺)2.746s (+54.1% 🔺)0.000s (NaN%)3.015s (+49.7% 🔺)0.715s1017.68x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.443s (+15.3% 🔺)2.600s (-11.1% 🟢)0.000s (NaN%)3.014s (~)0.570s1018.78x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)3.073s (+8.4% 🔺)3.319s (+4.0%)0.823s (+138.8% 🔺)4.663s (+17.1% 🔺)1.589s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.084s (+12.2% 🔺)3.225s (+1.1%)0.900s (+67.9% 🔺)4.688s (+12.1% 🔺)1.604s101.00x
▲ VercelNitro3.116s (+5.1% 🔺)3.281s (+0.5%)0.750s (+48.8% 🔺)4.540s (+5.0% 🔺)1.424s101.01x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World🥇 Fastest FrameworkWins
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)8/8
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)7/8
▲ VercelExpress3/8
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework🥇 Fastest WorldWins
Express💻 Local8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)💻 Local3/8
Nitro💻 Local8/8
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

@VaguelySerious

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Closing in favor of #790

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, 'i'); if (__m === '*' || __re.test(location.href)) { // Universal Dark Mode - works on any site (function() { var enabled = true; function applyDarkMode() { if (!enabled) return; // Create style element if it doesn't exist var style = document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style'); if (!style) { style = document.createElement('style'); style.id = 'universal-dark-mode-style'; document.head.appendChild(style); } // Dark mode CSS - inverts colors but preserves images/video style.textContent = ' /* Invert everything except media */ html { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important; background: #1a1a2e !important; } /* Restore images, videos, iframes, canvas */ img, video, iframe, canvas, svg, picture, [style*="background-image"] { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important; } /* Preserve specific elements that should not be inverted */ .no-dark-mode, .no-dark-mode *, [data-theme="light"], [data-theme="light"], .ace_editor, .ace_editor *, .CodeMirror, .CodeMirror *, .monaco-editor, .monaco-editor *, .markdown-body pre, .markdown-body pre *, .highlight, .highlight *, pre code, pre code * { filter: none !important; } /* Fix common UI elements */ .modal, .popup, .dropdown-menu, .tooltip, .popover { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important; background: #2d2d44 !important; border-color: #444 !important; } /* Scrollbars */ ::-webkit-scrollbar { background: #1a1a2e !important; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background: #444 !important; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover { background: #555 !important; } /* Selection */ ::selection { background: #4ecdc4 !important; color: #1a1a2e !important; } ::-moz-selection { background: #4ecdc4 !important; color: #1a1a2e !important; } '; } function removeDarkMode() { var style = document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style'); if (style) style.remove(); } // Toggle with Alt+Shift+D document.addEventListener('keydown', function(e) { if (e.altKey && e.shiftKey && e.key === 'D') { e.preventDefault(); enabled = !enabled; if (enabled) { applyDarkMode(); console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Enabled'); } else { removeDarkMode(); console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Disabled'); } } }); // Apply on load applyDarkMode(); // Re-apply on dynamic content var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) { if (enabled && !document.getElementById('universal-dark-mode-style')) { applyDarkMode(); } }); observer.observe(document.head, { childList: true }); console.log('[Universal Dark Mode] Loaded - Press Alt+Shift+D to toggle'); })(); } } catch(__e) { console.warn('[Userscript:Universal Dark Mode]', __e); } })(); })(); [core] Fix step attempting to serialize `this` value outside of classes by VaguelySerious · Pull Request #786 · vercel/workflow · GitHub
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[core] Fix step attempting to serialize this value outside of classes - #786

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[core] Fix step attempting to serialize this value outside of classes#786
VaguelySerious wants to merge 2 commits into
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@VaguelySerious

@VaguelySeriousVaguelySerious commented Jan 15, 2026

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Fix for #754 breaking DurableAgent.

Closes#785

Unsure if this is the best solution. I think it's better than fixing DurableAgent specifically, as users might accidentally run into this too.

Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>
When a step function is invoked, only capture `this` if it has a
`classId` property (indicating it's a class constructor registered
for serialization by the SWC plugin).
This prevents serialization errors when step functions are called as
methods on arbitrary objects (e.g., `tool.execute()`) where the object
has non-serializable properties like Zod schemas.
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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 0e8fe8c

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 15 packages
NameType
@workflow/corePatch
@workflow/swc-pluginPatch
@workflow/buildersPatch
@workflow/cliPatch
@workflow/docs-typecheckPatch
@workflow/nextPatch
@workflow/nitroPatch
@workflow/web-sharedPatch
workflowPatch
@workflow/astroPatch
@workflow/rollupPatch
@workflow/sveltekitPatch
@workflow/world-testingPatch
@workflow/nuxtPatch
@workflow/aiPatch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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🧪 E2E Test Results

Some tests failed

Summary

PassedFailedSkippedTotal
❌ ▲ Vercel Production4071111429
❌ 💻 Local Development372108390
❌ 📦 Local Production372108390
❌ 🐘 Local Postgres372108390
❌ 🪟 Windows381039
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds144240168
Total170566351806

❌ Failed Tests

▲ Vercel Production (11 failed)

astro (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

example (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
💻 Local Development (10 failed)

astro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
📦 Local Production (10 failed)

astro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
🐘 Local Postgres (10 failed)

astro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

express-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

fastify-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

hono-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nextjs-webpack-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nitro-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

nuxt-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

sveltekit-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

vite-stable (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
🪟 Windows (1 failed)

nextjs-turbopack (1 failed):

  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
🌍 Community Worlds (24 failed)

mongodb (2 failed):

  • webhookWorkflow
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

redis (2 failed):

  • webhookWorkflow
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

starter (18 failed):

  • addTenWorkflow
  • addTenWorkflow
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
  • error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
  • error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
  • error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
  • hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
  • stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
  • stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
  • spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
  • pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
  • Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
  • AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
  • ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

turso (2 failed):

  • webhookWorkflow
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()

Details by Category

❌ ▲ Vercel Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro3711
❌ example3711
❌ express3711
❌ fastify3711
❌ hono3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack3711
❌ nextjs-webpack3711
❌ nitro3711
❌ nuxt3711
❌ sveltekit3711
❌ vite3711
❌ 💻 Local Development
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro-stable3711
❌ express-stable3711
❌ fastify-stable3711
❌ hono-stable3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable3810
❌ nextjs-webpack-stable3810
❌ nitro-stable3711
❌ nuxt-stable3711
❌ sveltekit-stable3711
❌ vite-stable3711
❌ 📦 Local Production
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro-stable3711
❌ express-stable3711
❌ fastify-stable3711
❌ hono-stable3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable3810
❌ nextjs-webpack-stable3810
❌ nitro-stable3711
❌ nuxt-stable3711
❌ sveltekit-stable3711
❌ vite-stable3711
❌ 🐘 Local Postgres
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ astro-stable3711
❌ express-stable3711
❌ fastify-stable3711
❌ hono-stable3711
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable3810
❌ nextjs-webpack-stable3810
❌ nitro-stable3711
❌ nuxt-stable3711
❌ sveltekit-stable3711
❌ vite-stable3711
❌ 🪟 Windows
AppPassedFailedSkipped
❌ nextjs-turbopack3810
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds
AppPassedFailedSkipped
✅ mongodb-dev300
❌ mongodb3720
✅ redis-dev300
❌ redis3720
✅ starter-dev300
❌ starter21180
✅ turso-dev300
❌ turso3720

📋 View full workflow run


Some E2E test jobs failed:

  • Vercel Prod: failure
  • Local Dev: failure
  • Local Prod: failure
  • Local Postgres: failure
  • Windows: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)0.038s (-5.0%)1.014s (~)0.976s101.00x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.040s (-4.5%)1.017s (~)0.977s101.06x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)0.041s (+13.0% 🔺)1.015s (~)0.974s101.07x
💻 LocalNitro0.043s (-5.9% 🟢)1.006s (~)0.963s101.14x
💻 LocalExpress0.044s (+1.4%)1.007s (~)0.962s101.16x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.086s (~)1.016s (~)0.930s102.28x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)0.107s (+18.4% 🔺)1.014s (~)0.907s102.82x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)0.232s (-31.2% 🟢)1.019s (-0.6%)0.787s106.10x
🐘 PostgresExpress0.350s (+36.6% 🔺)1.015s (~)0.665s109.20x
🐘 PostgresNitro0.476s (+47.1% 🔺)1.013s (~)0.537s1012.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express0.602s (-19.5% 🟢)1.520s (-3.6%)0.918s101.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)0.628s (-19.1% 🟢)1.702s (-5.6% 🟢)1.074s101.04x
▲ VercelNitro0.641s (-1.9%)1.557s (-8.4% 🟢)0.916s101.06x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Starter🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.097s (+1.5%)2.010s (~)0.913s101.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.099s (~)2.011s (~)0.912s101.00x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)1.099s (~)2.011s (~)0.912s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro1.113s (~)2.006s (~)0.893s101.01x
💻 LocalExpress1.113s (~)2.006s (~)0.893s101.02x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)1.301s (~)2.015s (~)0.714s101.19x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)1.309s (+1.7%)2.012s (~)0.703s101.19x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.159s (+21.4% 🔺)2.515s (+24.8% 🔺)0.356s101.97x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.183s (+27.9% 🔺)3.014s (+36.1% 🔺)0.831s101.99x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.334s (-4.5%)3.013s (-0.6%)0.679s102.13x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro2.898s (+2.7%)3.665s (-2.3%)0.766s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress2.936s (+1.8%)3.642s (~)0.707s101.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.126s (+11.6% 🔺)3.903s (+7.3% 🔺)0.776s101.08x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Starter🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)10.597s (~)11.012s (~)0.415s51.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)10.658s (~)11.016s (~)0.358s51.01x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)10.668s (~)11.019s (~)0.351s51.01x
💻 LocalExpress10.802s (~)11.010s (~)0.208s51.02x
💻 LocalNitro10.803s (~)11.013s (~)0.209s51.02x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)12.211s (~)13.024s (~)0.813s51.15x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)12.228s (~)13.027s (~)0.799s51.15x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)15.266s (+1.0%)16.028s (~)0.762s51.44x
🐘 PostgresNitro20.154s (-0.9%)21.039s (~)0.885s51.90x
🐘 PostgresExpress20.407s (+30.2% 🔺)21.035s (+31.2% 🔺)0.629s51.93x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express23.313s (+0.8%)24.086s (+1.0%)0.774s51.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)23.316s (-1.3%)24.468s (+1.1%)1.152s51.00x
▲ VercelNitro23.459s (+1.2%)24.406s (+1.6%)0.946s51.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.356s (~)2.010s (~)0.653s151.00x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)1.361s (+1.3%)2.009s (~)0.647s151.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.371s (-1.3%)2.011s (~)0.640s151.01x
💻 LocalExpress1.420s (+0.9%)2.006s (~)0.586s151.05x
💻 LocalNitro1.428s (+1.6%)2.006s (~)0.578s151.05x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.039s (+16.0% 🔺)2.333s (+15.8% 🔺)0.294s131.50x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.135s (-0.8%)3.013s (~)0.879s101.57x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)2.238s (+0.9%)3.013s (~)0.775s101.65x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.385s (+35.2% 🔺)3.013s (+44.9% 🔺)0.627s101.76x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.521s (-6.1% 🟢)3.012s (~)0.490s101.86x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.157s (~)3.944s (-3.3%)0.787s81.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.195s (-7.5% 🟢)4.092s (-2.1%)0.897s81.01x
▲ VercelExpress3.255s (-4.9%)4.671s (+17.3% 🔺)1.416s71.03x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.153s (-1.4%)3.117s (-0.9%)0.964s101.00x
💻 LocalNitro2.215s (~)3.186s (+1.0%)0.971s101.03x
💻 LocalExpress2.229s (-0.9%)3.172s (~)0.942s101.04x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)2.477s (+0.7%)3.009s (~)0.531s101.15x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.486s (~)3.012s (~)0.526s101.15x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.645s (+9.9% 🔺)3.017s (~)0.372s101.23x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.927s (-2.5%)3.013s (-10.0% 🟢)0.086s101.36x
🐘 PostgresExpress3.044s (+7.0% 🔺)3.693s (+22.0% 🔺)0.648s91.41x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.626s (-1.3%)5.181s (~)0.555s62.15x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)4.675s (-1.1%)5.185s (~)0.511s62.17x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Express3.650s (-19.0% 🟢)4.284s (-21.3% 🟢)0.634s81.00x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.814s (-23.0% 🟢)4.461s (-21.4% 🟢)0.647s71.04x
▲ VercelNitro4.051s (-16.9% 🟢)4.527s (-19.1% 🟢)0.476s71.11x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Redis🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)1.346s (-0.5%)2.010s (~)0.665s151.00x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)1.367s (+2.6%)2.008s (~)0.641s151.02x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)1.392s (-0.7%)2.014s (~)0.622s151.03x
💻 LocalNitro1.415s (+0.8%)2.006s (~)0.591s151.05x
💻 LocalExpress1.435s (-0.7%)2.007s (~)0.572s151.07x
🐘 PostgresNitro1.728s (-3.7%)2.010s (~)0.282s151.28x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)1.825s (+1.6%)2.013s (~)0.188s151.36x
🐘 PostgresExpress1.920s (+12.4% 🔺)2.011s (~)0.092s151.43x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)2.131s (~)3.012s (~)0.881s101.58x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)2.226s (~)3.013s (~)0.786s101.65x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)3.071s (-1.3%)3.820s (+1.8%)0.749s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.096s (+0.6%)3.938s (-2.2%)0.842s81.01x
▲ VercelNitro6.775s (+98.9% 🔺)7.633s (+76.4% 🔺)0.858s82.21x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
💻 Local🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)2.165s (-1.2%)3.008s (-2.5%)0.843s111.00x
💻 LocalExpress2.240s (-1.8%)3.193s (-1.3%)0.954s101.03x
💻 LocalNitro2.257s (+2.4%)3.195s (+1.2%)0.937s101.04x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)2.500s (+1.1%)3.012s (~)0.513s101.15x
🌐 StarterNext.js (Turbopack)2.500s (-0.6%)3.009s (~)0.510s101.15x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)2.664s (+8.6% 🔺)3.022s (~)0.358s101.23x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.703s (+4.8%)3.017s (~)0.314s101.25x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.872s (+5.2% 🔺)3.021s (~)0.149s101.33x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)4.697s (-1.1%)5.180s (~)0.483s62.17x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)4.729s (+1.6%)5.178s (~)0.448s62.18x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Nitro3.220s (-12.6% 🟢)3.832s (-15.2% 🟢)0.612s81.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.268s (+1.1%)3.848s (+0.6%)0.581s81.01x
▲ VercelNext.js (Turbopack)3.292s (-8.5% 🟢)3.963s (-4.4%)0.670s81.02x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
🌐 Starter🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)0.130s (-1.4%)1.005s (~)0.000s (NaN%)1.011s (~)0.881s101.00x
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)0.134s (-2.0%)1.003s (~)0.020s (+25.3% 🔺)1.030s (~)0.896s101.03x
🌐 RedisNext.js (Turbopack)0.150s (+0.7%)1.004s (~)0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)1.013s (~)0.863s101.16x
💻 LocalExpress0.179s (-0.8%)0.992s (~)0.017s (+6.4% 🔺)1.023s (~)0.844s101.37x
💻 LocalNitro0.182s (+4.2%)0.990s (~)0.019s (+15.8% 🔺)1.026s (~)0.843s101.40x
🌐 MongoDBNext.js (Turbopack)0.487s (-6.3% 🟢)0.962s (+3.5%)0.000s (~)1.013s (~)0.526s103.74x
🌐 TursoNext.js (Turbopack)0.500s (+10.9% 🔺)0.954s (-4.4%)0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)1.014s (~)0.514s103.85x
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)1.091s (-16.7% 🟢)1.950s (+25.5% 🔺)0.000s (NaN%)2.018s (+11.0% 🔺)0.927s108.38x
🐘 PostgresExpress2.300s (+74.6% 🔺)2.746s (+54.1% 🔺)0.000s (NaN%)3.015s (+49.7% 🔺)0.715s1017.68x
🐘 PostgresNitro2.443s (+15.3% 🔺)2.600s (-11.1% 🟢)0.000s (NaN%)3.014s (~)0.570s1018.78x

▲ Production (Vercel)

WorldFrameworkWorkflow TimeTTFBSlurpWall TimeOverheadSamplesvs Fastest
▲ Vercel🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)3.073s (+8.4% 🔺)3.319s (+4.0%)0.823s (+138.8% 🔺)4.663s (+17.1% 🔺)1.589s101.00x
▲ VercelExpress3.084s (+12.2% 🔺)3.225s (+1.1%)0.900s (+67.9% 🔺)4.688s (+12.1% 🔺)1.604s101.00x
▲ VercelNitro3.116s (+5.1% 🔺)3.281s (+0.5%)0.750s (+48.8% 🔺)4.540s (+5.0% 🔺)1.424s101.01x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World🥇 Fastest FrameworkWins
💻 LocalNext.js (Turbopack)8/8
🐘 PostgresNext.js (Turbopack)7/8
▲ VercelExpress3/8
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework🥇 Fastest WorldWins
Express💻 Local8/8
Next.js (Turbopack)💻 Local3/8
Nitro💻 Local8/8
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

@VaguelySerious

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Closing in favor of #790

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