Make serialization functions async with Encryptor interface

[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Adds Encryptor, EncryptionContext, and KeyMaterial interfaces to @workflow/world
• Makes World extend Encryptor (all methods are optional, so existing implementations are unaffected)
• Converts all 8 dehydrate/hydrate functions in serialization.ts to async with new runId and encryptor parameters
• Adds runId and world to WorkflowOrchestratorContext for threading encryption context through the workflow lifecycle
• Updates all callers throughout: runtime, step handler, suspension handler, resume-hook, observability, CLI, web-shared, workbenches, world-testing, and tests

This is a no-op refactor — the encryptor parameter is unused (prefixed with _) in this PR. All callers pass {} as the encryptor. The actual encryption logic will be wired in a subsequent PR.

Stack

• Depends on Generate runId client-side in start() and simplify streaming types #954 (Generate runId client-side in start())

Test plan

All 303 core tests pass. Build succeeds.

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Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workflow-nest	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 7b2edf6

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 19 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/world	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-local	Patch
@workflow/world-postgres	Patch
@workflow/world-vercel	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	490	0	38	528
✅ 💻 Local Development	418	0	62	480
✅ 📦 Local Production	418	0	62	480
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	418	0	62	480
✅ 🪟 Windows	45	0	3	48
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	29	163	12	204
✅ 📋 Other	123	0	21	144
Total	1941	163	260	2364

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (163 failed)

mongodb (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

redis (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

starter (42 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

turso (41 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	44	0	4
✅ example	44	0	4
✅ express	44	0	4
✅ fastify	44	0	4
✅ hono	44	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	47	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	47	0	1
✅ nitro	44	0	4
✅ nuxt	44	0	4
✅ sveltekit	44	0	4
✅ vite	44	0	4

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	45	0	3

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	5	40	3
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	5	40	3
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	3	42	3
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	4	41	3

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	41	0	7

---

📋 View full workflow run

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR adds encryption support infrastructure to the Workflow SDK as a no-op refactor, preparing for future E2E encryption implementation. It introduces Encryptor, EncryptionContext, and KeyMaterial interfaces to @workflow/world, extends the World interface to include optional encryption methods, and converts all 8 serialization functions (dehydrate/hydrate) to async with new runId and encryptor parameters.

Changes:

• Added encryption interfaces (Encryptor, EncryptionContext, KeyMaterial) to @workflow/world package
• Made all 8 serialization functions async and added runId and encryptor parameters (unused in this PR, prefixed with _)
• Updated WorkflowOrchestratorContext to include runId and world for threading encryption context through workflow lifecycle
• Updated all 200+ call sites across runtime, step handlers, hook handlers, CLI, web-shared, workbenches, and tests to await async hydration and pass new parameters

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 42 out of 42 changed files in this pull request and generated no comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
packages/world/src/interfaces.ts	Added Encryptor, EncryptionContext, KeyMaterial interfaces; extended World to include Encryptor
packages/core/src/serialization.ts	Converted all 8 dehydrate/hydrate functions to async with new runId and encryptor parameters
packages/core/src/serialization.test.ts	Added test wrapper functions to maintain backward-compatible signatures for existing tests
packages/core/src/workflow.ts	Updated runWorkflow to accept world parameter and pass it through orchestrator context
packages/core/src/private.ts	Added runId and world to WorkflowOrchestratorContext interface
packages/core/src/workflow/hook.ts	Updated to use async hydration with .then()/.catch() pattern in event consumer
packages/core/src/step.ts	Updated to use async hydration with .then()/.catch() pattern in event consumer
packages/core/src/runtime/*.ts	Updated start, run, step-handler, suspension-handler, resume-hook to await async serialization
packages/core/src/observability.ts	Converted all hydration helper functions to async and properly await them
packages/cli/src/lib/inspect/output.ts	Updated all hydration calls to properly await and pass world
packages/web-shared/src/api/workflow-server-actions.ts	Converted hydrate helper to async and updated all callers to await
workbench//api/trigger	All 15 workbench trigger endpoints updated to await hydration and pass empty runId/encryptor
packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts	Removed withResolvers import and updated dehydrateWorkflowArguments call (missing cleanup on lines 96-97)
packages/core/e2e/bench.bench.ts	Properly removed all references to ops variable

---

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[TooTallNate]

• Make serialization functions async with Encryptor interface #955 👈 (View in Graphite)
• Generate runId client-side in start() and simplify streaming types #954
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.031s (-10.7% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.974s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.032s (-1.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.973s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.041s	1.005s	0.964s	10	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.301s (+36.2% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.708s	10	9.72x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.434s (+7.0% 🔺)	1.010s (-1.1%)	0.576s	10	13.99x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.857s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.877s (+19.1% 🔺)	2.020s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.859s (-6.0% 🟢)	2.727s (+14.9% 🔺)	1.868s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.894s (-8.5% 🟢)	2.804s (+0.9%)	1.911s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.101s	2.006s	0.904s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.102s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.903s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.105s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.901s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.171s (-11.7% 🟢)	3.014s (~)	0.843s	10	1.97x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.307s (+2.2%)	3.015s (~)	0.708s	10	2.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.627s (-3.8%)	3.579s (-12.3% 🟢)	0.952s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.635s (-1.1%)	3.874s (+8.4% 🔺)	1.240s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.681s (+2.9%)	3.942s (+3.4%)	1.261s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.709s	11.021s	0.312s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.822s (~)	11.021s (~)	0.199s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.827s (~)	11.021s (~)	0.194s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.171s (~)	21.059s (~)	0.888s	2	1.88x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.299s (~)	21.054s (~)	0.754s	2	1.90x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	19.098s (-2.1%)	20.649s (+1.0%)	1.551s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	19.099s (-2.4%)	20.123s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.024s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	19.745s (-0.7%)	22.467s (+5.6% 🔺)	2.721s	2	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	27.151s	28.049s	0.898s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	27.472s (~)	28.051s (~)	0.579s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	27.487s (~)	28.051s (~)	0.564s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	50.352s (~)	51.139s (~)	0.787s	2	1.85x
🐘 Postgres	Express	50.478s (~)	51.127s (~)	0.649s	2	1.86x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	48.630s (~)	50.145s (~)	1.515s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	48.834s (~)	50.305s (-0.6%)	1.471s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	51.682s (+2.0%)	53.957s (+3.0%)	2.275s	2	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	56.509s	57.104s	0.595s	2	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	57.075s (~)	57.601s (~)	0.526s	2	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	57.236s (~)	58.101s (~)	0.864s	2	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	100.196s (~)	100.213s (-1.0%)	0.017s	1	1.77x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	100.531s (~)	101.243s (~)	0.712s	1	1.78x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	99.867s (-5.3% 🟢)	101.818s (-4.7%)	1.951s	1	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	102.638s (-2.1%)	104.169s (-2.4%)	1.531s	1	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	102.723s (+1.5%)	103.516s (+0.7%)	0.793s	1	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.403s (-0.8%)	2.005s (~)	0.602s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.405s	2.004s	0.599s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.424s (+2.2%)	2.006s (~)	0.582s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.274s (-2.6%)	3.014s (~)	0.740s	10	1.62x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.554s (+10.9% 🔺)	3.013s (~)	0.459s	10	1.82x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.790s (-27.0% 🟢)	4.445s (-23.0% 🟢)	1.655s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.812s (-5.9% 🟢)	4.062s (-3.9%)	1.251s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.164s (-3.1%)	4.638s (+2.8%)	1.474s	7	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.517s	3.006s	0.490s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.557s (+0.9%)	3.007s (~)	0.450s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.636s (+0.8%)	3.007s (~)	0.371s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	8.667s (-2.8%)	9.035s (-2.7%)	0.368s	4	3.44x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.017s (+17.6% 🔺)	10.700s (+21.9% 🔺)	0.683s	3	3.98x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.112s (-8.2% 🟢)	4.493s (+0.7%)	1.380s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.394s (+7.3% 🔺)	4.695s (+7.6% 🔺)	1.301s	7	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.336s (+36.5% 🔺)	5.606s (+25.8% 🔺)	1.270s	6	1.39x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	6.896s	7.415s	0.518s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	7.137s (+1.4%)	7.767s (~)	0.630s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.609s (+2.3%)	8.017s (~)	0.408s	4	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	47.120s (-6.9% 🟢)	48.118s (-5.9% 🟢)	0.998s	1	6.83x
🐘 Postgres	Express	49.586s (+1.5%)	50.148s (+2.1%)	0.562s	1	7.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.651s (-5.9% 🟢)	5.254s (-2.1%)	1.604s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.737s (-0.6%)	5.738s (-1.8%)	2.000s	6	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.076s (+16.5% 🔺)	5.627s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.552s	6	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.418s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.586s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.420s	2.005s	0.585s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.432s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.574s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.023s (~)	2.474s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.451s	13	1.43x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.087s (-4.9%)	2.319s (-13.4% 🟢)	0.233s	13	1.47x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.664s (-8.3% 🟢)	3.870s (-2.5%)	1.206s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.671s (-5.1% 🟢)	3.914s (-2.6%)	1.242s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.680s (-10.7% 🟢)	3.755s (-18.0% 🟢)	1.075s	8	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	2.637s (-1.2%)	3.007s (~)	0.370s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.657s	3.011s	0.353s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.707s (-0.6%)	3.008s (~)	0.301s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.315s (-19.0% 🟢)	10.697s (-20.0% 🟢)	0.382s	3	3.91x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.648s (+11.0% 🔺)	13.042s (+11.5% 🔺)	0.394s	3	4.80x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.839s (~)	3.922s (-2.9%)	1.083s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.907s (-0.7%)	4.240s (-7.4% 🟢)	1.334s	8	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.357s (+12.7% 🔺)	4.602s (+10.7% 🔺)	1.245s	7	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	7.718s	8.015s	0.297s	4	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	7.779s (+2.1%)	8.019s (~)	0.240s	4	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.881s (-1.5%)	8.271s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.390s	4	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	51.476s (+1.2%)	52.118s (+2.0%)	0.642s	1	6.67x
🐘 Postgres	Express	51.743s (-1.3%)	52.122s (-1.9%)	0.379s	1	6.70x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.562s (-2.6%)	5.559s (+13.3% 🔺)	1.997s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.801s (-0.9%)	5.080s (-0.7%)	1.279s	6	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.936s (+14.5% 🔺)	5.236s (+1.2%)	1.300s	6	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.145s	1.001s	0.010s	1.015s	0.870s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.170s (-3.8%)	1.002s (~)	0.010s (+5.3% 🔺)	1.015s (~)	0.845s	10	1.17x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.175s (~)	1.002s (~)	0.010s (-10.7% 🟢)	1.015s (~)	0.840s	10	1.20x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.130s (-11.3% 🟢)	2.913s (+10.4% 🔺)	0.001s (+8.3% 🔺)	3.015s (~)	0.885s	10	14.67x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.328s (+7.5% 🔺)	2.715s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.001s (~)	3.014s (~)	0.686s	10	16.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.416s (-9.1% 🟢)	3.098s (+0.6%)	0.172s (+29.0% 🔺)	4.047s (+0.8%)	1.631s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.466s (-1.9%)	3.140s (+5.3% 🔺)	0.145s (-46.6% 🟢)	4.104s (+2.5%)	1.638s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.545s (-13.4% 🟢)	3.078s (-17.0% 🟢)	0.149s (-10.2% 🟢)	3.913s (-18.0% 🟢)	1.368s	10	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/12
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	7/12
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5/12

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	10/12
Next.js (Turbopack)	💻 Local	10/12
Nitro	💻 Local	10/12

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[pranaygp]

Review: PR #955 - Make serialization functions async with Encryptor interface

This PR appears to combine what has been split into #978 and #979 in the newer stack. Since the split versions are cleaner (separating the async refactor from the Encryptor interface threading), I'd recommend closing this in favor of the split stack: #978 -> #979 -> #956 -> #957.

Detailed reviews are on the individual PRs in the split stack.

[TooTallNate]

Good bot

[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Adds Encryptor, EncryptionContext, and KeyMaterial interfaces to @workflow/world
• Makes World extend Encryptor (all methods are optional, so existing implementations are unaffected)
• Converts all 8 dehydrate/hydrate functions in serialization.ts to async with new runId and encryptor parameters
• Adds runId and world to WorkflowOrchestratorContext for threading encryption context through the workflow lifecycle
• Updates all callers throughout: runtime, step handler, suspension handler, resume-hook, observability, CLI, web-shared, workbenches, world-testing, and tests

This is a no-op refactor — the encryptor parameter is unused (prefixed with _) in this PR. All callers pass {} as the encryptor. The actual encryption logic will be wired in a subsequent PR.

Stack

• Depends on Generate runId client-side in start() and simplify streaming types #954 (Generate runId client-side in start())

Test plan

All 303 core tests pass. Build succeeds.

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workflow-nest	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 7b2edf6

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 19 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/world	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-local	Patch
@workflow/world-postgres	Patch
@workflow/world-vercel	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	490	0	38	528
✅ 💻 Local Development	418	0	62	480
✅ 📦 Local Production	418	0	62	480
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	418	0	62	480
✅ 🪟 Windows	45	0	3	48
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	29	163	12	204
✅ 📋 Other	123	0	21	144
Total	1941	163	260	2364

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (163 failed)

mongodb (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

redis (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

starter (42 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

turso (41 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	44	0	4
✅ example	44	0	4
✅ express	44	0	4
✅ fastify	44	0	4
✅ hono	44	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	47	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	47	0	1
✅ nitro	44	0	4
✅ nuxt	44	0	4
✅ sveltekit	44	0	4
✅ vite	44	0	4

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	45	0	3

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	5	40	3
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	5	40	3
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	3	42	3
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	4	41	3

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	41	0	7

---

📋 View full workflow run

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR adds encryption support infrastructure to the Workflow SDK as a no-op refactor, preparing for future E2E encryption implementation. It introduces Encryptor, EncryptionContext, and KeyMaterial interfaces to @workflow/world, extends the World interface to include optional encryption methods, and converts all 8 serialization functions (dehydrate/hydrate) to async with new runId and encryptor parameters.

Changes:

• Added encryption interfaces (Encryptor, EncryptionContext, KeyMaterial) to @workflow/world package
• Made all 8 serialization functions async and added runId and encryptor parameters (unused in this PR, prefixed with _)
• Updated WorkflowOrchestratorContext to include runId and world for threading encryption context through workflow lifecycle
• Updated all 200+ call sites across runtime, step handlers, hook handlers, CLI, web-shared, workbenches, and tests to await async hydration and pass new parameters

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 42 out of 42 changed files in this pull request and generated no comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
packages/world/src/interfaces.ts	Added Encryptor, EncryptionContext, KeyMaterial interfaces; extended World to include Encryptor
packages/core/src/serialization.ts	Converted all 8 dehydrate/hydrate functions to async with new runId and encryptor parameters
packages/core/src/serialization.test.ts	Added test wrapper functions to maintain backward-compatible signatures for existing tests
packages/core/src/workflow.ts	Updated runWorkflow to accept world parameter and pass it through orchestrator context
packages/core/src/private.ts	Added runId and world to WorkflowOrchestratorContext interface
packages/core/src/workflow/hook.ts	Updated to use async hydration with .then()/.catch() pattern in event consumer
packages/core/src/step.ts	Updated to use async hydration with .then()/.catch() pattern in event consumer
packages/core/src/runtime/*.ts	Updated start, run, step-handler, suspension-handler, resume-hook to await async serialization
packages/core/src/observability.ts	Converted all hydration helper functions to async and properly await them
packages/cli/src/lib/inspect/output.ts	Updated all hydration calls to properly await and pass world
packages/web-shared/src/api/workflow-server-actions.ts	Converted hydrate helper to async and updated all callers to await
workbench//api/trigger	All 15 workbench trigger endpoints updated to await hydration and pass empty runId/encryptor
packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts	Removed withResolvers import and updated dehydrateWorkflowArguments call (missing cleanup on lines 96-97)
packages/core/e2e/bench.bench.ts	Properly removed all references to ops variable

---

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[TooTallNate]

• Make serialization functions async with Encryptor interface #955 👈 (View in Graphite)
• Generate runId client-side in start() and simplify streaming types #954
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.031s (-10.7% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.974s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.032s (-1.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.973s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.041s	1.005s	0.964s	10	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.301s (+36.2% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.708s	10	9.72x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.434s (+7.0% 🔺)	1.010s (-1.1%)	0.576s	10	13.99x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.857s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.877s (+19.1% 🔺)	2.020s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.859s (-6.0% 🟢)	2.727s (+14.9% 🔺)	1.868s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.894s (-8.5% 🟢)	2.804s (+0.9%)	1.911s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.101s	2.006s	0.904s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.102s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.903s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.105s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.901s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.171s (-11.7% 🟢)	3.014s (~)	0.843s	10	1.97x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.307s (+2.2%)	3.015s (~)	0.708s	10	2.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.627s (-3.8%)	3.579s (-12.3% 🟢)	0.952s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.635s (-1.1%)	3.874s (+8.4% 🔺)	1.240s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.681s (+2.9%)	3.942s (+3.4%)	1.261s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.709s	11.021s	0.312s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.822s (~)	11.021s (~)	0.199s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.827s (~)	11.021s (~)	0.194s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.171s (~)	21.059s (~)	0.888s	2	1.88x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.299s (~)	21.054s (~)	0.754s	2	1.90x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	19.098s (-2.1%)	20.649s (+1.0%)	1.551s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	19.099s (-2.4%)	20.123s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.024s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	19.745s (-0.7%)	22.467s (+5.6% 🔺)	2.721s	2	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	27.151s	28.049s	0.898s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	27.472s (~)	28.051s (~)	0.579s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	27.487s (~)	28.051s (~)	0.564s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	50.352s (~)	51.139s (~)	0.787s	2	1.85x
🐘 Postgres	Express	50.478s (~)	51.127s (~)	0.649s	2	1.86x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	48.630s (~)	50.145s (~)	1.515s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	48.834s (~)	50.305s (-0.6%)	1.471s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	51.682s (+2.0%)	53.957s (+3.0%)	2.275s	2	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	56.509s	57.104s	0.595s	2	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	57.075s (~)	57.601s (~)	0.526s	2	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	57.236s (~)	58.101s (~)	0.864s	2	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	100.196s (~)	100.213s (-1.0%)	0.017s	1	1.77x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	100.531s (~)	101.243s (~)	0.712s	1	1.78x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	99.867s (-5.3% 🟢)	101.818s (-4.7%)	1.951s	1	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	102.638s (-2.1%)	104.169s (-2.4%)	1.531s	1	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	102.723s (+1.5%)	103.516s (+0.7%)	0.793s	1	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.403s (-0.8%)	2.005s (~)	0.602s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.405s	2.004s	0.599s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.424s (+2.2%)	2.006s (~)	0.582s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.274s (-2.6%)	3.014s (~)	0.740s	10	1.62x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.554s (+10.9% 🔺)	3.013s (~)	0.459s	10	1.82x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.790s (-27.0% 🟢)	4.445s (-23.0% 🟢)	1.655s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.812s (-5.9% 🟢)	4.062s (-3.9%)	1.251s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.164s (-3.1%)	4.638s (+2.8%)	1.474s	7	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.517s	3.006s	0.490s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.557s (+0.9%)	3.007s (~)	0.450s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.636s (+0.8%)	3.007s (~)	0.371s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	8.667s (-2.8%)	9.035s (-2.7%)	0.368s	4	3.44x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.017s (+17.6% 🔺)	10.700s (+21.9% 🔺)	0.683s	3	3.98x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.112s (-8.2% 🟢)	4.493s (+0.7%)	1.380s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.394s (+7.3% 🔺)	4.695s (+7.6% 🔺)	1.301s	7	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.336s (+36.5% 🔺)	5.606s (+25.8% 🔺)	1.270s	6	1.39x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	6.896s	7.415s	0.518s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	7.137s (+1.4%)	7.767s (~)	0.630s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.609s (+2.3%)	8.017s (~)	0.408s	4	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	47.120s (-6.9% 🟢)	48.118s (-5.9% 🟢)	0.998s	1	6.83x
🐘 Postgres	Express	49.586s (+1.5%)	50.148s (+2.1%)	0.562s	1	7.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.651s (-5.9% 🟢)	5.254s (-2.1%)	1.604s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.737s (-0.6%)	5.738s (-1.8%)	2.000s	6	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.076s (+16.5% 🔺)	5.627s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.552s	6	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.418s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.586s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.420s	2.005s	0.585s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.432s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.574s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.023s (~)	2.474s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.451s	13	1.43x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.087s (-4.9%)	2.319s (-13.4% 🟢)	0.233s	13	1.47x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.664s (-8.3% 🟢)	3.870s (-2.5%)	1.206s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.671s (-5.1% 🟢)	3.914s (-2.6%)	1.242s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.680s (-10.7% 🟢)	3.755s (-18.0% 🟢)	1.075s	8	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	2.637s (-1.2%)	3.007s (~)	0.370s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.657s	3.011s	0.353s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.707s (-0.6%)	3.008s (~)	0.301s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.315s (-19.0% 🟢)	10.697s (-20.0% 🟢)	0.382s	3	3.91x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.648s (+11.0% 🔺)	13.042s (+11.5% 🔺)	0.394s	3	4.80x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.839s (~)	3.922s (-2.9%)	1.083s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.907s (-0.7%)	4.240s (-7.4% 🟢)	1.334s	8	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.357s (+12.7% 🔺)	4.602s (+10.7% 🔺)	1.245s	7	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	7.718s	8.015s	0.297s	4	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	7.779s (+2.1%)	8.019s (~)	0.240s	4	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.881s (-1.5%)	8.271s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.390s	4	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	51.476s (+1.2%)	52.118s (+2.0%)	0.642s	1	6.67x
🐘 Postgres	Express	51.743s (-1.3%)	52.122s (-1.9%)	0.379s	1	6.70x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.562s (-2.6%)	5.559s (+13.3% 🔺)	1.997s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.801s (-0.9%)	5.080s (-0.7%)	1.279s	6	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.936s (+14.5% 🔺)	5.236s (+1.2%)	1.300s	6	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.145s	1.001s	0.010s	1.015s	0.870s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.170s (-3.8%)	1.002s (~)	0.010s (+5.3% 🔺)	1.015s (~)	0.845s	10	1.17x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.175s (~)	1.002s (~)	0.010s (-10.7% 🟢)	1.015s (~)	0.840s	10	1.20x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.130s (-11.3% 🟢)	2.913s (+10.4% 🔺)	0.001s (+8.3% 🔺)	3.015s (~)	0.885s	10	14.67x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.328s (+7.5% 🔺)	2.715s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.001s (~)	3.014s (~)	0.686s	10	16.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.416s (-9.1% 🟢)	3.098s (+0.6%)	0.172s (+29.0% 🔺)	4.047s (+0.8%)	1.631s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.466s (-1.9%)	3.140s (+5.3% 🔺)	0.145s (-46.6% 🟢)	4.104s (+2.5%)	1.638s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.545s (-13.4% 🟢)	3.078s (-17.0% 🟢)	0.149s (-10.2% 🟢)	3.913s (-18.0% 🟢)	1.368s	10	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/12
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	7/12
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5/12

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	10/12
Next.js (Turbopack)	💻 Local	10/12
Nitro	💻 Local	10/12

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[pranaygp]

Review: PR #955 - Make serialization functions async with Encryptor interface

This PR appears to combine what has been split into #978 and #979 in the newer stack. Since the split versions are cleaner (separating the async refactor from the Encryptor interface threading), I'd recommend closing this in favor of the split stack: #978 -> #979 -> #956 -> #957.

Detailed reviews are on the individual PRs in the split stack.

[TooTallNate]

Good bot

[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Adds Encryptor, EncryptionContext, and KeyMaterial interfaces to @workflow/world
• Makes World extend Encryptor (all methods are optional, so existing implementations are unaffected)
• Converts all 8 dehydrate/hydrate functions in serialization.ts to async with new runId and encryptor parameters
• Adds runId and world to WorkflowOrchestratorContext for threading encryption context through the workflow lifecycle
• Updates all callers throughout: runtime, step handler, suspension handler, resume-hook, observability, CLI, web-shared, workbenches, world-testing, and tests

This is a no-op refactor — the encryptor parameter is unused (prefixed with _) in this PR. All callers pass {} as the encryptor. The actual encryption logic will be wired in a subsequent PR.

Stack

• Depends on Generate runId client-side in start() and simplify streaming types #954 (Generate runId client-side in start())

Test plan

All 303 core tests pass. Build succeeds.

[vercel]

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Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workflow-nest	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 7b2edf6

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 19 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/world	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-local	Patch
@workflow/world-postgres	Patch
@workflow/world-vercel	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	490	0	38	528
✅ 💻 Local Development	418	0	62	480
✅ 📦 Local Production	418	0	62	480
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	418	0	62	480
✅ 🪟 Windows	45	0	3	48
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	29	163	12	204
✅ 📋 Other	123	0	21	144
Total	1941	163	260	2364

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (163 failed)

mongodb (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

redis (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

starter (42 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

turso (41 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	44	0	4
✅ example	44	0	4
✅ express	44	0	4
✅ fastify	44	0	4
✅ hono	44	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	47	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	47	0	1
✅ nitro	44	0	4
✅ nuxt	44	0	4
✅ sveltekit	44	0	4
✅ vite	44	0	4

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	45	0	3

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	5	40	3
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	5	40	3
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	3	42	3
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	4	41	3

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	41	0	7

---

📋 View full workflow run

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR adds encryption support infrastructure to the Workflow SDK as a no-op refactor, preparing for future E2E encryption implementation. It introduces Encryptor, EncryptionContext, and KeyMaterial interfaces to @workflow/world, extends the World interface to include optional encryption methods, and converts all 8 serialization functions (dehydrate/hydrate) to async with new runId and encryptor parameters.

Changes:

• Added encryption interfaces (Encryptor, EncryptionContext, KeyMaterial) to @workflow/world package
• Made all 8 serialization functions async and added runId and encryptor parameters (unused in this PR, prefixed with _)
• Updated WorkflowOrchestratorContext to include runId and world for threading encryption context through workflow lifecycle
• Updated all 200+ call sites across runtime, step handlers, hook handlers, CLI, web-shared, workbenches, and tests to await async hydration and pass new parameters

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 42 out of 42 changed files in this pull request and generated no comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
packages/world/src/interfaces.ts	Added Encryptor, EncryptionContext, KeyMaterial interfaces; extended World to include Encryptor
packages/core/src/serialization.ts	Converted all 8 dehydrate/hydrate functions to async with new runId and encryptor parameters
packages/core/src/serialization.test.ts	Added test wrapper functions to maintain backward-compatible signatures for existing tests
packages/core/src/workflow.ts	Updated runWorkflow to accept world parameter and pass it through orchestrator context
packages/core/src/private.ts	Added runId and world to WorkflowOrchestratorContext interface
packages/core/src/workflow/hook.ts	Updated to use async hydration with .then()/.catch() pattern in event consumer
packages/core/src/step.ts	Updated to use async hydration with .then()/.catch() pattern in event consumer
packages/core/src/runtime/*.ts	Updated start, run, step-handler, suspension-handler, resume-hook to await async serialization
packages/core/src/observability.ts	Converted all hydration helper functions to async and properly await them
packages/cli/src/lib/inspect/output.ts	Updated all hydration calls to properly await and pass world
packages/web-shared/src/api/workflow-server-actions.ts	Converted hydrate helper to async and updated all callers to await
workbench//api/trigger	All 15 workbench trigger endpoints updated to await hydration and pass empty runId/encryptor
packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts	Removed withResolvers import and updated dehydrateWorkflowArguments call (missing cleanup on lines 96-97)
packages/core/e2e/bench.bench.ts	Properly removed all references to ops variable

---

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[TooTallNate]

• Make serialization functions async with Encryptor interface #955 👈 (View in Graphite)
• Generate runId client-side in start() and simplify streaming types #954
• main

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[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.031s (-10.7% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.974s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.032s (-1.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.973s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.041s	1.005s	0.964s	10	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.301s (+36.2% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.708s	10	9.72x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.434s (+7.0% 🔺)	1.010s (-1.1%)	0.576s	10	13.99x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.857s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.877s (+19.1% 🔺)	2.020s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.859s (-6.0% 🟢)	2.727s (+14.9% 🔺)	1.868s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.894s (-8.5% 🟢)	2.804s (+0.9%)	1.911s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.101s	2.006s	0.904s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.102s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.903s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.105s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.901s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.171s (-11.7% 🟢)	3.014s (~)	0.843s	10	1.97x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.307s (+2.2%)	3.015s (~)	0.708s	10	2.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.627s (-3.8%)	3.579s (-12.3% 🟢)	0.952s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.635s (-1.1%)	3.874s (+8.4% 🔺)	1.240s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.681s (+2.9%)	3.942s (+3.4%)	1.261s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.709s	11.021s	0.312s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.822s (~)	11.021s (~)	0.199s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.827s (~)	11.021s (~)	0.194s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.171s (~)	21.059s (~)	0.888s	2	1.88x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.299s (~)	21.054s (~)	0.754s	2	1.90x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	19.098s (-2.1%)	20.649s (+1.0%)	1.551s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	19.099s (-2.4%)	20.123s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.024s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	19.745s (-0.7%)	22.467s (+5.6% 🔺)	2.721s	2	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	27.151s	28.049s	0.898s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	27.472s (~)	28.051s (~)	0.579s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	27.487s (~)	28.051s (~)	0.564s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	50.352s (~)	51.139s (~)	0.787s	2	1.85x
🐘 Postgres	Express	50.478s (~)	51.127s (~)	0.649s	2	1.86x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	48.630s (~)	50.145s (~)	1.515s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	48.834s (~)	50.305s (-0.6%)	1.471s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	51.682s (+2.0%)	53.957s (+3.0%)	2.275s	2	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	56.509s	57.104s	0.595s	2	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	57.075s (~)	57.601s (~)	0.526s	2	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	57.236s (~)	58.101s (~)	0.864s	2	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	100.196s (~)	100.213s (-1.0%)	0.017s	1	1.77x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	100.531s (~)	101.243s (~)	0.712s	1	1.78x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	99.867s (-5.3% 🟢)	101.818s (-4.7%)	1.951s	1	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	102.638s (-2.1%)	104.169s (-2.4%)	1.531s	1	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	102.723s (+1.5%)	103.516s (+0.7%)	0.793s	1	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.403s (-0.8%)	2.005s (~)	0.602s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.405s	2.004s	0.599s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.424s (+2.2%)	2.006s (~)	0.582s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.274s (-2.6%)	3.014s (~)	0.740s	10	1.62x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.554s (+10.9% 🔺)	3.013s (~)	0.459s	10	1.82x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.790s (-27.0% 🟢)	4.445s (-23.0% 🟢)	1.655s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.812s (-5.9% 🟢)	4.062s (-3.9%)	1.251s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.164s (-3.1%)	4.638s (+2.8%)	1.474s	7	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.517s	3.006s	0.490s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.557s (+0.9%)	3.007s (~)	0.450s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.636s (+0.8%)	3.007s (~)	0.371s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	8.667s (-2.8%)	9.035s (-2.7%)	0.368s	4	3.44x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.017s (+17.6% 🔺)	10.700s (+21.9% 🔺)	0.683s	3	3.98x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.112s (-8.2% 🟢)	4.493s (+0.7%)	1.380s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.394s (+7.3% 🔺)	4.695s (+7.6% 🔺)	1.301s	7	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.336s (+36.5% 🔺)	5.606s (+25.8% 🔺)	1.270s	6	1.39x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	6.896s	7.415s	0.518s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	7.137s (+1.4%)	7.767s (~)	0.630s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.609s (+2.3%)	8.017s (~)	0.408s	4	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	47.120s (-6.9% 🟢)	48.118s (-5.9% 🟢)	0.998s	1	6.83x
🐘 Postgres	Express	49.586s (+1.5%)	50.148s (+2.1%)	0.562s	1	7.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.651s (-5.9% 🟢)	5.254s (-2.1%)	1.604s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.737s (-0.6%)	5.738s (-1.8%)	2.000s	6	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.076s (+16.5% 🔺)	5.627s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.552s	6	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.418s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.586s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.420s	2.005s	0.585s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.432s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.574s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.023s (~)	2.474s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.451s	13	1.43x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.087s (-4.9%)	2.319s (-13.4% 🟢)	0.233s	13	1.47x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.664s (-8.3% 🟢)	3.870s (-2.5%)	1.206s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.671s (-5.1% 🟢)	3.914s (-2.6%)	1.242s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.680s (-10.7% 🟢)	3.755s (-18.0% 🟢)	1.075s	8	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	2.637s (-1.2%)	3.007s (~)	0.370s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.657s	3.011s	0.353s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.707s (-0.6%)	3.008s (~)	0.301s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.315s (-19.0% 🟢)	10.697s (-20.0% 🟢)	0.382s	3	3.91x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.648s (+11.0% 🔺)	13.042s (+11.5% 🔺)	0.394s	3	4.80x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.839s (~)	3.922s (-2.9%)	1.083s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.907s (-0.7%)	4.240s (-7.4% 🟢)	1.334s	8	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.357s (+12.7% 🔺)	4.602s (+10.7% 🔺)	1.245s	7	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	7.718s	8.015s	0.297s	4	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	7.779s (+2.1%)	8.019s (~)	0.240s	4	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.881s (-1.5%)	8.271s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.390s	4	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	51.476s (+1.2%)	52.118s (+2.0%)	0.642s	1	6.67x
🐘 Postgres	Express	51.743s (-1.3%)	52.122s (-1.9%)	0.379s	1	6.70x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.562s (-2.6%)	5.559s (+13.3% 🔺)	1.997s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.801s (-0.9%)	5.080s (-0.7%)	1.279s	6	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.936s (+14.5% 🔺)	5.236s (+1.2%)	1.300s	6	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.145s	1.001s	0.010s	1.015s	0.870s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.170s (-3.8%)	1.002s (~)	0.010s (+5.3% 🔺)	1.015s (~)	0.845s	10	1.17x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.175s (~)	1.002s (~)	0.010s (-10.7% 🟢)	1.015s (~)	0.840s	10	1.20x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.130s (-11.3% 🟢)	2.913s (+10.4% 🔺)	0.001s (+8.3% 🔺)	3.015s (~)	0.885s	10	14.67x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.328s (+7.5% 🔺)	2.715s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.001s (~)	3.014s (~)	0.686s	10	16.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.416s (-9.1% 🟢)	3.098s (+0.6%)	0.172s (+29.0% 🔺)	4.047s (+0.8%)	1.631s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.466s (-1.9%)	3.140s (+5.3% 🔺)	0.145s (-46.6% 🟢)	4.104s (+2.5%)	1.638s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.545s (-13.4% 🟢)	3.078s (-17.0% 🟢)	0.149s (-10.2% 🟢)	3.913s (-18.0% 🟢)	1.368s	10	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/12
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	7/12
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5/12

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	10/12
Next.js (Turbopack)	💻 Local	10/12
Nitro	💻 Local	10/12

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[pranaygp]

Review: PR #955 - Make serialization functions async with Encryptor interface

This PR appears to combine what has been split into #978 and #979 in the newer stack. Since the split versions are cleaner (separating the async refactor from the Encryptor interface threading), I'd recommend closing this in favor of the split stack: #978 -> #979 -> #956 -> #957.

Detailed reviews are on the individual PRs in the split stack.

[TooTallNate]

Good bot

[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Adds Encryptor, EncryptionContext, and KeyMaterial interfaces to @workflow/world
• Makes World extend Encryptor (all methods are optional, so existing implementations are unaffected)
• Converts all 8 dehydrate/hydrate functions in serialization.ts to async with new runId and encryptor parameters
• Adds runId and world to WorkflowOrchestratorContext for threading encryption context through the workflow lifecycle
• Updates all callers throughout: runtime, step handler, suspension handler, resume-hook, observability, CLI, web-shared, workbenches, world-testing, and tests

This is a no-op refactor — the encryptor parameter is unused (prefixed with _) in this PR. All callers pass {} as the encryptor. The actual encryption logic will be wired in a subsequent PR.

Stack

• Depends on Generate runId client-side in start() and simplify streaming types #954 (Generate runId client-side in start())

Test plan

All 303 core tests pass. Build succeeds.

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workflow-nest	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 7b2edf6

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 19 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/world	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-local	Patch
@workflow/world-postgres	Patch
@workflow/world-vercel	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	490	0	38	528
✅ 💻 Local Development	418	0	62	480
✅ 📦 Local Production	418	0	62	480
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	418	0	62	480
✅ 🪟 Windows	45	0	3	48
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	29	163	12	204
✅ 📋 Other	123	0	21	144
Total	1941	163	260	2364

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (163 failed)

mongodb (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

redis (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

starter (42 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

turso (41 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	44	0	4
✅ example	44	0	4
✅ express	44	0	4
✅ fastify	44	0	4
✅ hono	44	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	47	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	47	0	1
✅ nitro	44	0	4
✅ nuxt	44	0	4
✅ sveltekit	44	0	4
✅ vite	44	0	4

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	45	0	3

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	5	40	3
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	5	40	3
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	3	42	3
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	4	41	3

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	41	0	7

---

📋 View full workflow run

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR adds encryption support infrastructure to the Workflow SDK as a no-op refactor, preparing for future E2E encryption implementation. It introduces Encryptor, EncryptionContext, and KeyMaterial interfaces to @workflow/world, extends the World interface to include optional encryption methods, and converts all 8 serialization functions (dehydrate/hydrate) to async with new runId and encryptor parameters.

Changes:

• Added encryption interfaces (Encryptor, EncryptionContext, KeyMaterial) to @workflow/world package
• Made all 8 serialization functions async and added runId and encryptor parameters (unused in this PR, prefixed with _)
• Updated WorkflowOrchestratorContext to include runId and world for threading encryption context through workflow lifecycle
• Updated all 200+ call sites across runtime, step handlers, hook handlers, CLI, web-shared, workbenches, and tests to await async hydration and pass new parameters

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 42 out of 42 changed files in this pull request and generated no comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
packages/world/src/interfaces.ts	Added Encryptor, EncryptionContext, KeyMaterial interfaces; extended World to include Encryptor
packages/core/src/serialization.ts	Converted all 8 dehydrate/hydrate functions to async with new runId and encryptor parameters
packages/core/src/serialization.test.ts	Added test wrapper functions to maintain backward-compatible signatures for existing tests
packages/core/src/workflow.ts	Updated runWorkflow to accept world parameter and pass it through orchestrator context
packages/core/src/private.ts	Added runId and world to WorkflowOrchestratorContext interface
packages/core/src/workflow/hook.ts	Updated to use async hydration with .then()/.catch() pattern in event consumer
packages/core/src/step.ts	Updated to use async hydration with .then()/.catch() pattern in event consumer
packages/core/src/runtime/*.ts	Updated start, run, step-handler, suspension-handler, resume-hook to await async serialization
packages/core/src/observability.ts	Converted all hydration helper functions to async and properly await them
packages/cli/src/lib/inspect/output.ts	Updated all hydration calls to properly await and pass world
packages/web-shared/src/api/workflow-server-actions.ts	Converted hydrate helper to async and updated all callers to await
workbench//api/trigger	All 15 workbench trigger endpoints updated to await hydration and pass empty runId/encryptor
packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts	Removed withResolvers import and updated dehydrateWorkflowArguments call (missing cleanup on lines 96-97)
packages/core/e2e/bench.bench.ts	Properly removed all references to ops variable

---

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[TooTallNate]

• Make serialization functions async with Encryptor interface #955 👈 (View in Graphite)
• Generate runId client-side in start() and simplify streaming types #954
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.031s (-10.7% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.974s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.032s (-1.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.973s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.041s	1.005s	0.964s	10	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.301s (+36.2% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.708s	10	9.72x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.434s (+7.0% 🔺)	1.010s (-1.1%)	0.576s	10	13.99x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.857s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.877s (+19.1% 🔺)	2.020s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.859s (-6.0% 🟢)	2.727s (+14.9% 🔺)	1.868s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.894s (-8.5% 🟢)	2.804s (+0.9%)	1.911s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.101s	2.006s	0.904s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.102s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.903s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.105s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.901s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.171s (-11.7% 🟢)	3.014s (~)	0.843s	10	1.97x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.307s (+2.2%)	3.015s (~)	0.708s	10	2.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.627s (-3.8%)	3.579s (-12.3% 🟢)	0.952s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.635s (-1.1%)	3.874s (+8.4% 🔺)	1.240s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.681s (+2.9%)	3.942s (+3.4%)	1.261s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.709s	11.021s	0.312s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.822s (~)	11.021s (~)	0.199s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.827s (~)	11.021s (~)	0.194s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.171s (~)	21.059s (~)	0.888s	2	1.88x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.299s (~)	21.054s (~)	0.754s	2	1.90x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	19.098s (-2.1%)	20.649s (+1.0%)	1.551s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	19.099s (-2.4%)	20.123s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.024s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	19.745s (-0.7%)	22.467s (+5.6% 🔺)	2.721s	2	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	27.151s	28.049s	0.898s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	27.472s (~)	28.051s (~)	0.579s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	27.487s (~)	28.051s (~)	0.564s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	50.352s (~)	51.139s (~)	0.787s	2	1.85x
🐘 Postgres	Express	50.478s (~)	51.127s (~)	0.649s	2	1.86x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	48.630s (~)	50.145s (~)	1.515s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	48.834s (~)	50.305s (-0.6%)	1.471s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	51.682s (+2.0%)	53.957s (+3.0%)	2.275s	2	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	56.509s	57.104s	0.595s	2	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	57.075s (~)	57.601s (~)	0.526s	2	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	57.236s (~)	58.101s (~)	0.864s	2	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	100.196s (~)	100.213s (-1.0%)	0.017s	1	1.77x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	100.531s (~)	101.243s (~)	0.712s	1	1.78x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	99.867s (-5.3% 🟢)	101.818s (-4.7%)	1.951s	1	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	102.638s (-2.1%)	104.169s (-2.4%)	1.531s	1	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	102.723s (+1.5%)	103.516s (+0.7%)	0.793s	1	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.403s (-0.8%)	2.005s (~)	0.602s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.405s	2.004s	0.599s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.424s (+2.2%)	2.006s (~)	0.582s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.274s (-2.6%)	3.014s (~)	0.740s	10	1.62x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.554s (+10.9% 🔺)	3.013s (~)	0.459s	10	1.82x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.790s (-27.0% 🟢)	4.445s (-23.0% 🟢)	1.655s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.812s (-5.9% 🟢)	4.062s (-3.9%)	1.251s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.164s (-3.1%)	4.638s (+2.8%)	1.474s	7	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.517s	3.006s	0.490s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.557s (+0.9%)	3.007s (~)	0.450s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.636s (+0.8%)	3.007s (~)	0.371s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	8.667s (-2.8%)	9.035s (-2.7%)	0.368s	4	3.44x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.017s (+17.6% 🔺)	10.700s (+21.9% 🔺)	0.683s	3	3.98x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.112s (-8.2% 🟢)	4.493s (+0.7%)	1.380s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.394s (+7.3% 🔺)	4.695s (+7.6% 🔺)	1.301s	7	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.336s (+36.5% 🔺)	5.606s (+25.8% 🔺)	1.270s	6	1.39x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	6.896s	7.415s	0.518s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	7.137s (+1.4%)	7.767s (~)	0.630s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.609s (+2.3%)	8.017s (~)	0.408s	4	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	47.120s (-6.9% 🟢)	48.118s (-5.9% 🟢)	0.998s	1	6.83x
🐘 Postgres	Express	49.586s (+1.5%)	50.148s (+2.1%)	0.562s	1	7.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.651s (-5.9% 🟢)	5.254s (-2.1%)	1.604s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.737s (-0.6%)	5.738s (-1.8%)	2.000s	6	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.076s (+16.5% 🔺)	5.627s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.552s	6	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.418s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.586s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.420s	2.005s	0.585s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.432s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.574s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.023s (~)	2.474s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.451s	13	1.43x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.087s (-4.9%)	2.319s (-13.4% 🟢)	0.233s	13	1.47x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.664s (-8.3% 🟢)	3.870s (-2.5%)	1.206s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.671s (-5.1% 🟢)	3.914s (-2.6%)	1.242s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.680s (-10.7% 🟢)	3.755s (-18.0% 🟢)	1.075s	8	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	2.637s (-1.2%)	3.007s (~)	0.370s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.657s	3.011s	0.353s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.707s (-0.6%)	3.008s (~)	0.301s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.315s (-19.0% 🟢)	10.697s (-20.0% 🟢)	0.382s	3	3.91x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.648s (+11.0% 🔺)	13.042s (+11.5% 🔺)	0.394s	3	4.80x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.839s (~)	3.922s (-2.9%)	1.083s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.907s (-0.7%)	4.240s (-7.4% 🟢)	1.334s	8	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.357s (+12.7% 🔺)	4.602s (+10.7% 🔺)	1.245s	7	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	7.718s	8.015s	0.297s	4	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	7.779s (+2.1%)	8.019s (~)	0.240s	4	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.881s (-1.5%)	8.271s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.390s	4	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	51.476s (+1.2%)	52.118s (+2.0%)	0.642s	1	6.67x
🐘 Postgres	Express	51.743s (-1.3%)	52.122s (-1.9%)	0.379s	1	6.70x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.562s (-2.6%)	5.559s (+13.3% 🔺)	1.997s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.801s (-0.9%)	5.080s (-0.7%)	1.279s	6	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.936s (+14.5% 🔺)	5.236s (+1.2%)	1.300s	6	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.145s	1.001s	0.010s	1.015s	0.870s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.170s (-3.8%)	1.002s (~)	0.010s (+5.3% 🔺)	1.015s (~)	0.845s	10	1.17x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.175s (~)	1.002s (~)	0.010s (-10.7% 🟢)	1.015s (~)	0.840s	10	1.20x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.130s (-11.3% 🟢)	2.913s (+10.4% 🔺)	0.001s (+8.3% 🔺)	3.015s (~)	0.885s	10	14.67x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.328s (+7.5% 🔺)	2.715s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.001s (~)	3.014s (~)	0.686s	10	16.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.416s (-9.1% 🟢)	3.098s (+0.6%)	0.172s (+29.0% 🔺)	4.047s (+0.8%)	1.631s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.466s (-1.9%)	3.140s (+5.3% 🔺)	0.145s (-46.6% 🟢)	4.104s (+2.5%)	1.638s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.545s (-13.4% 🟢)	3.078s (-17.0% 🟢)	0.149s (-10.2% 🟢)	3.913s (-18.0% 🟢)	1.368s	10	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/12
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	7/12
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5/12

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	10/12
Next.js (Turbopack)	💻 Local	10/12
Nitro	💻 Local	10/12

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[pranaygp]

Review: PR #955 - Make serialization functions async with Encryptor interface

This PR appears to combine what has been split into #978 and #979 in the newer stack. Since the split versions are cleaner (separating the async refactor from the Encryptor interface threading), I'd recommend closing this in favor of the split stack: #978 -> #979 -> #956 -> #957.

Detailed reviews are on the individual PRs in the split stack.

[TooTallNate]

Good bot

[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Adds Encryptor, EncryptionContext, and KeyMaterial interfaces to @workflow/world
• Makes World extend Encryptor (all methods are optional, so existing implementations are unaffected)
• Converts all 8 dehydrate/hydrate functions in serialization.ts to async with new runId and encryptor parameters
• Adds runId and world to WorkflowOrchestratorContext for threading encryption context through the workflow lifecycle
• Updates all callers throughout: runtime, step handler, suspension handler, resume-hook, observability, CLI, web-shared, workbenches, world-testing, and tests

This is a no-op refactor — the encryptor parameter is unused (prefixed with _) in this PR. All callers pass {} as the encryptor. The actual encryption logic will be wired in a subsequent PR.

Stack

• Depends on Generate runId client-side in start() and simplify streaming types #954 (Generate runId client-side in start())

Test plan

All 303 core tests pass. Build succeeds.

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workflow-nest	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 7b2edf6

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 19 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/world	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-local	Patch
@workflow/world-postgres	Patch
@workflow/world-vercel	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	490	0	38	528
✅ 💻 Local Development	418	0	62	480
✅ 📦 Local Production	418	0	62	480
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	418	0	62	480
✅ 🪟 Windows	45	0	3	48
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	29	163	12	204
✅ 📋 Other	123	0	21	144
Total	1941	163	260	2364

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (163 failed)

mongodb (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

redis (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

starter (42 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

turso (41 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	44	0	4
✅ example	44	0	4
✅ express	44	0	4
✅ fastify	44	0	4
✅ hono	44	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	47	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	47	0	1
✅ nitro	44	0	4
✅ nuxt	44	0	4
✅ sveltekit	44	0	4
✅ vite	44	0	4

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	45	0	3

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	5	40	3
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	5	40	3
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	3	42	3
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	4	41	3

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	41	0	7

---

📋 View full workflow run

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR adds encryption support infrastructure to the Workflow SDK as a no-op refactor, preparing for future E2E encryption implementation. It introduces Encryptor, EncryptionContext, and KeyMaterial interfaces to @workflow/world, extends the World interface to include optional encryption methods, and converts all 8 serialization functions (dehydrate/hydrate) to async with new runId and encryptor parameters.

Changes:

• Added encryption interfaces (Encryptor, EncryptionContext, KeyMaterial) to @workflow/world package
• Made all 8 serialization functions async and added runId and encryptor parameters (unused in this PR, prefixed with _)
• Updated WorkflowOrchestratorContext to include runId and world for threading encryption context through workflow lifecycle
• Updated all 200+ call sites across runtime, step handlers, hook handlers, CLI, web-shared, workbenches, and tests to await async hydration and pass new parameters

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 42 out of 42 changed files in this pull request and generated no comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
packages/world/src/interfaces.ts	Added Encryptor, EncryptionContext, KeyMaterial interfaces; extended World to include Encryptor
packages/core/src/serialization.ts	Converted all 8 dehydrate/hydrate functions to async with new runId and encryptor parameters
packages/core/src/serialization.test.ts	Added test wrapper functions to maintain backward-compatible signatures for existing tests
packages/core/src/workflow.ts	Updated runWorkflow to accept world parameter and pass it through orchestrator context
packages/core/src/private.ts	Added runId and world to WorkflowOrchestratorContext interface
packages/core/src/workflow/hook.ts	Updated to use async hydration with .then()/.catch() pattern in event consumer
packages/core/src/step.ts	Updated to use async hydration with .then()/.catch() pattern in event consumer
packages/core/src/runtime/*.ts	Updated start, run, step-handler, suspension-handler, resume-hook to await async serialization
packages/core/src/observability.ts	Converted all hydration helper functions to async and properly await them
packages/cli/src/lib/inspect/output.ts	Updated all hydration calls to properly await and pass world
packages/web-shared/src/api/workflow-server-actions.ts	Converted hydrate helper to async and updated all callers to await
workbench//api/trigger	All 15 workbench trigger endpoints updated to await hydration and pass empty runId/encryptor
packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts	Removed withResolvers import and updated dehydrateWorkflowArguments call (missing cleanup on lines 96-97)
packages/core/e2e/bench.bench.ts	Properly removed all references to ops variable

---

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[TooTallNate]

• Make serialization functions async with Encryptor interface #955 👈 (View in Graphite)
• Generate runId client-side in start() and simplify streaming types #954
• main

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[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.031s (-10.7% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.974s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.032s (-1.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.973s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.041s	1.005s	0.964s	10	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.301s (+36.2% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.708s	10	9.72x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.434s (+7.0% 🔺)	1.010s (-1.1%)	0.576s	10	13.99x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.857s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.877s (+19.1% 🔺)	2.020s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.859s (-6.0% 🟢)	2.727s (+14.9% 🔺)	1.868s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.894s (-8.5% 🟢)	2.804s (+0.9%)	1.911s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.101s	2.006s	0.904s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.102s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.903s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.105s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.901s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.171s (-11.7% 🟢)	3.014s (~)	0.843s	10	1.97x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.307s (+2.2%)	3.015s (~)	0.708s	10	2.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.627s (-3.8%)	3.579s (-12.3% 🟢)	0.952s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.635s (-1.1%)	3.874s (+8.4% 🔺)	1.240s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.681s (+2.9%)	3.942s (+3.4%)	1.261s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.709s	11.021s	0.312s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.822s (~)	11.021s (~)	0.199s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.827s (~)	11.021s (~)	0.194s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.171s (~)	21.059s (~)	0.888s	2	1.88x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.299s (~)	21.054s (~)	0.754s	2	1.90x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	19.098s (-2.1%)	20.649s (+1.0%)	1.551s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	19.099s (-2.4%)	20.123s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.024s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	19.745s (-0.7%)	22.467s (+5.6% 🔺)	2.721s	2	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	27.151s	28.049s	0.898s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	27.472s (~)	28.051s (~)	0.579s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	27.487s (~)	28.051s (~)	0.564s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	50.352s (~)	51.139s (~)	0.787s	2	1.85x
🐘 Postgres	Express	50.478s (~)	51.127s (~)	0.649s	2	1.86x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	48.630s (~)	50.145s (~)	1.515s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	48.834s (~)	50.305s (-0.6%)	1.471s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	51.682s (+2.0%)	53.957s (+3.0%)	2.275s	2	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	56.509s	57.104s	0.595s	2	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	57.075s (~)	57.601s (~)	0.526s	2	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	57.236s (~)	58.101s (~)	0.864s	2	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	100.196s (~)	100.213s (-1.0%)	0.017s	1	1.77x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	100.531s (~)	101.243s (~)	0.712s	1	1.78x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	99.867s (-5.3% 🟢)	101.818s (-4.7%)	1.951s	1	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	102.638s (-2.1%)	104.169s (-2.4%)	1.531s	1	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	102.723s (+1.5%)	103.516s (+0.7%)	0.793s	1	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.403s (-0.8%)	2.005s (~)	0.602s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.405s	2.004s	0.599s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.424s (+2.2%)	2.006s (~)	0.582s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.274s (-2.6%)	3.014s (~)	0.740s	10	1.62x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.554s (+10.9% 🔺)	3.013s (~)	0.459s	10	1.82x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.790s (-27.0% 🟢)	4.445s (-23.0% 🟢)	1.655s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.812s (-5.9% 🟢)	4.062s (-3.9%)	1.251s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.164s (-3.1%)	4.638s (+2.8%)	1.474s	7	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.517s	3.006s	0.490s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.557s (+0.9%)	3.007s (~)	0.450s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.636s (+0.8%)	3.007s (~)	0.371s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	8.667s (-2.8%)	9.035s (-2.7%)	0.368s	4	3.44x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.017s (+17.6% 🔺)	10.700s (+21.9% 🔺)	0.683s	3	3.98x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.112s (-8.2% 🟢)	4.493s (+0.7%)	1.380s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.394s (+7.3% 🔺)	4.695s (+7.6% 🔺)	1.301s	7	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.336s (+36.5% 🔺)	5.606s (+25.8% 🔺)	1.270s	6	1.39x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	6.896s	7.415s	0.518s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	7.137s (+1.4%)	7.767s (~)	0.630s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.609s (+2.3%)	8.017s (~)	0.408s	4	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	47.120s (-6.9% 🟢)	48.118s (-5.9% 🟢)	0.998s	1	6.83x
🐘 Postgres	Express	49.586s (+1.5%)	50.148s (+2.1%)	0.562s	1	7.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.651s (-5.9% 🟢)	5.254s (-2.1%)	1.604s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.737s (-0.6%)	5.738s (-1.8%)	2.000s	6	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.076s (+16.5% 🔺)	5.627s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.552s	6	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.418s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.586s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.420s	2.005s	0.585s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.432s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.574s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.023s (~)	2.474s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.451s	13	1.43x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.087s (-4.9%)	2.319s (-13.4% 🟢)	0.233s	13	1.47x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.664s (-8.3% 🟢)	3.870s (-2.5%)	1.206s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.671s (-5.1% 🟢)	3.914s (-2.6%)	1.242s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.680s (-10.7% 🟢)	3.755s (-18.0% 🟢)	1.075s	8	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	2.637s (-1.2%)	3.007s (~)	0.370s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.657s	3.011s	0.353s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.707s (-0.6%)	3.008s (~)	0.301s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.315s (-19.0% 🟢)	10.697s (-20.0% 🟢)	0.382s	3	3.91x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.648s (+11.0% 🔺)	13.042s (+11.5% 🔺)	0.394s	3	4.80x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.839s (~)	3.922s (-2.9%)	1.083s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.907s (-0.7%)	4.240s (-7.4% 🟢)	1.334s	8	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.357s (+12.7% 🔺)	4.602s (+10.7% 🔺)	1.245s	7	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	7.718s	8.015s	0.297s	4	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	7.779s (+2.1%)	8.019s (~)	0.240s	4	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.881s (-1.5%)	8.271s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.390s	4	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	51.476s (+1.2%)	52.118s (+2.0%)	0.642s	1	6.67x
🐘 Postgres	Express	51.743s (-1.3%)	52.122s (-1.9%)	0.379s	1	6.70x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.562s (-2.6%)	5.559s (+13.3% 🔺)	1.997s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.801s (-0.9%)	5.080s (-0.7%)	1.279s	6	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.936s (+14.5% 🔺)	5.236s (+1.2%)	1.300s	6	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.145s	1.001s	0.010s	1.015s	0.870s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.170s (-3.8%)	1.002s (~)	0.010s (+5.3% 🔺)	1.015s (~)	0.845s	10	1.17x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.175s (~)	1.002s (~)	0.010s (-10.7% 🟢)	1.015s (~)	0.840s	10	1.20x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.130s (-11.3% 🟢)	2.913s (+10.4% 🔺)	0.001s (+8.3% 🔺)	3.015s (~)	0.885s	10	14.67x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.328s (+7.5% 🔺)	2.715s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.001s (~)	3.014s (~)	0.686s	10	16.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.416s (-9.1% 🟢)	3.098s (+0.6%)	0.172s (+29.0% 🔺)	4.047s (+0.8%)	1.631s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.466s (-1.9%)	3.140s (+5.3% 🔺)	0.145s (-46.6% 🟢)	4.104s (+2.5%)	1.638s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.545s (-13.4% 🟢)	3.078s (-17.0% 🟢)	0.149s (-10.2% 🟢)	3.913s (-18.0% 🟢)	1.368s	10	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/12
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	7/12
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5/12

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	10/12
Next.js (Turbopack)	💻 Local	10/12
Nitro	💻 Local	10/12

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[pranaygp]

Review: PR #955 - Make serialization functions async with Encryptor interface

This PR appears to combine what has been split into #978 and #979 in the newer stack. Since the split versions are cleaner (separating the async refactor from the Encryptor interface threading), I'd recommend closing this in favor of the split stack: #978 -> #979 -> #956 -> #957.

Detailed reviews are on the individual PRs in the split stack.

[TooTallNate]

Good bot

[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Adds Encryptor, EncryptionContext, and KeyMaterial interfaces to @workflow/world
• Makes World extend Encryptor (all methods are optional, so existing implementations are unaffected)
• Converts all 8 dehydrate/hydrate functions in serialization.ts to async with new runId and encryptor parameters
• Adds runId and world to WorkflowOrchestratorContext for threading encryption context through the workflow lifecycle
• Updates all callers throughout: runtime, step handler, suspension handler, resume-hook, observability, CLI, web-shared, workbenches, world-testing, and tests

This is a no-op refactor — the encryptor parameter is unused (prefixed with _) in this PR. All callers pass {} as the encryptor. The actual encryption logic will be wired in a subsequent PR.

Stack

• Depends on Generate runId client-side in start() and simplify streaming types #954 (Generate runId client-side in start())

Test plan

All 303 core tests pass. Build succeeds.

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workflow-nest	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 7b2edf6

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 19 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/world	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-local	Patch
@workflow/world-postgres	Patch
@workflow/world-vercel	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	490	0	38	528
✅ 💻 Local Development	418	0	62	480
✅ 📦 Local Production	418	0	62	480
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	418	0	62	480
✅ 🪟 Windows	45	0	3	48
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	29	163	12	204
✅ 📋 Other	123	0	21	144
Total	1941	163	260	2364

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (163 failed)

mongodb (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

redis (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

starter (42 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

turso (41 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	44	0	4
✅ example	44	0	4
✅ express	44	0	4
✅ fastify	44	0	4
✅ hono	44	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	47	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	47	0	1
✅ nitro	44	0	4
✅ nuxt	44	0	4
✅ sveltekit	44	0	4
✅ vite	44	0	4

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	45	0	3

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	5	40	3
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	5	40	3
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	3	42	3
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	4	41	3

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	41	0	7

---

📋 View full workflow run

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR adds encryption support infrastructure to the Workflow SDK as a no-op refactor, preparing for future E2E encryption implementation. It introduces Encryptor, EncryptionContext, and KeyMaterial interfaces to @workflow/world, extends the World interface to include optional encryption methods, and converts all 8 serialization functions (dehydrate/hydrate) to async with new runId and encryptor parameters.

Changes:

• Added encryption interfaces (Encryptor, EncryptionContext, KeyMaterial) to @workflow/world package
• Made all 8 serialization functions async and added runId and encryptor parameters (unused in this PR, prefixed with _)
• Updated WorkflowOrchestratorContext to include runId and world for threading encryption context through workflow lifecycle
• Updated all 200+ call sites across runtime, step handlers, hook handlers, CLI, web-shared, workbenches, and tests to await async hydration and pass new parameters

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 42 out of 42 changed files in this pull request and generated no comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
packages/world/src/interfaces.ts	Added Encryptor, EncryptionContext, KeyMaterial interfaces; extended World to include Encryptor
packages/core/src/serialization.ts	Converted all 8 dehydrate/hydrate functions to async with new runId and encryptor parameters
packages/core/src/serialization.test.ts	Added test wrapper functions to maintain backward-compatible signatures for existing tests
packages/core/src/workflow.ts	Updated runWorkflow to accept world parameter and pass it through orchestrator context
packages/core/src/private.ts	Added runId and world to WorkflowOrchestratorContext interface
packages/core/src/workflow/hook.ts	Updated to use async hydration with .then()/.catch() pattern in event consumer
packages/core/src/step.ts	Updated to use async hydration with .then()/.catch() pattern in event consumer
packages/core/src/runtime/*.ts	Updated start, run, step-handler, suspension-handler, resume-hook to await async serialization
packages/core/src/observability.ts	Converted all hydration helper functions to async and properly await them
packages/cli/src/lib/inspect/output.ts	Updated all hydration calls to properly await and pass world
packages/web-shared/src/api/workflow-server-actions.ts	Converted hydrate helper to async and updated all callers to await
workbench//api/trigger	All 15 workbench trigger endpoints updated to await hydration and pass empty runId/encryptor
packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts	Removed withResolvers import and updated dehydrateWorkflowArguments call (missing cleanup on lines 96-97)
packages/core/e2e/bench.bench.ts	Properly removed all references to ops variable

---

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[TooTallNate]

• Make serialization functions async with Encryptor interface #955 👈 (View in Graphite)
• Generate runId client-side in start() and simplify streaming types #954
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.031s (-10.7% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.974s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.032s (-1.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.973s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.041s	1.005s	0.964s	10	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.301s (+36.2% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.708s	10	9.72x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.434s (+7.0% 🔺)	1.010s (-1.1%)	0.576s	10	13.99x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.857s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.877s (+19.1% 🔺)	2.020s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.859s (-6.0% 🟢)	2.727s (+14.9% 🔺)	1.868s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.894s (-8.5% 🟢)	2.804s (+0.9%)	1.911s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.101s	2.006s	0.904s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.102s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.903s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.105s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.901s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.171s (-11.7% 🟢)	3.014s (~)	0.843s	10	1.97x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.307s (+2.2%)	3.015s (~)	0.708s	10	2.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.627s (-3.8%)	3.579s (-12.3% 🟢)	0.952s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.635s (-1.1%)	3.874s (+8.4% 🔺)	1.240s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.681s (+2.9%)	3.942s (+3.4%)	1.261s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.709s	11.021s	0.312s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.822s (~)	11.021s (~)	0.199s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.827s (~)	11.021s (~)	0.194s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.171s (~)	21.059s (~)	0.888s	2	1.88x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.299s (~)	21.054s (~)	0.754s	2	1.90x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	19.098s (-2.1%)	20.649s (+1.0%)	1.551s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	19.099s (-2.4%)	20.123s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.024s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	19.745s (-0.7%)	22.467s (+5.6% 🔺)	2.721s	2	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	27.151s	28.049s	0.898s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	27.472s (~)	28.051s (~)	0.579s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	27.487s (~)	28.051s (~)	0.564s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	50.352s (~)	51.139s (~)	0.787s	2	1.85x
🐘 Postgres	Express	50.478s (~)	51.127s (~)	0.649s	2	1.86x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	48.630s (~)	50.145s (~)	1.515s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	48.834s (~)	50.305s (-0.6%)	1.471s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	51.682s (+2.0%)	53.957s (+3.0%)	2.275s	2	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	56.509s	57.104s	0.595s	2	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	57.075s (~)	57.601s (~)	0.526s	2	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	57.236s (~)	58.101s (~)	0.864s	2	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	100.196s (~)	100.213s (-1.0%)	0.017s	1	1.77x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	100.531s (~)	101.243s (~)	0.712s	1	1.78x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	99.867s (-5.3% 🟢)	101.818s (-4.7%)	1.951s	1	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	102.638s (-2.1%)	104.169s (-2.4%)	1.531s	1	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	102.723s (+1.5%)	103.516s (+0.7%)	0.793s	1	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.403s (-0.8%)	2.005s (~)	0.602s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.405s	2.004s	0.599s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.424s (+2.2%)	2.006s (~)	0.582s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.274s (-2.6%)	3.014s (~)	0.740s	10	1.62x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.554s (+10.9% 🔺)	3.013s (~)	0.459s	10	1.82x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.790s (-27.0% 🟢)	4.445s (-23.0% 🟢)	1.655s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.812s (-5.9% 🟢)	4.062s (-3.9%)	1.251s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.164s (-3.1%)	4.638s (+2.8%)	1.474s	7	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.517s	3.006s	0.490s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.557s (+0.9%)	3.007s (~)	0.450s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.636s (+0.8%)	3.007s (~)	0.371s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	8.667s (-2.8%)	9.035s (-2.7%)	0.368s	4	3.44x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.017s (+17.6% 🔺)	10.700s (+21.9% 🔺)	0.683s	3	3.98x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.112s (-8.2% 🟢)	4.493s (+0.7%)	1.380s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.394s (+7.3% 🔺)	4.695s (+7.6% 🔺)	1.301s	7	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.336s (+36.5% 🔺)	5.606s (+25.8% 🔺)	1.270s	6	1.39x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	6.896s	7.415s	0.518s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	7.137s (+1.4%)	7.767s (~)	0.630s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.609s (+2.3%)	8.017s (~)	0.408s	4	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	47.120s (-6.9% 🟢)	48.118s (-5.9% 🟢)	0.998s	1	6.83x
🐘 Postgres	Express	49.586s (+1.5%)	50.148s (+2.1%)	0.562s	1	7.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.651s (-5.9% 🟢)	5.254s (-2.1%)	1.604s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.737s (-0.6%)	5.738s (-1.8%)	2.000s	6	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.076s (+16.5% 🔺)	5.627s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.552s	6	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.418s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.586s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.420s	2.005s	0.585s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.432s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.574s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.023s (~)	2.474s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.451s	13	1.43x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.087s (-4.9%)	2.319s (-13.4% 🟢)	0.233s	13	1.47x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.664s (-8.3% 🟢)	3.870s (-2.5%)	1.206s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.671s (-5.1% 🟢)	3.914s (-2.6%)	1.242s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.680s (-10.7% 🟢)	3.755s (-18.0% 🟢)	1.075s	8	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	2.637s (-1.2%)	3.007s (~)	0.370s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.657s	3.011s	0.353s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.707s (-0.6%)	3.008s (~)	0.301s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.315s (-19.0% 🟢)	10.697s (-20.0% 🟢)	0.382s	3	3.91x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.648s (+11.0% 🔺)	13.042s (+11.5% 🔺)	0.394s	3	4.80x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.839s (~)	3.922s (-2.9%)	1.083s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.907s (-0.7%)	4.240s (-7.4% 🟢)	1.334s	8	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.357s (+12.7% 🔺)	4.602s (+10.7% 🔺)	1.245s	7	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	7.718s	8.015s	0.297s	4	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	7.779s (+2.1%)	8.019s (~)	0.240s	4	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.881s (-1.5%)	8.271s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.390s	4	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	51.476s (+1.2%)	52.118s (+2.0%)	0.642s	1	6.67x
🐘 Postgres	Express	51.743s (-1.3%)	52.122s (-1.9%)	0.379s	1	6.70x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.562s (-2.6%)	5.559s (+13.3% 🔺)	1.997s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.801s (-0.9%)	5.080s (-0.7%)	1.279s	6	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.936s (+14.5% 🔺)	5.236s (+1.2%)	1.300s	6	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.145s	1.001s	0.010s	1.015s	0.870s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.170s (-3.8%)	1.002s (~)	0.010s (+5.3% 🔺)	1.015s (~)	0.845s	10	1.17x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.175s (~)	1.002s (~)	0.010s (-10.7% 🟢)	1.015s (~)	0.840s	10	1.20x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.130s (-11.3% 🟢)	2.913s (+10.4% 🔺)	0.001s (+8.3% 🔺)	3.015s (~)	0.885s	10	14.67x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.328s (+7.5% 🔺)	2.715s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.001s (~)	3.014s (~)	0.686s	10	16.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.416s (-9.1% 🟢)	3.098s (+0.6%)	0.172s (+29.0% 🔺)	4.047s (+0.8%)	1.631s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.466s (-1.9%)	3.140s (+5.3% 🔺)	0.145s (-46.6% 🟢)	4.104s (+2.5%)	1.638s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.545s (-13.4% 🟢)	3.078s (-17.0% 🟢)	0.149s (-10.2% 🟢)	3.913s (-18.0% 🟢)	1.368s	10	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/12
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	7/12
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5/12

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	10/12
Next.js (Turbopack)	💻 Local	10/12
Nitro	💻 Local	10/12

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[pranaygp]

Review: PR #955 - Make serialization functions async with Encryptor interface

This PR appears to combine what has been split into #978 and #979 in the newer stack. Since the split versions are cleaner (separating the async refactor from the Encryptor interface threading), I'd recommend closing this in favor of the split stack: #978 -> #979 -> #956 -> #957.

Detailed reviews are on the individual PRs in the split stack.

[TooTallNate]

Good bot

[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Adds Encryptor, EncryptionContext, and KeyMaterial interfaces to @workflow/world
• Makes World extend Encryptor (all methods are optional, so existing implementations are unaffected)
• Converts all 8 dehydrate/hydrate functions in serialization.ts to async with new runId and encryptor parameters
• Adds runId and world to WorkflowOrchestratorContext for threading encryption context through the workflow lifecycle
• Updates all callers throughout: runtime, step handler, suspension handler, resume-hook, observability, CLI, web-shared, workbenches, world-testing, and tests

This is a no-op refactor — the encryptor parameter is unused (prefixed with _) in this PR. All callers pass {} as the encryptor. The actual encryption logic will be wired in a subsequent PR.

Stack

• Depends on Generate runId client-side in start() and simplify streaming types #954 (Generate runId client-side in start())

Test plan

All 303 core tests pass. Build succeeds.

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workflow-nest	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 7b2edf6

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 19 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/world	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-local	Patch
@workflow/world-postgres	Patch
@workflow/world-vercel	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	490	0	38	528
✅ 💻 Local Development	418	0	62	480
✅ 📦 Local Production	418	0	62	480
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	418	0	62	480
✅ 🪟 Windows	45	0	3	48
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	29	163	12	204
✅ 📋 Other	123	0	21	144
Total	1941	163	260	2364

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (163 failed)

mongodb (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

redis (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

starter (42 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

turso (41 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	44	0	4
✅ example	44	0	4
✅ express	44	0	4
✅ fastify	44	0	4
✅ hono	44	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	47	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	47	0	1
✅ nitro	44	0	4
✅ nuxt	44	0	4
✅ sveltekit	44	0	4
✅ vite	44	0	4

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	45	0	3

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	5	40	3
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	5	40	3
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	3	42	3
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	4	41	3

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	41	0	7

---

📋 View full workflow run

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR adds encryption support infrastructure to the Workflow SDK as a no-op refactor, preparing for future E2E encryption implementation. It introduces Encryptor, EncryptionContext, and KeyMaterial interfaces to @workflow/world, extends the World interface to include optional encryption methods, and converts all 8 serialization functions (dehydrate/hydrate) to async with new runId and encryptor parameters.

Changes:

• Added encryption interfaces (Encryptor, EncryptionContext, KeyMaterial) to @workflow/world package
• Made all 8 serialization functions async and added runId and encryptor parameters (unused in this PR, prefixed with _)
• Updated WorkflowOrchestratorContext to include runId and world for threading encryption context through workflow lifecycle
• Updated all 200+ call sites across runtime, step handlers, hook handlers, CLI, web-shared, workbenches, and tests to await async hydration and pass new parameters

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 42 out of 42 changed files in this pull request and generated no comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
packages/world/src/interfaces.ts	Added Encryptor, EncryptionContext, KeyMaterial interfaces; extended World to include Encryptor
packages/core/src/serialization.ts	Converted all 8 dehydrate/hydrate functions to async with new runId and encryptor parameters
packages/core/src/serialization.test.ts	Added test wrapper functions to maintain backward-compatible signatures for existing tests
packages/core/src/workflow.ts	Updated runWorkflow to accept world parameter and pass it through orchestrator context
packages/core/src/private.ts	Added runId and world to WorkflowOrchestratorContext interface
packages/core/src/workflow/hook.ts	Updated to use async hydration with .then()/.catch() pattern in event consumer
packages/core/src/step.ts	Updated to use async hydration with .then()/.catch() pattern in event consumer
packages/core/src/runtime/*.ts	Updated start, run, step-handler, suspension-handler, resume-hook to await async serialization
packages/core/src/observability.ts	Converted all hydration helper functions to async and properly await them
packages/cli/src/lib/inspect/output.ts	Updated all hydration calls to properly await and pass world
packages/web-shared/src/api/workflow-server-actions.ts	Converted hydrate helper to async and updated all callers to await
workbench//api/trigger	All 15 workbench trigger endpoints updated to await hydration and pass empty runId/encryptor
packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts	Removed withResolvers import and updated dehydrateWorkflowArguments call (missing cleanup on lines 96-97)
packages/core/e2e/bench.bench.ts	Properly removed all references to ops variable

---

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[TooTallNate]

• Make serialization functions async with Encryptor interface #955 👈 (View in Graphite)
• Generate runId client-side in start() and simplify streaming types #954
• main

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[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.031s (-10.7% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.974s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.032s (-1.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.973s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.041s	1.005s	0.964s	10	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.301s (+36.2% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.708s	10	9.72x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.434s (+7.0% 🔺)	1.010s (-1.1%)	0.576s	10	13.99x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.857s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.877s (+19.1% 🔺)	2.020s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.859s (-6.0% 🟢)	2.727s (+14.9% 🔺)	1.868s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.894s (-8.5% 🟢)	2.804s (+0.9%)	1.911s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.101s	2.006s	0.904s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.102s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.903s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.105s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.901s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.171s (-11.7% 🟢)	3.014s (~)	0.843s	10	1.97x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.307s (+2.2%)	3.015s (~)	0.708s	10	2.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.627s (-3.8%)	3.579s (-12.3% 🟢)	0.952s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.635s (-1.1%)	3.874s (+8.4% 🔺)	1.240s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.681s (+2.9%)	3.942s (+3.4%)	1.261s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.709s	11.021s	0.312s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.822s (~)	11.021s (~)	0.199s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.827s (~)	11.021s (~)	0.194s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.171s (~)	21.059s (~)	0.888s	2	1.88x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.299s (~)	21.054s (~)	0.754s	2	1.90x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	19.098s (-2.1%)	20.649s (+1.0%)	1.551s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	19.099s (-2.4%)	20.123s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.024s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	19.745s (-0.7%)	22.467s (+5.6% 🔺)	2.721s	2	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	27.151s	28.049s	0.898s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	27.472s (~)	28.051s (~)	0.579s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	27.487s (~)	28.051s (~)	0.564s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	50.352s (~)	51.139s (~)	0.787s	2	1.85x
🐘 Postgres	Express	50.478s (~)	51.127s (~)	0.649s	2	1.86x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	48.630s (~)	50.145s (~)	1.515s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	48.834s (~)	50.305s (-0.6%)	1.471s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	51.682s (+2.0%)	53.957s (+3.0%)	2.275s	2	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	56.509s	57.104s	0.595s	2	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	57.075s (~)	57.601s (~)	0.526s	2	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	57.236s (~)	58.101s (~)	0.864s	2	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	100.196s (~)	100.213s (-1.0%)	0.017s	1	1.77x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	100.531s (~)	101.243s (~)	0.712s	1	1.78x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	99.867s (-5.3% 🟢)	101.818s (-4.7%)	1.951s	1	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	102.638s (-2.1%)	104.169s (-2.4%)	1.531s	1	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	102.723s (+1.5%)	103.516s (+0.7%)	0.793s	1	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.403s (-0.8%)	2.005s (~)	0.602s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.405s	2.004s	0.599s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.424s (+2.2%)	2.006s (~)	0.582s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.274s (-2.6%)	3.014s (~)	0.740s	10	1.62x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.554s (+10.9% 🔺)	3.013s (~)	0.459s	10	1.82x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.790s (-27.0% 🟢)	4.445s (-23.0% 🟢)	1.655s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.812s (-5.9% 🟢)	4.062s (-3.9%)	1.251s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.164s (-3.1%)	4.638s (+2.8%)	1.474s	7	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.517s	3.006s	0.490s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.557s (+0.9%)	3.007s (~)	0.450s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.636s (+0.8%)	3.007s (~)	0.371s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	8.667s (-2.8%)	9.035s (-2.7%)	0.368s	4	3.44x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.017s (+17.6% 🔺)	10.700s (+21.9% 🔺)	0.683s	3	3.98x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.112s (-8.2% 🟢)	4.493s (+0.7%)	1.380s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.394s (+7.3% 🔺)	4.695s (+7.6% 🔺)	1.301s	7	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.336s (+36.5% 🔺)	5.606s (+25.8% 🔺)	1.270s	6	1.39x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	6.896s	7.415s	0.518s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	7.137s (+1.4%)	7.767s (~)	0.630s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.609s (+2.3%)	8.017s (~)	0.408s	4	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	47.120s (-6.9% 🟢)	48.118s (-5.9% 🟢)	0.998s	1	6.83x
🐘 Postgres	Express	49.586s (+1.5%)	50.148s (+2.1%)	0.562s	1	7.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.651s (-5.9% 🟢)	5.254s (-2.1%)	1.604s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.737s (-0.6%)	5.738s (-1.8%)	2.000s	6	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.076s (+16.5% 🔺)	5.627s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.552s	6	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.418s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.586s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.420s	2.005s	0.585s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.432s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.574s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.023s (~)	2.474s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.451s	13	1.43x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.087s (-4.9%)	2.319s (-13.4% 🟢)	0.233s	13	1.47x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.664s (-8.3% 🟢)	3.870s (-2.5%)	1.206s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.671s (-5.1% 🟢)	3.914s (-2.6%)	1.242s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.680s (-10.7% 🟢)	3.755s (-18.0% 🟢)	1.075s	8	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	2.637s (-1.2%)	3.007s (~)	0.370s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.657s	3.011s	0.353s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.707s (-0.6%)	3.008s (~)	0.301s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.315s (-19.0% 🟢)	10.697s (-20.0% 🟢)	0.382s	3	3.91x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.648s (+11.0% 🔺)	13.042s (+11.5% 🔺)	0.394s	3	4.80x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.839s (~)	3.922s (-2.9%)	1.083s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.907s (-0.7%)	4.240s (-7.4% 🟢)	1.334s	8	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.357s (+12.7% 🔺)	4.602s (+10.7% 🔺)	1.245s	7	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	7.718s	8.015s	0.297s	4	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	7.779s (+2.1%)	8.019s (~)	0.240s	4	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.881s (-1.5%)	8.271s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.390s	4	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	51.476s (+1.2%)	52.118s (+2.0%)	0.642s	1	6.67x
🐘 Postgres	Express	51.743s (-1.3%)	52.122s (-1.9%)	0.379s	1	6.70x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.562s (-2.6%)	5.559s (+13.3% 🔺)	1.997s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.801s (-0.9%)	5.080s (-0.7%)	1.279s	6	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.936s (+14.5% 🔺)	5.236s (+1.2%)	1.300s	6	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.145s	1.001s	0.010s	1.015s	0.870s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.170s (-3.8%)	1.002s (~)	0.010s (+5.3% 🔺)	1.015s (~)	0.845s	10	1.17x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.175s (~)	1.002s (~)	0.010s (-10.7% 🟢)	1.015s (~)	0.840s	10	1.20x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.130s (-11.3% 🟢)	2.913s (+10.4% 🔺)	0.001s (+8.3% 🔺)	3.015s (~)	0.885s	10	14.67x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.328s (+7.5% 🔺)	2.715s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.001s (~)	3.014s (~)	0.686s	10	16.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.416s (-9.1% 🟢)	3.098s (+0.6%)	0.172s (+29.0% 🔺)	4.047s (+0.8%)	1.631s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.466s (-1.9%)	3.140s (+5.3% 🔺)	0.145s (-46.6% 🟢)	4.104s (+2.5%)	1.638s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.545s (-13.4% 🟢)	3.078s (-17.0% 🟢)	0.149s (-10.2% 🟢)	3.913s (-18.0% 🟢)	1.368s	10	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/12
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	7/12
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5/12

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	10/12
Next.js (Turbopack)	💻 Local	10/12
Nitro	💻 Local	10/12

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[pranaygp]

Review: PR #955 - Make serialization functions async with Encryptor interface

This PR appears to combine what has been split into #978 and #979 in the newer stack. Since the split versions are cleaner (separating the async refactor from the Encryptor interface threading), I'd recommend closing this in favor of the split stack: #978 -> #979 -> #956 -> #957.

Detailed reviews are on the individual PRs in the split stack.

[TooTallNate]

Good bot

[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Adds Encryptor, EncryptionContext, and KeyMaterial interfaces to @workflow/world
• Makes World extend Encryptor (all methods are optional, so existing implementations are unaffected)
• Converts all 8 dehydrate/hydrate functions in serialization.ts to async with new runId and encryptor parameters
• Adds runId and world to WorkflowOrchestratorContext for threading encryption context through the workflow lifecycle
• Updates all callers throughout: runtime, step handler, suspension handler, resume-hook, observability, CLI, web-shared, workbenches, world-testing, and tests

This is a no-op refactor — the encryptor parameter is unused (prefixed with _) in this PR. All callers pass {} as the encryptor. The actual encryption logic will be wired in a subsequent PR.

Stack

• Depends on Generate runId client-side in start() and simplify streaming types #954 (Generate runId client-side in start())

Test plan

All 303 core tests pass. Build succeeds.

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workflow-nest	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 8, 2026 10:13am

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 7b2edf6

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 19 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/world	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-local	Patch
@workflow/world-postgres	Patch
@workflow/world-vercel	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	490	0	38	528
✅ 💻 Local Development	418	0	62	480
✅ 📦 Local Production	418	0	62	480
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	418	0	62	480
✅ 🪟 Windows	45	0	3	48
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	29	163	12	204
✅ 📋 Other	123	0	21	144
Total	1941	163	260	2364

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (163 failed)

mongodb (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

redis (40 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

starter (42 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

turso (41 failed):

• addTenWorkflow
• addTenWorkflow
• should work with react rendering in step
• promiseAllWorkflow
• promiseRaceWorkflow
• promiseAnyWorkflow
• hookWorkflow
• webhookWorkflow
• sleepingWorkflow
• nullByteWorkflow
• workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
• fetchWorkflow
• promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
• error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
• error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
• error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
• error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
• error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
• error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
• error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
• hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
• concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
• stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
• stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
• closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
• spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
• health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
• pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
• Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
• AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
• ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
• thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
• customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
• instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
• crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
• stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument
• pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
• pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
• pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	44	0	4
✅ example	44	0	4
✅ express	44	0	4
✅ fastify	44	0	4
✅ hono	44	0	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	47	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	47	0	1
✅ nitro	44	0	4
✅ nuxt	44	0	4
✅ sveltekit	44	0	4
✅ vite	44	0	4

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	41	0	7
✅ express-stable	41	0	7
✅ fastify-stable	41	0	7
✅ hono-stable	41	0	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	45	0	3
✅ nitro-stable	41	0	7
✅ nuxt-stable	41	0	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	41	0	7
✅ vite-stable	41	0	7

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	45	0	3

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	5	40	3
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	5	40	3
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	3	42	3
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	4	41	3

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	41	0	7
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	41	0	7

---

📋 View full workflow run

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR adds encryption support infrastructure to the Workflow SDK as a no-op refactor, preparing for future E2E encryption implementation. It introduces Encryptor, EncryptionContext, and KeyMaterial interfaces to @workflow/world, extends the World interface to include optional encryption methods, and converts all 8 serialization functions (dehydrate/hydrate) to async with new runId and encryptor parameters.

Changes:

• Added encryption interfaces (Encryptor, EncryptionContext, KeyMaterial) to @workflow/world package
• Made all 8 serialization functions async and added runId and encryptor parameters (unused in this PR, prefixed with _)
• Updated WorkflowOrchestratorContext to include runId and world for threading encryption context through workflow lifecycle
• Updated all 200+ call sites across runtime, step handlers, hook handlers, CLI, web-shared, workbenches, and tests to await async hydration and pass new parameters

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 42 out of 42 changed files in this pull request and generated no comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
packages/world/src/interfaces.ts	Added Encryptor, EncryptionContext, KeyMaterial interfaces; extended World to include Encryptor
packages/core/src/serialization.ts	Converted all 8 dehydrate/hydrate functions to async with new runId and encryptor parameters
packages/core/src/serialization.test.ts	Added test wrapper functions to maintain backward-compatible signatures for existing tests
packages/core/src/workflow.ts	Updated runWorkflow to accept world parameter and pass it through orchestrator context
packages/core/src/private.ts	Added runId and world to WorkflowOrchestratorContext interface
packages/core/src/workflow/hook.ts	Updated to use async hydration with .then()/.catch() pattern in event consumer
packages/core/src/step.ts	Updated to use async hydration with .then()/.catch() pattern in event consumer
packages/core/src/runtime/*.ts	Updated start, run, step-handler, suspension-handler, resume-hook to await async serialization
packages/core/src/observability.ts	Converted all hydration helper functions to async and properly await them
packages/cli/src/lib/inspect/output.ts	Updated all hydration calls to properly await and pass world
packages/web-shared/src/api/workflow-server-actions.ts	Converted hydrate helper to async and updated all callers to await
workbench//api/trigger	All 15 workbench trigger endpoints updated to await hydration and pass empty runId/encryptor
packages/core/e2e/e2e.test.ts	Removed withResolvers import and updated dehydrateWorkflowArguments call (missing cleanup on lines 96-97)
packages/core/e2e/bench.bench.ts	Properly removed all references to ops variable

---

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[TooTallNate]

• Make serialization functions async with Encryptor interface #955 👈 (View in Graphite)
• Generate runId client-side in start() and simplify streaming types #954
• main

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite. Learn more about stacking.

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.031s (-10.7% 🟢)	1.005s (~)	0.974s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.032s (-1.9%)	1.005s (~)	0.973s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.041s	1.005s	0.964s	10	1.31x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.301s (+36.2% 🔺)	1.009s (~)	0.708s	10	9.72x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.434s (+7.0% 🔺)	1.010s (-1.1%)	0.576s	10	13.99x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	0.857s (-5.2% 🟢)	2.877s (+19.1% 🔺)	2.020s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	0.859s (-6.0% 🟢)	2.727s (+14.9% 🔺)	1.868s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.894s (-8.5% 🟢)	2.804s (+0.9%)	1.911s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.101s	2.006s	0.904s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.102s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.903s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.105s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.901s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.171s (-11.7% 🟢)	3.014s (~)	0.843s	10	1.97x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.307s (+2.2%)	3.015s (~)	0.708s	10	2.09x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.627s (-3.8%)	3.579s (-12.3% 🟢)	0.952s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.635s (-1.1%)	3.874s (+8.4% 🔺)	1.240s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.681s (+2.9%)	3.942s (+3.4%)	1.261s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.709s	11.021s	0.312s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.822s (~)	11.021s (~)	0.199s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.827s (~)	11.021s (~)	0.194s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.171s (~)	21.059s (~)	0.888s	2	1.88x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	20.299s (~)	21.054s (~)	0.754s	2	1.90x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	19.098s (-2.1%)	20.649s (+1.0%)	1.551s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	19.099s (-2.4%)	20.123s (-5.1% 🟢)	1.024s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	19.745s (-0.7%)	22.467s (+5.6% 🔺)	2.721s	2	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	27.151s	28.049s	0.898s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	27.472s (~)	28.051s (~)	0.579s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	27.487s (~)	28.051s (~)	0.564s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	50.352s (~)	51.139s (~)	0.787s	2	1.85x
🐘 Postgres	Express	50.478s (~)	51.127s (~)	0.649s	2	1.86x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	48.630s (~)	50.145s (~)	1.515s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	48.834s (~)	50.305s (-0.6%)	1.471s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	51.682s (+2.0%)	53.957s (+3.0%)	2.275s	2	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	56.509s	57.104s	0.595s	2	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	57.075s (~)	57.601s (~)	0.526s	2	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	57.236s (~)	58.101s (~)	0.864s	2	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	100.196s (~)	100.213s (-1.0%)	0.017s	1	1.77x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	100.531s (~)	101.243s (~)	0.712s	1	1.78x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	99.867s (-5.3% 🟢)	101.818s (-4.7%)	1.951s	1	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	102.638s (-2.1%)	104.169s (-2.4%)	1.531s	1	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	102.723s (+1.5%)	103.516s (+0.7%)	0.793s	1	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.403s (-0.8%)	2.005s (~)	0.602s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.405s	2.004s	0.599s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.424s (+2.2%)	2.006s (~)	0.582s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.274s (-2.6%)	3.014s (~)	0.740s	10	1.62x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.554s (+10.9% 🔺)	3.013s (~)	0.459s	10	1.82x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.790s (-27.0% 🟢)	4.445s (-23.0% 🟢)	1.655s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.812s (-5.9% 🟢)	4.062s (-3.9%)	1.251s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.164s (-3.1%)	4.638s (+2.8%)	1.474s	7	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.517s	3.006s	0.490s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.557s (+0.9%)	3.007s (~)	0.450s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.636s (+0.8%)	3.007s (~)	0.371s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Express	8.667s (-2.8%)	9.035s (-2.7%)	0.368s	4	3.44x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.017s (+17.6% 🔺)	10.700s (+21.9% 🔺)	0.683s	3	3.98x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.112s (-8.2% 🟢)	4.493s (+0.7%)	1.380s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.394s (+7.3% 🔺)	4.695s (+7.6% 🔺)	1.301s	7	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.336s (+36.5% 🔺)	5.606s (+25.8% 🔺)	1.270s	6	1.39x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	6.896s	7.415s	0.518s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	7.137s (+1.4%)	7.767s (~)	0.630s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.609s (+2.3%)	8.017s (~)	0.408s	4	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	47.120s (-6.9% 🟢)	48.118s (-5.9% 🟢)	0.998s	1	6.83x
🐘 Postgres	Express	49.586s (+1.5%)	50.148s (+2.1%)	0.562s	1	7.19x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	3.651s (-5.9% 🟢)	5.254s (-2.1%)	1.604s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.737s (-0.6%)	5.738s (-1.8%)	2.000s	6	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.076s (+16.5% 🔺)	5.627s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.552s	6	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.418s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.586s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.420s	2.005s	0.585s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.432s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.574s	15	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.023s (~)	2.474s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.451s	13	1.43x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.087s (-4.9%)	2.319s (-13.4% 🟢)	0.233s	13	1.47x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.664s (-8.3% 🟢)	3.870s (-2.5%)	1.206s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.671s (-5.1% 🟢)	3.914s (-2.6%)	1.242s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.680s (-10.7% 🟢)	3.755s (-18.0% 🟢)	1.075s	8	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	2.637s (-1.2%)	3.007s (~)	0.370s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.657s	3.011s	0.353s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.707s (-0.6%)	3.008s (~)	0.301s	10	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.315s (-19.0% 🟢)	10.697s (-20.0% 🟢)	0.382s	3	3.91x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.648s (+11.0% 🔺)	13.042s (+11.5% 🔺)	0.394s	3	4.80x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.839s (~)	3.922s (-2.9%)	1.083s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.907s (-0.7%)	4.240s (-7.4% 🟢)	1.334s	8	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.357s (+12.7% 🔺)	4.602s (+10.7% 🔺)	1.245s	7	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	7.718s	8.015s	0.297s	4	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	7.779s (+2.1%)	8.019s (~)	0.240s	4	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.881s (-1.5%)	8.271s (-5.7% 🟢)	0.390s	4	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	51.476s (+1.2%)	52.118s (+2.0%)	0.642s	1	6.67x
🐘 Postgres	Express	51.743s (-1.3%)	52.122s (-1.9%)	0.379s	1	6.70x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.562s (-2.6%)	5.559s (+13.3% 🔺)	1.997s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.801s (-0.9%)	5.080s (-0.7%)	1.279s	6	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.936s (+14.5% 🔺)	5.236s (+1.2%)	1.300s	6	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.145s	1.001s	0.010s	1.015s	0.870s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.170s (-3.8%)	1.002s (~)	0.010s (+5.3% 🔺)	1.015s (~)	0.845s	10	1.17x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.175s (~)	1.002s (~)	0.010s (-10.7% 🟢)	1.015s (~)	0.840s	10	1.20x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.130s (-11.3% 🟢)	2.913s (+10.4% 🔺)	0.001s (+8.3% 🔺)	3.015s (~)	0.885s	10	14.67x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.328s (+7.5% 🔺)	2.715s (-5.6% 🟢)	0.001s (~)	3.014s (~)	0.686s	10	16.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.416s (-9.1% 🟢)	3.098s (+0.6%)	0.172s (+29.0% 🔺)	4.047s (+0.8%)	1.631s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.466s (-1.9%)	3.140s (+5.3% 🔺)	0.145s (-46.6% 🟢)	4.104s (+2.5%)	1.638s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.545s (-13.4% 🟢)	3.078s (-17.0% 🟢)	0.149s (-10.2% 🟢)	3.913s (-18.0% 🟢)	1.368s	10	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	8/12
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	7/12
▲ Vercel	Nitro	5/12

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	10/12
Next.js (Turbopack)	💻 Local	10/12
Nitro	💻 Local	10/12

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[pranaygp]

Review: PR #955 - Make serialization functions async with Encryptor interface

This PR appears to combine what has been split into #978 and #979 in the newer stack. Since the split versions are cleaner (separating the async refactor from the Encryptor interface threading), I'd recommend closing this in favor of the split stack: #978 -> #979 -> #956 -> #957.

Detailed reviews are on the individual PRs in the split stack.

[TooTallNate]

Good bot