Revisit sccache for Windows by leofang · Pull Request #1185 · NVIDIA/cuda-python

leofang · 2025-10-24T01:04:26Z

Description

Follow-up of #1156.

In order to use sccache without patching setuptools (which IMHO is a long-term solution), we need to

convince setuptools to pick up a custom wrapper instead of using the bare cl.exe directly
- The regular path for setuptools to find cl.exe is via vswhere/vcvarsall, this is important for the below discussion.
call sccache cl ... in the wrapper
- setuptools invokes cl.exe via a subprocess

It turns out that I did the above two steps wrong in #1156.

It is critical to bypass the vswhere/vcvarsall mechanism, and setuptools does provide a shortcut through DISTUTILS_USE_SDK=1. By setting it, setuptools will only rely on whatever is found in %PATH%.
On Windows, we cannot rename a .bat or .cmd file to "cl.exe" and expect that it is invokable. Unlike on Linux it is not. So we need a real shim executable that invokes sccache for us. This is done by compiling a tiny cl_shim.c added in this PR and generating an executable named "cl.exe". When launching cibuildwheels, we prepend its path to %PATH% so that it is found the first.

Checklist

New or existing tests cover these changes.
The documentation is up to date with these changes.

Added steps to find cl.exe and generate sccache wrapper script for Windows builds.

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leofang · 2025-10-24T01:05:19Z

/ok to test

github-actions · 2025-10-24T01:16:17Z

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leofang · 2025-10-24T01:24:28Z

/ok to test

leofang · 2025-10-24T01:29:07Z

/ok to test

leofang · 2025-10-24T01:47:02Z

/ok to test

leofang · 2025-10-24T02:00:45Z

/ok to test

leofang · 2025-10-24T02:21:39Z

/ok to test

leofang · 2025-10-24T02:28:55Z

/ok to test

leofang · 2025-10-24T02:36:55Z

/ok to test

leofang · 2025-10-24T02:47:56Z

/ok to test

leofang · 2025-10-24T02:59:39Z

/ok to test

leofang · 2025-10-24T03:06:10Z

/ok to test

leofang · 2025-10-24T03:18:11Z

/ok to test

leofang · 2025-10-24T03:30:55Z

/ok to test

leofang · 2025-10-24T13:54:38Z

/ok to test

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leofang · 2025-10-24T13:55:00Z

PR description is updated

greptile-apps

Greptile Overview

Greptile Summary

This PR adds Windows sccache support to speed up CI builds by implementing a C-based compiler shim that intercepts MSVC compiler invocations. The change adds ci/tools/cl_shim.c, which is compiled into a custom cl.exe executable that wraps calls through sccache cl.exe <args>, and modifies the build workflow to compile the shim, prepend it to PATH, and set DISTUTILS_USE_SDK=1 to force setuptools to bypass its normal vswhere/vcvarsall mechanism. This integrates with the existing CI infrastructure by reusing sccache setup steps already present for Linux, extending them to Windows with the necessary GitHub Actions cache environment variables. The PR also fixes a minor Linux path typo (/host${{ ... }} → /host/${{ ... }}).

Important Files Changed

Filename	Score	Overview
ci/tools/cl_shim.c	2/5	New C shim that wraps MSVC compiler calls through sccache; contains critical memory safety issues including unchecked realloc, buffer overflow risk in argument quoting, and incomplete Windows argument escaping
.github/workflows/build-wheel.yml	3/5	Adds Windows sccache support by finding real cl.exe, compiling shim, configuring PATH/environment variables for cibuildwheel; includes path handling concerns between Git Bash and Windows

Confidence score: 2/5

This PR has multiple critical memory safety issues in the C shim code that could cause crashes or undefined behavior in edge cases, and path handling between Unix-style shells and Windows may cause failures.
Score reflects serious bugs in cl_shim.c: unchecked realloc return (lines 16-17) that will corrupt memory on allocation failure, buffer overflow vulnerability in argument quoting logic (lines 37-50) when arguments contain multiple quotes, and incomplete Windows backslash-before-quote escaping that violates MSDN CommandLineToArgvW rules.
ci/tools/cl_shim.c requires immediate attention for memory safety fixes; the workflow file needs verification that which cl.exe in Git Bash produces paths compatible with the PowerShell compilation step and that cygpath -w conversions work correctly in all cibuildwheel contexts.

Sequence Diagram

sequenceDiagram
participant GHA as GitHub Actions
participant MSVC as MSVC Setup
participant Compiler as Compile cl_shim.c
participant CIBW as cibuildwheel
participant Setuptools as setuptools
participant Shim as cl.exe (shim)
participant Sccache as sccache
participant RealCL as cl.exe (real MSVC)
GHA->>MSVC: Set up MSVC (ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd)
MSVC->>GHA: MSVC environment ready, cl.exe in PATH
GHA->>GHA: Find cl.exe location
GHA->>GHA: Store path in CL_EXE env var
GHA->>GHA: Set SCCACHE_WRAPPER_DIR
GHA->>Compiler: Compile ci/tools/cl_shim.c
Compiler->>GHA: Generate cl.exe shim executable
GHA->>CIBW: Launch cibuildwheel with env vars
Note over GHA,CIBW: DISTUTILS_USE_SDK=1<br/>PATH with SCCACHE_WRAPPER_DIR prepended<br/>CL_EXE pointing to real compiler
CIBW->>Setuptools: Build wheel (setup.py)
Note over Setuptools: DISTUTILS_USE_SDK=1 bypasses vswhere/vcvarsall
Setuptools->>Shim: Invoke "cl.exe" from PATH
Note over Shim: Found in SCCACHE_WRAPPER_DIR first
Shim->>Shim: Read CL_EXE environment variable
Shim->>Sccache: Execute "sccache <CL_EXE> <args>"
Sccache->>Sccache: Check cache for compilation
alt Cache hit
Sccache->>Shim: Return cached result
else Cache miss
Sccache->>RealCL: Forward compilation to real cl.exe
RealCL->>Sccache: Compilation result
Sccache->>Sccache: Store in cache
Sccache->>Shim: Return result
end
Shim->>Setuptools: Return exit code
Setuptools->>CIBW: Build complete
CIBW->>Sccache: Show cache statistics (CIBW_BEFORE_TEST)
Sccache->>CIBW: Display stats
CIBW->>GHA: Wheel artifacts ready

_{2 files reviewed, 6 comments}

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greptile-apps · 2025-10-24T13:56:09Z

+static void ensure_capacity(char **buf, size_t *cap, size_t need) {
+ if (*cap >= need) return;
+ while (*cap < need) *cap *= 2;
+ *buf = (char*)realloc(*buf, *cap);


logic:realloc can fail and return NULL, which would overwrite the original pointer and leak memory. Check the return value before assignment.

greptile-apps · 2025-10-24T13:56:10Z

+static void append_arg(char **buf, size_t *len, size_t *cap, const char *arg) {
+ int quote = needs_quotes(arg);
+ if (quote) {
+ size_t need = *len + 3 + strlen(arg); /* space + quotes + content */


logic: Size calculation underestimates space needed: doesn't account for existing characters that might need escaping (each " becomes \"). This can cause buffer overflow if arg contains multiple quotes.

greptile-apps · 2025-10-24T13:56:10Z

+ if (*p == '"') {
+ (*buf)[(*len)++] = '\\';
+ (*buf)[(*len)++] = '"';


logic: Windows argument escaping is incomplete. Backslashes before quotes need special handling (\" requires \\\"). Consider referencing MSDN's CommandLineToArgvW rules or using a tested escaping library.

greptile-apps · 2025-10-24T13:56:11Z

+ (*buf)[(*len)++] = '"';
+ (*buf)[*len] = '\0';
+ } else {
+ size_t need = *len + 1 + strlen(arg);


style: When not quoting, size calculation doesn't account for initial space character (should be *len + 1 + strlen(arg) + 1 for null terminator safety).

greptile-apps · 2025-10-24T13:56:12Z

+ char *cmd = (char*)malloc(cap);
+ if (!cmd) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "out of memory\n");
+ return 1;


logic: Check malloc return value before dereferencing cmd on line74.

greptile-apps · 2025-10-24T13:56:13Z

+ strcpy(cmd, "sccache");
+ len = strlen(cmd);


style: Hardcoding "sccache" prevents users from overriding the sccache binary path. Consider adding a SCCACHE_EXE environment variable for flexibility.

leofang · 2025-10-24T13:57:13Z

@copilot please address review comments

leofang · 2025-10-24T13:58:20Z

@copilot please address review comments by pushing to this PR directly

Copilot

Pull Request Overview

This PR implements sccache support for Windows builds by introducing a compiled C shim that wraps the MSVC compiler. The approach bypasses setuptools' default compiler discovery mechanism and ensures sccache is invoked for all compilation commands.

Key changes:

Added a C-based shim executable that intercepts cl.exe calls and routes them through sccache
Modified GitHub Actions workflow to compile the shim and configure environment variables for sccache integration
Set DISTUTILS_USE_SDK=1 to make setuptools use the shim from PATH instead of discovering the compiler via vswhere/vcvarsall

Reviewed Changes

Copilot reviewed 2 out of 2 changed files in this pull request and generated 4 comments.

File	Description
ci/tools/cl_shim.c	New C shim that wraps cl.exe invocations with sccache, handling argument quoting and process spawning
.github/workflows/build-wheel.yml	Added steps to locate cl.exe, compile the shim, and configure environment variables for sccache on Windows

_{Tip: Customize your code reviews with copilot-instructions.md. Create the file or learn how to get started.}

Copilot · 2025-10-24T13:58:50Z

+static void append_arg(char **buf, size_t *len, size_t *cap, const char *arg) {
+ int quote = needs_quotes(arg);
+ if (quote) {
+ size_t need = *len + 3 + strlen(arg); /* space + quotes + content */


The calculation for need doesn't account for escaped quotes within the argument. If the argument contains N double-quotes, you'll need N additional bytes for the backslashes. This could lead to buffer overflow. Calculate need by iterating through arg to count quotes, or use a more conservative estimate like *len + 3 + 2*strlen(arg).
Suggested change
size_tneed=*len+3+strlen(arg); /* space + quotes + content */
size_tneed=*len+3+2*strlen(arg); /* space + quotes + content (worst case: every char is a quote) */

Copilot · 2025-10-24T13:58:50Z

+ for (const char *p = arg; *p; ++p) {
+ if (*p == '"') {
+ (*buf)[(*len)++] = '\\';
+ (*buf)[(*len)++] = '"';
+ } else {
+ (*buf)[(*len)++] = *p;
+ }
+ }


This escaping strategy is incomplete. According to Windows command-line parsing rules, backslashes before quotes need special handling - a sequence of N backslashes followed by a quote requires 2N+1 backslashes in the escaped form. The current implementation will fail for arguments like path\to\"file\". Consider implementing proper backslash escaping or documenting this limitation.
Suggested change
for (constchar*p=arg; *p; ++p) {
if (*p=='"') {
(*buf)[(*len)++] ='\\';
(*buf)[(*len)++] ='"';
} else {
(*buf)[(*len)++] =*p;
}
}
constchar*p=arg;
while (*p) {
size_tnum_backslashes=0;
while (*p=='\\') {
++num_backslashes;
++p;
}
if (*p=='"') {
/* Output 2N+1 backslashes, then the quote */
for (size_ti=0; i<num_backslashes*2+1; ++i)
(*buf)[(*len)++] ='\\';
(*buf)[(*len)++] ='"';
++p;
} else {
/* Output N backslashes, then the non-quote character (if any) */
for (size_ti=0; i<num_backslashes; ++i)
(*buf)[(*len)++] ='\\';
if (*p) {
(*buf)[(*len)++] =*p;
++p;
}
}
}
/* At the end, double all trailing backslashes */
size_tnum_trailing_backslashes=0;
for (constchar*q=arg+strlen(arg); q>arg&&*(q-1) =='\\'; --q)
++num_trailing_backslashes;
for (size_ti=0; i<num_trailing_backslashes; ++i)
(*buf)[(*len)++] ='\\';

Copilot · 2025-10-24T13:58:51Z

+static void ensure_capacity(char **buf, size_t *cap, size_t need) {
+ if (*cap >= need) return;
+ while (*cap < need) *cap *= 2;
+ *buf = (char*)realloc(*buf, *cap);


Missing null check after realloc. If realloc fails and returns NULL, the original pointer in *buf is leaked and subsequent operations will crash. Store the result in a temporary variable and check before assigning to *buf.
Suggested change
*buf= (char*)realloc(*buf, *cap);
char*tmp= (char*)realloc(*buf, *cap);
if (!tmp) {
fprintf(stderr, "Out of memory in ensure_capacity\n");
exit(1);
}
*buf=tmp;

leofang · 2025-10-24T14:07:15Z

/ok to test

greptile-apps

Greptile Overview

Greptile Summary

This PR enables sccache-based build caching for Windows CI by creating a native C shim that intercepts MSVC compiler invocations. The shim (ci/tools/cl_shim.c) is compiled to a binary named cl.exe and prepended to PATH, allowing it to wrap the real cl.exe with sccache calls. The GitHub Actions workflow (.github/workflows/build-wheel.yml) is updated to locate the real compiler, compile the shim, set DISTUTILS_USE_SDK=1 to force setuptools to use PATH-based compiler discovery, and propagate all necessary sccache environment variables (GitHub Actions cache tokens, SCCACHE_DIR, SCCACHE_GHA_ENABLED) to the cibuildwheel containers for all three Windows builds (cuda.bindings and two cuda.core variants). This approach avoids patching setuptools directly by leveraging its extension points, integrating with the existing CI infrastructure that already uses sccache on Linux. The shim reads the real compiler path from the CL_EXE environment variable and builds a properly escaped command line to invoke sccache with all forwarded arguments. The workflow also adds CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_WINDOWS to display cache statistics, providing visibility into caching performance.

Important Files Changed

Filename	Score	Overview
ci/tools/cl_shim.c	2/5	Adds a C shim executable that wraps `cl.exe` invocations with sccache by building an escaped command line and spawning the process via CreateProcessA
.github/workflows/build-wheel.yml	4/5	Updates Windows workflow to locate real `cl.exe`, compile the shim, set `DISTUTILS_USE_SDK=1`, prepend shim to PATH, and propagate sccache environment variables to all three cibuildwheel invocations

Confidence score: 2/5

This PR introduces significant correctness risks in the shim implementation that could cause build failures or silent misbehavior in production
Score reflects critical unresolved issues in cl_shim.c memory safety and argument escaping (unchecked realloc, insufficient buffer size calculations accounting for quote escaping, incomplete Windows backslash-before-quote handling per CommandLineToArgvW rules, missing malloc null check), any of which could cause crashes or incorrect compiler invocations; the workflow changes are well-structured but depend entirely on the shim's correctness
Pay very close attention to ci/tools/cl_shim.c lines 13-17, 34-58, and 67-78 where memory allocation, size calculations, and argument escaping occur—these sections contain multiple unfixed issues flagged in previous reviews

Sequence Diagram

sequenceDiagram
participant GHA as GitHub Actions
participant Workflow as build-wheel.yml
participant MSVC as MSVC Setup
participant Shim as cl_shim.c
participant Python as Python/cibuildwheel
participant Compiler as sccache + cl.exe
GHA->>Workflow: Trigger workflow (win-64 platform)
Workflow->>Workflow: Enable sccache action
Workflow->>Workflow: Export GHA cache env vars
Workflow->>Python: Set up Python 3.12
Workflow->>MSVC: Set up MSVC dev environment
MSVC->>Workflow: cl.exe now in PATH
Workflow->>Workflow: Find cl.exe location
Workflow->>Workflow: Set CL_EXE and SCCACHE_WRAPPER_DIR env vars
Workflow->>Shim: Compile cl_shim.c to cl.exe
Note over Shim: Creates shim cl.exe that wraps sccache
Workflow->>Workflow: Set DISTUTILS_USE_SDK=1
Workflow->>Workflow: Prepend SCCACHE_WRAPPER_DIR to PATH
Workflow->>Python: Run cibuildwheel
Python->>Python: Build wheel (setuptools invokes compiler)
Python->>Shim: Execute "cl.exe" (finds shim first in PATH)
Shim->>Shim: Read CL_EXE environment variable
Shim->>Compiler: Execute "sccache <CL_EXE> <args>"
Compiler->>Compiler: Check cache / compile
Compiler->>Shim: Return exit code
Shim->>Python: Return exit code
Python->>Workflow: Wheel build complete
Workflow->>Workflow: Show sccache stats
Workflow->>GHA: Upload artifacts

_{2 files reviewed, no comments}

_{Edit Code Review Agent Settings | Greptile}

leofang · 2025-10-24T14:31:32Z

Observations

Good news: the "Post Enable sccache" step can report accurate (aggregated) stats on Windows (because there is no container)
Bad news: PY39-311 have poor cache hits (~8%)
- Good news: other Python versions reach 100%
Bad news: sccache helps very little on Windows in terms of reducing the end-to-end time spent on the build stage. Unlike on Linux where we had a 2x speedup (10 mins -> 5 mins), on Windows it's 10% speedup only (10 mins -> 9 mins). I suspect what @cpcloud said that the linker also takes a good chunk of time is worse with MSVC.

It makes me question if this is worth pursuing.

cc @mdboom @cpcloud

cpcloud · 2025-10-24T14:37:01Z

Savings of only 1 minute while introducing 200 lines of C seems like a costly tradeoff. I'll wait an extra minute to avoid having to maintain a compiler wrapper written in C, every day of the week.

leofang · 2025-10-24T14:41:41Z

The C code should be re-written/fixed if we want to merge this, no doubt, and eventually removed in favor of pushing a patch to upstream setuptools for wrapping cl.exe. I can live with this crap for now. I was trying to say even that would not help. Getting 1 min speedup by stressing further our scarce cache space is a poor tradeoff to me, not to mention there are still mysterious cache misses.

leofang · 2025-10-24T14:49:39Z

(btw the C code was vibe-coded in commit 4f29e8f 😆 it looks ugly but it's nice that it was done in one shot to deliver a working prototype and unblock the experiment...)

cpcloud · 2025-10-24T14:55:25Z

I'm -1 on merging this for the above stated reasons.

leofang · 2025-10-24T19:57:08Z

+ /* Build command line: sccache "<cl_path>" arg1 arg2 ... */
+ size_t cap = 1024;
+ char *cmd = (char*)malloc(cap);
+ if (!cmd) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "out of memory\n");
+ return 1;
+ }
+ cmd[0] = '\0';
+ size_t len = 0;
+ /* start with 'sccache' */
+ strcpy(cmd, "sccache");
+ len = strlen(cmd);
+
+ /* append the compiler path (quoted if necessary) */
+ append_arg(&cmd, &len, &cap, cl_path);
+
+ /* append the rest of the args (skip argv[0]) */
+ for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i) {
+ append_arg(&cmd, &len, &cap, argv[i]);
+ }


Copilot keeps insisting that this is the right thing to do. But I read the Windows API reference and I am going to remove all these stupid parsing in favor of a simple GetCommandLineW call. This really shouldn't be that difficult, and I suspect the cache misses might have to do with incorrect forwarding of the cmdline arguments (passed by setuptools).

cpcloud · 2025-10-30T19:06:54Z

Should we close this out? It seems like we've agreed that merging it probably isn't worth the effort.

leofang · 2025-10-30T22:30:03Z

Sounds good. I really would love to know why cache hits don't help reduce the build time, but unfortunately I won't have time looking into this.

Removed preview folders for the following PRs: - PR #1021 - PR #1034 - PR #1052 - PR #1059 - PR #1069 - PR #1086 - PR #1090 - PR #1096 - PR #1102 - PR #1103 - PR #1106 - PR #1107 - PR #1117 - PR #1133 - PR #1140 - PR #1166 - PR #1174 - PR #1185 - PR #1188 - PR #1191 ... and 41 more

retry with DISTUTILS_USE_SDK=1 + path updates
a4099e3
Added steps to find cl.exe and generate sccache wrapper script for Windows builds.

forgot to pass CL_EXE
92ff856

quote-unquote
0ab1fe5

defer path normalization
c1f7869

be very explicit
47e3549

leofang added 2 commits October 23, 2025 22:12

vibe coding
4f29e8f

Update cl shim generation in build-wheel.yml
e65bedc

git bash -> pwsh
cb27835

fix path
2aa6d54

leofang added 2 commits October 23, 2025 22:46

Fix SCCACHE_WRAPPER_DIR path formatting in workflow
090a8a6

Add command to list directory contents
dfc347e

debug
d60edf3

it's always the path format issue
3beca88

Again, it's always a path formatting issue
1fd39a7

fix
a269ea8

leofang added this to the cuda-python 13-next, 12-next milestone Oct 24, 2025

leofang changed the title ~~[WIP] Revisit sccache for Windows~~Revisit sccache for WindowsOct 24, 2025

leofang marked this pull request as ready for review October 24, 2025 13:54

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leofang marked this pull request as draft October 24, 2025 14:42

leofang commented Oct 24, 2025
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leofang closed this Oct 30, 2025

leofang mentioned this pull request Oct 30, 2025
CI: Investigate using build caches such as sccache-action#1061
Closed

leofang deleted the retry_win_sccache branch June 29, 2026 17:20

	size_tneed=len+3+strlen(arg); / space + quotes + content */
	size_tneed=len+3+2strlen(arg); /* space + quotes + content (worst case: every char is a quote) */

-for (constchar*p=arg; *p; ++p) {
-if (*p=='"') {
- (*buf)[(*len)++] ='\\';
- (*buf)[(*len)++] ='"';
- } else {
- (*buf)[(*len)++] =*p;
- }
- }
+constchar*p=arg;
+while (*p) {
+size_tnum_backslashes=0;
+while (*p=='\\') {
+++num_backslashes;
+++p;
+ }
+if (*p=='"') {
+/* Output 2N+1 backslashes, then the quote */
+for (size_ti=0; i<num_backslashes*2+1; ++i)
+ (*buf)[(*len)++] ='\\';
+ (*buf)[(*len)++] ='"';
+++p;
+ } else {
+/* Output N backslashes, then the non-quote character (if any) */
+for (size_ti=0; i<num_backslashes; ++i)
+ (*buf)[(*len)++] ='\\';
+if (*p) {
+ (*buf)[(*len)++] =*p;
+++p;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+/* At the end, double all trailing backslashes */
+size_tnum_trailing_backslashes=0;
+for (constchar*q=arg+strlen(arg); q>arg&&*(q-1) =='\\'; --q)
+++num_trailing_backslashes;
+for (size_ti=0; i<num_trailing_backslashes; ++i)
+ (*buf)[(*len)++] ='\\';

-*buf= (char*)realloc(*buf, *cap);
+char*tmp= (char*)realloc(*buf, *cap);
+if (!tmp) {
+fprintf(stderr, "Out of memory in ensure_capacity\n");
+exit(1);
+ }
+*buf=tmp;

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Greptile Summary

Important Files Changed

Confidence score: 2/5

Sequence Diagram

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