clarify serverExternalPackages warning

[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Clarifies that packages removed from serverExternalPackages are still compiled by Workflow during the build.
• Updates the Next integration test and v4/v5 docs copy to match the warning.
• Adds a patch changeset for @workflow/next.

Testing

• pnpm vitest run packages/next/src/index.test.ts
• pnpm biome check \"packages/next/src/index.ts\" \"packages/next/src/index.test.ts\" \"docs/content/docs/v5/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow.mdx\" \"docs/content/docs/v4/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow.mdx\" \".changeset/clear-server-external-warning.md\" (reports pre-existing cognitive-complexity warning in packages/next/src/index.ts)

Docs Preview

Page	v4	v5
withWorkflow API reference	https://workflow-docs-git-clarify-server-external-warning.vercel.sh/docs/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow	https://workflow-docs-git-clarify-server-external-warning.vercel.sh/v5/docs/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 6050136

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/next	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1442	0	219	1661
✅ 💻 Local Development	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 📦 Local Production	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1881	0	233	2114
✅ 🪟 Windows	151	0	0	151
✅ 📋 Other	879	0	178	1057
Total	8143	0	1068	9211

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	125	0	26
✅ example	125	0	26
✅ express	125	0	26
✅ fastify	125	0	26
✅ hono	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	149	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	149	0	2
✅ nitro	125	0	26
✅ nuxt	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit	144	0	7
✅ vite	125	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	125	0	26
✅ express-stable	125	0	26
✅ fastify-stable	125	0	26
✅ hono-stable	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nitro-stable	125	0	26
✅ nuxt-stable	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit-stable	144	0	7
✅ vite-stable	125	0	26

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	151	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	125	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.045s (+4.7%)	1.007s (~)	0.962s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.045s (-6.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.962s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.061s (-5.6% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.952s	10	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.062s (+0.8%)	1.006s (~)	0.944s	10	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.068s (+12.7% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.944s	10	1.53x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.069s (+3.0%)	1.013s (~)	0.944s	10	1.54x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.329s (+2.7%)	2.560s (+11.8% 🔺)	2.231s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.340s (-15.4% 🟢)	3.005s (+17.9% 🔺)	2.665s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.372s (+41.6% 🔺)	2.713s (+15.1% 🔺)	2.341s	10	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.098s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.908s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.098s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.908s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.113s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.897s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.119s (+1.1%)	2.020s (~)	0.901s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.145s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.862s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.145s (-0.9%)	2.009s (~)	0.864s	10	1.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.796s (+7.4% 🔺)	3.397s (-7.5% 🟢)	1.601s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.806s (+9.6% 🔺)	3.871s (+1.0%)	2.065s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.864s (+13.8% 🔺)	3.898s (+2.6%)	2.034s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	10.533s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.489s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.568s (~)	11.018s (~)	0.450s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.570s (~)	11.017s (~)	0.447s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.599s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.424s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.808s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.216s	3	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.850s (-0.9%)	11.015s (-3.0%)	0.166s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	14.670s (-40.8% 🟢)	16.196s (-38.0% 🟢)	1.526s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.974s (-2.1%)	18.833s (+8.4% 🔺)	3.859s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	15.570s (+10.1% 🔺)	17.054s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.484s	2	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	13.737s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.289s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.769s (-0.8%)	14.016s (-1.4%)	0.247s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	13.780s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.246s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.808s (~)	14.021s (~)	0.213s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.421s (-0.7%)	15.029s (~)	0.608s	4	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.573s (-1.3%)	15.021s (-1.6%)	0.448s	4	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	23.632s (+4.9%)	25.236s (+3.4%)	1.604s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	23.931s (+14.7% 🔺)	26.736s (+17.5% 🔺)	2.805s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	24.349s (+15.5% 🔺)	26.524s (+15.5% 🔺)	2.175s	3	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	12.506s (~)	13.024s (~)	0.517s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.604s (~)	13.024s (~)	0.420s	7	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	12.648s (+1.5%)	13.018s (~)	0.370s	7	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.691s (+1.4%)	13.162s (+1.1%)	0.471s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.812s (+1.5%)	14.026s (~)	0.214s	7	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.834s (~)	14.163s (-1.0%)	0.329s	7	1.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	33.027s (+8.6% 🔺)	35.760s (+9.9% 🔺)	2.733s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	34.609s (-9.3% 🟢)	36.550s (-7.6% 🟢)	1.941s	3	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	34.625s (+15.3% 🔺)	36.632s (+13.4% 🔺)	2.007s	3	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.190s (-3.4%)	2.005s (~)	0.816s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.192s (-1.2%)	2.007s (~)	0.815s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.207s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.801s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.273s (+7.0% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.734s	15	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.292s (+1.5%)	2.008s (~)	0.716s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.335s (+1.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.671s	15	1.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.225s (-29.3% 🟢)	5.230s (-13.0% 🟢)	2.005s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.369s (+38.4% 🔺)	5.200s (+28.6% 🔺)	1.831s	6	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.437s (+29.3% 🔺)	5.186s (+18.4% 🔺)	1.749s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.336s (-3.5%)	2.392s (~)	1.057s	13	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.379s (+1.5%)	2.316s (-3.2%)	0.937s	13	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.606s (+2.1%)	2.317s (+1.0%)	0.711s	13	1.20x
💻 Local	Express	1.617s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.389s	15	1.21x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.928s (+8.9% 🔺)	2.393s (+19.3% 🔺)	0.465s	13	1.44x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.936s (-1.3%)	2.293s (-1.0%)	0.357s	14	1.45x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.732s (-24.1% 🟢)	4.432s (-12.9% 🟢)	1.700s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.287s (-8.7% 🟢)	5.337s (-2.0%)	2.051s	6	1.20x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.101s (+32.0% 🔺)	7.151s (+38.0% 🔺)	3.049s	6	1.50x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.645s (+3.9%)	4.014s (~)	2.369s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.658s (+3.0%)	3.886s (-6.3% 🟢)	2.228s	8	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.205s (-2.1%)	4.302s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.097s	7	1.95x
💻 Local	Express	4.122s (-2.7%)	4.585s (-2.9%)	0.463s	7	2.51x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.593s (+1.7%)	6.180s (+2.8%)	0.587s	6	3.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.862s (+21.0% 🔺)	6.213s (+16.2% 🔺)	0.352s	5	3.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.237s (-6.7% 🟢)	6.774s (+7.6% 🔺)	2.537s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.311s (+2.5%)	6.210s (+2.5%)	1.899s	6	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.411s (-15.1% 🟢)	7.834s (+12.0% 🔺)	3.423s	5	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.210s (-0.5%)	2.007s (~)	0.796s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.215s (+1.3%)	2.007s (~)	0.792s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.280s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.728s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.353s (-2.1%)	2.007s (~)	0.654s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Express	1.495s (-1.1%)	2.006s (~)	0.511s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.559s (-5.9% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.448s	15	1.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.489s (-15.4% 🟢)	4.965s (+2.1%)	2.477s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.565s (-26.1% 🟢)	4.399s (-13.3% 🟢)	1.834s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.756s (+13.9% 🔺)	4.711s (+13.4% 🔺)	1.955s	7	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.375s (+1.7%)	2.393s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.017s	13	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.407s (~)	2.592s (+11.9% 🔺)	1.185s	12	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.519s (-6.3% 🟢)	2.075s (-9.6% 🟢)	0.556s	15	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.689s (-3.3%)	2.005s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.317s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.970s (-4.9%)	2.508s (-11.2% 🟢)	0.538s	12	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.299s (+7.7% 🔺)	2.758s (+6.4% 🔺)	0.459s	12	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.828s (-6.3% 🟢)	4.349s (-2.4%)	1.521s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.895s (+10.2% 🔺)	4.779s (+18.0% 🔺)	1.884s	7	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.274s (+24.8% 🔺)	5.584s (+29.6% 🔺)	2.310s	6	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.601s (-0.7%)	4.012s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.411s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.729s (+10.1% 🔺)	4.140s (+3.2%)	2.411s	8	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.486s (+27.5% 🔺)	4.390s (+27.0% 🔺)	0.905s	8	2.18x
💻 Local	Express	4.793s (+2.3%)	5.178s (~)	0.384s	6	2.99x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.364s (+9.1% 🔺)	6.216s (+19.9% 🔺)	0.852s	5	3.35x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.910s (+1.0%)	6.415s (~)	0.505s	5	3.69x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.992s (+15.5% 🔺)	7.155s (+40.0% 🔺)	3.163s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.474s (~)	6.723s (+11.6% 🔺)	2.249s	5	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.596s (+30.1% 🔺)	6.637s (+22.2% 🔺)	2.041s	5	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.556s (-3.2%)	1.006s (-1.7%)	0.450s	60	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.613s (-1.9%)	1.005s (-1.6%)	0.392s	60	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.618s (-1.6%)	1.005s (~)	0.388s	60	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.647s (+14.9% 🔺)	1.059s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.412s	57	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.850s (~)	1.023s (-3.4%)	0.173s	59	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.889s (+1.0%)	1.076s (+3.6%)	0.188s	56	1.60x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.955s (-2.8%)	8.021s (+2.9%)	2.066s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.041s (+9.5% 🔺)	8.582s (+18.3% 🔺)	2.541s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.234s (+21.8% 🔺)	7.655s (+12.1% 🔺)	1.421s	8	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.358s (~)	2.030s (+1.1%)	0.672s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.400s (+3.3%)	2.030s (~)	0.630s	45	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.486s (-0.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.520s	45	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.581s (+1.4%)	2.007s (~)	0.426s	45	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.990s (~)	2.316s (-3.6%)	0.326s	39	1.47x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.158s (~)	3.009s (+1.1%)	0.851s	30	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	14.757s (+1.4%)	17.581s (+7.0% 🔺)	2.824s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.587s (-5.2% 🟢)	17.707s (-4.4%)	2.120s	6	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Express	15.602s (+2.0%)	18.032s (+4.3%)	2.430s	5	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.701s (~)	3.086s (~)	0.385s	39	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.806s (+3.1%)	3.137s (+0.8%)	0.331s	39	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	3.284s (+3.0%)	4.042s (+1.7%)	0.758s	30	1.22x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.344s (-0.9%)	4.010s (~)	0.665s	30	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.024s (+4.3%)	4.494s (+11.1% 🔺)	0.470s	27	1.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.522s (+4.9%)	5.094s (+1.7%)	0.572s	24	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	28.734s (+8.0% 🔺)	31.355s (+9.9% 🔺)	2.621s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.983s (+11.1% 🔺)	34.203s (+18.2% 🔺)	4.220s	4	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.404s (+5.4% 🔺)	34.641s (+8.4% 🔺)	3.237s	4	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.235s (-2.8%)	1.006s (~)	0.771s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.249s (+2.5%)	1.006s (~)	0.756s	60	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.305s (+3.3%)	1.006s (~)	0.702s	60	1.29x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.435s (+4.7%)	1.005s (~)	0.570s	60	1.85x
💻 Local	Express	0.467s (+17.6% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.537s	60	1.99x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.574s (-3.2%)	1.005s (-3.3%)	0.432s	60	2.44x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.956s (+4.3%)	4.440s (+21.9% 🔺)	2.484s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.220s (+9.3% 🔺)	4.167s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.947s	15	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.313s (+12.9% 🔺)	4.452s (+16.8% 🔺)	2.139s	14	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.399s (-1.0%)	1.053s (+3.5%)	0.653s	86	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.426s (+6.8% 🔺)	1.117s (+9.8% 🔺)	0.691s	81	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.605s (-9.0% 🟢)	1.132s (-9.7% 🟢)	0.527s	80	1.51x
💻 Local	Express	2.032s (-0.9%)	2.536s (-2.8%)	0.504s	36	5.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.193s (~)	2.912s (+2.1%)	0.720s	31	5.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.508s (+8.4% 🔺)	3.260s (+3.6%)	0.752s	28	6.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.200s (+23.0% 🔺)	5.184s (+25.6% 🔺)	1.984s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.240s (+13.5% 🔺)	6.020s (+20.7% 🔺)	2.780s	15	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.298s (+30.9% 🔺)	6.429s (+21.4% 🔺)	2.131s	14	1.34x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.760s (-3.2%)	1.294s (-8.2% 🟢)	0.534s	94	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.835s (+10.1% 🔺)	1.465s (+4.5%)	0.630s	83	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.897s (-7.0% 🟢)	3.885s (-3.2%)	0.988s	31	3.81x
💻 Local	Express	8.683s (-2.3%)	9.256s (-2.4%)	0.573s	13	11.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.976s (+0.6%)	10.446s (~)	0.469s	12	13.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.037s (+5.1% 🔺)	11.846s (+4.0%)	0.809s	11	14.52x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.481s (-10.9% 🟢)	8.136s (+3.1%)	2.655s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.676s (-27.7% 🟢)	7.848s (-17.4% 🟢)	2.172s	16	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.000s (-23.8% 🟢)	9.535s (-15.8% 🟢)	2.535s	13	1.28x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.152s (~)	2.004s (~)	0.009s (-6.1% 🟢)	2.016s (~)	0.864s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.162s (~)	2.001s (~)	0.001s (+44.4% 🔺)	2.010s (~)	0.848s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.170s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.012s (-2.4%)	2.020s (~)	0.850s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.204s (+2.9%)	1.996s (~)	0.001s (+20.0% 🔺)	2.010s (~)	0.806s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.215s (~)	2.003s (~)	0.013s (+21.9% 🔺)	2.020s (~)	0.805s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.231s (~)	2.002s (~)	0.001s (-15.4% 🟢)	2.011s (~)	0.780s	10	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.478s (+9.3% 🔺)	4.005s (+10.2% 🔺)	0.905s (+0.5%)	5.424s (+7.1% 🔺)	2.947s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.572s (+13.9% 🔺)	4.139s (+19.0% 🔺)	0.887s (-14.3% 🟢)	5.419s (+9.7% 🔺)	2.847s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.943s (+22.4% 🔺)	4.690s (+33.5% 🔺)	0.715s (-46.7% 🟢)	5.914s (+11.4% 🔺)	2.972s	10	1.19x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.568s (-0.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.005s (-1.3%)	2.026s (~)	0.458s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.570s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.011s (-5.8% 🟢)	2.024s (~)	0.454s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.597s (+1.8%)	2.004s (~)	0.005s (-7.6% 🟢)	2.025s (~)	0.428s	30	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.599s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.013s (+8.6% 🔺)	2.026s (~)	0.427s	30	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.737s (+0.7%)	2.010s (~)	0.012s (+6.9% 🔺)	2.025s (~)	0.288s	30	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.796s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.006s (+1.8%)	2.028s (~)	0.232s	30	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	6.421s (-19.1% 🟢)	7.859s (-16.0% 🟢)	0.212s (-38.8% 🟢)	8.659s (-16.3% 🟢)	2.238s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.875s (+14.2% 🔺)	9.538s (+30.5% 🔺)	0.320s (+19.8% 🔺)	10.435s (+27.7% 🔺)	3.560s	6	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.917s (+9.3% 🔺)	9.325s (+24.8% 🔺)	0.463s (-13.4% 🟢)	10.208s (+20.1% 🔺)	3.292s	6	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.774s (+1.0%)	1.028s (-2.1%)	0.000s (-50.0% 🟢)	1.053s (-0.6%)	0.279s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.786s (+5.6% 🔺)	1.048s (~)	0.000s (+1.8%)	1.086s (+1.7%)	0.300s	56	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.023s (-2.2%)	1.488s (-2.4%)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.496s (-2.5%)	0.472s	41	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.396s (+0.8%)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+14.3% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.619s	30	1.80x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.442s (+1.5%)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (-35.7% 🟢)	2.016s (~)	0.574s	30	1.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.517s (+5.0%)	2.013s (~)	0.001s (+216.7% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.500s	30	1.96x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.971s (-3.0%)	4.474s (+6.8% 🔺)	0.001s (+Infinity% 🔺)	4.902s (+5.9% 🔺)	1.930s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.246s (-1.8%)	5.194s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.001s (+1645.5% 🔺)	5.771s (+7.3% 🔺)	2.525s	11	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.319s (-23.3% 🟢)	5.590s (-3.6%)	0.000s (NaN%)	6.133s (-2.9%)	2.813s	10	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.553s (-5.9% 🟢)	2.138s (~)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.180s (-0.6%)	0.628s	28	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.743s (+1.0%)	2.218s (-1.6%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.231s (-1.6%)	0.488s	27	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.174s (~)	2.655s (+1.6%)	0.000s (~)	2.663s (+1.3%)	0.489s	23	1.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.735s (-6.5% 🟢)	3.288s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.000s (-86.2% 🟢)	3.291s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.557s	19	1.76x
💻 Local	Express	3.055s (~)	3.837s (+2.9%)	0.001s (+19.5% 🔺)	3.841s (+2.9%)	0.786s	16	1.97x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.269s (+3.4%)	3.966s (+3.3%)	0.001s (-9.1% 🟢)	3.969s (+3.2%)	0.699s	16	2.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.552s (-30.9% 🟢)	6.984s (-16.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	7.592s (-14.3% 🟢)	3.040s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.724s (-14.1% 🟢)	6.662s (-6.0% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.255s (-4.2%)	2.531s	9	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.928s (-23.9% 🟢)	6.619s (-13.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.018s (-14.5% 🟢)	2.090s	9	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	16/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	15/21
▲ Vercel	Express	10/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	12/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	14/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	16/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

Backport PR opened against stable: #2431. Merge conflicts were resolved by AI — please review carefully. (backport job run)

[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Clarifies that packages removed from serverExternalPackages are still compiled by Workflow during the build.
• Updates the Next integration test and v4/v5 docs copy to match the warning.
• Adds a patch changeset for @workflow/next.

Testing

• pnpm vitest run packages/next/src/index.test.ts
• pnpm biome check \"packages/next/src/index.ts\" \"packages/next/src/index.test.ts\" \"docs/content/docs/v5/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow.mdx\" \"docs/content/docs/v4/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow.mdx\" \".changeset/clear-server-external-warning.md\" (reports pre-existing cognitive-complexity warning in packages/next/src/index.ts)

Docs Preview

Page	v4	v5
withWorkflow API reference	https://workflow-docs-git-clarify-server-external-warning.vercel.sh/docs/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow	https://workflow-docs-git-clarify-server-external-warning.vercel.sh/v5/docs/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 6050136

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/next	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1442	0	219	1661
✅ 💻 Local Development	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 📦 Local Production	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1881	0	233	2114
✅ 🪟 Windows	151	0	0	151
✅ 📋 Other	879	0	178	1057
Total	8143	0	1068	9211

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	125	0	26
✅ example	125	0	26
✅ express	125	0	26
✅ fastify	125	0	26
✅ hono	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	149	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	149	0	2
✅ nitro	125	0	26
✅ nuxt	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit	144	0	7
✅ vite	125	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	125	0	26
✅ express-stable	125	0	26
✅ fastify-stable	125	0	26
✅ hono-stable	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nitro-stable	125	0	26
✅ nuxt-stable	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit-stable	144	0	7
✅ vite-stable	125	0	26

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	151	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	125	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.045s (+4.7%)	1.007s (~)	0.962s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.045s (-6.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.962s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.061s (-5.6% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.952s	10	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.062s (+0.8%)	1.006s (~)	0.944s	10	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.068s (+12.7% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.944s	10	1.53x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.069s (+3.0%)	1.013s (~)	0.944s	10	1.54x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.329s (+2.7%)	2.560s (+11.8% 🔺)	2.231s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.340s (-15.4% 🟢)	3.005s (+17.9% 🔺)	2.665s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.372s (+41.6% 🔺)	2.713s (+15.1% 🔺)	2.341s	10	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.098s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.908s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.098s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.908s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.113s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.897s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.119s (+1.1%)	2.020s (~)	0.901s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.145s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.862s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.145s (-0.9%)	2.009s (~)	0.864s	10	1.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.796s (+7.4% 🔺)	3.397s (-7.5% 🟢)	1.601s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.806s (+9.6% 🔺)	3.871s (+1.0%)	2.065s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.864s (+13.8% 🔺)	3.898s (+2.6%)	2.034s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	10.533s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.489s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.568s (~)	11.018s (~)	0.450s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.570s (~)	11.017s (~)	0.447s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.599s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.424s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.808s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.216s	3	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.850s (-0.9%)	11.015s (-3.0%)	0.166s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	14.670s (-40.8% 🟢)	16.196s (-38.0% 🟢)	1.526s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.974s (-2.1%)	18.833s (+8.4% 🔺)	3.859s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	15.570s (+10.1% 🔺)	17.054s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.484s	2	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	13.737s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.289s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.769s (-0.8%)	14.016s (-1.4%)	0.247s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	13.780s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.246s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.808s (~)	14.021s (~)	0.213s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.421s (-0.7%)	15.029s (~)	0.608s	4	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.573s (-1.3%)	15.021s (-1.6%)	0.448s	4	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	23.632s (+4.9%)	25.236s (+3.4%)	1.604s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	23.931s (+14.7% 🔺)	26.736s (+17.5% 🔺)	2.805s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	24.349s (+15.5% 🔺)	26.524s (+15.5% 🔺)	2.175s	3	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	12.506s (~)	13.024s (~)	0.517s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.604s (~)	13.024s (~)	0.420s	7	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	12.648s (+1.5%)	13.018s (~)	0.370s	7	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.691s (+1.4%)	13.162s (+1.1%)	0.471s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.812s (+1.5%)	14.026s (~)	0.214s	7	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.834s (~)	14.163s (-1.0%)	0.329s	7	1.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	33.027s (+8.6% 🔺)	35.760s (+9.9% 🔺)	2.733s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	34.609s (-9.3% 🟢)	36.550s (-7.6% 🟢)	1.941s	3	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	34.625s (+15.3% 🔺)	36.632s (+13.4% 🔺)	2.007s	3	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.190s (-3.4%)	2.005s (~)	0.816s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.192s (-1.2%)	2.007s (~)	0.815s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.207s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.801s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.273s (+7.0% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.734s	15	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.292s (+1.5%)	2.008s (~)	0.716s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.335s (+1.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.671s	15	1.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.225s (-29.3% 🟢)	5.230s (-13.0% 🟢)	2.005s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.369s (+38.4% 🔺)	5.200s (+28.6% 🔺)	1.831s	6	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.437s (+29.3% 🔺)	5.186s (+18.4% 🔺)	1.749s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.336s (-3.5%)	2.392s (~)	1.057s	13	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.379s (+1.5%)	2.316s (-3.2%)	0.937s	13	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.606s (+2.1%)	2.317s (+1.0%)	0.711s	13	1.20x
💻 Local	Express	1.617s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.389s	15	1.21x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.928s (+8.9% 🔺)	2.393s (+19.3% 🔺)	0.465s	13	1.44x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.936s (-1.3%)	2.293s (-1.0%)	0.357s	14	1.45x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.732s (-24.1% 🟢)	4.432s (-12.9% 🟢)	1.700s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.287s (-8.7% 🟢)	5.337s (-2.0%)	2.051s	6	1.20x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.101s (+32.0% 🔺)	7.151s (+38.0% 🔺)	3.049s	6	1.50x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.645s (+3.9%)	4.014s (~)	2.369s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.658s (+3.0%)	3.886s (-6.3% 🟢)	2.228s	8	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.205s (-2.1%)	4.302s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.097s	7	1.95x
💻 Local	Express	4.122s (-2.7%)	4.585s (-2.9%)	0.463s	7	2.51x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.593s (+1.7%)	6.180s (+2.8%)	0.587s	6	3.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.862s (+21.0% 🔺)	6.213s (+16.2% 🔺)	0.352s	5	3.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.237s (-6.7% 🟢)	6.774s (+7.6% 🔺)	2.537s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.311s (+2.5%)	6.210s (+2.5%)	1.899s	6	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.411s (-15.1% 🟢)	7.834s (+12.0% 🔺)	3.423s	5	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.210s (-0.5%)	2.007s (~)	0.796s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.215s (+1.3%)	2.007s (~)	0.792s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.280s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.728s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.353s (-2.1%)	2.007s (~)	0.654s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Express	1.495s (-1.1%)	2.006s (~)	0.511s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.559s (-5.9% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.448s	15	1.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.489s (-15.4% 🟢)	4.965s (+2.1%)	2.477s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.565s (-26.1% 🟢)	4.399s (-13.3% 🟢)	1.834s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.756s (+13.9% 🔺)	4.711s (+13.4% 🔺)	1.955s	7	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.375s (+1.7%)	2.393s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.017s	13	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.407s (~)	2.592s (+11.9% 🔺)	1.185s	12	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.519s (-6.3% 🟢)	2.075s (-9.6% 🟢)	0.556s	15	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.689s (-3.3%)	2.005s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.317s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.970s (-4.9%)	2.508s (-11.2% 🟢)	0.538s	12	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.299s (+7.7% 🔺)	2.758s (+6.4% 🔺)	0.459s	12	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.828s (-6.3% 🟢)	4.349s (-2.4%)	1.521s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.895s (+10.2% 🔺)	4.779s (+18.0% 🔺)	1.884s	7	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.274s (+24.8% 🔺)	5.584s (+29.6% 🔺)	2.310s	6	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.601s (-0.7%)	4.012s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.411s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.729s (+10.1% 🔺)	4.140s (+3.2%)	2.411s	8	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.486s (+27.5% 🔺)	4.390s (+27.0% 🔺)	0.905s	8	2.18x
💻 Local	Express	4.793s (+2.3%)	5.178s (~)	0.384s	6	2.99x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.364s (+9.1% 🔺)	6.216s (+19.9% 🔺)	0.852s	5	3.35x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.910s (+1.0%)	6.415s (~)	0.505s	5	3.69x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.992s (+15.5% 🔺)	7.155s (+40.0% 🔺)	3.163s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.474s (~)	6.723s (+11.6% 🔺)	2.249s	5	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.596s (+30.1% 🔺)	6.637s (+22.2% 🔺)	2.041s	5	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.556s (-3.2%)	1.006s (-1.7%)	0.450s	60	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.613s (-1.9%)	1.005s (-1.6%)	0.392s	60	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.618s (-1.6%)	1.005s (~)	0.388s	60	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.647s (+14.9% 🔺)	1.059s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.412s	57	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.850s (~)	1.023s (-3.4%)	0.173s	59	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.889s (+1.0%)	1.076s (+3.6%)	0.188s	56	1.60x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.955s (-2.8%)	8.021s (+2.9%)	2.066s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.041s (+9.5% 🔺)	8.582s (+18.3% 🔺)	2.541s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.234s (+21.8% 🔺)	7.655s (+12.1% 🔺)	1.421s	8	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.358s (~)	2.030s (+1.1%)	0.672s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.400s (+3.3%)	2.030s (~)	0.630s	45	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.486s (-0.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.520s	45	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.581s (+1.4%)	2.007s (~)	0.426s	45	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.990s (~)	2.316s (-3.6%)	0.326s	39	1.47x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.158s (~)	3.009s (+1.1%)	0.851s	30	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	14.757s (+1.4%)	17.581s (+7.0% 🔺)	2.824s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.587s (-5.2% 🟢)	17.707s (-4.4%)	2.120s	6	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Express	15.602s (+2.0%)	18.032s (+4.3%)	2.430s	5	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.701s (~)	3.086s (~)	0.385s	39	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.806s (+3.1%)	3.137s (+0.8%)	0.331s	39	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	3.284s (+3.0%)	4.042s (+1.7%)	0.758s	30	1.22x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.344s (-0.9%)	4.010s (~)	0.665s	30	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.024s (+4.3%)	4.494s (+11.1% 🔺)	0.470s	27	1.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.522s (+4.9%)	5.094s (+1.7%)	0.572s	24	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	28.734s (+8.0% 🔺)	31.355s (+9.9% 🔺)	2.621s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.983s (+11.1% 🔺)	34.203s (+18.2% 🔺)	4.220s	4	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.404s (+5.4% 🔺)	34.641s (+8.4% 🔺)	3.237s	4	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.235s (-2.8%)	1.006s (~)	0.771s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.249s (+2.5%)	1.006s (~)	0.756s	60	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.305s (+3.3%)	1.006s (~)	0.702s	60	1.29x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.435s (+4.7%)	1.005s (~)	0.570s	60	1.85x
💻 Local	Express	0.467s (+17.6% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.537s	60	1.99x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.574s (-3.2%)	1.005s (-3.3%)	0.432s	60	2.44x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.956s (+4.3%)	4.440s (+21.9% 🔺)	2.484s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.220s (+9.3% 🔺)	4.167s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.947s	15	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.313s (+12.9% 🔺)	4.452s (+16.8% 🔺)	2.139s	14	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.399s (-1.0%)	1.053s (+3.5%)	0.653s	86	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.426s (+6.8% 🔺)	1.117s (+9.8% 🔺)	0.691s	81	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.605s (-9.0% 🟢)	1.132s (-9.7% 🟢)	0.527s	80	1.51x
💻 Local	Express	2.032s (-0.9%)	2.536s (-2.8%)	0.504s	36	5.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.193s (~)	2.912s (+2.1%)	0.720s	31	5.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.508s (+8.4% 🔺)	3.260s (+3.6%)	0.752s	28	6.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.200s (+23.0% 🔺)	5.184s (+25.6% 🔺)	1.984s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.240s (+13.5% 🔺)	6.020s (+20.7% 🔺)	2.780s	15	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.298s (+30.9% 🔺)	6.429s (+21.4% 🔺)	2.131s	14	1.34x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.760s (-3.2%)	1.294s (-8.2% 🟢)	0.534s	94	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.835s (+10.1% 🔺)	1.465s (+4.5%)	0.630s	83	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.897s (-7.0% 🟢)	3.885s (-3.2%)	0.988s	31	3.81x
💻 Local	Express	8.683s (-2.3%)	9.256s (-2.4%)	0.573s	13	11.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.976s (+0.6%)	10.446s (~)	0.469s	12	13.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.037s (+5.1% 🔺)	11.846s (+4.0%)	0.809s	11	14.52x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.481s (-10.9% 🟢)	8.136s (+3.1%)	2.655s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.676s (-27.7% 🟢)	7.848s (-17.4% 🟢)	2.172s	16	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.000s (-23.8% 🟢)	9.535s (-15.8% 🟢)	2.535s	13	1.28x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.152s (~)	2.004s (~)	0.009s (-6.1% 🟢)	2.016s (~)	0.864s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.162s (~)	2.001s (~)	0.001s (+44.4% 🔺)	2.010s (~)	0.848s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.170s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.012s (-2.4%)	2.020s (~)	0.850s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.204s (+2.9%)	1.996s (~)	0.001s (+20.0% 🔺)	2.010s (~)	0.806s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.215s (~)	2.003s (~)	0.013s (+21.9% 🔺)	2.020s (~)	0.805s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.231s (~)	2.002s (~)	0.001s (-15.4% 🟢)	2.011s (~)	0.780s	10	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.478s (+9.3% 🔺)	4.005s (+10.2% 🔺)	0.905s (+0.5%)	5.424s (+7.1% 🔺)	2.947s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.572s (+13.9% 🔺)	4.139s (+19.0% 🔺)	0.887s (-14.3% 🟢)	5.419s (+9.7% 🔺)	2.847s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.943s (+22.4% 🔺)	4.690s (+33.5% 🔺)	0.715s (-46.7% 🟢)	5.914s (+11.4% 🔺)	2.972s	10	1.19x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.568s (-0.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.005s (-1.3%)	2.026s (~)	0.458s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.570s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.011s (-5.8% 🟢)	2.024s (~)	0.454s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.597s (+1.8%)	2.004s (~)	0.005s (-7.6% 🟢)	2.025s (~)	0.428s	30	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.599s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.013s (+8.6% 🔺)	2.026s (~)	0.427s	30	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.737s (+0.7%)	2.010s (~)	0.012s (+6.9% 🔺)	2.025s (~)	0.288s	30	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.796s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.006s (+1.8%)	2.028s (~)	0.232s	30	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	6.421s (-19.1% 🟢)	7.859s (-16.0% 🟢)	0.212s (-38.8% 🟢)	8.659s (-16.3% 🟢)	2.238s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.875s (+14.2% 🔺)	9.538s (+30.5% 🔺)	0.320s (+19.8% 🔺)	10.435s (+27.7% 🔺)	3.560s	6	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.917s (+9.3% 🔺)	9.325s (+24.8% 🔺)	0.463s (-13.4% 🟢)	10.208s (+20.1% 🔺)	3.292s	6	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.774s (+1.0%)	1.028s (-2.1%)	0.000s (-50.0% 🟢)	1.053s (-0.6%)	0.279s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.786s (+5.6% 🔺)	1.048s (~)	0.000s (+1.8%)	1.086s (+1.7%)	0.300s	56	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.023s (-2.2%)	1.488s (-2.4%)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.496s (-2.5%)	0.472s	41	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.396s (+0.8%)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+14.3% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.619s	30	1.80x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.442s (+1.5%)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (-35.7% 🟢)	2.016s (~)	0.574s	30	1.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.517s (+5.0%)	2.013s (~)	0.001s (+216.7% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.500s	30	1.96x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.971s (-3.0%)	4.474s (+6.8% 🔺)	0.001s (+Infinity% 🔺)	4.902s (+5.9% 🔺)	1.930s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.246s (-1.8%)	5.194s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.001s (+1645.5% 🔺)	5.771s (+7.3% 🔺)	2.525s	11	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.319s (-23.3% 🟢)	5.590s (-3.6%)	0.000s (NaN%)	6.133s (-2.9%)	2.813s	10	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.553s (-5.9% 🟢)	2.138s (~)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.180s (-0.6%)	0.628s	28	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.743s (+1.0%)	2.218s (-1.6%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.231s (-1.6%)	0.488s	27	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.174s (~)	2.655s (+1.6%)	0.000s (~)	2.663s (+1.3%)	0.489s	23	1.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.735s (-6.5% 🟢)	3.288s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.000s (-86.2% 🟢)	3.291s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.557s	19	1.76x
💻 Local	Express	3.055s (~)	3.837s (+2.9%)	0.001s (+19.5% 🔺)	3.841s (+2.9%)	0.786s	16	1.97x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.269s (+3.4%)	3.966s (+3.3%)	0.001s (-9.1% 🟢)	3.969s (+3.2%)	0.699s	16	2.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.552s (-30.9% 🟢)	6.984s (-16.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	7.592s (-14.3% 🟢)	3.040s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.724s (-14.1% 🟢)	6.662s (-6.0% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.255s (-4.2%)	2.531s	9	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.928s (-23.9% 🟢)	6.619s (-13.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.018s (-14.5% 🟢)	2.090s	9	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	16/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	15/21
▲ Vercel	Express	10/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	12/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	14/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	16/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

Backport PR opened against stable: #2431. Merge conflicts were resolved by AI — please review carefully. (backport job run)

[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Clarifies that packages removed from serverExternalPackages are still compiled by Workflow during the build.
• Updates the Next integration test and v4/v5 docs copy to match the warning.
• Adds a patch changeset for @workflow/next.

Testing

• pnpm vitest run packages/next/src/index.test.ts
• pnpm biome check \"packages/next/src/index.ts\" \"packages/next/src/index.test.ts\" \"docs/content/docs/v5/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow.mdx\" \"docs/content/docs/v4/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow.mdx\" \".changeset/clear-server-external-warning.md\" (reports pre-existing cognitive-complexity warning in packages/next/src/index.ts)

Docs Preview

Page	v4	v5
withWorkflow API reference	https://workflow-docs-git-clarify-server-external-warning.vercel.sh/docs/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow	https://workflow-docs-git-clarify-server-external-warning.vercel.sh/v5/docs/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 6050136

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/next	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1442	0	219	1661
✅ 💻 Local Development	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 📦 Local Production	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1881	0	233	2114
✅ 🪟 Windows	151	0	0	151
✅ 📋 Other	879	0	178	1057
Total	8143	0	1068	9211

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	125	0	26
✅ example	125	0	26
✅ express	125	0	26
✅ fastify	125	0	26
✅ hono	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	149	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	149	0	2
✅ nitro	125	0	26
✅ nuxt	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit	144	0	7
✅ vite	125	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	125	0	26
✅ express-stable	125	0	26
✅ fastify-stable	125	0	26
✅ hono-stable	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nitro-stable	125	0	26
✅ nuxt-stable	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit-stable	144	0	7
✅ vite-stable	125	0	26

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	151	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	125	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.045s (+4.7%)	1.007s (~)	0.962s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.045s (-6.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.962s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.061s (-5.6% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.952s	10	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.062s (+0.8%)	1.006s (~)	0.944s	10	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.068s (+12.7% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.944s	10	1.53x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.069s (+3.0%)	1.013s (~)	0.944s	10	1.54x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.329s (+2.7%)	2.560s (+11.8% 🔺)	2.231s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.340s (-15.4% 🟢)	3.005s (+17.9% 🔺)	2.665s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.372s (+41.6% 🔺)	2.713s (+15.1% 🔺)	2.341s	10	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.098s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.908s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.098s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.908s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.113s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.897s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.119s (+1.1%)	2.020s (~)	0.901s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.145s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.862s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.145s (-0.9%)	2.009s (~)	0.864s	10	1.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.796s (+7.4% 🔺)	3.397s (-7.5% 🟢)	1.601s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.806s (+9.6% 🔺)	3.871s (+1.0%)	2.065s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.864s (+13.8% 🔺)	3.898s (+2.6%)	2.034s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	10.533s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.489s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.568s (~)	11.018s (~)	0.450s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.570s (~)	11.017s (~)	0.447s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.599s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.424s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.808s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.216s	3	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.850s (-0.9%)	11.015s (-3.0%)	0.166s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	14.670s (-40.8% 🟢)	16.196s (-38.0% 🟢)	1.526s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.974s (-2.1%)	18.833s (+8.4% 🔺)	3.859s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	15.570s (+10.1% 🔺)	17.054s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.484s	2	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	13.737s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.289s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.769s (-0.8%)	14.016s (-1.4%)	0.247s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	13.780s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.246s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.808s (~)	14.021s (~)	0.213s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.421s (-0.7%)	15.029s (~)	0.608s	4	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.573s (-1.3%)	15.021s (-1.6%)	0.448s	4	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	23.632s (+4.9%)	25.236s (+3.4%)	1.604s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	23.931s (+14.7% 🔺)	26.736s (+17.5% 🔺)	2.805s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	24.349s (+15.5% 🔺)	26.524s (+15.5% 🔺)	2.175s	3	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	12.506s (~)	13.024s (~)	0.517s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.604s (~)	13.024s (~)	0.420s	7	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	12.648s (+1.5%)	13.018s (~)	0.370s	7	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.691s (+1.4%)	13.162s (+1.1%)	0.471s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.812s (+1.5%)	14.026s (~)	0.214s	7	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.834s (~)	14.163s (-1.0%)	0.329s	7	1.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	33.027s (+8.6% 🔺)	35.760s (+9.9% 🔺)	2.733s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	34.609s (-9.3% 🟢)	36.550s (-7.6% 🟢)	1.941s	3	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	34.625s (+15.3% 🔺)	36.632s (+13.4% 🔺)	2.007s	3	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.190s (-3.4%)	2.005s (~)	0.816s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.192s (-1.2%)	2.007s (~)	0.815s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.207s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.801s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.273s (+7.0% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.734s	15	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.292s (+1.5%)	2.008s (~)	0.716s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.335s (+1.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.671s	15	1.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.225s (-29.3% 🟢)	5.230s (-13.0% 🟢)	2.005s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.369s (+38.4% 🔺)	5.200s (+28.6% 🔺)	1.831s	6	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.437s (+29.3% 🔺)	5.186s (+18.4% 🔺)	1.749s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.336s (-3.5%)	2.392s (~)	1.057s	13	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.379s (+1.5%)	2.316s (-3.2%)	0.937s	13	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.606s (+2.1%)	2.317s (+1.0%)	0.711s	13	1.20x
💻 Local	Express	1.617s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.389s	15	1.21x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.928s (+8.9% 🔺)	2.393s (+19.3% 🔺)	0.465s	13	1.44x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.936s (-1.3%)	2.293s (-1.0%)	0.357s	14	1.45x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.732s (-24.1% 🟢)	4.432s (-12.9% 🟢)	1.700s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.287s (-8.7% 🟢)	5.337s (-2.0%)	2.051s	6	1.20x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.101s (+32.0% 🔺)	7.151s (+38.0% 🔺)	3.049s	6	1.50x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.645s (+3.9%)	4.014s (~)	2.369s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.658s (+3.0%)	3.886s (-6.3% 🟢)	2.228s	8	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.205s (-2.1%)	4.302s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.097s	7	1.95x
💻 Local	Express	4.122s (-2.7%)	4.585s (-2.9%)	0.463s	7	2.51x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.593s (+1.7%)	6.180s (+2.8%)	0.587s	6	3.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.862s (+21.0% 🔺)	6.213s (+16.2% 🔺)	0.352s	5	3.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.237s (-6.7% 🟢)	6.774s (+7.6% 🔺)	2.537s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.311s (+2.5%)	6.210s (+2.5%)	1.899s	6	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.411s (-15.1% 🟢)	7.834s (+12.0% 🔺)	3.423s	5	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.210s (-0.5%)	2.007s (~)	0.796s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.215s (+1.3%)	2.007s (~)	0.792s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.280s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.728s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.353s (-2.1%)	2.007s (~)	0.654s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Express	1.495s (-1.1%)	2.006s (~)	0.511s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.559s (-5.9% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.448s	15	1.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.489s (-15.4% 🟢)	4.965s (+2.1%)	2.477s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.565s (-26.1% 🟢)	4.399s (-13.3% 🟢)	1.834s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.756s (+13.9% 🔺)	4.711s (+13.4% 🔺)	1.955s	7	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.375s (+1.7%)	2.393s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.017s	13	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.407s (~)	2.592s (+11.9% 🔺)	1.185s	12	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.519s (-6.3% 🟢)	2.075s (-9.6% 🟢)	0.556s	15	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.689s (-3.3%)	2.005s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.317s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.970s (-4.9%)	2.508s (-11.2% 🟢)	0.538s	12	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.299s (+7.7% 🔺)	2.758s (+6.4% 🔺)	0.459s	12	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.828s (-6.3% 🟢)	4.349s (-2.4%)	1.521s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.895s (+10.2% 🔺)	4.779s (+18.0% 🔺)	1.884s	7	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.274s (+24.8% 🔺)	5.584s (+29.6% 🔺)	2.310s	6	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.601s (-0.7%)	4.012s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.411s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.729s (+10.1% 🔺)	4.140s (+3.2%)	2.411s	8	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.486s (+27.5% 🔺)	4.390s (+27.0% 🔺)	0.905s	8	2.18x
💻 Local	Express	4.793s (+2.3%)	5.178s (~)	0.384s	6	2.99x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.364s (+9.1% 🔺)	6.216s (+19.9% 🔺)	0.852s	5	3.35x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.910s (+1.0%)	6.415s (~)	0.505s	5	3.69x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.992s (+15.5% 🔺)	7.155s (+40.0% 🔺)	3.163s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.474s (~)	6.723s (+11.6% 🔺)	2.249s	5	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.596s (+30.1% 🔺)	6.637s (+22.2% 🔺)	2.041s	5	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.556s (-3.2%)	1.006s (-1.7%)	0.450s	60	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.613s (-1.9%)	1.005s (-1.6%)	0.392s	60	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.618s (-1.6%)	1.005s (~)	0.388s	60	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.647s (+14.9% 🔺)	1.059s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.412s	57	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.850s (~)	1.023s (-3.4%)	0.173s	59	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.889s (+1.0%)	1.076s (+3.6%)	0.188s	56	1.60x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.955s (-2.8%)	8.021s (+2.9%)	2.066s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.041s (+9.5% 🔺)	8.582s (+18.3% 🔺)	2.541s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.234s (+21.8% 🔺)	7.655s (+12.1% 🔺)	1.421s	8	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.358s (~)	2.030s (+1.1%)	0.672s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.400s (+3.3%)	2.030s (~)	0.630s	45	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.486s (-0.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.520s	45	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.581s (+1.4%)	2.007s (~)	0.426s	45	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.990s (~)	2.316s (-3.6%)	0.326s	39	1.47x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.158s (~)	3.009s (+1.1%)	0.851s	30	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	14.757s (+1.4%)	17.581s (+7.0% 🔺)	2.824s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.587s (-5.2% 🟢)	17.707s (-4.4%)	2.120s	6	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Express	15.602s (+2.0%)	18.032s (+4.3%)	2.430s	5	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.701s (~)	3.086s (~)	0.385s	39	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.806s (+3.1%)	3.137s (+0.8%)	0.331s	39	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	3.284s (+3.0%)	4.042s (+1.7%)	0.758s	30	1.22x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.344s (-0.9%)	4.010s (~)	0.665s	30	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.024s (+4.3%)	4.494s (+11.1% 🔺)	0.470s	27	1.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.522s (+4.9%)	5.094s (+1.7%)	0.572s	24	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	28.734s (+8.0% 🔺)	31.355s (+9.9% 🔺)	2.621s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.983s (+11.1% 🔺)	34.203s (+18.2% 🔺)	4.220s	4	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.404s (+5.4% 🔺)	34.641s (+8.4% 🔺)	3.237s	4	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.235s (-2.8%)	1.006s (~)	0.771s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.249s (+2.5%)	1.006s (~)	0.756s	60	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.305s (+3.3%)	1.006s (~)	0.702s	60	1.29x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.435s (+4.7%)	1.005s (~)	0.570s	60	1.85x
💻 Local	Express	0.467s (+17.6% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.537s	60	1.99x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.574s (-3.2%)	1.005s (-3.3%)	0.432s	60	2.44x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.956s (+4.3%)	4.440s (+21.9% 🔺)	2.484s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.220s (+9.3% 🔺)	4.167s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.947s	15	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.313s (+12.9% 🔺)	4.452s (+16.8% 🔺)	2.139s	14	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.399s (-1.0%)	1.053s (+3.5%)	0.653s	86	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.426s (+6.8% 🔺)	1.117s (+9.8% 🔺)	0.691s	81	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.605s (-9.0% 🟢)	1.132s (-9.7% 🟢)	0.527s	80	1.51x
💻 Local	Express	2.032s (-0.9%)	2.536s (-2.8%)	0.504s	36	5.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.193s (~)	2.912s (+2.1%)	0.720s	31	5.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.508s (+8.4% 🔺)	3.260s (+3.6%)	0.752s	28	6.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.200s (+23.0% 🔺)	5.184s (+25.6% 🔺)	1.984s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.240s (+13.5% 🔺)	6.020s (+20.7% 🔺)	2.780s	15	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.298s (+30.9% 🔺)	6.429s (+21.4% 🔺)	2.131s	14	1.34x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.760s (-3.2%)	1.294s (-8.2% 🟢)	0.534s	94	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.835s (+10.1% 🔺)	1.465s (+4.5%)	0.630s	83	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.897s (-7.0% 🟢)	3.885s (-3.2%)	0.988s	31	3.81x
💻 Local	Express	8.683s (-2.3%)	9.256s (-2.4%)	0.573s	13	11.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.976s (+0.6%)	10.446s (~)	0.469s	12	13.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.037s (+5.1% 🔺)	11.846s (+4.0%)	0.809s	11	14.52x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.481s (-10.9% 🟢)	8.136s (+3.1%)	2.655s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.676s (-27.7% 🟢)	7.848s (-17.4% 🟢)	2.172s	16	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.000s (-23.8% 🟢)	9.535s (-15.8% 🟢)	2.535s	13	1.28x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.152s (~)	2.004s (~)	0.009s (-6.1% 🟢)	2.016s (~)	0.864s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.162s (~)	2.001s (~)	0.001s (+44.4% 🔺)	2.010s (~)	0.848s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.170s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.012s (-2.4%)	2.020s (~)	0.850s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.204s (+2.9%)	1.996s (~)	0.001s (+20.0% 🔺)	2.010s (~)	0.806s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.215s (~)	2.003s (~)	0.013s (+21.9% 🔺)	2.020s (~)	0.805s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.231s (~)	2.002s (~)	0.001s (-15.4% 🟢)	2.011s (~)	0.780s	10	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.478s (+9.3% 🔺)	4.005s (+10.2% 🔺)	0.905s (+0.5%)	5.424s (+7.1% 🔺)	2.947s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.572s (+13.9% 🔺)	4.139s (+19.0% 🔺)	0.887s (-14.3% 🟢)	5.419s (+9.7% 🔺)	2.847s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.943s (+22.4% 🔺)	4.690s (+33.5% 🔺)	0.715s (-46.7% 🟢)	5.914s (+11.4% 🔺)	2.972s	10	1.19x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.568s (-0.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.005s (-1.3%)	2.026s (~)	0.458s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.570s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.011s (-5.8% 🟢)	2.024s (~)	0.454s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.597s (+1.8%)	2.004s (~)	0.005s (-7.6% 🟢)	2.025s (~)	0.428s	30	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.599s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.013s (+8.6% 🔺)	2.026s (~)	0.427s	30	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.737s (+0.7%)	2.010s (~)	0.012s (+6.9% 🔺)	2.025s (~)	0.288s	30	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.796s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.006s (+1.8%)	2.028s (~)	0.232s	30	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	6.421s (-19.1% 🟢)	7.859s (-16.0% 🟢)	0.212s (-38.8% 🟢)	8.659s (-16.3% 🟢)	2.238s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.875s (+14.2% 🔺)	9.538s (+30.5% 🔺)	0.320s (+19.8% 🔺)	10.435s (+27.7% 🔺)	3.560s	6	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.917s (+9.3% 🔺)	9.325s (+24.8% 🔺)	0.463s (-13.4% 🟢)	10.208s (+20.1% 🔺)	3.292s	6	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.774s (+1.0%)	1.028s (-2.1%)	0.000s (-50.0% 🟢)	1.053s (-0.6%)	0.279s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.786s (+5.6% 🔺)	1.048s (~)	0.000s (+1.8%)	1.086s (+1.7%)	0.300s	56	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.023s (-2.2%)	1.488s (-2.4%)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.496s (-2.5%)	0.472s	41	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.396s (+0.8%)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+14.3% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.619s	30	1.80x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.442s (+1.5%)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (-35.7% 🟢)	2.016s (~)	0.574s	30	1.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.517s (+5.0%)	2.013s (~)	0.001s (+216.7% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.500s	30	1.96x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.971s (-3.0%)	4.474s (+6.8% 🔺)	0.001s (+Infinity% 🔺)	4.902s (+5.9% 🔺)	1.930s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.246s (-1.8%)	5.194s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.001s (+1645.5% 🔺)	5.771s (+7.3% 🔺)	2.525s	11	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.319s (-23.3% 🟢)	5.590s (-3.6%)	0.000s (NaN%)	6.133s (-2.9%)	2.813s	10	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.553s (-5.9% 🟢)	2.138s (~)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.180s (-0.6%)	0.628s	28	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.743s (+1.0%)	2.218s (-1.6%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.231s (-1.6%)	0.488s	27	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.174s (~)	2.655s (+1.6%)	0.000s (~)	2.663s (+1.3%)	0.489s	23	1.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.735s (-6.5% 🟢)	3.288s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.000s (-86.2% 🟢)	3.291s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.557s	19	1.76x
💻 Local	Express	3.055s (~)	3.837s (+2.9%)	0.001s (+19.5% 🔺)	3.841s (+2.9%)	0.786s	16	1.97x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.269s (+3.4%)	3.966s (+3.3%)	0.001s (-9.1% 🟢)	3.969s (+3.2%)	0.699s	16	2.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.552s (-30.9% 🟢)	6.984s (-16.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	7.592s (-14.3% 🟢)	3.040s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.724s (-14.1% 🟢)	6.662s (-6.0% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.255s (-4.2%)	2.531s	9	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.928s (-23.9% 🟢)	6.619s (-13.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.018s (-14.5% 🟢)	2.090s	9	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	16/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	15/21
▲ Vercel	Express	10/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	12/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	14/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	16/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

Backport PR opened against stable: #2431. Merge conflicts were resolved by AI — please review carefully. (backport job run)

[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Clarifies that packages removed from serverExternalPackages are still compiled by Workflow during the build.
• Updates the Next integration test and v4/v5 docs copy to match the warning.
• Adds a patch changeset for @workflow/next.

Testing

• pnpm vitest run packages/next/src/index.test.ts
• pnpm biome check \"packages/next/src/index.ts\" \"packages/next/src/index.test.ts\" \"docs/content/docs/v5/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow.mdx\" \"docs/content/docs/v4/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow.mdx\" \".changeset/clear-server-external-warning.md\" (reports pre-existing cognitive-complexity warning in packages/next/src/index.ts)

Docs Preview

Page	v4	v5
withWorkflow API reference	https://workflow-docs-git-clarify-server-external-warning.vercel.sh/docs/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow	https://workflow-docs-git-clarify-server-external-warning.vercel.sh/v5/docs/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 6050136

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/next	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1442	0	219	1661
✅ 💻 Local Development	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 📦 Local Production	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1881	0	233	2114
✅ 🪟 Windows	151	0	0	151
✅ 📋 Other	879	0	178	1057
Total	8143	0	1068	9211

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	125	0	26
✅ example	125	0	26
✅ express	125	0	26
✅ fastify	125	0	26
✅ hono	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	149	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	149	0	2
✅ nitro	125	0	26
✅ nuxt	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit	144	0	7
✅ vite	125	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	125	0	26
✅ express-stable	125	0	26
✅ fastify-stable	125	0	26
✅ hono-stable	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nitro-stable	125	0	26
✅ nuxt-stable	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit-stable	144	0	7
✅ vite-stable	125	0	26

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	151	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	125	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.045s (+4.7%)	1.007s (~)	0.962s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.045s (-6.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.962s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.061s (-5.6% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.952s	10	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.062s (+0.8%)	1.006s (~)	0.944s	10	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.068s (+12.7% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.944s	10	1.53x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.069s (+3.0%)	1.013s (~)	0.944s	10	1.54x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.329s (+2.7%)	2.560s (+11.8% 🔺)	2.231s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.340s (-15.4% 🟢)	3.005s (+17.9% 🔺)	2.665s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.372s (+41.6% 🔺)	2.713s (+15.1% 🔺)	2.341s	10	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.098s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.908s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.098s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.908s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.113s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.897s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.119s (+1.1%)	2.020s (~)	0.901s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.145s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.862s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.145s (-0.9%)	2.009s (~)	0.864s	10	1.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.796s (+7.4% 🔺)	3.397s (-7.5% 🟢)	1.601s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.806s (+9.6% 🔺)	3.871s (+1.0%)	2.065s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.864s (+13.8% 🔺)	3.898s (+2.6%)	2.034s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	10.533s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.489s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.568s (~)	11.018s (~)	0.450s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.570s (~)	11.017s (~)	0.447s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.599s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.424s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.808s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.216s	3	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.850s (-0.9%)	11.015s (-3.0%)	0.166s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	14.670s (-40.8% 🟢)	16.196s (-38.0% 🟢)	1.526s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.974s (-2.1%)	18.833s (+8.4% 🔺)	3.859s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	15.570s (+10.1% 🔺)	17.054s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.484s	2	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	13.737s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.289s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.769s (-0.8%)	14.016s (-1.4%)	0.247s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	13.780s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.246s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.808s (~)	14.021s (~)	0.213s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.421s (-0.7%)	15.029s (~)	0.608s	4	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.573s (-1.3%)	15.021s (-1.6%)	0.448s	4	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	23.632s (+4.9%)	25.236s (+3.4%)	1.604s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	23.931s (+14.7% 🔺)	26.736s (+17.5% 🔺)	2.805s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	24.349s (+15.5% 🔺)	26.524s (+15.5% 🔺)	2.175s	3	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	12.506s (~)	13.024s (~)	0.517s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.604s (~)	13.024s (~)	0.420s	7	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	12.648s (+1.5%)	13.018s (~)	0.370s	7	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.691s (+1.4%)	13.162s (+1.1%)	0.471s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.812s (+1.5%)	14.026s (~)	0.214s	7	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.834s (~)	14.163s (-1.0%)	0.329s	7	1.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	33.027s (+8.6% 🔺)	35.760s (+9.9% 🔺)	2.733s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	34.609s (-9.3% 🟢)	36.550s (-7.6% 🟢)	1.941s	3	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	34.625s (+15.3% 🔺)	36.632s (+13.4% 🔺)	2.007s	3	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.190s (-3.4%)	2.005s (~)	0.816s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.192s (-1.2%)	2.007s (~)	0.815s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.207s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.801s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.273s (+7.0% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.734s	15	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.292s (+1.5%)	2.008s (~)	0.716s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.335s (+1.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.671s	15	1.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.225s (-29.3% 🟢)	5.230s (-13.0% 🟢)	2.005s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.369s (+38.4% 🔺)	5.200s (+28.6% 🔺)	1.831s	6	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.437s (+29.3% 🔺)	5.186s (+18.4% 🔺)	1.749s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.336s (-3.5%)	2.392s (~)	1.057s	13	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.379s (+1.5%)	2.316s (-3.2%)	0.937s	13	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.606s (+2.1%)	2.317s (+1.0%)	0.711s	13	1.20x
💻 Local	Express	1.617s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.389s	15	1.21x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.928s (+8.9% 🔺)	2.393s (+19.3% 🔺)	0.465s	13	1.44x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.936s (-1.3%)	2.293s (-1.0%)	0.357s	14	1.45x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.732s (-24.1% 🟢)	4.432s (-12.9% 🟢)	1.700s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.287s (-8.7% 🟢)	5.337s (-2.0%)	2.051s	6	1.20x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.101s (+32.0% 🔺)	7.151s (+38.0% 🔺)	3.049s	6	1.50x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.645s (+3.9%)	4.014s (~)	2.369s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.658s (+3.0%)	3.886s (-6.3% 🟢)	2.228s	8	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.205s (-2.1%)	4.302s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.097s	7	1.95x
💻 Local	Express	4.122s (-2.7%)	4.585s (-2.9%)	0.463s	7	2.51x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.593s (+1.7%)	6.180s (+2.8%)	0.587s	6	3.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.862s (+21.0% 🔺)	6.213s (+16.2% 🔺)	0.352s	5	3.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.237s (-6.7% 🟢)	6.774s (+7.6% 🔺)	2.537s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.311s (+2.5%)	6.210s (+2.5%)	1.899s	6	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.411s (-15.1% 🟢)	7.834s (+12.0% 🔺)	3.423s	5	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.210s (-0.5%)	2.007s (~)	0.796s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.215s (+1.3%)	2.007s (~)	0.792s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.280s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.728s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.353s (-2.1%)	2.007s (~)	0.654s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Express	1.495s (-1.1%)	2.006s (~)	0.511s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.559s (-5.9% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.448s	15	1.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.489s (-15.4% 🟢)	4.965s (+2.1%)	2.477s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.565s (-26.1% 🟢)	4.399s (-13.3% 🟢)	1.834s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.756s (+13.9% 🔺)	4.711s (+13.4% 🔺)	1.955s	7	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.375s (+1.7%)	2.393s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.017s	13	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.407s (~)	2.592s (+11.9% 🔺)	1.185s	12	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.519s (-6.3% 🟢)	2.075s (-9.6% 🟢)	0.556s	15	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.689s (-3.3%)	2.005s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.317s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.970s (-4.9%)	2.508s (-11.2% 🟢)	0.538s	12	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.299s (+7.7% 🔺)	2.758s (+6.4% 🔺)	0.459s	12	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.828s (-6.3% 🟢)	4.349s (-2.4%)	1.521s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.895s (+10.2% 🔺)	4.779s (+18.0% 🔺)	1.884s	7	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.274s (+24.8% 🔺)	5.584s (+29.6% 🔺)	2.310s	6	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.601s (-0.7%)	4.012s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.411s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.729s (+10.1% 🔺)	4.140s (+3.2%)	2.411s	8	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.486s (+27.5% 🔺)	4.390s (+27.0% 🔺)	0.905s	8	2.18x
💻 Local	Express	4.793s (+2.3%)	5.178s (~)	0.384s	6	2.99x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.364s (+9.1% 🔺)	6.216s (+19.9% 🔺)	0.852s	5	3.35x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.910s (+1.0%)	6.415s (~)	0.505s	5	3.69x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.992s (+15.5% 🔺)	7.155s (+40.0% 🔺)	3.163s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.474s (~)	6.723s (+11.6% 🔺)	2.249s	5	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.596s (+30.1% 🔺)	6.637s (+22.2% 🔺)	2.041s	5	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.556s (-3.2%)	1.006s (-1.7%)	0.450s	60	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.613s (-1.9%)	1.005s (-1.6%)	0.392s	60	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.618s (-1.6%)	1.005s (~)	0.388s	60	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.647s (+14.9% 🔺)	1.059s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.412s	57	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.850s (~)	1.023s (-3.4%)	0.173s	59	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.889s (+1.0%)	1.076s (+3.6%)	0.188s	56	1.60x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.955s (-2.8%)	8.021s (+2.9%)	2.066s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.041s (+9.5% 🔺)	8.582s (+18.3% 🔺)	2.541s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.234s (+21.8% 🔺)	7.655s (+12.1% 🔺)	1.421s	8	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.358s (~)	2.030s (+1.1%)	0.672s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.400s (+3.3%)	2.030s (~)	0.630s	45	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.486s (-0.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.520s	45	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.581s (+1.4%)	2.007s (~)	0.426s	45	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.990s (~)	2.316s (-3.6%)	0.326s	39	1.47x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.158s (~)	3.009s (+1.1%)	0.851s	30	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	14.757s (+1.4%)	17.581s (+7.0% 🔺)	2.824s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.587s (-5.2% 🟢)	17.707s (-4.4%)	2.120s	6	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Express	15.602s (+2.0%)	18.032s (+4.3%)	2.430s	5	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.701s (~)	3.086s (~)	0.385s	39	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.806s (+3.1%)	3.137s (+0.8%)	0.331s	39	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	3.284s (+3.0%)	4.042s (+1.7%)	0.758s	30	1.22x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.344s (-0.9%)	4.010s (~)	0.665s	30	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.024s (+4.3%)	4.494s (+11.1% 🔺)	0.470s	27	1.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.522s (+4.9%)	5.094s (+1.7%)	0.572s	24	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	28.734s (+8.0% 🔺)	31.355s (+9.9% 🔺)	2.621s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.983s (+11.1% 🔺)	34.203s (+18.2% 🔺)	4.220s	4	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.404s (+5.4% 🔺)	34.641s (+8.4% 🔺)	3.237s	4	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.235s (-2.8%)	1.006s (~)	0.771s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.249s (+2.5%)	1.006s (~)	0.756s	60	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.305s (+3.3%)	1.006s (~)	0.702s	60	1.29x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.435s (+4.7%)	1.005s (~)	0.570s	60	1.85x
💻 Local	Express	0.467s (+17.6% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.537s	60	1.99x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.574s (-3.2%)	1.005s (-3.3%)	0.432s	60	2.44x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.956s (+4.3%)	4.440s (+21.9% 🔺)	2.484s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.220s (+9.3% 🔺)	4.167s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.947s	15	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.313s (+12.9% 🔺)	4.452s (+16.8% 🔺)	2.139s	14	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.399s (-1.0%)	1.053s (+3.5%)	0.653s	86	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.426s (+6.8% 🔺)	1.117s (+9.8% 🔺)	0.691s	81	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.605s (-9.0% 🟢)	1.132s (-9.7% 🟢)	0.527s	80	1.51x
💻 Local	Express	2.032s (-0.9%)	2.536s (-2.8%)	0.504s	36	5.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.193s (~)	2.912s (+2.1%)	0.720s	31	5.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.508s (+8.4% 🔺)	3.260s (+3.6%)	0.752s	28	6.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.200s (+23.0% 🔺)	5.184s (+25.6% 🔺)	1.984s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.240s (+13.5% 🔺)	6.020s (+20.7% 🔺)	2.780s	15	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.298s (+30.9% 🔺)	6.429s (+21.4% 🔺)	2.131s	14	1.34x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.760s (-3.2%)	1.294s (-8.2% 🟢)	0.534s	94	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.835s (+10.1% 🔺)	1.465s (+4.5%)	0.630s	83	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.897s (-7.0% 🟢)	3.885s (-3.2%)	0.988s	31	3.81x
💻 Local	Express	8.683s (-2.3%)	9.256s (-2.4%)	0.573s	13	11.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.976s (+0.6%)	10.446s (~)	0.469s	12	13.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.037s (+5.1% 🔺)	11.846s (+4.0%)	0.809s	11	14.52x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.481s (-10.9% 🟢)	8.136s (+3.1%)	2.655s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.676s (-27.7% 🟢)	7.848s (-17.4% 🟢)	2.172s	16	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.000s (-23.8% 🟢)	9.535s (-15.8% 🟢)	2.535s	13	1.28x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.152s (~)	2.004s (~)	0.009s (-6.1% 🟢)	2.016s (~)	0.864s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.162s (~)	2.001s (~)	0.001s (+44.4% 🔺)	2.010s (~)	0.848s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.170s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.012s (-2.4%)	2.020s (~)	0.850s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.204s (+2.9%)	1.996s (~)	0.001s (+20.0% 🔺)	2.010s (~)	0.806s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.215s (~)	2.003s (~)	0.013s (+21.9% 🔺)	2.020s (~)	0.805s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.231s (~)	2.002s (~)	0.001s (-15.4% 🟢)	2.011s (~)	0.780s	10	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.478s (+9.3% 🔺)	4.005s (+10.2% 🔺)	0.905s (+0.5%)	5.424s (+7.1% 🔺)	2.947s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.572s (+13.9% 🔺)	4.139s (+19.0% 🔺)	0.887s (-14.3% 🟢)	5.419s (+9.7% 🔺)	2.847s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.943s (+22.4% 🔺)	4.690s (+33.5% 🔺)	0.715s (-46.7% 🟢)	5.914s (+11.4% 🔺)	2.972s	10	1.19x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.568s (-0.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.005s (-1.3%)	2.026s (~)	0.458s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.570s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.011s (-5.8% 🟢)	2.024s (~)	0.454s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.597s (+1.8%)	2.004s (~)	0.005s (-7.6% 🟢)	2.025s (~)	0.428s	30	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.599s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.013s (+8.6% 🔺)	2.026s (~)	0.427s	30	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.737s (+0.7%)	2.010s (~)	0.012s (+6.9% 🔺)	2.025s (~)	0.288s	30	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.796s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.006s (+1.8%)	2.028s (~)	0.232s	30	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	6.421s (-19.1% 🟢)	7.859s (-16.0% 🟢)	0.212s (-38.8% 🟢)	8.659s (-16.3% 🟢)	2.238s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.875s (+14.2% 🔺)	9.538s (+30.5% 🔺)	0.320s (+19.8% 🔺)	10.435s (+27.7% 🔺)	3.560s	6	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.917s (+9.3% 🔺)	9.325s (+24.8% 🔺)	0.463s (-13.4% 🟢)	10.208s (+20.1% 🔺)	3.292s	6	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.774s (+1.0%)	1.028s (-2.1%)	0.000s (-50.0% 🟢)	1.053s (-0.6%)	0.279s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.786s (+5.6% 🔺)	1.048s (~)	0.000s (+1.8%)	1.086s (+1.7%)	0.300s	56	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.023s (-2.2%)	1.488s (-2.4%)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.496s (-2.5%)	0.472s	41	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.396s (+0.8%)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+14.3% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.619s	30	1.80x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.442s (+1.5%)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (-35.7% 🟢)	2.016s (~)	0.574s	30	1.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.517s (+5.0%)	2.013s (~)	0.001s (+216.7% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.500s	30	1.96x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.971s (-3.0%)	4.474s (+6.8% 🔺)	0.001s (+Infinity% 🔺)	4.902s (+5.9% 🔺)	1.930s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.246s (-1.8%)	5.194s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.001s (+1645.5% 🔺)	5.771s (+7.3% 🔺)	2.525s	11	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.319s (-23.3% 🟢)	5.590s (-3.6%)	0.000s (NaN%)	6.133s (-2.9%)	2.813s	10	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.553s (-5.9% 🟢)	2.138s (~)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.180s (-0.6%)	0.628s	28	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.743s (+1.0%)	2.218s (-1.6%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.231s (-1.6%)	0.488s	27	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.174s (~)	2.655s (+1.6%)	0.000s (~)	2.663s (+1.3%)	0.489s	23	1.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.735s (-6.5% 🟢)	3.288s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.000s (-86.2% 🟢)	3.291s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.557s	19	1.76x
💻 Local	Express	3.055s (~)	3.837s (+2.9%)	0.001s (+19.5% 🔺)	3.841s (+2.9%)	0.786s	16	1.97x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.269s (+3.4%)	3.966s (+3.3%)	0.001s (-9.1% 🟢)	3.969s (+3.2%)	0.699s	16	2.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.552s (-30.9% 🟢)	6.984s (-16.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	7.592s (-14.3% 🟢)	3.040s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.724s (-14.1% 🟢)	6.662s (-6.0% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.255s (-4.2%)	2.531s	9	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.928s (-23.9% 🟢)	6.619s (-13.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.018s (-14.5% 🟢)	2.090s	9	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	16/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	15/21
▲ Vercel	Express	10/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	12/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	14/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	16/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

Backport PR opened against stable: #2431. Merge conflicts were resolved by AI — please review carefully. (backport job run)

[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Clarifies that packages removed from serverExternalPackages are still compiled by Workflow during the build.
• Updates the Next integration test and v4/v5 docs copy to match the warning.
• Adds a patch changeset for @workflow/next.

Testing

• pnpm vitest run packages/next/src/index.test.ts
• pnpm biome check \"packages/next/src/index.ts\" \"packages/next/src/index.test.ts\" \"docs/content/docs/v5/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow.mdx\" \"docs/content/docs/v4/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow.mdx\" \".changeset/clear-server-external-warning.md\" (reports pre-existing cognitive-complexity warning in packages/next/src/index.ts)

Docs Preview

Page	v4	v5
withWorkflow API reference	https://workflow-docs-git-clarify-server-external-warning.vercel.sh/docs/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow	https://workflow-docs-git-clarify-server-external-warning.vercel.sh/v5/docs/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 6050136

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/next	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1442	0	219	1661
✅ 💻 Local Development	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 📦 Local Production	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1881	0	233	2114
✅ 🪟 Windows	151	0	0	151
✅ 📋 Other	879	0	178	1057
Total	8143	0	1068	9211

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	125	0	26
✅ example	125	0	26
✅ express	125	0	26
✅ fastify	125	0	26
✅ hono	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	149	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	149	0	2
✅ nitro	125	0	26
✅ nuxt	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit	144	0	7
✅ vite	125	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	125	0	26
✅ express-stable	125	0	26
✅ fastify-stable	125	0	26
✅ hono-stable	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nitro-stable	125	0	26
✅ nuxt-stable	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit-stable	144	0	7
✅ vite-stable	125	0	26

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	151	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	125	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.045s (+4.7%)	1.007s (~)	0.962s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.045s (-6.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.962s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.061s (-5.6% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.952s	10	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.062s (+0.8%)	1.006s (~)	0.944s	10	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.068s (+12.7% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.944s	10	1.53x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.069s (+3.0%)	1.013s (~)	0.944s	10	1.54x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.329s (+2.7%)	2.560s (+11.8% 🔺)	2.231s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.340s (-15.4% 🟢)	3.005s (+17.9% 🔺)	2.665s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.372s (+41.6% 🔺)	2.713s (+15.1% 🔺)	2.341s	10	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.098s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.908s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.098s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.908s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.113s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.897s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.119s (+1.1%)	2.020s (~)	0.901s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.145s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.862s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.145s (-0.9%)	2.009s (~)	0.864s	10	1.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.796s (+7.4% 🔺)	3.397s (-7.5% 🟢)	1.601s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.806s (+9.6% 🔺)	3.871s (+1.0%)	2.065s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.864s (+13.8% 🔺)	3.898s (+2.6%)	2.034s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	10.533s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.489s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.568s (~)	11.018s (~)	0.450s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.570s (~)	11.017s (~)	0.447s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.599s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.424s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.808s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.216s	3	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.850s (-0.9%)	11.015s (-3.0%)	0.166s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	14.670s (-40.8% 🟢)	16.196s (-38.0% 🟢)	1.526s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.974s (-2.1%)	18.833s (+8.4% 🔺)	3.859s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	15.570s (+10.1% 🔺)	17.054s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.484s	2	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	13.737s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.289s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.769s (-0.8%)	14.016s (-1.4%)	0.247s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	13.780s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.246s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.808s (~)	14.021s (~)	0.213s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.421s (-0.7%)	15.029s (~)	0.608s	4	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.573s (-1.3%)	15.021s (-1.6%)	0.448s	4	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	23.632s (+4.9%)	25.236s (+3.4%)	1.604s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	23.931s (+14.7% 🔺)	26.736s (+17.5% 🔺)	2.805s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	24.349s (+15.5% 🔺)	26.524s (+15.5% 🔺)	2.175s	3	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	12.506s (~)	13.024s (~)	0.517s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.604s (~)	13.024s (~)	0.420s	7	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	12.648s (+1.5%)	13.018s (~)	0.370s	7	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.691s (+1.4%)	13.162s (+1.1%)	0.471s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.812s (+1.5%)	14.026s (~)	0.214s	7	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.834s (~)	14.163s (-1.0%)	0.329s	7	1.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	33.027s (+8.6% 🔺)	35.760s (+9.9% 🔺)	2.733s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	34.609s (-9.3% 🟢)	36.550s (-7.6% 🟢)	1.941s	3	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	34.625s (+15.3% 🔺)	36.632s (+13.4% 🔺)	2.007s	3	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.190s (-3.4%)	2.005s (~)	0.816s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.192s (-1.2%)	2.007s (~)	0.815s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.207s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.801s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.273s (+7.0% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.734s	15	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.292s (+1.5%)	2.008s (~)	0.716s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.335s (+1.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.671s	15	1.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.225s (-29.3% 🟢)	5.230s (-13.0% 🟢)	2.005s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.369s (+38.4% 🔺)	5.200s (+28.6% 🔺)	1.831s	6	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.437s (+29.3% 🔺)	5.186s (+18.4% 🔺)	1.749s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.336s (-3.5%)	2.392s (~)	1.057s	13	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.379s (+1.5%)	2.316s (-3.2%)	0.937s	13	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.606s (+2.1%)	2.317s (+1.0%)	0.711s	13	1.20x
💻 Local	Express	1.617s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.389s	15	1.21x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.928s (+8.9% 🔺)	2.393s (+19.3% 🔺)	0.465s	13	1.44x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.936s (-1.3%)	2.293s (-1.0%)	0.357s	14	1.45x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.732s (-24.1% 🟢)	4.432s (-12.9% 🟢)	1.700s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.287s (-8.7% 🟢)	5.337s (-2.0%)	2.051s	6	1.20x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.101s (+32.0% 🔺)	7.151s (+38.0% 🔺)	3.049s	6	1.50x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.645s (+3.9%)	4.014s (~)	2.369s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.658s (+3.0%)	3.886s (-6.3% 🟢)	2.228s	8	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.205s (-2.1%)	4.302s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.097s	7	1.95x
💻 Local	Express	4.122s (-2.7%)	4.585s (-2.9%)	0.463s	7	2.51x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.593s (+1.7%)	6.180s (+2.8%)	0.587s	6	3.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.862s (+21.0% 🔺)	6.213s (+16.2% 🔺)	0.352s	5	3.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.237s (-6.7% 🟢)	6.774s (+7.6% 🔺)	2.537s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.311s (+2.5%)	6.210s (+2.5%)	1.899s	6	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.411s (-15.1% 🟢)	7.834s (+12.0% 🔺)	3.423s	5	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.210s (-0.5%)	2.007s (~)	0.796s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.215s (+1.3%)	2.007s (~)	0.792s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.280s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.728s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.353s (-2.1%)	2.007s (~)	0.654s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Express	1.495s (-1.1%)	2.006s (~)	0.511s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.559s (-5.9% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.448s	15	1.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.489s (-15.4% 🟢)	4.965s (+2.1%)	2.477s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.565s (-26.1% 🟢)	4.399s (-13.3% 🟢)	1.834s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.756s (+13.9% 🔺)	4.711s (+13.4% 🔺)	1.955s	7	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.375s (+1.7%)	2.393s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.017s	13	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.407s (~)	2.592s (+11.9% 🔺)	1.185s	12	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.519s (-6.3% 🟢)	2.075s (-9.6% 🟢)	0.556s	15	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.689s (-3.3%)	2.005s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.317s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.970s (-4.9%)	2.508s (-11.2% 🟢)	0.538s	12	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.299s (+7.7% 🔺)	2.758s (+6.4% 🔺)	0.459s	12	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.828s (-6.3% 🟢)	4.349s (-2.4%)	1.521s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.895s (+10.2% 🔺)	4.779s (+18.0% 🔺)	1.884s	7	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.274s (+24.8% 🔺)	5.584s (+29.6% 🔺)	2.310s	6	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.601s (-0.7%)	4.012s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.411s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.729s (+10.1% 🔺)	4.140s (+3.2%)	2.411s	8	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.486s (+27.5% 🔺)	4.390s (+27.0% 🔺)	0.905s	8	2.18x
💻 Local	Express	4.793s (+2.3%)	5.178s (~)	0.384s	6	2.99x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.364s (+9.1% 🔺)	6.216s (+19.9% 🔺)	0.852s	5	3.35x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.910s (+1.0%)	6.415s (~)	0.505s	5	3.69x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.992s (+15.5% 🔺)	7.155s (+40.0% 🔺)	3.163s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.474s (~)	6.723s (+11.6% 🔺)	2.249s	5	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.596s (+30.1% 🔺)	6.637s (+22.2% 🔺)	2.041s	5	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.556s (-3.2%)	1.006s (-1.7%)	0.450s	60	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.613s (-1.9%)	1.005s (-1.6%)	0.392s	60	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.618s (-1.6%)	1.005s (~)	0.388s	60	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.647s (+14.9% 🔺)	1.059s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.412s	57	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.850s (~)	1.023s (-3.4%)	0.173s	59	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.889s (+1.0%)	1.076s (+3.6%)	0.188s	56	1.60x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.955s (-2.8%)	8.021s (+2.9%)	2.066s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.041s (+9.5% 🔺)	8.582s (+18.3% 🔺)	2.541s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.234s (+21.8% 🔺)	7.655s (+12.1% 🔺)	1.421s	8	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.358s (~)	2.030s (+1.1%)	0.672s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.400s (+3.3%)	2.030s (~)	0.630s	45	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.486s (-0.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.520s	45	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.581s (+1.4%)	2.007s (~)	0.426s	45	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.990s (~)	2.316s (-3.6%)	0.326s	39	1.47x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.158s (~)	3.009s (+1.1%)	0.851s	30	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	14.757s (+1.4%)	17.581s (+7.0% 🔺)	2.824s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.587s (-5.2% 🟢)	17.707s (-4.4%)	2.120s	6	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Express	15.602s (+2.0%)	18.032s (+4.3%)	2.430s	5	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.701s (~)	3.086s (~)	0.385s	39	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.806s (+3.1%)	3.137s (+0.8%)	0.331s	39	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	3.284s (+3.0%)	4.042s (+1.7%)	0.758s	30	1.22x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.344s (-0.9%)	4.010s (~)	0.665s	30	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.024s (+4.3%)	4.494s (+11.1% 🔺)	0.470s	27	1.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.522s (+4.9%)	5.094s (+1.7%)	0.572s	24	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	28.734s (+8.0% 🔺)	31.355s (+9.9% 🔺)	2.621s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.983s (+11.1% 🔺)	34.203s (+18.2% 🔺)	4.220s	4	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.404s (+5.4% 🔺)	34.641s (+8.4% 🔺)	3.237s	4	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.235s (-2.8%)	1.006s (~)	0.771s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.249s (+2.5%)	1.006s (~)	0.756s	60	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.305s (+3.3%)	1.006s (~)	0.702s	60	1.29x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.435s (+4.7%)	1.005s (~)	0.570s	60	1.85x
💻 Local	Express	0.467s (+17.6% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.537s	60	1.99x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.574s (-3.2%)	1.005s (-3.3%)	0.432s	60	2.44x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.956s (+4.3%)	4.440s (+21.9% 🔺)	2.484s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.220s (+9.3% 🔺)	4.167s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.947s	15	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.313s (+12.9% 🔺)	4.452s (+16.8% 🔺)	2.139s	14	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.399s (-1.0%)	1.053s (+3.5%)	0.653s	86	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.426s (+6.8% 🔺)	1.117s (+9.8% 🔺)	0.691s	81	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.605s (-9.0% 🟢)	1.132s (-9.7% 🟢)	0.527s	80	1.51x
💻 Local	Express	2.032s (-0.9%)	2.536s (-2.8%)	0.504s	36	5.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.193s (~)	2.912s (+2.1%)	0.720s	31	5.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.508s (+8.4% 🔺)	3.260s (+3.6%)	0.752s	28	6.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.200s (+23.0% 🔺)	5.184s (+25.6% 🔺)	1.984s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.240s (+13.5% 🔺)	6.020s (+20.7% 🔺)	2.780s	15	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.298s (+30.9% 🔺)	6.429s (+21.4% 🔺)	2.131s	14	1.34x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.760s (-3.2%)	1.294s (-8.2% 🟢)	0.534s	94	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.835s (+10.1% 🔺)	1.465s (+4.5%)	0.630s	83	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.897s (-7.0% 🟢)	3.885s (-3.2%)	0.988s	31	3.81x
💻 Local	Express	8.683s (-2.3%)	9.256s (-2.4%)	0.573s	13	11.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.976s (+0.6%)	10.446s (~)	0.469s	12	13.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.037s (+5.1% 🔺)	11.846s (+4.0%)	0.809s	11	14.52x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.481s (-10.9% 🟢)	8.136s (+3.1%)	2.655s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.676s (-27.7% 🟢)	7.848s (-17.4% 🟢)	2.172s	16	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.000s (-23.8% 🟢)	9.535s (-15.8% 🟢)	2.535s	13	1.28x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.152s (~)	2.004s (~)	0.009s (-6.1% 🟢)	2.016s (~)	0.864s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.162s (~)	2.001s (~)	0.001s (+44.4% 🔺)	2.010s (~)	0.848s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.170s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.012s (-2.4%)	2.020s (~)	0.850s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.204s (+2.9%)	1.996s (~)	0.001s (+20.0% 🔺)	2.010s (~)	0.806s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.215s (~)	2.003s (~)	0.013s (+21.9% 🔺)	2.020s (~)	0.805s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.231s (~)	2.002s (~)	0.001s (-15.4% 🟢)	2.011s (~)	0.780s	10	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.478s (+9.3% 🔺)	4.005s (+10.2% 🔺)	0.905s (+0.5%)	5.424s (+7.1% 🔺)	2.947s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.572s (+13.9% 🔺)	4.139s (+19.0% 🔺)	0.887s (-14.3% 🟢)	5.419s (+9.7% 🔺)	2.847s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.943s (+22.4% 🔺)	4.690s (+33.5% 🔺)	0.715s (-46.7% 🟢)	5.914s (+11.4% 🔺)	2.972s	10	1.19x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.568s (-0.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.005s (-1.3%)	2.026s (~)	0.458s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.570s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.011s (-5.8% 🟢)	2.024s (~)	0.454s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.597s (+1.8%)	2.004s (~)	0.005s (-7.6% 🟢)	2.025s (~)	0.428s	30	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.599s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.013s (+8.6% 🔺)	2.026s (~)	0.427s	30	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.737s (+0.7%)	2.010s (~)	0.012s (+6.9% 🔺)	2.025s (~)	0.288s	30	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.796s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.006s (+1.8%)	2.028s (~)	0.232s	30	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	6.421s (-19.1% 🟢)	7.859s (-16.0% 🟢)	0.212s (-38.8% 🟢)	8.659s (-16.3% 🟢)	2.238s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.875s (+14.2% 🔺)	9.538s (+30.5% 🔺)	0.320s (+19.8% 🔺)	10.435s (+27.7% 🔺)	3.560s	6	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.917s (+9.3% 🔺)	9.325s (+24.8% 🔺)	0.463s (-13.4% 🟢)	10.208s (+20.1% 🔺)	3.292s	6	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.774s (+1.0%)	1.028s (-2.1%)	0.000s (-50.0% 🟢)	1.053s (-0.6%)	0.279s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.786s (+5.6% 🔺)	1.048s (~)	0.000s (+1.8%)	1.086s (+1.7%)	0.300s	56	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.023s (-2.2%)	1.488s (-2.4%)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.496s (-2.5%)	0.472s	41	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.396s (+0.8%)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+14.3% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.619s	30	1.80x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.442s (+1.5%)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (-35.7% 🟢)	2.016s (~)	0.574s	30	1.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.517s (+5.0%)	2.013s (~)	0.001s (+216.7% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.500s	30	1.96x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.971s (-3.0%)	4.474s (+6.8% 🔺)	0.001s (+Infinity% 🔺)	4.902s (+5.9% 🔺)	1.930s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.246s (-1.8%)	5.194s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.001s (+1645.5% 🔺)	5.771s (+7.3% 🔺)	2.525s	11	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.319s (-23.3% 🟢)	5.590s (-3.6%)	0.000s (NaN%)	6.133s (-2.9%)	2.813s	10	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.553s (-5.9% 🟢)	2.138s (~)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.180s (-0.6%)	0.628s	28	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.743s (+1.0%)	2.218s (-1.6%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.231s (-1.6%)	0.488s	27	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.174s (~)	2.655s (+1.6%)	0.000s (~)	2.663s (+1.3%)	0.489s	23	1.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.735s (-6.5% 🟢)	3.288s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.000s (-86.2% 🟢)	3.291s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.557s	19	1.76x
💻 Local	Express	3.055s (~)	3.837s (+2.9%)	0.001s (+19.5% 🔺)	3.841s (+2.9%)	0.786s	16	1.97x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.269s (+3.4%)	3.966s (+3.3%)	0.001s (-9.1% 🟢)	3.969s (+3.2%)	0.699s	16	2.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.552s (-30.9% 🟢)	6.984s (-16.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	7.592s (-14.3% 🟢)	3.040s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.724s (-14.1% 🟢)	6.662s (-6.0% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.255s (-4.2%)	2.531s	9	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.928s (-23.9% 🟢)	6.619s (-13.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.018s (-14.5% 🟢)	2.090s	9	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	16/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	15/21
▲ Vercel	Express	10/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	12/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	14/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	16/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

Backport PR opened against stable: #2431. Merge conflicts were resolved by AI — please review carefully. (backport job run)

[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Clarifies that packages removed from serverExternalPackages are still compiled by Workflow during the build.
• Updates the Next integration test and v4/v5 docs copy to match the warning.
• Adds a patch changeset for @workflow/next.

Testing

• pnpm vitest run packages/next/src/index.test.ts
• pnpm biome check \"packages/next/src/index.ts\" \"packages/next/src/index.test.ts\" \"docs/content/docs/v5/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow.mdx\" \"docs/content/docs/v4/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow.mdx\" \".changeset/clear-server-external-warning.md\" (reports pre-existing cognitive-complexity warning in packages/next/src/index.ts)

Docs Preview

Page	v4	v5
withWorkflow API reference	https://workflow-docs-git-clarify-server-external-warning.vercel.sh/docs/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow	https://workflow-docs-git-clarify-server-external-warning.vercel.sh/v5/docs/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 6050136

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/next	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1442	0	219	1661
✅ 💻 Local Development	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 📦 Local Production	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1881	0	233	2114
✅ 🪟 Windows	151	0	0	151
✅ 📋 Other	879	0	178	1057
Total	8143	0	1068	9211

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	125	0	26
✅ example	125	0	26
✅ express	125	0	26
✅ fastify	125	0	26
✅ hono	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	149	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	149	0	2
✅ nitro	125	0	26
✅ nuxt	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit	144	0	7
✅ vite	125	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	125	0	26
✅ express-stable	125	0	26
✅ fastify-stable	125	0	26
✅ hono-stable	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nitro-stable	125	0	26
✅ nuxt-stable	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit-stable	144	0	7
✅ vite-stable	125	0	26

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	151	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	125	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.045s (+4.7%)	1.007s (~)	0.962s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.045s (-6.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.962s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.061s (-5.6% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.952s	10	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.062s (+0.8%)	1.006s (~)	0.944s	10	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.068s (+12.7% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.944s	10	1.53x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.069s (+3.0%)	1.013s (~)	0.944s	10	1.54x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.329s (+2.7%)	2.560s (+11.8% 🔺)	2.231s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.340s (-15.4% 🟢)	3.005s (+17.9% 🔺)	2.665s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.372s (+41.6% 🔺)	2.713s (+15.1% 🔺)	2.341s	10	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.098s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.908s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.098s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.908s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.113s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.897s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.119s (+1.1%)	2.020s (~)	0.901s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.145s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.862s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.145s (-0.9%)	2.009s (~)	0.864s	10	1.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.796s (+7.4% 🔺)	3.397s (-7.5% 🟢)	1.601s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.806s (+9.6% 🔺)	3.871s (+1.0%)	2.065s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.864s (+13.8% 🔺)	3.898s (+2.6%)	2.034s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	10.533s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.489s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.568s (~)	11.018s (~)	0.450s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.570s (~)	11.017s (~)	0.447s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.599s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.424s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.808s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.216s	3	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.850s (-0.9%)	11.015s (-3.0%)	0.166s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	14.670s (-40.8% 🟢)	16.196s (-38.0% 🟢)	1.526s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.974s (-2.1%)	18.833s (+8.4% 🔺)	3.859s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	15.570s (+10.1% 🔺)	17.054s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.484s	2	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	13.737s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.289s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.769s (-0.8%)	14.016s (-1.4%)	0.247s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	13.780s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.246s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.808s (~)	14.021s (~)	0.213s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.421s (-0.7%)	15.029s (~)	0.608s	4	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.573s (-1.3%)	15.021s (-1.6%)	0.448s	4	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	23.632s (+4.9%)	25.236s (+3.4%)	1.604s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	23.931s (+14.7% 🔺)	26.736s (+17.5% 🔺)	2.805s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	24.349s (+15.5% 🔺)	26.524s (+15.5% 🔺)	2.175s	3	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	12.506s (~)	13.024s (~)	0.517s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.604s (~)	13.024s (~)	0.420s	7	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	12.648s (+1.5%)	13.018s (~)	0.370s	7	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.691s (+1.4%)	13.162s (+1.1%)	0.471s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.812s (+1.5%)	14.026s (~)	0.214s	7	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.834s (~)	14.163s (-1.0%)	0.329s	7	1.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	33.027s (+8.6% 🔺)	35.760s (+9.9% 🔺)	2.733s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	34.609s (-9.3% 🟢)	36.550s (-7.6% 🟢)	1.941s	3	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	34.625s (+15.3% 🔺)	36.632s (+13.4% 🔺)	2.007s	3	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.190s (-3.4%)	2.005s (~)	0.816s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.192s (-1.2%)	2.007s (~)	0.815s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.207s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.801s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.273s (+7.0% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.734s	15	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.292s (+1.5%)	2.008s (~)	0.716s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.335s (+1.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.671s	15	1.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.225s (-29.3% 🟢)	5.230s (-13.0% 🟢)	2.005s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.369s (+38.4% 🔺)	5.200s (+28.6% 🔺)	1.831s	6	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.437s (+29.3% 🔺)	5.186s (+18.4% 🔺)	1.749s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.336s (-3.5%)	2.392s (~)	1.057s	13	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.379s (+1.5%)	2.316s (-3.2%)	0.937s	13	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.606s (+2.1%)	2.317s (+1.0%)	0.711s	13	1.20x
💻 Local	Express	1.617s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.389s	15	1.21x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.928s (+8.9% 🔺)	2.393s (+19.3% 🔺)	0.465s	13	1.44x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.936s (-1.3%)	2.293s (-1.0%)	0.357s	14	1.45x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.732s (-24.1% 🟢)	4.432s (-12.9% 🟢)	1.700s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.287s (-8.7% 🟢)	5.337s (-2.0%)	2.051s	6	1.20x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.101s (+32.0% 🔺)	7.151s (+38.0% 🔺)	3.049s	6	1.50x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.645s (+3.9%)	4.014s (~)	2.369s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.658s (+3.0%)	3.886s (-6.3% 🟢)	2.228s	8	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.205s (-2.1%)	4.302s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.097s	7	1.95x
💻 Local	Express	4.122s (-2.7%)	4.585s (-2.9%)	0.463s	7	2.51x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.593s (+1.7%)	6.180s (+2.8%)	0.587s	6	3.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.862s (+21.0% 🔺)	6.213s (+16.2% 🔺)	0.352s	5	3.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.237s (-6.7% 🟢)	6.774s (+7.6% 🔺)	2.537s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.311s (+2.5%)	6.210s (+2.5%)	1.899s	6	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.411s (-15.1% 🟢)	7.834s (+12.0% 🔺)	3.423s	5	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.210s (-0.5%)	2.007s (~)	0.796s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.215s (+1.3%)	2.007s (~)	0.792s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.280s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.728s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.353s (-2.1%)	2.007s (~)	0.654s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Express	1.495s (-1.1%)	2.006s (~)	0.511s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.559s (-5.9% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.448s	15	1.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.489s (-15.4% 🟢)	4.965s (+2.1%)	2.477s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.565s (-26.1% 🟢)	4.399s (-13.3% 🟢)	1.834s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.756s (+13.9% 🔺)	4.711s (+13.4% 🔺)	1.955s	7	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.375s (+1.7%)	2.393s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.017s	13	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.407s (~)	2.592s (+11.9% 🔺)	1.185s	12	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.519s (-6.3% 🟢)	2.075s (-9.6% 🟢)	0.556s	15	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.689s (-3.3%)	2.005s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.317s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.970s (-4.9%)	2.508s (-11.2% 🟢)	0.538s	12	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.299s (+7.7% 🔺)	2.758s (+6.4% 🔺)	0.459s	12	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.828s (-6.3% 🟢)	4.349s (-2.4%)	1.521s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.895s (+10.2% 🔺)	4.779s (+18.0% 🔺)	1.884s	7	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.274s (+24.8% 🔺)	5.584s (+29.6% 🔺)	2.310s	6	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.601s (-0.7%)	4.012s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.411s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.729s (+10.1% 🔺)	4.140s (+3.2%)	2.411s	8	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.486s (+27.5% 🔺)	4.390s (+27.0% 🔺)	0.905s	8	2.18x
💻 Local	Express	4.793s (+2.3%)	5.178s (~)	0.384s	6	2.99x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.364s (+9.1% 🔺)	6.216s (+19.9% 🔺)	0.852s	5	3.35x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.910s (+1.0%)	6.415s (~)	0.505s	5	3.69x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.992s (+15.5% 🔺)	7.155s (+40.0% 🔺)	3.163s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.474s (~)	6.723s (+11.6% 🔺)	2.249s	5	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.596s (+30.1% 🔺)	6.637s (+22.2% 🔺)	2.041s	5	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.556s (-3.2%)	1.006s (-1.7%)	0.450s	60	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.613s (-1.9%)	1.005s (-1.6%)	0.392s	60	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.618s (-1.6%)	1.005s (~)	0.388s	60	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.647s (+14.9% 🔺)	1.059s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.412s	57	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.850s (~)	1.023s (-3.4%)	0.173s	59	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.889s (+1.0%)	1.076s (+3.6%)	0.188s	56	1.60x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.955s (-2.8%)	8.021s (+2.9%)	2.066s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.041s (+9.5% 🔺)	8.582s (+18.3% 🔺)	2.541s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.234s (+21.8% 🔺)	7.655s (+12.1% 🔺)	1.421s	8	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.358s (~)	2.030s (+1.1%)	0.672s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.400s (+3.3%)	2.030s (~)	0.630s	45	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.486s (-0.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.520s	45	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.581s (+1.4%)	2.007s (~)	0.426s	45	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.990s (~)	2.316s (-3.6%)	0.326s	39	1.47x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.158s (~)	3.009s (+1.1%)	0.851s	30	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	14.757s (+1.4%)	17.581s (+7.0% 🔺)	2.824s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.587s (-5.2% 🟢)	17.707s (-4.4%)	2.120s	6	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Express	15.602s (+2.0%)	18.032s (+4.3%)	2.430s	5	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.701s (~)	3.086s (~)	0.385s	39	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.806s (+3.1%)	3.137s (+0.8%)	0.331s	39	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	3.284s (+3.0%)	4.042s (+1.7%)	0.758s	30	1.22x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.344s (-0.9%)	4.010s (~)	0.665s	30	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.024s (+4.3%)	4.494s (+11.1% 🔺)	0.470s	27	1.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.522s (+4.9%)	5.094s (+1.7%)	0.572s	24	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	28.734s (+8.0% 🔺)	31.355s (+9.9% 🔺)	2.621s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.983s (+11.1% 🔺)	34.203s (+18.2% 🔺)	4.220s	4	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.404s (+5.4% 🔺)	34.641s (+8.4% 🔺)	3.237s	4	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.235s (-2.8%)	1.006s (~)	0.771s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.249s (+2.5%)	1.006s (~)	0.756s	60	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.305s (+3.3%)	1.006s (~)	0.702s	60	1.29x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.435s (+4.7%)	1.005s (~)	0.570s	60	1.85x
💻 Local	Express	0.467s (+17.6% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.537s	60	1.99x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.574s (-3.2%)	1.005s (-3.3%)	0.432s	60	2.44x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.956s (+4.3%)	4.440s (+21.9% 🔺)	2.484s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.220s (+9.3% 🔺)	4.167s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.947s	15	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.313s (+12.9% 🔺)	4.452s (+16.8% 🔺)	2.139s	14	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.399s (-1.0%)	1.053s (+3.5%)	0.653s	86	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.426s (+6.8% 🔺)	1.117s (+9.8% 🔺)	0.691s	81	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.605s (-9.0% 🟢)	1.132s (-9.7% 🟢)	0.527s	80	1.51x
💻 Local	Express	2.032s (-0.9%)	2.536s (-2.8%)	0.504s	36	5.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.193s (~)	2.912s (+2.1%)	0.720s	31	5.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.508s (+8.4% 🔺)	3.260s (+3.6%)	0.752s	28	6.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.200s (+23.0% 🔺)	5.184s (+25.6% 🔺)	1.984s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.240s (+13.5% 🔺)	6.020s (+20.7% 🔺)	2.780s	15	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.298s (+30.9% 🔺)	6.429s (+21.4% 🔺)	2.131s	14	1.34x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.760s (-3.2%)	1.294s (-8.2% 🟢)	0.534s	94	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.835s (+10.1% 🔺)	1.465s (+4.5%)	0.630s	83	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.897s (-7.0% 🟢)	3.885s (-3.2%)	0.988s	31	3.81x
💻 Local	Express	8.683s (-2.3%)	9.256s (-2.4%)	0.573s	13	11.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.976s (+0.6%)	10.446s (~)	0.469s	12	13.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.037s (+5.1% 🔺)	11.846s (+4.0%)	0.809s	11	14.52x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.481s (-10.9% 🟢)	8.136s (+3.1%)	2.655s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.676s (-27.7% 🟢)	7.848s (-17.4% 🟢)	2.172s	16	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.000s (-23.8% 🟢)	9.535s (-15.8% 🟢)	2.535s	13	1.28x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.152s (~)	2.004s (~)	0.009s (-6.1% 🟢)	2.016s (~)	0.864s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.162s (~)	2.001s (~)	0.001s (+44.4% 🔺)	2.010s (~)	0.848s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.170s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.012s (-2.4%)	2.020s (~)	0.850s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.204s (+2.9%)	1.996s (~)	0.001s (+20.0% 🔺)	2.010s (~)	0.806s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.215s (~)	2.003s (~)	0.013s (+21.9% 🔺)	2.020s (~)	0.805s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.231s (~)	2.002s (~)	0.001s (-15.4% 🟢)	2.011s (~)	0.780s	10	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.478s (+9.3% 🔺)	4.005s (+10.2% 🔺)	0.905s (+0.5%)	5.424s (+7.1% 🔺)	2.947s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.572s (+13.9% 🔺)	4.139s (+19.0% 🔺)	0.887s (-14.3% 🟢)	5.419s (+9.7% 🔺)	2.847s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.943s (+22.4% 🔺)	4.690s (+33.5% 🔺)	0.715s (-46.7% 🟢)	5.914s (+11.4% 🔺)	2.972s	10	1.19x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.568s (-0.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.005s (-1.3%)	2.026s (~)	0.458s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.570s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.011s (-5.8% 🟢)	2.024s (~)	0.454s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.597s (+1.8%)	2.004s (~)	0.005s (-7.6% 🟢)	2.025s (~)	0.428s	30	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.599s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.013s (+8.6% 🔺)	2.026s (~)	0.427s	30	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.737s (+0.7%)	2.010s (~)	0.012s (+6.9% 🔺)	2.025s (~)	0.288s	30	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.796s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.006s (+1.8%)	2.028s (~)	0.232s	30	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	6.421s (-19.1% 🟢)	7.859s (-16.0% 🟢)	0.212s (-38.8% 🟢)	8.659s (-16.3% 🟢)	2.238s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.875s (+14.2% 🔺)	9.538s (+30.5% 🔺)	0.320s (+19.8% 🔺)	10.435s (+27.7% 🔺)	3.560s	6	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.917s (+9.3% 🔺)	9.325s (+24.8% 🔺)	0.463s (-13.4% 🟢)	10.208s (+20.1% 🔺)	3.292s	6	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.774s (+1.0%)	1.028s (-2.1%)	0.000s (-50.0% 🟢)	1.053s (-0.6%)	0.279s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.786s (+5.6% 🔺)	1.048s (~)	0.000s (+1.8%)	1.086s (+1.7%)	0.300s	56	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.023s (-2.2%)	1.488s (-2.4%)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.496s (-2.5%)	0.472s	41	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.396s (+0.8%)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+14.3% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.619s	30	1.80x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.442s (+1.5%)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (-35.7% 🟢)	2.016s (~)	0.574s	30	1.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.517s (+5.0%)	2.013s (~)	0.001s (+216.7% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.500s	30	1.96x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.971s (-3.0%)	4.474s (+6.8% 🔺)	0.001s (+Infinity% 🔺)	4.902s (+5.9% 🔺)	1.930s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.246s (-1.8%)	5.194s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.001s (+1645.5% 🔺)	5.771s (+7.3% 🔺)	2.525s	11	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.319s (-23.3% 🟢)	5.590s (-3.6%)	0.000s (NaN%)	6.133s (-2.9%)	2.813s	10	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.553s (-5.9% 🟢)	2.138s (~)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.180s (-0.6%)	0.628s	28	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.743s (+1.0%)	2.218s (-1.6%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.231s (-1.6%)	0.488s	27	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.174s (~)	2.655s (+1.6%)	0.000s (~)	2.663s (+1.3%)	0.489s	23	1.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.735s (-6.5% 🟢)	3.288s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.000s (-86.2% 🟢)	3.291s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.557s	19	1.76x
💻 Local	Express	3.055s (~)	3.837s (+2.9%)	0.001s (+19.5% 🔺)	3.841s (+2.9%)	0.786s	16	1.97x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.269s (+3.4%)	3.966s (+3.3%)	0.001s (-9.1% 🟢)	3.969s (+3.2%)	0.699s	16	2.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.552s (-30.9% 🟢)	6.984s (-16.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	7.592s (-14.3% 🟢)	3.040s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.724s (-14.1% 🟢)	6.662s (-6.0% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.255s (-4.2%)	2.531s	9	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.928s (-23.9% 🟢)	6.619s (-13.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.018s (-14.5% 🟢)	2.090s	9	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	16/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	15/21
▲ Vercel	Express	10/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	12/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	14/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	16/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

Backport PR opened against stable: #2431. Merge conflicts were resolved by AI — please review carefully. (backport job run)

[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Clarifies that packages removed from serverExternalPackages are still compiled by Workflow during the build.
• Updates the Next integration test and v4/v5 docs copy to match the warning.
• Adds a patch changeset for @workflow/next.

Testing

• pnpm vitest run packages/next/src/index.test.ts
• pnpm biome check \"packages/next/src/index.ts\" \"packages/next/src/index.test.ts\" \"docs/content/docs/v5/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow.mdx\" \"docs/content/docs/v4/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow.mdx\" \".changeset/clear-server-external-warning.md\" (reports pre-existing cognitive-complexity warning in packages/next/src/index.ts)

Docs Preview

Page	v4	v5
withWorkflow API reference	https://workflow-docs-git-clarify-server-external-warning.vercel.sh/docs/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow	https://workflow-docs-git-clarify-server-external-warning.vercel.sh/v5/docs/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 6050136

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/next	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1442	0	219	1661
✅ 💻 Local Development	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 📦 Local Production	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1881	0	233	2114
✅ 🪟 Windows	151	0	0	151
✅ 📋 Other	879	0	178	1057
Total	8143	0	1068	9211

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	125	0	26
✅ example	125	0	26
✅ express	125	0	26
✅ fastify	125	0	26
✅ hono	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	149	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	149	0	2
✅ nitro	125	0	26
✅ nuxt	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit	144	0	7
✅ vite	125	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	125	0	26
✅ express-stable	125	0	26
✅ fastify-stable	125	0	26
✅ hono-stable	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nitro-stable	125	0	26
✅ nuxt-stable	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit-stable	144	0	7
✅ vite-stable	125	0	26

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	151	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	125	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.045s (+4.7%)	1.007s (~)	0.962s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.045s (-6.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.962s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.061s (-5.6% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.952s	10	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.062s (+0.8%)	1.006s (~)	0.944s	10	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.068s (+12.7% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.944s	10	1.53x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.069s (+3.0%)	1.013s (~)	0.944s	10	1.54x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.329s (+2.7%)	2.560s (+11.8% 🔺)	2.231s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.340s (-15.4% 🟢)	3.005s (+17.9% 🔺)	2.665s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.372s (+41.6% 🔺)	2.713s (+15.1% 🔺)	2.341s	10	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.098s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.908s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.098s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.908s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.113s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.897s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.119s (+1.1%)	2.020s (~)	0.901s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.145s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.862s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.145s (-0.9%)	2.009s (~)	0.864s	10	1.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.796s (+7.4% 🔺)	3.397s (-7.5% 🟢)	1.601s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.806s (+9.6% 🔺)	3.871s (+1.0%)	2.065s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.864s (+13.8% 🔺)	3.898s (+2.6%)	2.034s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	10.533s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.489s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.568s (~)	11.018s (~)	0.450s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.570s (~)	11.017s (~)	0.447s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.599s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.424s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.808s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.216s	3	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.850s (-0.9%)	11.015s (-3.0%)	0.166s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	14.670s (-40.8% 🟢)	16.196s (-38.0% 🟢)	1.526s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.974s (-2.1%)	18.833s (+8.4% 🔺)	3.859s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	15.570s (+10.1% 🔺)	17.054s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.484s	2	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	13.737s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.289s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.769s (-0.8%)	14.016s (-1.4%)	0.247s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	13.780s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.246s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.808s (~)	14.021s (~)	0.213s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.421s (-0.7%)	15.029s (~)	0.608s	4	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.573s (-1.3%)	15.021s (-1.6%)	0.448s	4	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	23.632s (+4.9%)	25.236s (+3.4%)	1.604s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	23.931s (+14.7% 🔺)	26.736s (+17.5% 🔺)	2.805s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	24.349s (+15.5% 🔺)	26.524s (+15.5% 🔺)	2.175s	3	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	12.506s (~)	13.024s (~)	0.517s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.604s (~)	13.024s (~)	0.420s	7	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	12.648s (+1.5%)	13.018s (~)	0.370s	7	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.691s (+1.4%)	13.162s (+1.1%)	0.471s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.812s (+1.5%)	14.026s (~)	0.214s	7	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.834s (~)	14.163s (-1.0%)	0.329s	7	1.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	33.027s (+8.6% 🔺)	35.760s (+9.9% 🔺)	2.733s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	34.609s (-9.3% 🟢)	36.550s (-7.6% 🟢)	1.941s	3	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	34.625s (+15.3% 🔺)	36.632s (+13.4% 🔺)	2.007s	3	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.190s (-3.4%)	2.005s (~)	0.816s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.192s (-1.2%)	2.007s (~)	0.815s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.207s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.801s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.273s (+7.0% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.734s	15	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.292s (+1.5%)	2.008s (~)	0.716s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.335s (+1.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.671s	15	1.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.225s (-29.3% 🟢)	5.230s (-13.0% 🟢)	2.005s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.369s (+38.4% 🔺)	5.200s (+28.6% 🔺)	1.831s	6	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.437s (+29.3% 🔺)	5.186s (+18.4% 🔺)	1.749s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.336s (-3.5%)	2.392s (~)	1.057s	13	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.379s (+1.5%)	2.316s (-3.2%)	0.937s	13	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.606s (+2.1%)	2.317s (+1.0%)	0.711s	13	1.20x
💻 Local	Express	1.617s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.389s	15	1.21x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.928s (+8.9% 🔺)	2.393s (+19.3% 🔺)	0.465s	13	1.44x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.936s (-1.3%)	2.293s (-1.0%)	0.357s	14	1.45x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.732s (-24.1% 🟢)	4.432s (-12.9% 🟢)	1.700s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.287s (-8.7% 🟢)	5.337s (-2.0%)	2.051s	6	1.20x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.101s (+32.0% 🔺)	7.151s (+38.0% 🔺)	3.049s	6	1.50x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.645s (+3.9%)	4.014s (~)	2.369s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.658s (+3.0%)	3.886s (-6.3% 🟢)	2.228s	8	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.205s (-2.1%)	4.302s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.097s	7	1.95x
💻 Local	Express	4.122s (-2.7%)	4.585s (-2.9%)	0.463s	7	2.51x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.593s (+1.7%)	6.180s (+2.8%)	0.587s	6	3.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.862s (+21.0% 🔺)	6.213s (+16.2% 🔺)	0.352s	5	3.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.237s (-6.7% 🟢)	6.774s (+7.6% 🔺)	2.537s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.311s (+2.5%)	6.210s (+2.5%)	1.899s	6	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.411s (-15.1% 🟢)	7.834s (+12.0% 🔺)	3.423s	5	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.210s (-0.5%)	2.007s (~)	0.796s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.215s (+1.3%)	2.007s (~)	0.792s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.280s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.728s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.353s (-2.1%)	2.007s (~)	0.654s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Express	1.495s (-1.1%)	2.006s (~)	0.511s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.559s (-5.9% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.448s	15	1.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.489s (-15.4% 🟢)	4.965s (+2.1%)	2.477s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.565s (-26.1% 🟢)	4.399s (-13.3% 🟢)	1.834s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.756s (+13.9% 🔺)	4.711s (+13.4% 🔺)	1.955s	7	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.375s (+1.7%)	2.393s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.017s	13	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.407s (~)	2.592s (+11.9% 🔺)	1.185s	12	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.519s (-6.3% 🟢)	2.075s (-9.6% 🟢)	0.556s	15	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.689s (-3.3%)	2.005s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.317s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.970s (-4.9%)	2.508s (-11.2% 🟢)	0.538s	12	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.299s (+7.7% 🔺)	2.758s (+6.4% 🔺)	0.459s	12	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.828s (-6.3% 🟢)	4.349s (-2.4%)	1.521s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.895s (+10.2% 🔺)	4.779s (+18.0% 🔺)	1.884s	7	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.274s (+24.8% 🔺)	5.584s (+29.6% 🔺)	2.310s	6	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.601s (-0.7%)	4.012s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.411s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.729s (+10.1% 🔺)	4.140s (+3.2%)	2.411s	8	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.486s (+27.5% 🔺)	4.390s (+27.0% 🔺)	0.905s	8	2.18x
💻 Local	Express	4.793s (+2.3%)	5.178s (~)	0.384s	6	2.99x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.364s (+9.1% 🔺)	6.216s (+19.9% 🔺)	0.852s	5	3.35x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.910s (+1.0%)	6.415s (~)	0.505s	5	3.69x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.992s (+15.5% 🔺)	7.155s (+40.0% 🔺)	3.163s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.474s (~)	6.723s (+11.6% 🔺)	2.249s	5	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.596s (+30.1% 🔺)	6.637s (+22.2% 🔺)	2.041s	5	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.556s (-3.2%)	1.006s (-1.7%)	0.450s	60	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.613s (-1.9%)	1.005s (-1.6%)	0.392s	60	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.618s (-1.6%)	1.005s (~)	0.388s	60	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.647s (+14.9% 🔺)	1.059s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.412s	57	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.850s (~)	1.023s (-3.4%)	0.173s	59	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.889s (+1.0%)	1.076s (+3.6%)	0.188s	56	1.60x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.955s (-2.8%)	8.021s (+2.9%)	2.066s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.041s (+9.5% 🔺)	8.582s (+18.3% 🔺)	2.541s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.234s (+21.8% 🔺)	7.655s (+12.1% 🔺)	1.421s	8	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.358s (~)	2.030s (+1.1%)	0.672s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.400s (+3.3%)	2.030s (~)	0.630s	45	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.486s (-0.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.520s	45	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.581s (+1.4%)	2.007s (~)	0.426s	45	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.990s (~)	2.316s (-3.6%)	0.326s	39	1.47x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.158s (~)	3.009s (+1.1%)	0.851s	30	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	14.757s (+1.4%)	17.581s (+7.0% 🔺)	2.824s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.587s (-5.2% 🟢)	17.707s (-4.4%)	2.120s	6	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Express	15.602s (+2.0%)	18.032s (+4.3%)	2.430s	5	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.701s (~)	3.086s (~)	0.385s	39	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.806s (+3.1%)	3.137s (+0.8%)	0.331s	39	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	3.284s (+3.0%)	4.042s (+1.7%)	0.758s	30	1.22x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.344s (-0.9%)	4.010s (~)	0.665s	30	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.024s (+4.3%)	4.494s (+11.1% 🔺)	0.470s	27	1.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.522s (+4.9%)	5.094s (+1.7%)	0.572s	24	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	28.734s (+8.0% 🔺)	31.355s (+9.9% 🔺)	2.621s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.983s (+11.1% 🔺)	34.203s (+18.2% 🔺)	4.220s	4	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.404s (+5.4% 🔺)	34.641s (+8.4% 🔺)	3.237s	4	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.235s (-2.8%)	1.006s (~)	0.771s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.249s (+2.5%)	1.006s (~)	0.756s	60	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.305s (+3.3%)	1.006s (~)	0.702s	60	1.29x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.435s (+4.7%)	1.005s (~)	0.570s	60	1.85x
💻 Local	Express	0.467s (+17.6% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.537s	60	1.99x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.574s (-3.2%)	1.005s (-3.3%)	0.432s	60	2.44x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.956s (+4.3%)	4.440s (+21.9% 🔺)	2.484s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.220s (+9.3% 🔺)	4.167s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.947s	15	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.313s (+12.9% 🔺)	4.452s (+16.8% 🔺)	2.139s	14	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.399s (-1.0%)	1.053s (+3.5%)	0.653s	86	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.426s (+6.8% 🔺)	1.117s (+9.8% 🔺)	0.691s	81	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.605s (-9.0% 🟢)	1.132s (-9.7% 🟢)	0.527s	80	1.51x
💻 Local	Express	2.032s (-0.9%)	2.536s (-2.8%)	0.504s	36	5.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.193s (~)	2.912s (+2.1%)	0.720s	31	5.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.508s (+8.4% 🔺)	3.260s (+3.6%)	0.752s	28	6.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.200s (+23.0% 🔺)	5.184s (+25.6% 🔺)	1.984s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.240s (+13.5% 🔺)	6.020s (+20.7% 🔺)	2.780s	15	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.298s (+30.9% 🔺)	6.429s (+21.4% 🔺)	2.131s	14	1.34x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.760s (-3.2%)	1.294s (-8.2% 🟢)	0.534s	94	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.835s (+10.1% 🔺)	1.465s (+4.5%)	0.630s	83	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.897s (-7.0% 🟢)	3.885s (-3.2%)	0.988s	31	3.81x
💻 Local	Express	8.683s (-2.3%)	9.256s (-2.4%)	0.573s	13	11.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.976s (+0.6%)	10.446s (~)	0.469s	12	13.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.037s (+5.1% 🔺)	11.846s (+4.0%)	0.809s	11	14.52x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.481s (-10.9% 🟢)	8.136s (+3.1%)	2.655s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.676s (-27.7% 🟢)	7.848s (-17.4% 🟢)	2.172s	16	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.000s (-23.8% 🟢)	9.535s (-15.8% 🟢)	2.535s	13	1.28x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.152s (~)	2.004s (~)	0.009s (-6.1% 🟢)	2.016s (~)	0.864s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.162s (~)	2.001s (~)	0.001s (+44.4% 🔺)	2.010s (~)	0.848s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.170s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.012s (-2.4%)	2.020s (~)	0.850s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.204s (+2.9%)	1.996s (~)	0.001s (+20.0% 🔺)	2.010s (~)	0.806s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.215s (~)	2.003s (~)	0.013s (+21.9% 🔺)	2.020s (~)	0.805s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.231s (~)	2.002s (~)	0.001s (-15.4% 🟢)	2.011s (~)	0.780s	10	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.478s (+9.3% 🔺)	4.005s (+10.2% 🔺)	0.905s (+0.5%)	5.424s (+7.1% 🔺)	2.947s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.572s (+13.9% 🔺)	4.139s (+19.0% 🔺)	0.887s (-14.3% 🟢)	5.419s (+9.7% 🔺)	2.847s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.943s (+22.4% 🔺)	4.690s (+33.5% 🔺)	0.715s (-46.7% 🟢)	5.914s (+11.4% 🔺)	2.972s	10	1.19x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.568s (-0.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.005s (-1.3%)	2.026s (~)	0.458s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.570s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.011s (-5.8% 🟢)	2.024s (~)	0.454s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.597s (+1.8%)	2.004s (~)	0.005s (-7.6% 🟢)	2.025s (~)	0.428s	30	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.599s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.013s (+8.6% 🔺)	2.026s (~)	0.427s	30	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.737s (+0.7%)	2.010s (~)	0.012s (+6.9% 🔺)	2.025s (~)	0.288s	30	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.796s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.006s (+1.8%)	2.028s (~)	0.232s	30	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	6.421s (-19.1% 🟢)	7.859s (-16.0% 🟢)	0.212s (-38.8% 🟢)	8.659s (-16.3% 🟢)	2.238s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.875s (+14.2% 🔺)	9.538s (+30.5% 🔺)	0.320s (+19.8% 🔺)	10.435s (+27.7% 🔺)	3.560s	6	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.917s (+9.3% 🔺)	9.325s (+24.8% 🔺)	0.463s (-13.4% 🟢)	10.208s (+20.1% 🔺)	3.292s	6	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.774s (+1.0%)	1.028s (-2.1%)	0.000s (-50.0% 🟢)	1.053s (-0.6%)	0.279s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.786s (+5.6% 🔺)	1.048s (~)	0.000s (+1.8%)	1.086s (+1.7%)	0.300s	56	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.023s (-2.2%)	1.488s (-2.4%)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.496s (-2.5%)	0.472s	41	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.396s (+0.8%)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+14.3% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.619s	30	1.80x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.442s (+1.5%)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (-35.7% 🟢)	2.016s (~)	0.574s	30	1.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.517s (+5.0%)	2.013s (~)	0.001s (+216.7% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.500s	30	1.96x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.971s (-3.0%)	4.474s (+6.8% 🔺)	0.001s (+Infinity% 🔺)	4.902s (+5.9% 🔺)	1.930s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.246s (-1.8%)	5.194s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.001s (+1645.5% 🔺)	5.771s (+7.3% 🔺)	2.525s	11	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.319s (-23.3% 🟢)	5.590s (-3.6%)	0.000s (NaN%)	6.133s (-2.9%)	2.813s	10	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.553s (-5.9% 🟢)	2.138s (~)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.180s (-0.6%)	0.628s	28	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.743s (+1.0%)	2.218s (-1.6%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.231s (-1.6%)	0.488s	27	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.174s (~)	2.655s (+1.6%)	0.000s (~)	2.663s (+1.3%)	0.489s	23	1.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.735s (-6.5% 🟢)	3.288s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.000s (-86.2% 🟢)	3.291s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.557s	19	1.76x
💻 Local	Express	3.055s (~)	3.837s (+2.9%)	0.001s (+19.5% 🔺)	3.841s (+2.9%)	0.786s	16	1.97x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.269s (+3.4%)	3.966s (+3.3%)	0.001s (-9.1% 🟢)	3.969s (+3.2%)	0.699s	16	2.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.552s (-30.9% 🟢)	6.984s (-16.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	7.592s (-14.3% 🟢)	3.040s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.724s (-14.1% 🟢)	6.662s (-6.0% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.255s (-4.2%)	2.531s	9	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.928s (-23.9% 🟢)	6.619s (-13.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.018s (-14.5% 🟢)	2.090s	9	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	16/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	15/21
▲ Vercel	Express	10/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	12/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	14/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	16/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

Backport PR opened against stable: #2431. Merge conflicts were resolved by AI — please review carefully. (backport job run)

[TooTallNate]

Summary

• Clarifies that packages removed from serverExternalPackages are still compiled by Workflow during the build.
• Updates the Next integration test and v4/v5 docs copy to match the warning.
• Adds a patch changeset for @workflow/next.

Testing

• pnpm vitest run packages/next/src/index.test.ts
• pnpm biome check \"packages/next/src/index.ts\" \"packages/next/src/index.test.ts\" \"docs/content/docs/v5/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow.mdx\" \"docs/content/docs/v4/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow.mdx\" \".changeset/clear-server-external-warning.md\" (reports pre-existing cognitive-complexity warning in packages/next/src/index.ts)

Docs Preview

Page	v4	v5
withWorkflow API reference	https://workflow-docs-git-clarify-server-external-warning.vercel.sh/docs/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow	https://workflow-docs-git-clarify-server-external-warning.vercel.sh/v5/docs/api-reference/workflow-next/with-workflow

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 6050136

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/next	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/vitest	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/web	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

[vercel]

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-tanstack-start-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-tarballs	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am
workflow-web	Ready	Preview, Comment	Jun 15, 2026 1:02am

[github-actions]

🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	1442	0	219	1661
✅ 💻 Local Development	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 📦 Local Production	1895	0	219	2114
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	1881	0	233	2114
✅ 🪟 Windows	151	0	0	151
✅ 📋 Other	879	0	178	1057
Total	8143	0	1068	9211

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro	125	0	26
✅ example	125	0	26
✅ express	125	0	26
✅ fastify	125	0	26
✅ hono	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack	149	0	2
✅ nextjs-webpack	149	0	2
✅ nitro	125	0	26
✅ nuxt	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit	144	0	7
✅ vite	125	0	26

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	126	0	25
✅ express-stable	126	0	25
✅ fastify-stable	126	0	25
✅ hono-stable	126	0	25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	132	0	19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	151	0	0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	151	0	0
✅ nitro-stable	126	0	25
✅ nuxt-stable	126	0	25
✅ sveltekit-stable	145	0	6
✅ vite-stable	126	0	25

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	125	0	26
✅ express-stable	125	0	26
✅ fastify-stable	125	0	26
✅ hono-stable	125	0	26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary	131	0	20
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-disabled	150	0	1
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-lazy-discovery-enabled	150	0	1
✅ nitro-stable	125	0	26
✅ nuxt-stable	125	0	26
✅ sveltekit-stable	144	0	7
✅ vite-stable	125	0	26

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	151	0	0

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-dev-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-postgres-tanstack-start-	125	0	26
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	126	0	25
✅ e2e-local-prod-tanstack-start-	126	0	25
✅ e2e-vercel-prod-tanstack-start	125	0	26

---

📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.045s (+4.7%)	1.007s (~)	0.962s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.045s (-6.5% 🟢)	1.006s (~)	0.962s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.061s (-5.6% 🟢)	1.012s (~)	0.952s	10	1.36x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.062s (+0.8%)	1.006s (~)	0.944s	10	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.068s (+12.7% 🔺)	1.012s (~)	0.944s	10	1.53x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.069s (+3.0%)	1.013s (~)	0.944s	10	1.54x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.329s (+2.7%)	2.560s (+11.8% 🔺)	2.231s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.340s (-15.4% 🟢)	3.005s (+17.9% 🔺)	2.665s	10	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.372s (+41.6% 🔺)	2.713s (+15.1% 🔺)	2.341s	10	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	1.098s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.908s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.098s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.908s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.113s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.897s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.119s (+1.1%)	2.020s (~)	0.901s	10	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.145s (~)	2.007s (~)	0.862s	10	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.145s (-0.9%)	2.009s (~)	0.864s	10	1.04x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	1.796s (+7.4% 🔺)	3.397s (-7.5% 🟢)	1.601s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.806s (+9.6% 🔺)	3.871s (+1.0%)	2.065s	10	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	1.864s (+13.8% 🔺)	3.898s (+2.6%)	2.034s	10	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	10.533s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.489s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.568s (~)	11.018s (~)	0.450s	3	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	10.570s (~)	11.017s (~)	0.447s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.599s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.424s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.808s (~)	11.024s (~)	0.216s	3	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	10.850s (-0.9%)	11.015s (-3.0%)	0.166s	3	1.03x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	14.670s (-40.8% 🟢)	16.196s (-38.0% 🟢)	1.526s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.974s (-2.1%)	18.833s (+8.4% 🔺)	3.859s	2	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	15.570s (+10.1% 🔺)	17.054s (+9.6% 🔺)	1.484s	2	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Nitro	13.737s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.289s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	13.769s (-0.8%)	14.016s (-1.4%)	0.247s	5	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	13.780s (~)	14.027s (~)	0.246s	5	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	13.808s (~)	14.021s (~)	0.213s	5	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.421s (-0.7%)	15.029s (~)	0.608s	4	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	14.573s (-1.3%)	15.021s (-1.6%)	0.448s	4	1.06x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	23.632s (+4.9%)	25.236s (+3.4%)	1.604s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	23.931s (+14.7% 🔺)	26.736s (+17.5% 🔺)	2.805s	3	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	24.349s (+15.5% 🔺)	26.524s (+15.5% 🔺)	2.175s	3	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	12.506s (~)	13.024s (~)	0.517s	7	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	12.604s (~)	13.024s (~)	0.420s	7	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	12.648s (+1.5%)	13.018s (~)	0.370s	7	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	12.691s (+1.4%)	13.162s (+1.1%)	0.471s	7	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.812s (+1.5%)	14.026s (~)	0.214s	7	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	13.834s (~)	14.163s (-1.0%)	0.329s	7	1.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	33.027s (+8.6% 🔺)	35.760s (+9.9% 🔺)	2.733s	3	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	34.609s (-9.3% 🟢)	36.550s (-7.6% 🟢)	1.941s	3	1.05x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	34.625s (+15.3% 🔺)	36.632s (+13.4% 🔺)	2.007s	3	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.190s (-3.4%)	2.005s (~)	0.816s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.192s (-1.2%)	2.007s (~)	0.815s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.207s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.801s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.273s (+7.0% 🔺)	2.007s (~)	0.734s	15	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.292s (+1.5%)	2.008s (~)	0.716s	15	1.09x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.335s (+1.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.671s	15	1.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.225s (-29.3% 🟢)	5.230s (-13.0% 🟢)	2.005s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.369s (+38.4% 🔺)	5.200s (+28.6% 🔺)	1.831s	6	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.437s (+29.3% 🔺)	5.186s (+18.4% 🔺)	1.749s	6	1.07x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.336s (-3.5%)	2.392s (~)	1.057s	13	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.379s (+1.5%)	2.316s (-3.2%)	0.937s	13	1.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.606s (+2.1%)	2.317s (+1.0%)	0.711s	13	1.20x
💻 Local	Express	1.617s (~)	2.006s (~)	0.389s	15	1.21x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.928s (+8.9% 🔺)	2.393s (+19.3% 🔺)	0.465s	13	1.44x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.936s (-1.3%)	2.293s (-1.0%)	0.357s	14	1.45x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.732s (-24.1% 🟢)	4.432s (-12.9% 🟢)	1.700s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.287s (-8.7% 🟢)	5.337s (-2.0%)	2.051s	6	1.20x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.101s (+32.0% 🔺)	7.151s (+38.0% 🔺)	3.049s	6	1.50x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.645s (+3.9%)	4.014s (~)	2.369s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.658s (+3.0%)	3.886s (-6.3% 🟢)	2.228s	8	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.205s (-2.1%)	4.302s (+7.1% 🔺)	1.097s	7	1.95x
💻 Local	Express	4.122s (-2.7%)	4.585s (-2.9%)	0.463s	7	2.51x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.593s (+1.7%)	6.180s (+2.8%)	0.587s	6	3.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.862s (+21.0% 🔺)	6.213s (+16.2% 🔺)	0.352s	5	3.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	4.237s (-6.7% 🟢)	6.774s (+7.6% 🔺)	2.537s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.311s (+2.5%)	6.210s (+2.5%)	1.899s	6	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.411s (-15.1% 🟢)	7.834s (+12.0% 🔺)	3.423s	5	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.210s (-0.5%)	2.007s (~)	0.796s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.215s (+1.3%)	2.007s (~)	0.792s	15	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.280s (~)	2.008s (~)	0.728s	15	1.06x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.353s (-2.1%)	2.007s (~)	0.654s	15	1.12x
💻 Local	Express	1.495s (-1.1%)	2.006s (~)	0.511s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.559s (-5.9% 🟢)	2.007s (~)	0.448s	15	1.29x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.489s (-15.4% 🟢)	4.965s (+2.1%)	2.477s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.565s (-26.1% 🟢)	4.399s (-13.3% 🟢)	1.834s	7	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.756s (+13.9% 🔺)	4.711s (+13.4% 🔺)	1.955s	7	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.375s (+1.7%)	2.393s (-7.7% 🟢)	1.017s	13	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.407s (~)	2.592s (+11.9% 🔺)	1.185s	12	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.519s (-6.3% 🟢)	2.075s (-9.6% 🟢)	0.556s	15	1.10x
💻 Local	Express	1.689s (-3.3%)	2.005s (-6.7% 🟢)	0.317s	15	1.23x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.970s (-4.9%)	2.508s (-11.2% 🟢)	0.538s	12	1.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.299s (+7.7% 🔺)	2.758s (+6.4% 🔺)	0.459s	12	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.828s (-6.3% 🟢)	4.349s (-2.4%)	1.521s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.895s (+10.2% 🔺)	4.779s (+18.0% 🔺)	1.884s	7	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.274s (+24.8% 🔺)	5.584s (+29.6% 🔺)	2.310s	6	1.16x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.601s (-0.7%)	4.012s (+6.7% 🔺)	2.411s	8	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.729s (+10.1% 🔺)	4.140s (+3.2%)	2.411s	8	1.08x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.486s (+27.5% 🔺)	4.390s (+27.0% 🔺)	0.905s	8	2.18x
💻 Local	Express	4.793s (+2.3%)	5.178s (~)	0.384s	6	2.99x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	5.364s (+9.1% 🔺)	6.216s (+19.9% 🔺)	0.852s	5	3.35x
💻 Local	Nitro	5.910s (+1.0%)	6.415s (~)	0.505s	5	3.69x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.992s (+15.5% 🔺)	7.155s (+40.0% 🔺)	3.163s	5	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.474s (~)	6.723s (+11.6% 🔺)	2.249s	5	1.12x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.596s (+30.1% 🔺)	6.637s (+22.2% 🔺)	2.041s	5	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.556s (-3.2%)	1.006s (-1.7%)	0.450s	60	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	0.613s (-1.9%)	1.005s (-1.6%)	0.392s	60	1.10x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.618s (-1.6%)	1.005s (~)	0.388s	60	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.647s (+14.9% 🔺)	1.059s (+5.2% 🔺)	0.412s	57	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.850s (~)	1.023s (-3.4%)	0.173s	59	1.53x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.889s (+1.0%)	1.076s (+3.6%)	0.188s	56	1.60x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	5.955s (-2.8%)	8.021s (+2.9%)	2.066s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.041s (+9.5% 🔺)	8.582s (+18.3% 🔺)	2.541s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.234s (+21.8% 🔺)	7.655s (+12.1% 🔺)	1.421s	8	1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.358s (~)	2.030s (+1.1%)	0.672s	45	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.400s (+3.3%)	2.030s (~)	0.630s	45	1.03x
💻 Local	Express	1.486s (-0.6%)	2.006s (~)	0.520s	45	1.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.581s (+1.4%)	2.007s (~)	0.426s	45	1.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.990s (~)	2.316s (-3.6%)	0.326s	39	1.47x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.158s (~)	3.009s (+1.1%)	0.851s	30	1.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	14.757s (+1.4%)	17.581s (+7.0% 🔺)	2.824s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	15.587s (-5.2% 🟢)	17.707s (-4.4%)	2.120s	6	1.06x
▲ Vercel	Express	15.602s (+2.0%)	18.032s (+4.3%)	2.430s	5	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	2.701s (~)	3.086s (~)	0.385s	39	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.806s (+3.1%)	3.137s (+0.8%)	0.331s	39	1.04x
💻 Local	Express	3.284s (+3.0%)	4.042s (+1.7%)	0.758s	30	1.22x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.344s (-0.9%)	4.010s (~)	0.665s	30	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.024s (+4.3%)	4.494s (+11.1% 🔺)	0.470s	27	1.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.522s (+4.9%)	5.094s (+1.7%)	0.572s	24	1.67x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	28.734s (+8.0% 🔺)	31.355s (+9.9% 🔺)	2.621s	4	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	29.983s (+11.1% 🔺)	34.203s (+18.2% 🔺)	4.220s	4	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	31.404s (+5.4% 🔺)	34.641s (+8.4% 🔺)	3.237s	4	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.235s (-2.8%)	1.006s (~)	0.771s	60	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.249s (+2.5%)	1.006s (~)	0.756s	60	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.305s (+3.3%)	1.006s (~)	0.702s	60	1.29x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.435s (+4.7%)	1.005s (~)	0.570s	60	1.85x
💻 Local	Express	0.467s (+17.6% 🔺)	1.004s (~)	0.537s	60	1.99x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.574s (-3.2%)	1.005s (-3.3%)	0.432s	60	2.44x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	1.956s (+4.3%)	4.440s (+21.9% 🔺)	2.484s	14	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.220s (+9.3% 🔺)	4.167s (+6.5% 🔺)	1.947s	15	1.14x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.313s (+12.9% 🔺)	4.452s (+16.8% 🔺)	2.139s	14	1.18x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.399s (-1.0%)	1.053s (+3.5%)	0.653s	86	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.426s (+6.8% 🔺)	1.117s (+9.8% 🔺)	0.691s	81	1.07x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.605s (-9.0% 🟢)	1.132s (-9.7% 🟢)	0.527s	80	1.51x
💻 Local	Express	2.032s (-0.9%)	2.536s (-2.8%)	0.504s	36	5.09x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.193s (~)	2.912s (+2.1%)	0.720s	31	5.49x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.508s (+8.4% 🔺)	3.260s (+3.6%)	0.752s	28	6.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	3.200s (+23.0% 🔺)	5.184s (+25.6% 🔺)	1.984s	18	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.240s (+13.5% 🔺)	6.020s (+20.7% 🔺)	2.780s	15	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	4.298s (+30.9% 🔺)	6.429s (+21.4% 🔺)	2.131s	14	1.34x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	0.760s (-3.2%)	1.294s (-8.2% 🟢)	0.534s	94	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.835s (+10.1% 🔺)	1.465s (+4.5%)	0.630s	83	1.10x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.897s (-7.0% 🟢)	3.885s (-3.2%)	0.988s	31	3.81x
💻 Local	Express	8.683s (-2.3%)	9.256s (-2.4%)	0.573s	13	11.43x
💻 Local	Nitro	9.976s (+0.6%)	10.446s (~)	0.469s	12	13.13x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	11.037s (+5.1% 🔺)	11.846s (+4.0%)	0.809s	11	14.52x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	5.481s (-10.9% 🟢)	8.136s (+3.1%)	2.655s	15	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	5.676s (-27.7% 🟢)	7.848s (-17.4% 🟢)	2.172s	16	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.000s (-23.8% 🟢)	9.535s (-15.8% 🟢)	2.535s	13	1.28x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks(includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.152s (~)	2.004s (~)	0.009s (-6.1% 🟢)	2.016s (~)	0.864s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.162s (~)	2.001s (~)	0.001s (+44.4% 🔺)	2.010s (~)	0.848s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.170s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.012s (-2.4%)	2.020s (~)	0.850s	10	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.204s (+2.9%)	1.996s (~)	0.001s (+20.0% 🔺)	2.010s (~)	0.806s	10	1.05x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.215s (~)	2.003s (~)	0.013s (+21.9% 🔺)	2.020s (~)	0.805s	10	1.05x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.231s (~)	2.002s (~)	0.001s (-15.4% 🟢)	2.011s (~)	0.780s	10	1.07x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.478s (+9.3% 🔺)	4.005s (+10.2% 🔺)	0.905s (+0.5%)	5.424s (+7.1% 🔺)	2.947s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.572s (+13.9% 🔺)	4.139s (+19.0% 🔺)	0.887s (-14.3% 🟢)	5.419s (+9.7% 🔺)	2.847s	10	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.943s (+22.4% 🔺)	4.690s (+33.5% 🔺)	0.715s (-46.7% 🟢)	5.914s (+11.4% 🔺)	2.972s	10	1.19x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Nitro	1.568s (-0.9%)	2.006s (~)	0.005s (-1.3%)	2.026s (~)	0.458s	30	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.570s (~)	2.010s (~)	0.011s (-5.8% 🟢)	2.024s (~)	0.454s	30	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.597s (+1.8%)	2.004s (~)	0.005s (-7.6% 🟢)	2.025s (~)	0.428s	30	1.02x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.599s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.013s (+8.6% 🔺)	2.026s (~)	0.427s	30	1.02x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.737s (+0.7%)	2.010s (~)	0.012s (+6.9% 🔺)	2.025s (~)	0.288s	30	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.796s (~)	2.011s (~)	0.006s (+1.8%)	2.028s (~)	0.232s	30	1.15x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	6.421s (-19.1% 🟢)	7.859s (-16.0% 🟢)	0.212s (-38.8% 🟢)	8.659s (-16.3% 🟢)	2.238s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	6.875s (+14.2% 🔺)	9.538s (+30.5% 🔺)	0.320s (+19.8% 🔺)	10.435s (+27.7% 🔺)	3.560s	6	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Express	6.917s (+9.3% 🔺)	9.325s (+24.8% 🔺)	0.463s (-13.4% 🟢)	10.208s (+20.1% 🔺)	3.292s	6	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	0.774s (+1.0%)	1.028s (-2.1%)	0.000s (-50.0% 🟢)	1.053s (-0.6%)	0.279s	57	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.786s (+5.6% 🔺)	1.048s (~)	0.000s (+1.8%)	1.086s (+1.7%)	0.300s	56	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.023s (-2.2%)	1.488s (-2.4%)	0.000s (NaN%)	1.496s (-2.5%)	0.472s	41	1.32x
💻 Local	Express	1.396s (+0.8%)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (+14.3% 🔺)	2.015s (~)	0.619s	30	1.80x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.442s (+1.5%)	2.013s (~)	0.000s (-35.7% 🟢)	2.016s (~)	0.574s	30	1.86x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.517s (+5.0%)	2.013s (~)	0.001s (+216.7% 🔺)	2.016s (~)	0.500s	30	1.96x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.971s (-3.0%)	4.474s (+6.8% 🔺)	0.001s (+Infinity% 🔺)	4.902s (+5.9% 🔺)	1.930s	13	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	3.246s (-1.8%)	5.194s (+6.7% 🔺)	0.001s (+1645.5% 🔺)	5.771s (+7.3% 🔺)	2.525s	11	1.09x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.319s (-23.3% 🟢)	5.590s (-3.6%)	0.000s (NaN%)	6.133s (-2.9%)	2.813s	10	1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres	🥇 Express	1.553s (-5.9% 🟢)	2.138s (~)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.180s (-0.6%)	0.628s	28	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.743s (+1.0%)	2.218s (-1.6%)	0.000s (NaN%)	2.231s (-1.6%)	0.488s	27	1.12x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.174s (~)	2.655s (+1.6%)	0.000s (~)	2.663s (+1.3%)	0.489s	23	1.40x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.735s (-6.5% 🟢)	3.288s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.000s (-86.2% 🟢)	3.291s (-7.5% 🟢)	0.557s	19	1.76x
💻 Local	Express	3.055s (~)	3.837s (+2.9%)	0.001s (+19.5% 🔺)	3.841s (+2.9%)	0.786s	16	1.97x
💻 Local	Nitro	3.269s (+3.4%)	3.966s (+3.3%)	0.001s (-9.1% 🟢)	3.969s (+3.2%)	0.699s	16	2.11x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	4.552s (-30.9% 🟢)	6.984s (-16.1% 🟢)	0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺)	7.592s (-14.3% 🟢)	3.040s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	4.724s (-14.1% 🟢)	6.662s (-6.0% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.255s (-4.2%)	2.531s	9	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.928s (-23.9% 🟢)	6.619s (-13.6% 🟢)	0.000s (-100.0% 🟢)	7.018s (-14.5% 🟢)	2.090s	9	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Express	16/21
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	15/21
▲ Vercel	Express	10/21

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	🐘 Postgres	12/21
Next.js (Turbopack)	🐘 Postgres	14/21
Nitro	🐘 Postgres	16/21

Column Definitions

• Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
• TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
• Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
• Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
• Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
• Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
• vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

• 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
• 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
• ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
• 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Redis + BullMQ: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Cloudflare: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 MySQL: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Azure: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 NATS JetStream: Community world (local development)
• 🌐 Upstash: Community world (local development)

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📋 View full workflow run

[github-actions]

Backport PR opened against stable: #2431. Merge conflicts were resolved by AI — please review carefully. (backport job run)