ARROW-16516: [R] Implement ym() my() and yq() parsers

[dragosmg]

The ym(), my() and yq() bindings will make the following possible (and identical):

library(arrow, warn.conflicts=FALSE)
library(dplyr, warn.conflicts=FALSE)
library(lubridate, warn.conflicts=FALSE)
test_df<-tibble::tibble(
ym_string= c("2022-05", "2022/02", "22.03", NA)
)
test_df %>% mutate(ym_date= ym(ym_string))
#> # A tibble: 4 × 2#> ym_string ym_date #> <chr> <date> #> 1 2022-05 2022-05-01#> 2 2022/02 2022-02-01#> 3 22.03 2022-03-01#> 4 <NA> NAtest_df %>% arrow_table() %>% mutate(ym_date= ym(ym_string)) %>% collect()
#> # A tibble: 4 × 2#> ym_string ym_date #> <chr> <date> #> 1 2022-05 2022-05-01#> 2 2022/02 2022-02-01#> 3 22.03 2022-03-01#> 4 <NA> NA

^{Created on 2022-05-16 by the reprex package (v2.0.1)}

I've implementing this with the following steps:

• add "-01" to the end of the strings we're trying to parse, and then
• use one the supported orders ("ymd" or "myd")

[github-actions]

https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-16516

[thisisnic]

Looks good - chuck in a few explanatory comments and I'll take another look.

[thisisnic]

Looks good to me, but would like a second pairs of eyes on this before merging; @jonkeane or @paleolimbot - mind taking a look?

[paleolimbot]

I haven't been following the latest PRs on this front and I think it's very cool what you've been able to do! Just two notes about for() + out[[i] <- something possibly being rewritten using a map()-like expression (but no strong feelings if we do this elsewhere in Arrow and I missed it).

[ursabot]

Benchmark runs are scheduled for baseline = 0742f78 and contender = 60f6caf. 60f6caf is a master commit associated with this PR. Results will be available as each benchmark for each run completes.
Conbench compare runs links:
[Finished ⬇️0.0% ⬆️0.0%] ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Failed ⬇️2.06% ⬆️1.48%] test-mac-arm
[Failed ⬇️0.0% ⬆️11.03%] ursa-i9-9960x
[Finished ⬇️1.38% ⬆️0.28%] ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
Buildkite builds:
[Finished] 60f6caf9 ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Failed] 60f6caf9 test-mac-arm
[Failed] 60f6caf9 ursa-i9-9960x
[Finished] 60f6caf9 ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
[Finished] 0742f78a ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Failed] 0742f78a test-mac-arm
[Failed] 0742f78a ursa-i9-9960x
[Finished] 0742f78a ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
Supported benchmarks:
ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R. Runs only benchmarks with cloud = True
test-mac-arm: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Python, R
ursa-i9-9960x: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R, JavaScript
ursa-thinkcentre-m75q: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Java

[ursabot]

['Python', 'R'] benchmarks have high level of regressions.
test-mac-arm